Ukuqina koketshezi lokuqhekeka kwe-asidi kunquma ingcindezi yokuqhekeka kwe-hydraulic fracturing edingekayo ekuqaleni kokuqhekeka futhi kulawula ukusabalala kokuqhekeka emadwaleni. Ukulinganisa okunembile nokulawula ukuqina koketshezi kubalulekile ekwenzeni ngcono i-geometry yokuqhekeka, ukusekela ukuthuthukiswa kokuqhekeka okugobile, nokuqinisekisa ukusatshalaliswa kwe-asidi okufanayo ebusweni bokuqhekeka. Ukukhetha ukuqina okufanele kuvimbela ukuvuza koketshezi okweqile ekwakhekeni futhi kuthuthukisa ukuqoshwa kwe-asidi ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuqhekeka, ekugcineni kuthinte izinga lokukhula kokuqhekeka yi-asidi futhi kuvumele ukwenziwa ngcono kwendawo yokugeleza kwamanzi echibini lamafutha esebenza kahle kakhulu.
Inhloso Eyinhloko Yoketshezi Lokuqhekeka Kwe-Acid
Ukwelashwa koketshezi oluqhekeka nge-asidii-essi-ential inukuvuselelwa kwedamuofukwakheka kwe-shale okuphawulwa yi-porosity ephansi kanye nokuvuleka okuphansi. Inhloso eyinhloko ukunqoba izithiyo zemvelo zokuvuza nokuthuthukisa ukubuyiswa kwe-hydrocarbon ngokudala izindlela zokuhambisa umoya ngaphakathi kwe-tight rock matrices. Ukuqhekeka kwe-asidi kufeza lokhu ngendlela ekabili: ukwakha ukuqhekeka ngokujova kwe-asidi ecindezelwe, bese kukhulisa futhi kuqophe lokhu kuqhekeka ngokusebenzisa ukusabela kwe-asidi-rock okulawulwayo. Lokhu kwandisa indawo yokukhipha amanzi echibini likawoyela futhi kuthuthukise ukukhiqizwa kwezindawo ezazivinjelwe ngaphambilini ukulimala kokwakheka noma ukuvuleka okunganele.
Enye inselele ukulungisa ukwakheka koketshezi lokuqhekeka kwe-asidi ukuze kuhambisane ne-lithology kanye ne-mechanics yesitsha esiqondiwe. Indlela yokusabela kwe-acid-rock kanye nesilinganiso sokusabela kwe-acid-rock kuyahlukahluka kakhulu nge-mineralogy, ingcindezi, izinga lokushisa, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezithasiselo zoketshezi lokuqhekeka kwe-hydraulic. Lokhu akuthinti nje kuphela izinga kanye nesitayela sokusika kodwa futhi nengozi yokuvaleka kokwakheka, ukuvuvukala kobumba, noma ukusebenzisana okubi kwe-geochemical, konke okungalimaza ukuhanjiswa kokuqhuma futhi kunciphise inzuzo yokukhiqiza yesikhathi eside.
Idamu Lamafutha E-Shale
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Izisekelo Zokuqhekeka Kwe-Acid Emadamu Kawoyela We-Shale
Izindlela Zokudala Ukuphuka Kwama-Fracture
Ukudalwa kokuqhekeka ezindaweni zokugcina uwoyela we-shale oqinile kuncike ekunqobeni ukucindezeleka okuphezulu kwangaphakathi kanye namandla edwala ngokusebenzisa ukuqhekeka kwe-hydraulic noma i-acid. Kulezi zindawo eziphansi zokungena kwamanzi, izindlela ezinkulu zokugeleza kwamafutha azivamile ukuba khona. Isimiso sihilela ukufaka uketshezi lokuqhekeka kwe-acid ngengcindezi eyanele ukuze kudlule ingcindezi yokuqhekeka kwe-hydraulic fracturing—okuncane okudingekayo ukuqala imifantu ku-matrix yedwala. Le nqubo incike ngqo ku-mechanics eyisisekelo yamadwala: uma ingcindezi esetshenziswayo idlula umkhawulo wokuqhekeka, kwakheka ukuqhekeka okusha, okuvame ukulandela izindlela zokumelana okuphansi kakhulu okunqunywa yizindiza zokulala, ukuqhekeka kwemvelo, kanye ne-anisotropy yemishini ngaphakathi kwedwala.
Ingcindezi yokuqhekeka iyahlukahluka ngohlobo lwedwala kanye noketshezi lokuqhekeka. Izifundo zibonisa ukuthi uketshezi olufana ne-CO₂ ludala ukucindezeleka okuphezulu kokuqhekeka kanye namanethiwekhi okuqhekeka ayinkimbinkimbi uma kuqhathaniswa ne-H₂O noma i-N₂. Izindlela zokwenza izinto zincike futhi emandleni okuthamba kokwakheka, i-modulus yokunwebeka, kanye nokuba khona kwezindiza ezibuthakathaka. Ithiyori yebanga elibucayi—eyaziswa yilabhorethri kanye nokuhlolwa kwensimu—ibonisa ingcindezi yokuqala ukuqhekeka edingekayo njengomsebenzi wokuqina kokucindezeleka esicongweni sokuqhekeka, ibikezela ukuthi ukunwetshwa kokuqhekeka okungazinzile kuzovela kuphi futhi nini.
Ubunzima kunethiwekhi yokuqhekeka edalwe bufezwa ngokwengeziwe ngokubhekisisa ukukhula kokuqhekeka ngemigqa egobile kunezindawo eziqondile. Le ndlela yandisa umthamo wamanzi avuselelekayo. Amasu anjengokuqhekeka kwengcindezi ejikelezayo adala ukushaya kwengcindezi, okubangela ukuqala okuphindaphindiwe kanye nokuhlangana kokuqhekeka okuqhekeka futhi okugobayo, okuhamba ngempumelelo ezithiyweni ze-lithological kanye nokungafani kwe-lamination. Ukuqhekeka okuyinkimbinkimbi, okunamagatsha amaningi okwakhiwa ngale ndlela kwandisa indawo yokukhipha amanzi futhi kuthuthukise ukufinyelela kuma-hydrocarbon ahlukaniswe ngaphambilini.
Ukudalwa kokuqhekeka kuncike nasekuhlanganiseni izimo ze-geological kanye nezilawuli zokusebenza. Izici ze-geological—njengokulawulwa kokucindezeleka, ukwahlukaniswa kwezindawo, i-mineralogy, kanye nokuba khona kwemithungo ebuthakathaka—kubusa izindlela zokuqhekeka ezingathathwa. Ukulungiswa kobunjiniyela, okuhlanganisa ukwakheka koketshezi lwe-acid fracturing kanye nokuphathwa kwengcindezi enamandla, kuvumela ukwakheka kwamanethiwekhi afanelana kahle nezakhiwo zemvelo zedamu.
