Dubukhulu kanye ne-viscosity kusebenza njengemingcele ebalulekileiukuphrinta kwesamente ye-n 3D, ukuhambaumthelela oqondile ekunyathelisweni kwezinto, ubuqotho besakhiwo somkhiqizo wokugcina, kanye nokunamathelana phakathi kwezingqimba eziphrintiwe.Iumugqa oqondiledensity futhibhekai-cosity ukuqaphaii-npama-rocesskuqinisekisa ikhwalithi ehambisanayo kulo lonke uhambo lokuphrinta.
Kuyini Ukuphrinta Kwesimende Se-3D?
Ukuphrinta ngesamente esingu-3D, okwaziwa nangokuthi ukwenziwa kwekhonkrithi okungeziwe, kusebenzisa izinhlelo ezizenzakalelayo ukufaka ungqimba lwezinto eziqinisayo ungqimba ngengqimba, kwakhiwe izakhiwo ngqo kusuka kumamodeli edijithali. Ngokungafani nezindlela zokubumba zendabuko, izinqubo zokuphrinta ngesamente esingu-3D zivumela ukudalwa kwezimo eziyinkimbinkimbi kanye namajiyometri angenakwenzeka ngefomu elivamile. Izindlela zokwakha ngesamente ezizenzakalelayo—njengezingalo zamarobhothi, izinhlelo ze-gantry, kanye namakhanda okuphrinta asekelwe ekukhipheni—zihamba ngokunembile ngokusekelwe emiyalweni yekhompyutha. Lezi zinhlelo zikhipha izingxube ezintsha eziqinisayo ngombhobho, zakha izakhiwo zesamente ezishicilelwe ezingu-3D ezinokuphakama kwezingqimba ezilawulwayo namaphethini.
Ukuphrinta Kokhonkolo kwe-3D
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Ukubaluleka Kokulawulwa Kobuningi Benqubo Nokugoba
Impumelelo kanye nekhwalithi yenqubo yokuphrinta ukhonkolo we-3D kuncike ekulawulweni ngokucophelela kwamapharamitha enqubo ebalulekile, ikakhulukazi ubuningi kanye nokuthamba. Lawa mapharamitha abalulekile ekuphrintekeni nasekukhiweni kwezingxube ezithuthukisiwe.
Ubuningi: Ubuningi besikhathi sangempela buthinta amandla kanye nobuqotho bekhonkrithi ephrintiwe nge-3D. Ukugcwaliswa kwezingqimba okunganele kuholela ezimbotsheni ezingagcwalisiwe kahle, kubuthakathaka izibopho zengqimba futhi kukhiqize ukuqedwa okungekuhle kwendawo. Ubuningi bezingqimba obuhlala njalo buqinisekisa izakhiwo eziqinile zemishini kanye ne-geometry efanayo kuyo yonke into ephrintiwe.
Ukuthamba: Ukuqina kwengxube entsha kuthinta ukunwebeka, ukuqina kwengqimba, kanye nekhwalithi yobuso. Uma ukuqina kuphezulu kakhulu, ukunwebeka kungahlala noma kudinge ingcindezi enkulu, okungafaka engcupheni umonakalo wemishini. Kuphansi kakhulu, futhi ingxube ilahlekelwa ukuma ngemva kokufakwa, okuholela ekuweni kwengqimba kanye ne-geometry enephutha. Ukuqina okuhle, okuvame ukulungiswa ngama-ejenti okuguqula ukuqina noma izithasiselo ezincane, kusekela ukunwebeka okulula kanye nezendlalelo ezizinzile, ezakhiwe kahle.
Ukuxhumana phakathi kobuningi kanye ne-viscosity kwakheka ngqo izimfanelo ezibalulekile zokuphrinta:
- Ukwakheka: Ukwakheka okuphezulu kusho ukuthi isendlalelo ngasinye esibekiwe singasekela izendlalelo ezilandelayo ngaphandle kokuwa. Ubuningi obuhle kanye nokuthambekela okwenziwe ngokwezifiso kuthuthukisa ukufakwa kwezingqimba, kuyilapho ukugeleza ngokweqile kuholela ekuguqukeni nasekungazinzini.
- Izakhiwo Zemishini: I-anisotropy ebangelwa ukuphrinta yenza amandla omshini ancike ekuqondisweni. Izingqimba ezigcwele kakhulu neziqinile ziveza amandla aphezulu okucindezela kanye ne-modulus engcono yokuguquguquka uma kuqhathaniswa nezingxube ezingenazo lezi zici.