Izici Zedamu Ezithinta Ukuqhekeka Kwe-Acid
Ukuvuleka okuphansi kanye nokuvuleka okuphansi kuyizimpawu ezichaza izindawo zokugcina uwoyela we-shale. Zombili lezi zakhiwo zikhawulela ukugeleza koketshezi lwemvelo, okwenza ukusabalala koqhekeko okuphumelelayo kubaluleke kakhulu ekukhiqizweni. Ezinhlelweni ze-matrix eziqinile kakhulu, ukuqhekeka okubangelwayo kumele kube kukhulu ngokwanele ukuze kuxhunywe kumanethiwekhi e-pore akhona noma ama-microfractures. Kodwa-ke, ukwandiswa kokuqhekeka nge-asidi kuvame ukungalingani ngenxa yokungafani kokwakheka kwamatshe, i-mineralogy, kanye nokuthungwa.
Ukubhoboka kanye nokuvuleka kwamanzi kulawula ukuvuza koketshezi kanye nokuthuthwa kwe-asidi. Emadwaleni anesakhiwo esibi se-pore noma ama-microfractures axhumene kancane, ukuvuza kwe-asidi kuyavinjelwa, okwenza ukugoba kwe-asidi ekuqhekekeni kwe-hydraulic kungasebenzi kahle. Lapho iziteshi zemvelo zokuvuza zingekho noma zigobeka kakhulu, amasu okuthuthukisa ukuxhumana kweziteshi kuba yinto ebalulekile. Izixazululo zeziteshi zemvelo zokuvuza ezibi zingafaka imijikelezo yokuqhekeka ephindaphindwayo, ukusetshenziswa kwama-diverter, noma ukulandelana kokwelashwa okuhlanganisiwe.
Ukwehlukahlukana kwamadwala—izendlalelo ezahlukene, ubuningi bokuqhekeka, kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwamaminerali—kudala izindlela ezikhethwayo zokusabalala kokuqhekeka kanye nokuvuza. Indlela yokusabela kwe-acid-rock kanye nezinga lokusabela kwe-acid-rock kuyahlukahluka kulo lonke idamu, ikakhulukazi eduze kwezindawo zokuhlangana phakathi kwezinhlobo zamadwala ezihlukile. Lapho i-acid ihlangana khona nemigqa ecebile nge-carbonate, ukusabela okusheshayo kungadala ububanzi bokuqhekeka obungalingani kanye namaphethini okuqhekeka amagatsha. Lokhu kungakhuthaza noma kuvimbele ukuxhumana kuye ngokwehlukahlukana kwendawo.
Ukuvuza koketshezi kungenye inselele kuma-shale aqhekekile ngendlela engafani. Ukuvuza okuphezulu ezindaweni ezinezimbobo eziningi noma ukuqhekeka okuvulekile kunganciphisa ukwanda okusebenzayo kokuqhekeka okubangelwa yi-main. Ngokuphambene nalokho, izindawo ezivuza kancane zingavimbela ukungena kwe-asidi kanye nokwandiswa okulandelayo kwenethiwekhi yokuqhekeka. Ukwakheka koketshezi oluqhekeka nge-asidi—kufaka phakathi ukusetshenziswa kwama-asidi e-gelled noma axhumene, kanye nezengezo zoketshezi ezenzelwe uhlobo lwedwala—kuthinta ngqo le miphumela, okuvumela opharetha ukuthi bathuthukise ukungena kwamadwala okunezimbobo ezincane kanye nokwenza ngcono indawo yokugeleza kwamanzi echibini likawoyela.
Ukuvuselela okuphumelelayo kulezi zindawo eziyinkimbinkimbi kudinga ukugxila okubili: ukulawulwa okunembile kwezindlela zokuqhekeka kanye nokuthuthukiswa okuqondiwe kwezakhiwo zokuthutha amatshe ngokusebenzisa ukwakheka koketshezi lokuqhekeka kwe-hydraulic kanye nokusebenza. Ukuqoshwa kwe-asidi ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuqhekeka, ukuvuza okulawulwayo, kanye nokuqhekeka emigwaqweni egobile kubalulekile ekunqobeni izithiyo zangaphakathi ezibangelwa ukungena okuphansi kanye nokuxhumana okungekuhle kwemvelo ezindaweni zokugcina uwoyela we-shale.
Uketshezi Lokuqhekeka Kwe-Acid: Ukwakheka, Ukuqina, kanye Nokusebenza
Izingxenye kanye Nokwakhiwa Kwamanzi Okuqhekeka Kwe-Acid
Ukwakheka koketshezi lokuqhekeka kwe-asidi kugxile ekulungiseni izinhlelo zamakhemikhali ukuze kukhuliswe ukuhanjiswa kokuqhekeka kanye nokubuyiselwa kwamafutha. Uhlelo lwe-asidi oluvame kakhulu olusetshenziswayo yi-hydrochloric acid (HCl), ngokuvamile oluqongelelwe kusuka ku-5% kuya ku-28%, olukhethwe ngokusekelwe ku-lithology ye-reservoir kanye nezinhloso zokwelapha. Amanye ama-asidi afaka ama-asidi e-organic njenge-acetic noma i-formic acid ukuze kube lula noma kuthambe.ukwakheka okuzwela izinga lokushisaAma-blends noma izinhlelo ze-asidi ezihleliwe zingasetshenziswa ukuze kusetshenziswe izindlela ezahlukene zokuphinda kusebenze ngesikhathi sokwelashwa.
Izithasiselo ezibalulekile zihambisana ne-asidi. Izithibi zokugqwala, iziqinisi, ama-ejenti okulawula insimbi, kanye nama-non-emulsifier avikela amashubhu, anciphise imvula, futhi avimbele ukwakheka kwe-emulsion. Ama-polymer okwenziwa ahlanganiswa ngokwandayo njengeziqinisi—ngokuvamile i-polyacrylamide (HPAM) e-hydrolyzed kancane noma ama-copolymer amasha—ukuphakamisa i-viscosity ukuze kubekwe i-asidi engcono, ukumiswa kwe-proppant, kanye nokulawula ukuvuza. Ama-surfactant, kokubili i-anionic (isb. i-sodium dodecyl sulfate) kanye ne-non-ionic (isb. i-ethoxylated alcohols), abalulekile ekuqiniseni izinhlelo ze-foam, ukuthuthukisa ukuguqulwa kokumanzi, kanye nokwehlisa ukucindezeleka kobuso ukuze kuthinteke kangcono i-rock-acid.
Ukuphathwa kokuvuza kanye nezinsalela kubalulekile. Izithasiselo zokulahlekelwa uketshezi ezifana nama-polymer asekelwe kusitashi noma athuthukisiwe okwenziwa zinciphisa ukungena ku-matrix, zigcina i-asidi ngaphakathi kokuqhekeka. Ama-breaker—oxidative (isb., i-persulfate) noma i-enzymatic—asetshenziswa ukuwohloza ama-thickeners ngemva kokwelashwa, kunciphisa ingozi yezinsalela kanye nomonakalo wokwakheka okulandelayo. Kodwa-ke, ukusebenzisana namanzi akhiqizwayo noma ama-breaker angaphansi kwezinga lokushisa kungabangela imvula yesibili yamaminerali njenge-barite, okudinga ukuhlolwa kokuhambisana kwesistimu ngokucophelela.
Izibonelo zezindlela eziqhubekayo zifaka:
- Izinhlelo ze-asidi eziphelelwe yisikhathi: ukusebenzisa ama-gel e-surfactant-polymer ukuze kuncishiswe ukusabela kwe-asidi-rock ukuze kungene ngokujulile ezingqimbeni ze-carbonate eziqinile.
- Ama-polymer asezingeni eliphezulu lokushisa, abekezelela usawoti (isb., ama-copolymer okwenziwa e-P3A) ukuze kube nokujiya okuzinzile kanye nensalela encane emithonjeni ejulile.
- I-chemistry eluhlaza, ehlanganisa i-L-ascorbic acid, evumela ukugcinwa kwe-viscosity kanye nokuvikelwa kwe-antioxidant kufikela ku-300°F ngaphandle kwemikhiqizo ehlala njalo emvelweni.
Ukulinganiswa kwe-Viscosity kanye nokubaluleka kokuqhekeka kwe-asidi
Ukulinganisa okunembile koketshezi oluqhekeka i-asidi kudingaama-viscometer anomfutho ophezulu, izinga lokushisa eliphezulu (i-HPHT)ikwazi ukulingisa ukucindezeleka okuphansi kanye namaphrofayili okushisa. Amasu abalulekile afaka:
- Ama-viscometer ajikelezayo ukuze kunqunywe i-base viscosity.
- Ama-viscometer e-HPHT ezinqubo ezithuthukisiwe, ahlola ukuziphatha kwe-viscoelastic ngaphansi kwemithwalo yokushisa noma yokucindezela ejikelezayo.
Ukubaluleka kwe-viscosity kunezici eziningi:
- Amaphethini Okusika Nokukhulisa Ukuqhekeka: I-asidi ephansi ye-viscosity iholela emaphethini amakhulu e-wormholing noma e-pitting etch; i-viscosity ephezulu ikhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwesiteshi esibanzi nesifana kakhulu, okulawula ngqo ukuqhutshwa kwe-fracture kanye nekhono lokukhulisa. Ukuphakamisa ukuhlushwa kwe-thickener, isibonelo, kuholela endaweni ebanzi kakhulu eqoshiwe kanye nokukhula kwe-fracture okuyinkimbinkimbi, njengoba ukuhlolwa kwelabhorethri yokulandelela idayi kuqinisekisa.
- Ukufinyeleleka Nokusatshalaliswa Kwama-Fracture: Uketshezi olunamathelayo lulawula kangcono ukufakwa kwe-asidi, lukhuthaza ukungena kwe-asidi ekwaphukeni kwemvelo kwesibili futhi lukhulise indawo yokukhipha amanzi echibini likawoyela. Ukuhlolwa kwenani kusetshenziswa izilinganiso zokuqhuba ngemuva kokuchotshozwa kuxhumanisa ukuqina okuphezulu kumanethiwekhi okuqhekeka okuqhubayo asatshalaliswa kakhulu futhi aqhubekayo, okuhambisana namazinga aphezulu okukhiqiza.
Isibonelo, ku-Marcellus shale ecebile nge-carbonate, kusetshenziswa izinhlelo ze-asidi ezizikhiqizayo noma ezixhumene nazo—lapho i-viscosity enamandla igcinwa khona ngisho nasemazingeni okushisa e-reservoir—kuphumela okungenani ekubunzimeni kokuqhekeka okuphezulu okungu-20-30% kanye nokumbozwa kokukhipha amanzi uma kuqhathaniswa ne-HCl engashintshiwe.
Ukusabela kwe-Acid-Rock ekuqhekekeni kwe-Acid
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I-Acid-Rock Reaction Kinetics kanye nobudlelwano bayo ne-Viscosity
Indlela yokusabela kwe-acid-rock ithonywa kakhulu yi-fluid viscosity. Izinhlelo ze-acid zakudala zisabela ngokushesha namaminerali e-carbonate, zigxila ekuqhekekeni eduze kwe-wellbore futhi zinciphise ukujula kokungena. Izinhlelo ze-acid eziphelelwe yisikhathi, zisebenzisa ama-surfactants e-viscoelastic noma ama-polymer-acid emulsions, zinciphisa izinga lokusabalala kwama-ion e-hydrogen, zinciphisa izinga lokusabela kwe-acid-rock iyonke. Lokhu kwenza i-acid ikwazi ukungena ngokujulile ekubunjweni okuphansi noma okunezimbobo eziphansi ngaphambi kokuba ichithwe, okukhuthaza ukugqwala okubanzi kanye nokuqhekeka okude.
Ukuguqulwa kwezinga lokusabela kungalungiswa ngale ndlela elandelayo:
- Ukulungisa izilinganiso ze-surfactant/polymer ukuze kulungiswe kahle ukusabalala kwe-asidi.
- Ukujova i-asidi okulandelanayo—ukushintshanisa imijovo ye-asidi ephuzile kanye nejwayelekile—kufeza ibhalansi yokugoba okuseduze kwe-wellbore kanye nokwakheka okujulile, njengoba kuboniswe ekuhlolweni kokujova okulandelanayo lapho izinhlelo ze-asidi ezishintshanayo ziveza ukugoba okulinganisiwe kanye nokuvuselelwa okuthuthukisiwe kwe-reservoir.