- Ikhwalithi Yomphezulu: Ikhwalithi yokuphela kobuso incike ekuziphatheni kwe-rheological kwengxube. Ukuthamba okuphansi kuthuthukisa ukushelela kobuso kodwa kungalimaza ukwakheka uma kuthathwa kakhulu. Ukufinyelela ukuthamba okulungile kanye nokucindezeleka kokukhiqiza, ngokuvamile kububanzi be-1.5–2.5 kPa, kulinganisela ukubukeka nokusebenza kwesakhiwo.
- Ukuphrinta kanye Nokubopha Phakathi Kwezingqimba: I-Thixotropy—ikhono lento lokubuyisa ukujiya ngemva kokucheba—ivumela izendlalelo ukuthi zinamathele ngaphandle kokuhlangana ngokweqile, isekela izibopho eziqinile zezendlalelo kanye nokuthembeka okubukhali kwejometri.
Ukwehluka kobuningi kanye ne-viscosity akuthinti nje ukusebenza kobunjiniyela, kodwa futhi nokwenzeka kokwakhiwa okwenziwe ngokwezifiso ngobuningi, okuzenzakalelayo. Ukufeza ukufana kanye nokuphindaphindeka kuzo zonke izinzuzo zokuphrinta kwe-3D okukhonkolo kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza kudinga ukulawulwa okuqinile, okuguquguqukayo kwalezi zinhlaka zenqubo eyinhloko.
Izakhiwo Ezibalulekile Zokwenza Izinto Ezingeziwe
Ubuningi ekuphrinteni nge-3D Cement
Ubuningi bezinto ezibonakalayo buyisici esibalulekile enkambisweni yokuphrinta ukhonkolo we-3D, okuthinta ngqo ukuzinza kwezendlalelo kanye nejiyometri yokuphrinta. Lapho kunyatheliswa izakhiwo zokhonkolo, ubuningi obuxubile obuphezulu bukhuthaza ukuhlangana okuthuthukisiwe kwezingqimba, okubalulekile ekuvimbeleni ukuhlukaniswa kwezendlalelo kanye nokuguquguquka. Ukwakheka kwesakhiwo sezingqimba ezisanda kufakwa, okuqhutshwa ukucindezeleka kwesivuno kanye nokuqina kuyanda ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kunquma ukuthi izingqimba ezilandelayo zinamathela futhi zibekwe kahle kangakanani. Uma ungqimba lwangaphambilini luqina ngaphambi kolunye lufakwa—ngaphandle kwesikhathi esiphezulu sokusebenza (i-MOT)—isibopho singase sibe buthaka, okuholela ekuzinzeni kwezendlalelo okubi noma amaphutha abonakalayo.
Ukulungiswa kwe-nozzle offset, ukunqwabelana kwe-filament, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinto ezengeziwe ze-cementitious (SCMs) ezifana nomlotha ompukane noma i-slag kunganciphisa ukugoba okungafuneki kanye ne-anisotropy, kukhulise ubuqotho bomshini kanye nokunemba kwejometri kwesakhiwo esiphrintiwe. Isibonelo, ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi izikhawu zokubeka kanye nokunqwabelana kokulungisa kahle kunciphisa izikhala futhi kuqinisekisa i-filament ephrintiwe eqhubekayo, ebalulekile ezakhiweni zekhonkrithi eziqinile eziphrintiwe nge-3D.
Ubuningi obuxubile budlala indima ebalulekile emandleni esikhathi eside kanye nokuqina kokukhiqiza ukhonkolo okwengeziwe. Ukufakwa kwama-SCM afana nomlotha ompukane, umlotha we-rice husk, kanye ne-slag ye-blast-furnace egayiwe, noma ukusebenzisa ama-aggregates okwenziwa asebenza nge-alkali, kushintsha kokubili ubuningi obusha nobokuphulukiswa, okuvame ukuholela emandleni aphezulu okucindezela kanye nokuguquguquka. Ngobuningi obuhle, amasu okuphrinta ukhonkolo we-3D afinyelela ukuncipha kokungena, ukumelana okungcono nokuhlaselwa ngamakhemikhali, kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside kwenkonzo, ikakhulukazi lapho ama-aggregates kanye nemikhuba yokwelapha ilungiselelwe ukusetshenziswa.