Imiphumela yokusebenzisana ivela ekuhlanganisweni:
- Ama-polymer ahlanganiswe nama-surfactant angewona ama-ionic adala ukuqina okuqinile futhi andise ukumelana nokushisa nosawoti, njengoba kuqinisekiswe ukuhlolwa kwempahla ye-rheological kanye ne-sand-carrier ngaphansi kwezimo ze-reservoir ezilingisiwe.
- Ama-alkali-surfactant-polymer (ASP) blends, kanye nezinhlelo ze-nanocomposite (isb., i-graphene oxide-polymer), zithuthukisa kokubili i-viscosity elawula izinga kanye nokuqina kwe-asidi, kuyilapho futhi zisiza ukulawula iphrofayili kanye nokususwa kwe-asidi esele—okubalulekile ekwenzeni ngcono ukuqhekeka kwe-asidi eziteshini zemvelo ezingafani kanye nokuthuthukisa ukululama ekubunjweni kokungena kwamanzi okuphansi noma okune-porosity ephansi.
Ukuhlolwa kwe-Glass micro-model kanye ne-coreflood kuqinisekisa ukuthi lawa ma-formulations aklanyelwe ukwandisa isikhathi sokuxhumana ne-asidi, ukusabela kancane namaminerali, ukuthuthukisa indawo eqoshiwe, futhi ekugcineni kwandise ukugeleza kwamanzi edamu lamafutha, okubonisa ubudlelwano obusebenzayo phakathi kokwakheka koketshezi lwe-acid fracturing, i-viscosity, i-acid-rock reaction kinetics, kanye nokusebenza kahle kokuvuselela idamu.
Ithonya le-Fracture Geometry ekungeneni kwe-Acid kanye nokusebenza kahle kwayo
I-geometry yokuqhekeka—ikakhulukazi ubude, ububanzi (imbobo), kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwendawo—kunquma ngokujulile ukungena kwe-asidi futhi ngaleyo ndlela kusebenze kahle kokuqhekeka kwe-asidi. Ukuqhekeka okude nokubanzi kukhuthaza ukusatshalaliswa kwe-asidi ebanzi, kodwa ukusebenza kahle kungancipha ngenxa “yokuthuthuka” kwe-asidi, lapho i-asidi engasetshenzisiwe ifika ngokushesha esicongweni sokuqhekeka ngaphandle kokusabela ngokugcwele endleleni. Ukuguquguquka kwembobo, ikakhulukazi ukuqhekeka okunezingqimba noma okunezindonga ezimangelengele okwakhiwa ukugqwala okungalingani, kukhuthaza ukungena okukhulu ngokunikeza izindlela ezikhethwayo nokunciphisa ukulahleka kwe-asidi ngaphambi kwesikhathi.
- Ukwehluka kwembobo:Izindawo ezifakwe imisele ezakhiwe ngokusika i-asidi zigcina ukuhanjiswa kwamandla ngaphansi kokucindezeleka futhi zinikeza izindlela zokuthutha i-asidi ezikhethwayo.
- Indawo yokubeka:Ukuphuka okuseduze nomgodi womthombo kuvumela ukusatshalaliswa kwe-asidi okufanayo, kuyilapho ukuphuka okude noma okunamagatsha amaningi kuzuza ekufakweni kwe-asidi okuhleliwe noma ukushintshana kwe-asidi/uketshezi olungathathi hlangothi.
- Umjovo wezigaba eziningi:Ukushintshana kwe-asidi kanye noketshezi oluhlukanisayo kungavuselela ukugqwala ebusweni obude bokuqhekeka, okuholela ekungeneni okujulile kanye nokukhulisa ngempumelelo ukuqhekeka kwemvelo nokubangelwayo.
Uphenyo lwasensimini nolwelabhorethri olusebenzisa ukuskena kwe-micro-CT kanye nokumodela ngezinombolo kubonisa ukuthi ubunzima bejometri kanye nobunzima kulawula amazinga okusabela kwe-acid-rock kanye nezinga lokugcina lokuthuthukiswa kokungena kwamanzi. Ngakho-ke ukwakheka kwe-acid fracturing efanele kuhambisana kahle nezakhiwo zesistimu ye-acid kanye nezinhlelo zokujova namajiyometri okuqhekeka athile edamu, okuqinisekisa ukuhanjiswa kokuqhuma okuphezulu nokuqinile kanye nokubuyiselwa kwamafutha okuthuthukisiwe.
Amasu Okuthuthukisa Ukwephulwa Kwe-Acid Okuphumelelayo
Ukukhethwa Kwezinhlelo Ze-Acid Nezithasiselo
Ukuthuthukisa ukuqhekeka kwe-asidi kuncike kakhulu ekukhetheni izinhlelo ezifanele ze-asidi. Izinhlelo ze-asidi eziphelelwe yisikhathi, njenge-gelled noma i-emulsified acids, zakhiwe ukuze zinciphise izinga lokusabela kwe-asidi-rock. Lokhu kwenza ukungena okujulile ngokuqhekeka kanye nokuqoshwa kwe-asidi okufanayo. Ngokuphambene nalokho, izinhlelo ze-asidi ezivamile—ngokuvamile i-hydrochloric acid engashintshiwe—zisabela ngokushesha, zivame ukuvimbela ukujula kokungena kwe-asidi futhi zinciphise ukwanda kokuqhekeka, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zokugcina i-carbonate kanye nezindawo zokugcina i-shale ezishisa kakhulu. Intuthuko yakamuva ifaka izinhlelo ze-asidi eqinile, ezenzelwe izindawo zokugcina i-asidi ezishisa kakhulu, ezinciphisa amazinga okusabela, zinciphise ukugqwala futhi zandise ukusebenza kahle ngesenzo se-asidi eside kanye nokuncishiswa kwedwala okuthuthukisiwe.
Uma kuqhathaniswa izinhlelo ezihlehlisiwe uma kuqhathaniswa nezinhlelo ezivamile:
- Ama-asidi aphelelwe yisikhathiZithandwa kakhulu ezindaweni lapho ukusetshenziswa kwe-asidi ngokushesha eduze komgodi womthombo kunciphisa ukufinyelela kanye nokufana kokwelashwa. Lawa ma-asidi aboniswe ukuthi akhuthaza ukwandiswa okungcono kokuqhekeka yi-asidi futhi athuthukise ukuhamba komoya ngemva kokuqhekeka kanye nendawo yokukhipha uwoyela.
- Ama-asidi avamilekunganele ukwelashwa okungajulile noma izindawo ezivuleka kalula lapho ukusabela okusheshayo kanye nokungena okuncane kuyamukeleka khona.