Ukwehla kwezimbobo, okuvame ukutholakala ngokusebenzisa ngokuhlakanipha ama-SCM, kuhlotshaniswa njalo namandla akhuphukile nokuqina ezintweni ezithuthukisiwe zekhonkrithi zokunyathelisa ze-3D. Isibonelo, ukuxubana nokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-SCM kuvame ukubonisa ukusebenza okuthuthukisiwe ezinsukwini ezingama-28, 60, kanye nezingama-90 ngemuva kokwelashwa, okuqinisekisa inani lomklamo ogxile ekuxineni kokubili ukuzinza okusheshayo kanye nomsebenzi wesikhathi eside.
Ukulawulwa Kokunamathelana Kwenqubo Yokukhiqiza Okungeziwe Kwesimende
Ukuphrinta ekukhiqizeni okungeziwe kwesamente kuncike ekulawuleni okunembile kwe-viscosity. Ukuqina kulawula ukugeleza kokuxubana; kuphansi kakhulu futhi izinto ziyawa, ziphezulu kakhulu futhi ukumpompa kuyaphazamiseka, okuphazamisa inqubo yokukhiqiza okungeziwe kwesamente. Ukuphrinta kudinga ibhalansi: ingxube kumele idlule kalula ezinhlelweni zepompo nasema-nozzles, bese ithola ngokushesha i-viscosity eyanele—ngokuziphatha kwe-thixotropic noma ukusika—ukuze igcine isimo sayo esiphrintiwe.
Ukungaguquguquki kokukhishwa kwe-nozzle kanye nokugcinwa kwesimo kuncike ekugcineni ububanzi be-viscosity obuchazwe kancane. Ukuphambuka—kungaba yi-viscosity engaphansi noma eguquliwe ngokweqile—kuphumela ekungalingani kwe-bead geometry, ukuguqulwa kwesendlalelo, kanye nokubopha okungaphansi kwe-interlayer. Imiklamo ye-nozzle eyenziwe kahle ngekhompyutha ehlanganiswe nezinhlelo ze-extrusion ezilawulwa ngamandla zilungisa ngokuguquguqukayo indawo yokuphrinta, ziqinisekisa ukuthi yonke i-filament igcina iphrofayili ehlosiwe kuzo zonke izinhlelo zokuphrinta ze-3D eziyinkimbinkimbi.
Ama-rheometer ajikelezayo namathuluzi okuqapha angaphakathi anikeza impendulo ebalulekile ngesikhathi sokuphrinta, okuvumela opharetha ukuthi alinganise futhi alungise i-viscosity ngesikhathi sangempela. Le ndlela eqondile ixazulula izinkinga ezifana nokuvaleka kwe-nozzle okungalindelekile noma ukuwa kwengqimba ngaphambi kokuba kuvele izinkinga zesakhiwo.
Umklamo Ohlanganisiwe kanye Nomthelela Wawo Ekuxineni Nasekuqineni
Izingxenye Ezixubile Ezibalulekile
Imiphumela Yokukhethwa Kwe-Binder, Isilinganiso Samanzi-Samente, kanye Nezingxube
Ukukhethwa kwe-binder kwakha isisekelo sobuchwepheshe bokuphrinta nge-3D cement, kulawula izakhiwo ezibalulekile ezimweni ezintsha neziqinile. I-Ordinary Portland cement (OPC), i-quick-setting cement (QSC), kanye ne-blended binders zisetshenziselwa ukulungisa ubuningi kanye ne-viscosity. Ukwandisa okuqukethwe kwe-OPC kuphakamisa ngqo ubuningi kanye namandla omshini wokuphrinta kokugcina. Isibonelo, izingxube ze-binary ezine-35% OPC kanye ne-5% QSC zithuthukisa ubuningi kanye namandla okuphrinta, ezifanele izinto eziphrintiwe zekhwalithi ephezulu. Izithasiselo ze-polymer ezifana ne-urethane acrylate (UA) zisetshenziswa kwezinye izinto zekhonkrithi zokuphrinta ze-3D ezithuthukisiwe; zandisa i-viscosity exubile, okuthuthukisa ukugcinwa kwesimo kodwa kungathinta ukuhlakazeka kwezinhlayiya ngesikhathi senqubo yokukhiqiza i-cement additive.
Isilinganiso samanzi-usimende (W/C) sibalulekile ekukhiqizweni kwekhonkrithi okungeziwe. Izilinganiso eziphansi zithuthukisa ubuningi namandla—kodwa uma ziphansi kakhulu, ukufuthwa kahle kuyaphazamiseka, okuholela ekuvalekeni kwezindlela zokwakha ikhonkrithi ezenzakalelayo. Ngisho nokushintsha okuncane (15-20%) kwesilinganiso se-W/C kushintsha isivuno sokucindezeleka kanye nokubonakala kwe-viscosity, ngaleyo ndlela kuthinte ukuphrinta nokusebenza kwesakhiwo. Ama-Superplasticizer avumela ukwehla kokuqukethwe kwamanzi ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ukugeleza, okufeza ukusebenza okubushelelezi kwamasu okuphrinta ekhonkrithi e-3D. Ama-admixtures aguqula i-viscosity (ama-VMA) anikeza ukulawula okwengeziwe, okukhulisa ukuhlangana kanye nokumelana nokuhlukaniswa—izimpawu ezibalulekile zokufakwa kwezingqimba ngempumelelo ezindleleni zokukhiqiza zekhonkrithi okungeziwe.
Ukulinganisa Okuhlanganisiwe kanye Nokupakisha Izinhlayiya Ukuze Kugeleze Kahle
Ukuhlelwa okuhlanganisiwe kanye nombono wokupakisha izinhlayiya kuyisisekelo sempumelelo yokuphrinta. Ukusatshalaliswa okuhlanganisiwe okufanayo kunciphisa okuqukethwe okungenalutho, okubalulekile ezakhiweni zekhonkrithi eziqinile eziphrintiwe nge-3D. I-X-ray computed tomography yembula ukuthi izinhlayiya ezinkulu zingathuthela ezindongeni ze-nozzle noma zezitsha, ziphakamise ukuvuleka kwendawo futhi zingase zinciphise ukuvumelana. Ukuphathwa ngokucophelela kosayizi ohlanganisiwe kanye nesivinini sokukhipha kusiza ukugcina ukufana kanye namazinga okugeleza kwesisindo azinzile.
Ngesikhathi senqubo yokuphrinta ukhonkolo we-3D, ukuhlelwa okuhlanganisiwe okulungiselelwe kunciphisa kokubili ukuhlukaniswa kanye nengozi yokuvaleka kwe-nozzle—okuthinta ngqo isivinini sokuphrinta kanye nekhwalithi yesakhiwo esiqediwe. Kuhlanganiswe nokulungiswa kwe-binder kanye namanzi, le ndlela isekela ukuhamba komsebenzi okuqinile kwezicelo zokukhiqiza ukhonkolo ezizenzakalelayo nezengeziwe.
Amasu Okuthuthukisa Ahlanganisiwe
Ibhalansie Bei-tweenUkufuthwa kanye Nokwakheka
Ukulinganisela ukufutha kanye nokwakheka kubalulekile ekusetshenzisweni okuphumelelayo kokwenza ukhonkolo. Ukufutha kuqinisekisa ukuthi ingxube ilethwa kahle ngamapayipi kanye nama-nozzles okuphrinta ngaphandle kokuhlukaniswa noma ukuvinjelwa. Ukufutha kuchaza ikhono lezingqimba ezisanda kunyatheliswa lokusekela izingqimba ezilandelayo ngaphandle kokuguquka ngokweqile noma ukuwohloka.
Amasu abalulekile okulinganisela afaka:
- Ukulungisa ivolumu yokunamathisela: Ukunamathiswa okuningi kakhulu kungabangela ukuhlukaniswa futhi kunciphise ukwakheka; okuncane kakhulu kuphazamisa ukumpompa.
- Usayizi Wezinhlayiyana Nokuqukethwe Kwe-Binder Okulungisiwe Kahle: Ukukhetha kahle i-aggregate kanye ne-binder kuthuthukisa ukunamathelana kwesendlalelo kuya kwesendlalelo kanye nokuqina.
- Ukuzenzakalela Ngokuklama KwezivivinyoAmasu afana nomklamo we-D ongcono kakhulu enza kube lula ukuzama nokuphutha, athuthukise ngokushesha izilinganiso zokuxuba ezifanele zokukhiqiza ukhonkolo owengeziwe.
Lezi zimiso zihlanganiswe nezinzuzo eziqondile zokuphrinta ze-3D njengokunciphisa izindleko, ukuqina okwandisiwe, kanye nokuthuthukiswa komsebenzi ozenzakalelayo.
Amasu Okugwema Ukuvaleka Nokushiyeka Ezingqimbeni Eziphrintiwe
Ukufeza ukuphrinta okungenamaphutha ezintweni zokwakha zekhonkrithi ezithuthukisiwe ze-3D kudinga ukulawulwa okucophelelayo:
- Lungiselela i-Rheology ngama-Superplasticizer nama-VMA: Lezi zingxube zamakhemikhali zilungisa ngokunembile ukugeleza kokukhipha okuqhutshwa yingcindezi okufunwayo, zinciphisa ingozi yokuvaleka.