Ukukhethwa kwama-viscosity modifier—njenge-viscoelastic surfactants (izinhlelo ze-VCA) noma ama-gelling agents asekelwe ku-polymer—kuncike ezintweni ezithile eziphathelene ne-reservoir:
- Izinga lokushisa ledamu kanye ne-mineralogy kunquma ukuzinza kwamakhemikhali kanye nokusebenza kwama-viscosity modifiers.
- Ukuze kusetshenziswe amazinga okushisa aphezulu, ama-gel breaker azinzile njengo-oxidizing agents ahlanganisiwe noma ama-capsules akhipha i-acid ayadingeka ukuqinisekisa ukuwohloka kwe-gelled acid kanye nokuhlanzwa okuphumelelayo ngemva kokwelashwa.
- Iphrofayili ebonakalayo ye-viscosity kumele ilungiswe ukuze uketshezi lwe-acid fracturing luhlale lukhonaukujiya okwanelengesikhathi sokupompa (ukwandisa ububanzi bokuqhekeka kanye nokumiswa kwe-proppant) kodwa kungawohloka ngokuphelele ngama-gel breakers ukuze kubuyelwe emuva okuphumelelayo.
Ukukhetha okufanelekile kokungeziwe kunciphisa umonakalo wokwakheka, kuqinisekisa ukugqwala kwe-asidi okusebenzayo ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuqhekeka, futhi kwandisa ukuthuthuka ezindaweni zokugcina amanzi ezingangeni kahle kanye nezimbobo ezincane. Izicelo zakamuva zasensimini zibonisa ukuthi ukwakheka koketshezi oluqhekeka i-asidi olusekelwe ku-VCA, oluneziphuki zejeli ezihambisana kahle, lunikeza ukuhlanzwa okuthuthukisiwe, ukulahleka koketshezi okuphansi, kanye nokuvuselelwa kwezindawo zokugcina amanzi okuthuthukisiwe uma kuqhathaniswa nezinhlelo zendabuko.
Amapharamitha Okusebenza Athonya Impumelelo Yokukhuthaza I-Acid
Ukulawulwa kokusebenza ngesikhathi sokuqhekeka kwe-asidi kuthinta kakhulu imiphumela. Amapharamitha ayinhloko okusebenza afaka phakathi izinga lokupompa, ivolumu ye-asidi ejojiwe, kanye nokuphathwa kwephrofayili yokucindezela:
- Isilinganiso sephampu: Inquma ijubane lokusabalala kokuqhekeka kanye nejiyometri. Izinga eliphakeme likhuthaza ukungena okujulile kwe-asidi kanye nokusebenzisana okuqhubekayo kwe-asidi nedwala, kodwa kumele kulinganiswe ukuze kugwenywe ukusetshenziswa kwe-asidi ngaphambi kwesikhathi noma ukukhula kokuqhekeka okungalawulwa.
- Umthamo wokufakwa kwe-asidi: Ithonya ubude nobubanzi bokuqhekeka okuqoshwe yi-asidi. Amavolumu amakhulu ngokuvamile ayadingeka ukuze kutholakale ukwakheka okuphansi kokungena kwamanzi, yize ukwenza ngcono ivolumu ye-asidi kanye nama-viscosity modifiers kunganciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali okungadingekile ngenkathi kulondolozwa ukuhanjiswa kwamandla.
- Ukulawula ingcindezi: Ukuphathwa kwengcindezi yembobo engezansi kanye neyomphezulu ngesikhathi sangempela kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuqhekeka kuhlala kuvulekile, kwamukela ukulahleka koketshezi, futhi kuqondisa ukufakwa kwe-asidi ezindaweni zokuqhekeka eziqondiwe.
Empeleni, amashejuli okujova nge-asidi ahlelwe ngezigaba noma ngokushintshana—lapho izinhlobo ze-asidi noma ukuqina kushintshana khona—kuye kwabonakala kuthuthukisa ukwakheka kwesiteshi, kukhuthaze ukuthuthukiswa kokuqhekeka okugobile, futhi kwenze ngcono indawo yokugeleza kwamanzi echibini likawoyela. Isibonelo, ukujova nge-asidi eshintshanayo enezigaba ezimbili kungadala iziteshi ezijulile neziqhuba kakhulu, ziphumelele kakhulu ezindleleni zesigaba esisodwa kokubili ezindaweni zelebhu kanye nasensimini.
Ukufanisa amasu okwenza i-acid ibe yi-eczema nokungafani kwama-reservoir kubalulekile. Ema-reservoir e-shale ane-mineralology eguquguqukayo kanye nokuqhekeka kwemvelo, ukumodela okubikezelayo kanye nokuqapha kwesikhathi sangempela kusetshenziswa ukuqondisa isikhathi nokulandelana kwemijovo. Ukulungiswa okusekelwe ezicini zokuqhekeka (isb., ukuqondiswa, ukuxhumana, ukuthuthukiswa kwesiteshi sokuphuma kwamanzi ngokwemvelo) kuvumela opharetha ukuthi balungise amapharamitha okusebenza ukuze bakhuthazeke kakhulu futhi banciphise umonakalo wokwakheka.
Ukumodela Okubikezelayo kanye Nokuhlanganiswa Kwedatha
Umklamo wesimanje wokuqhekeka kwe-asidi manje uhlanganisa amamodeli okubikezela ahlobanisa amapharamitha okusebenza, izakhiwo zoketshezi lokuqhekeka kwe-asidi, kanye nokuqhuba komoya ngemva kokuqhekeka. Amamodeli athuthukile ahlanganisa:
- Indlela kanye nesilinganiso sokusabela kwe-acid-rock, ethwebula indlela i-acid morphology kanye nokuqopha okuguquka ngayo ngaphansi kwezimo zasensimini.
- Izici eziqondene nedamunjengokuvuleka kanye nokuvuleka, ukungafani kwezinto ezinamaminerali, kanye namanethiwekhi okuqhekeka asevele ekhona.
Lawa mamodeli asebenzisa idatha yobufakazi, imiphumela yelabhorethri, kanye nokufunda komshini ukubikezela ukuthi izinguquko ku-viscosity, amazinga epompo, ukuhlushwa kwe-asidi, kanye namaphrofayili okushisa zithinta kanjani amasu okudala ukuqhekeka ekuqhekekeni kwe-hydraulic kanye nokwenza ngcono indawo yokukhipha amanzi echibini isikhathi eside.