- Ukuqapha Kwangempela Kwezimo Zokukhipha Izinto: Ukuqapha ukucindezela, ukugeleza, kanye nokuziphatha kwe-nozzle kuvumela ukulungiswa ngesikhathi sokundiza, kunciphisa ingozi yokuvaleka, ikakhulukazi ngokuqukethwe okuhlanganisiwe okuguquguqukayo noma izithasiselo eziphinde zasetshenziswa.
- Lawula Ukufuduka Okuhlanganisiwe: Vimbela izinhlayiya ezinkulu ezihlanganisiwe ukuthi zingaqongelelani eduze kwezindonga zama-nozzle, okungakhuphula ukubhoboka kwendawo futhi kubangele ukungahambisani.
Ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezilahliwe njenge-slag yesithando somlilo esigayiwe kanye ne-slag yensimbi kudinga ukunakwa emiphumeleni yesibili—njengokushintsha kwamandla okuguquguquka noma impendulo ye-thixotropic—lapho kugxilwe ezakhiweni zekhonkrithi eziprintiwe ze-3D ezisimeme.
Uma zihlanganisiwe, lawa masu okwenza ngcono ukuhlanganiswa kwezindlela zokwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuhlangabezana nezidingo eziyinkimbinkimbi zezindlela zokwakha ukhonkolo ezizenzakalelayo zesimanje, okuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kwenqubo kanye nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo oqediwe.
Funda Ngamamitha Obuningi Engeziwe
Amamitha Ezinqubo Engeziwe Ku-inthanethi
Amasu Okuqapha Ngesikhathi Sangempela Enqubweni Yokuphrinta Ngekhonkrithi Ye-3D
Ukuqapha ngesikhathi sangempela enkambisweni yokunyathelisa ukhonkolo we-3D kuncike ekusetshenzisweni kwezinsimbi ezithuthukisiwe ezenzelwe izakhiwo ezihlukile zezinto ezisebenzisa ukhonkolo.bhekai-comi-eterszihlanganiswe ngqo ekugelezeni kwezinto ezibonakalayoto acquireukufundwa okuqhubekayo, kwe-viscosity kanye nokuxinana kwesikhathi sangempela.
Ama-transducer okucindezelakuqinisa kakhulu ukulawulwa kwenqubo. Bazwa izinguquko zokucindezela ngaphakathi kwamaphampu nama-nozzle, okuhumusha lokhu kube yizimpawu zikagesi. Abasebenzi bangasebenzisa le datha ukuthola ukungahambisani okuhlobene nokwakheka kweqembu, ukuguguleka kwemishini, noma ukuvinjelwa—izici ezibalulekile ezithinta ikhwalithi ekukhiqizweni kwekhonkrithi okungeziwe.
Izixazululo ze-Inline densitometryfuthi vumela ukulandelela ubuningi besikhathi sangempela ngesikhathi senqubo yokukhiqiza isithasiselo sikasimende. Lezi zinhlelo zihlanganiswe ngqo emigqeni yokuphakelayo noma kuma-extruder, okuqinisekisa ukuthi ubukhulu kanye nesakhiwo esincane sezakhiwo zekhonkrithi eziphrintiwe nge-3D zihlala ngaphakathi kwencazelo. Izexwayiso ezizenzakalelayo ezivela kulezi zinhlelo zingakhuthaza ukulungiswa kokwakheka okusheshayo noma ukulungiswa kokugeleza, kuvimbele amaphutha futhi kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kwezindlela zokukhiqiza izithasiselo zikasimende.
Ukuhlanganiswa Kwedatha Nokulawulwa Kwezinqubo
Ukuhlanganiswa kwedatha okuqinile kubalulekile ekusebenziseni imiphumela yezinzwa ukuze kuzuzwe inqubo endaweni yobuchwepheshe bokuphrinta ngesamente ye-3D. Idatha yesikhathi sangempela isakazwa kusuka ku-inthanethibhekai-cosmei-ters, ama-transducer okucindezela, kanye nama-densitometer manje avame ukuxhunyaniswa namapharamitha okuphrinta kwedijithali, njengejubane lokukhipha, indlela yokuhamba, kanye nesilinganiso sokuphakelwa kwezinto. Lokhu kuxhumanisa kwenza ukuphathwa okuguquguqukayo: isilawuli sedijithali silungisa ngokuzenzakalelayo iziguquguquko zokusebenza ngokuphendula ukuguquguquka okutholwe yinzwa, ukuqinisekisa ukuzinza kwenqubo kanye nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo.
Ukuqinisekiswa Kwekhwalithi Ngokulawula Ubuningi Nokugoba
Ukuqinisekisa Ukunemba Kokuphrinta Nobuqotho Besakhiwo
Ukulawulwa okunembile kobuningi kanye nokuthambekela kokukhanya kubalulekile enkambisweni yokuphrinta ukhonkolo we-3D. Ukuphambuka emikhawulweni efanele ye-rheological kuholela emaphutheni athile okuphrinta:
- Ukubhoboka: Uma i-viscosity iphansi kakhulu, ukugeleza kwezinto kuyanda, kuphazamisa ukubopha kwezingqimba futhi kuholele emigodini yangaphakathi. Izindawo ezinezimbobo zibeka engcupheni kokubili amandla okuthwala umthwalo kanye nokuqina kwezakhiwo zekhonkrithi eziphrintiwe nge-3D.
- Ukuguqulwa: Ukuminyana okungalungile noma ukucindezeleka kwe-dynamic yield kubangela ukugoba noma ukwehla kwezingqimba. I-viscosity ephezulu ivimbela ukuphuma; i-viscosity ephansi ibangela ukugcinwa kwesimo okungekuhle, okubangela ukungalungi kwejometri kanye nokugoba.
- Ukungapheleli Komphezulu: Ukugeleza ngokweqile kubangela ubuso obungalingani, kuyilapho ukujiya okunganele kuveza ukuthungwa okuqinile kanye nemiphetho engachazwanga kahle. Ukugcina ukulawula okuqinile phezu kwezakhiwo ze-rheological kugwema la maphutha obuso, kuthuthukisa ubuhle bokuphrinta kanye nokusebenza.
Imikhawulo ebalulekile iyahlukahluka ngezinqubo ezithile zokukhiqiza izithasiselo zesamente:
- Ukubekezelelana kobuningi: Ngokuvamile kufanele kugcinwe ngaphakathi kwama-2% wamanani aqondiwe ukuvimbela ukuchitheka kwenhlabathi kanye nokungalingani kwezingqimba—okubalulekile ezindleleni zokwakha ukhonkolo okuzenzakalelayo.
- Ububanzi be-viscosity: Amanani e-viscosity epulasitiki kumele alinganisele ukunwebeka kanye nokwakheka. Kwezinto eziningi ezithuthukisiwe zokuphrinta ze-3D, ukucindezeleka kwe-dynamic yield okungu-80–200 Pa kanye ne-viscosity yepulasitiki engu-30–70 Pa·s kuvumela kokubili ukunwebeka okunembile kanye nokugcinwa kwesimo okusheshayo. Iziphetho ziyashintsha ngokusekelwe kudizayini yokuxuba, i-nozzle geometry, kanye nesivinini sokuphrinta.
- I-Thixotropy: Amandla engxube okubuyisa i-viscosity ngokushesha ngemva kokugunda asekela ubuqotho besakhiwo ngesikhathi nangemva kokufakwa.
Ukwehluleka ukusebenza ngaphakathi kwala mafasitela abalulekile kuletha izingozi zokuguquguquka, ukungaqhubeki, kanye namandla okusebenza ancishisiwe kuzo zonke izindlela zokukhiqiza izithasiselo zekhonkrithi. Ukuqapha ngokunemba kusiza ukuthuthukisa ukusetshenziswa kwezithasiselo zekhonkrithi zokukhiqiza ngokunciphisa amazinga amaphutha nokukhulisa ukuthembeka kwesakhiwo.
Ukuthuthukisa Ukusebenza Kahle Kokuphrinta Kwe-3D Nokuzinza
Ukonga Izinto Ezibalulekile Nokunciphisa Imfucuza
Ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe bokuphrinta usimende we-3D kanye nokukhiqizwa kwekhonkrithi okwengezwayo kuyachuma ngokunemba kwenqubo. Ukuqapha ngesikhathi sangempela kobuningi kanye ne-viscosity kuthinta ngqo ukonga kwezinto. Izinhlelo ezihlanganisa izinzwa ze-ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) kanye nokufunda komshini zibikezela futhi zilondoloze izakhiwo zezinto, okuvumela kuphela amanani adingekayo ukuthi akhishwe ngephasi ngalinye. Lokhu kunciphisa ukumosheka ngesikhathi senqubo yokukhiqiza ikhonkrithi okwengezwayo ngokufanisa izinto ezilethwayo nezidingo zangempela zejometri kanye nezakhiwo zesendlalelo ngasinye.