Iziqondiso ezibalulekile zokuvumelanisa imikhawulo yensimu kanye nomklamo wokusebenza zifaka:
- Ukukhetha i-viscosity kanye nokwakheka kwe-asidi ngokusekelwe ku-kinetics yokusabela kwe-acid-rock okulindelwe, iphrofayili yokushisa okulindelekile, kanye nezinhloso zokuphothula (isb., ukukhulisa ukungena kwedwala okuphansi noma ukuxazulula izinkinga zesiteshi sokuvuza kwamanzi ngokwemvelo ezingezinhle).
- Ukusebenzisa izindlela eziqhutshwa idatha ukulungisa ngokuguquguqukayo amashejuli okujova nge-asidi, amazinga okupompa, kanye nemithamo yokwaphula, ukuthuthukisa usayizi wokuphuka kanye nokululama ngemva kokwelashwa.
Izibonelo ezivela ekusetshenzisweni kwamuva nje kwensimu zibonisa ukuthi lawa masu okubikezela akhulisa ukuhanjiswa kwamandla ngemva kokuqhekeka futhi athuthukisa izibikezelo zokukhiqizwa kwamafutha, okwenza kube namasu okuqhekeka kwe-asidi asebenza kahle futhi athembekile kuzo zonke izindawo zokugcina i-shale ne-carbonate eziyinkimbinkimbi.
Ukwandisa Indawo Yokukhipha Umoya Kawoyela kanye Nokugcina Ukuqina Kokuqhekeka Kwamafutha
Ukususwa Kokuvinjelwa Kokwakheka Nokuthuthukiswa Kokuxhumana
Ukucheba i-asidi kuyindlela eyinhloko ekusetshenzisweni koketshezi lokuqhekeka kwe-asidi ukuze kunqotshwe inselele yokuvinjwa kokwakheka, njengokuqongelela kwe-condensate kanye nokwakheka kwamaminerali, ezindaweni zokugcina i-shale. Lapho i-asidi—ngokuvamile i-hydrochloric acid (HCl)—ifakwa, isabela namaminerali asebenzayo njenge-calcite ne-dolomite. Le ndlela yokusabela kwe-asidi-rock ihlakaza amadiphozithi amaminerali, yandisa izikhala ze-pore, futhi ixhumanise ama-pores ahlukaniswe ngaphambilini, ithuthukise ngqo ukuvuleka kanye nokuphuma kwamanzi ezindaweni zokugcina uwoyela. Izinga lokusabela kwe-asidi-rock, kanye nokwakheka koketshezi oluthile lokuqhekeka kwe-asidi olusetshenzisiwe, kuyahlukahluka kuye ngokuthi i-shale mineralogy kanye nokwakheka kokuvinjelwa.
Kuma-shale acebile nge-carbonate, amazinga aphezulu e-HCl aveza ukususwa okucacile kokugqwala kanye nokuvinjelwa ngenxa yokusabela okusheshayo nokuphumelelayo kwe-acid-rock. Ukuvumelanisa ukwakheka kwe-asidi nokuqukethwe kwe-carbonate kanye ne-silicate ethile yedamu kuthuthukisa inqubo yokususa, kubuyisela ngempumelelo iziteshi zemvelo zokuvuza futhi kubhekane nezixazululo zeziteshi zemvelo zokuvuza ezingezinhle. Ukungalungi kobuso obukhona bokuqhekeka kuyanda ngenxa yokuncibilika kwe-asidi, okuhambisana ngqo nokuthuthukiswa kokuqhuba ukuqhekeka kanye neziteshi zokugeleza ezihlala isikhathi eside zama-hydrocarbon. Le ndlela iqinisekiswe idatha yokuhlola ekhombisa ukuthuthuka okukhulu ekukhiqizweni kwegesi kanye nenkomba yokufakwa ngemuva kokwelashwa kwe-asidi okwenziwe ngokwezifiso ekwakhekeni kokungena okuphansi.
Ukuqhuba ukuqhekeka okuqhubekayo kubalulekile ekukhiqizeni kwesikhathi eside kwemithombo kawoyela we-shale. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukuqhekeka okubangelwayo kungalahlekelwa ukuqhubela phambili ngenxa yokuchotshozwa kwe-propant, i-diagenesis, i-embedment, noma ukufuduka kwe-fines. Lezi zinqubo zinciphisa izindlela ezivulekile ezidalwe ukucindezela kokuqhekeka kwe-hydraulic fracturing, okuthinta kakhulu ukubuyiswa kwama-hydrocarbon. Izifundo zezibalo kanye neze-laboratory zibonisa ukuthi ngaphandle kokuphathwa okufanele, ukuwohloka kwe-propant kunganciphisa ukukhiqizwa ngamaphesenti angama-80 eminyakeni eyi-10. Izici ezifana nokucindezela kokuvala, usayizi we-propant, kanye nezakhiwo zokuqala zomphezulu wokuqhekeka zidlala indima ebalulekile. Ukukhetha i-propant efanele kanye nokuphatha ngenkuthalo ukucindezela kwe-downhole kubalulekile ukugcina izindlela ezikhulisiwe ezidalwe ukugqwala kwe-acid ukuze kuqhubeke ukugeleza kukawoyela negesi.
Ukwandiswa Nokugcinwa Kwenethiwekhi Yokuqhekeka Kwama-Flecture
Ukwandisa ngokuhlelekile indawo yokukhipha amanzi echibini likawoyela kuncike ekwakhiweni nasekusetshenzisweni okuphumelelayo kwezinhlelo ze-asidi ezilawulwayo. Lezi izinhlelo zoketshezi zokuqhekeka kwe-asidi eziklanywe ngobunjiniyela eziqukethe izithasiselo—njengezithibi, ama-gelling agents, nama-surfactants—ukulawula ukubekwa kwe-asidi, ukulawula izinga lokusabela kwe-asidi-idwala, nokunciphisa ukuvuza koketshezi ngesikhathi sokwelashwa. Umphumela uba inqubo yokuqopha eqondiswe kakhulu ekhulisa amasu okudala ukuqhekeka ekuqhekekeni kwe-hydraulic futhi isekele ukusabalala kokuqhekeka okuyinhloko nokwesibili (okugobile).
Izinhlelo ze-asidi ezilawulwayo, ikakhulukazi ama-asidi e-gel afakwe i-gel kanye nama-asidi e-gel atholakala endaweni ethile, zisiza ekuphatheni ukubekwa kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside kwe-asidi ngaphakathi kokuqhekeka. Lezi zinhlelo zinciphisa ukusebenzisana kwe-asidi nedwala, zandisa ibanga lokungena futhi zivumela ukugqwala kwe-asidi okubanzi ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuqhekeka. Le ndlela yandisa umthamo wedwala ovuselelwe, yandisa indawo yokugeleza kwamanzi echibini likawoyela, futhi ibhekana nezinselelo ngezixazululo zemifudlana yokuvuza yemvelo engemihle kokubili ezindaweni ze-carbonate kanye ne-shale. Amacala asensimini abonisa ukuthi lawa masu adala amanethiwekhi okuqhekeka abanzi, axhumene kakhulu, okwenza ukuthi kutholakale i-hydrocarbon eningi.