Izinto Ezicatshangelwayo Ngezemvelo
Ukulawulwa kwenqubo okulungiselelwe akugcini nje ngokusindisa izinto—futhi kunciphisa umthelela wemvelo kuyo yonke indlela yokwakha ukhonkolo ezenzakalelayo. Impendulo yesikhathi sangempela inciphisa umthelela wekhabhoni ngokunciphisa usimende namandla adingekayo ezakhiweni zekhonkolo eziphrintiwe nge-3D. Ukukhiqizwa kukasimende kusalokhu kungumthombo omkhulu wezimboni we-CO₂, okufaka isandla cishe ku-8% wokukhishwa kwegesi emhlabeni jikelele. Ngokusebenzisa izilawuli eziqhutshwa yinzwa nezibikezelayo ukunciphisa ukweqisa nokugwema ukuphrinta kabusha, amaphrojekthi anganciphisa kokubili ukukhishwa kwegesi okuqondile nokufakiwe.
Ukuzivumelanisa Nezimo Zendawo Nezephrojekthi Ethile
Ukuhlanganisa Ingxube Nenqubo Yokwenza Izinto Zibe Khona Esizeni
Ukuvumelanisa inqubo yokuphrinta ukhonkolo we-3D nezimo zendawo kanye nephrojekthi ethile kubalulekile ukuze kwandiswe ubuqotho besakhiwo, isikhathi eside, kanye nokusimama. Indawo ngayinye iletha izinselele ezihlukile njengesimo sezulu, ingozi yokuzamazama komhlaba, ukuthola izinto zokwakha, kanye nemigomo yokuklama.
Ukulungiswa Kwesimo Sezulu
Izinga lokushisa elizungezile kanye nomswakama kuthinta kakhulu ukumuncwa kwesimende kanye nokubopha ungqimba. Ukomisa okusheshayo noma ukuqina okungaphelele ezindaweni zokufaka kuholela ekwakhekeni kwamalunga abandayo, okunciphisa amandla. Amamodeli athuthukile ekhompyutha alingisa i-kinetics yokomisa, ukumuncwa, kanye nokuvezwa kwemvelo ukuze alindele lezi zinselele ngenkuthalo. Ngokulawula ngokuguquguquka izilinganiso zamanzi nosimende kanye nokufaka ukulungiswa komthamo wokuxuba, amaqembu anganciphisa amalunga abandayo futhi agcine ukunamathela okuqinile phakathi kwezingqimba, ngisho nasezimweni zezulu ezimbi kakhulu. Isibonelo, ukuxubana okusekelwe ku-lignin okusekelwe ku-biomass kunikeza ukunciphisa kwamanzi okwenziwa ngokwezifiso kanye nokulawulwa kwe-rheological ngaphansi kokushisa okuhlukahlukene kanye nomswakama, okuvumela ukuhambisana kokuphrinta kanye nokwehla kwe-carbon footprint.
Umoya, imijikelezo yokuqandisa-ukuncibilika, kanye nokupholisa okusheshayo nakho kusongela ikhwalithi yokuphrinta ngaphandle. Amazinga aphezulu okuhwamuka, asheshiswa umoya, angabangela izibopho ezibuthakathaka zesendlalelo kanye nokukhubazeka kobuso. Amasu afaka phakathi izindawo zokuphrinta ezilawulwayo, ukuvikela izakhiwo emoyeni, kanye nokusebenzisa izingxube ukukhuthaza ukusetha okuhamba kancane kanye nokuqina okuthuthukisiwe. Lokhu kusekelwa ukuhlolwa kokuqina kokuqandisa-ukuncibilika okubonisa ukuthi izingxube kanye nokulungiswa kokuqondiswa kokuphrinta kungathuthukisa kakhulu ukumelana nezingcindezi zemvelo.