Ukugcina ukuthuthukiswa kokungena kwamanzi ngaphansi kokucindezeleka okunamandla kwedamu kungenye into ebalulekile okufanele icatshangelwe. Ukusabalala kokuqhekeka kwamatshe acindezelwe ukuvalwa okuphezulu kuvame ukuholela ekunciphiseni ububanzi bokuqhekeka noma ukuvalwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi, okubeka engcupheni ukuhanjiswa kwamanzi. Ukuze kulwiwe nalokhu, kusetshenziswa amasu amaningana:
- Ubuchwepheshe bokubhoboza obuhambisana nokucindezeleka:Le ndlela ivumela ukuqaliswa nokwanda okulawulwayo kokuqhekeka, okwenza ngcono ukuvumelana phakathi kokufakwa kwamandla okukhuthaza kanye nokwandiswa kwenethiwekhi yokuqhekeka. Ngokwesibonelo, eJiyang Depression, lobu buchwepheshe bunciphise amandla adingekayo ngo-37% ngenkathi buthuthukisa kokubili ukuxhumana kanye nemiphumela yemvelo.
- Ukwelashwa kwangaphambi kokufaka i-asidi:Ukusebenzisa izinhlelo ze-polyhydrogen acid noma ezinye izinto ezisetshenziswa ngaphambi kokuqhekeka kwe-asidi kunganciphisa ukucindezeleka kokuqhekeka kwe-fracture futhi kunciphise ukuvaleka kokuqala kokwakheka, okubeka isiteji sokwakhiwa kwe-fracture okuphumelelayo nokuhlala isikhathi eside.
- Ukumodela kwe-Geomechanical:Ukuhlanganisaukulinganisa ukucindezeleka kwesikhathi sangempelakanye nokuqapha idamu kuvumela ukubikezela nokulungisa amapharamitha okwelashwa kwe-asidi, okusiza ukugcina ukuhanjiswa kokuphazamiseka naphezu kwezimo zokucindezeleka ezishintshayo endaweni.
Lezi zindlela—ezihlanganiswe nezithasiselo zoketshezi lwe-hydraulic fracturing kanye nokwakheka koketshezi lwe-acid fracturing—ziqinisekisa ukuthi izinzuzo zokungena ziyagcinwa. Zisiza abaqhubi bamafutha ukwandisa nokugcina amanethiwekhi okuqhekeka, zithuthukisa ukungena kwamatshe okuphansi futhi zisekele ukukhishwa kwemithombo yesikhathi eside.
Ngamafuphi, ngokuhlanganiswa kwemikhuba emisha yokuqopha i-asidi, izinhlelo ze-asidi ezilawulwayo ezithuthukisiwe, kanye namasu okuqhekeka anolwazi lwe-geomechanic, izindlela zokuvuselela amachibi esimanje manje zigxile kokubili ekukhuliseni izindawo zokukhipha amanzi ezisheshayo kanye nokugcina ukuhanjiswa kokuqhuma okudingekayo ukuze kuqhutshekwe nokusebenza kokukhiqiza okuqhubekayo.
Isiphetho
Ukulinganisa okuphumelelayo kanye nokwenza ngcono i-viscosity yoketshezi oluqhekeka nge-asidi kubalulekile ekwandiseni ukwakheka kokuqhekeka, ukusebenza kahle kokuchoboza nge-asidi, kanye nokugeleza kwamanzi okugcina uwoyela isikhathi eside ekwakhekeni kwe-shale. Imikhuba emihle isekelwe ekuqondeni okunemininingwane ye-dynamics yoketshezi ngaphansi kwezimo ze-reservoir, kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwedatha yelabhorethri kanye neyasensimini ukuqinisekisa ukufaneleka kokusebenza.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa
Umbuzo 1: Kubaluleke ngani ukuqhekeka kwe-asidi emanzini agcina uwoyela we-shale?
Ukuchachamba koketshezi oluqhekeka nge-asidi kubalulekile ekulawuleni ukudalwa kokuqhekeka kanye nokusabalala ngaphakathi kwama-reservoirs kawoyela we-shale. Ama-fluid ane-viscosity ephezulu, njenge-crosslinked noma i-gelled acid, akhiqiza ukuqhekeka okubanzi nokunamagatsha amaningi. Lokhu kwenza kube lula ukubeka i-asidi futhi kwandise ukuxhumana phakathi kwe-asidi nedwala, kuthuthukisa indlela yokusabela kwe-asidi-rock kanye nokuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuchocha kujulile futhi kuyafana. Ukuchachamba koketshezi okuhle kukhulisa ububanzi bokuqhekeka kanye nobunzima, kuthinta ngqo ukusebenza kahle kokuchocha kwe-asidi ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuqhekeka kanye nokwenza ngcono indawo yokuphuma kwamanzi e-reservoirs iyonke. Isibonelo, ama-CO₂ fluids aqinile aboniswe ukuthi athuthukisa ububanzi bokuqhekeka futhi agcine ukungena kwamanzi ngemva kokwelashwa, kuyilapho ama-fluid ane-viscosity ephansi evumela ukuqhekeka okude, okuncane ngokusakazeka okulula kodwa angase abe sengozini yokuchocha noma ukuhambisa okunganele kokugeleza kwe-asidi. Ukukhetha i-viscosity efanele ekwakhiweni koketshezi lwe-acid fracturing kuqinisekisa ukuqhekeka okuphumelelayo kokuvinjelwa kokwakheka, ukuqhuba ukuqhekeka kwesikhathi eside, kanye nokwanda okukhulu kwendawo yokuphuma kwamanzi ekhiqizayo.
UMBUZO 2: Ingcindezi yokuqhekeka kwe-hydraulic fracturing ikuthinta kanjani ukuqhekeka kwe-hydraulic?
Ingcindezi yokuqhekeka ingamandla amancane adingekayo ukuqala ukuqhekeka edwaleni ngesikhathi sokuqhekeka kwe-hydraulic. Ezindaweni zokugcina uwoyela we-shale ezinokungena okuphansi, ukuphathwa okunembile kwengcindezi yokuqhekeka kubalulekile. Uma ingcindezi esetshenziswayo iphansi kakhulu, ukuqhekeka kungase kungavuli, kunciphise ukungena koketshezi. Kuphezulu kakhulu, futhi ukuqhekeka kungase kungalawuleki, okubangela ingozi yokuqhekeka okungafuneki. Ukulawula okufanele kukhuthaza ukuqhekeka ukuthi kukhule ezindizeni zemvelo ngisho nasezindleleni ezigobile, kuthuthukisa ukukhuthazwa kwe-reservoir. Ingcindezi ephezulu yokuqhekeka, uma ilawulwa kahle, ikhiqiza amanethiwekhi okuqhekeka ayinkimbinkimbi futhi ithuthukisa ukuxhumana okubalulekile ukuze i-asidi ifinyelele futhi iqophe indawo ebanzi. Amasu anjengokugoba imigodi asetshenziselwa ukunciphisa ingcindezi yokuqhekeka kanye nokulawula kangcono ukuqala kokuqhekeka, okuthinta kokubili i-geometry yokuqhekeka kanye nokusebenza kahle kokuqhekeka. Lokhu kulawulwa okunolwazi kwengcindezi yokuqhekeka kwe-hydraulic kuyisisekelo samasu okudala ukuqhekeka athuthukile ezindaweni zokugcina ezingavamile.
Umbuzo 3: Kungani ukugqwala nokukhulisa i-asidi kuzuzisa ekungeneni kwamanzi okuphansi kanye nama-reservoity aphansi?
Ama-reservoits aphansi okungena kanye nama-porosity aphansi aveza iziteshi zemvelo ezilinganiselwe zokuvuza, okuvimbela ukuhamba nokukhiqizwa kwamafutha. Ukucwiliswa kwe-asidi ekuqhekekeni kwe-hydraulic kusebenzisa uketshezi olusebenzayo ukuncibilikisa izingxenye ze-matrix yedwala ebusweni bokuqhekeka, ngaleyo ndlela kwandisa lezi zindlela zokugeleza. Lokhu kunciphisa ukuvaleka kokwakheka futhi kuhlinzeka ngeziteshi ezintsha zoketshezi ukuze zihambe ngokukhululeka. Izindlela zakamuva zokuvuselela ama-reservoits, kufaka phakathi izinhlelo ezihlanganisiwe kanye ne-pre-acid, zithole ukuqhutshwa okuthuthukisiwe, okuhlala isikhathi eside kanye nokubuyiselwa kwamafutha okuthuthukisiwe. Lezi zindlela ziwusizo kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni ama-reservoits aphansi okungena kanye nokuthuthukisa ukugeleza kwamadwala aphansi okungena, njengoba kuboniswe kokubili ezifundweni zasensimini kanye nezaselabhorethri. Umphumela ukwanda okukhulu kokukhiqiza kwemithombo, lapho ukuqhekeka okucwiliswe yi-asidi kanye nokukhuliswa kusebenza njengemifudlana ethuthukisiwe yokugeleza kwe-hydrocarbon.
Umbuzo 4: Iyiphi indima edlalwa yi-porosity kanye nokuvuleka kwamatshe empumelelweni yokuqhekeka kwe-asidi?
Ukuvuleka kanye nokuvuleka kunquma ngqo ukunyakaza koketshezi kanye nokufinyeleleka kwe-asidi ezindaweni zokugcina uwoyela. Amadwala ane-porosity ephansi kanye nokuvuleka okuphansi avimbela ukusabalala kanye nokusebenza kahle koketshezi lwe-acid fracturing, okunciphisa impumelelo yemisebenzi yokuvuselela. Ukuze kulungiswe lokhu, ukwakheka koketshezi lwe-acid fracturing kuklanyelwe ngqo ukufaka izithasiselo zokulawula ukusabela kanye neziguquli ze-viscosity. Ukuthuthukisa ukuvuleka ngokusebenzisa ukusabela kwe-acid-rock kwandisa isikhala esingenalutho esitholakalayo sokugcina i-hydrocarbon, kuyilapho ukukhulisa ukuvuleka kuvumela ukugeleza okulula kumanethiwekhi okuqhekeka. Ngemuva kokwelashwa kwe-asidi, izifundo eziningi zibonise ukwanda okukhulu kokubili kokuvuleka kanye nokuvuleka, ikakhulukazi lapho iziteshi zemvelo zokuvuza zazimbi khona ngaphambili. Ukuthuthukisa lezi zinhlaka kuvumela ukusabalala kokuqhekeka okulungiselelwe, amazinga okukhiqiza aqhubekayo, kanye nendawo yokuxhumana nedamu ende.
Umbuzo 5: Ukusabela kwe-acid-rock kuthinta kanjani ukusebenza kahle kokwandiswa kwendawo yokukhipha amanzi?
Indlela yokusabela kwe-acid-rock ilawula indlela idwala elincibilikiswa ngayo nokuthi ukuqhekeka kuqoshwa kanjani futhi kwandiswe kanjani ngesikhathi sokuqhekeka kwe-acid. Ukulawulwa okusebenzayo kwesilinganiso sokusabela kwe-acid-rock kubalulekile: ngokushesha kakhulu, futhi i-acid isetshenziswa eduze kwe-wellbor, okunciphisa ukungena; kuhamba kancane kakhulu, futhi ukuqhekeka kungase kungabi ngokwanele. Ngokulawula ukusabela ngokusebenzisa i-viscosity yoketshezi, ukuhlushwa kwe-acid, kanye nezithasiselo, ukuqhekeka okuqondiwe ebusweni bokuqhekeka kuyatholakala, okuvumela ukuxhumana okubanzi nokujulile kokuqhekeka. Ukwenziwa kwemodeli okuthuthukisiwe kanye nocwaningo lwelabhorethri kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukwenza ngcono ukusabela kwe-acid-rock kuholela ekuqhekekeni okufana nesiteshi, okuqhuba kakhulu okwandisa kakhulu indawo yokugeleza kwamafutha. Isibonelo, ukuqhekeka okuqoshwe nge-acid-echored kubhalwe phansi ukuthi kunikeza ukuqhutshwa komoya okuphezulu okuphindwe kahlanu kunokuqhekeka okungaqoshwanga ekwakhekeni kwe-carbonate. Ukulungiswa ngokucophelela kokwakheka koketshezi lwe-acid-echored kanye nemingcele yokujova ngaleyo ndlela kunquma ngqo ubukhulu kanye nokusebenza kahle kokuthuthukiswa kwendawo yokugeleza.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Novemba-10-2025