Ukulungiswa Kwemisebenzi Yokuzamazama Komhlaba
Ukuqina kokuzamazama komhlaba ezakhiweni zekhonkrithi eziphrintiwe nge-3D kufezwa kusetshenziswa ukuqinisa ifayibha. Imicu yensimbi efakwe engxubeni ephrintekayo ingaphinda kabili amandla okuthamba kanye nokuguquguquka, kuyilapho ukuhlanganiswa kwefayibha okuqhubekayo ngesikhathi sokwenziwa kuvumelanisa ukuqina nezindlela zokucindezeleka ezibalulekile. Ukuphrinta kwendawo kwe-3D okune-axis eminingi kuvumela ukubekwa kwefayibha okugobile, okuqhubekayo, okukhulisa umthwalo wokwehluleka kanye nokuqina ngendlela emangalisayo—kuqondiswe ngqo ezidingweni zezifunda ezivame ukuzamazama komhlaba. Lawa masu aphumela ekuthuthukisweni okuphawulekayo kokuhlangana kwezingqimba kanye nokumelana kokuzamazama komhlaba jikelele, kanye nokwanda okuqinisekisiwe kwezakhiwo zemishini ezihlobene nezinsongo zokuzamazama komhlaba zangempela.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa (Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa)
1. Kuyini ukuphrinta ngesamente ye-3D futhi kuhluke kanjani ekwakhiweni kwesamente yendabuko?
Ukuphrinta ngesamente esingu-3D kuyindlela yokukhiqiza ukhonkolo okwengeziwe lapho imishini ezenzakalelayo, njengezingalo zamarobhothi noma izinhlelo ze-gantry, ibeka ukhonkolo ungqimba ngengqimba ukuze kudalwe izakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ngokungafani nokwakhiwa kwesamente yendabuko, okuncike emsebenzini wezandla, umsebenzi omkhulu, kanye nezinqubo zokuxuba ezijwayelekile, ubuchwepheshe bokuphrinta ngesamente esingu-3D buvumela inkululeko yokuklama kanye nokunemba ngaphandle kwesidingo sesikhunta noma ukuvala okubanzi. Le ndlela ikhiqiza imfucuza encane kanye nomsebenzi, ivumela ukuhlanganiswa kwezinto zesamente zokuphrinta ze-3D ezithuthukisiwe, futhi ingakha amajiyometri ayinkimbinkimbi angenakwenzeka ngezindlela ezivamile. Kodwa-ke, kukhona umehluko ezimpahleni zemishini kanye nokumiswa; izendlalelo eziphrintiwe zingabonisa i-anisotropy, zidinga izinqubo ezintsha zokuhlola amandla nokuqina uma kuqhathaniswa nezindlela zokwakha zendabuko.
2. Kungani ubuningi kanye nokuqina kubalulekile enkambisweni yokuphrinta ukhonkolo we-3D?
Ukulawulwa kobukhulu kanye nokuthambekela kubalulekile ezindleleni zokukhiqiza izithasiselo zekhonkrithi eziphumelelayo. Ubukhulu buthonya ukuzinza kanye nekhwalithi yokubeka izigaba zesakhiwo esiphrintiwe, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ungqimba ngalunye luhlala luzimele futhi lugcina i-geometry ehlosiwe. Ukuqina kuthinta ukugeleza kanye nokuphuma kwengxube yekhonkrithi, kulawula ukuthi izinto zingakha kanjani izigaba eziqondile ngenkathi zisekela ukuphrinta okulandelayo. Ukulawulwa okufanele kwalezi zinhlaka kuvikela ezifweni ezifana nokugoba, ukuhlukaniswa kwezigaba, noma ukubopha okungekuhle kwezigaba, okuthonya ngqo amandla, ukuqina, kanye nokunemba kwesakhiwo esiqediwe.
3. Kuqashelwa kanjani ubuningi ngesikhathi senqubo yokukhiqiza isimende esengeziwe?
Ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza okungeziwe kwesimende, ubuningi buvame ukubhekwa ngezinzwa eziqondile njenge-densitometers, eziletha impendulo yesikhathi sangempela ngekhwalithi yokuxuba. Lezi zinzwa, ngezinye izikhathi ezihlanganiswe nama-multisensor fusion digital twins, zivumela ukulungiswa okuqhubekayo ukuze kulondolozwe ubuningi obuhambisanayo, okubalulekile ezindleleni zokwakha ukhonkolo ozenzakalelayo. Ukuze kulawulwe inqubo ejulile, izinzwa ze-acoustic, thermal, kanye nezibonakalayo zingase zengeze ama-densitometers, zivumele ukutholwa nokulungiswa kwesiphambeko okusheshayo. Ama-pocket shear vanes namadivayisi afanayo nawo ahlinzeka ngezilinganiso ezivamile, ezingabizi kakhulu endaweni, ukuze amaqembu okuphrinta akwazi ukulandelela izinguquko ze-rheological kanye nobuningi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
4. Yiziphi izindlela ezisetshenziswa ukulawula i-viscosity ekukhiqizweni kwekhonkrithi okwengeziwe?
Ukulawulwa kokuqina kokukhanya kumasu okuphrinta ekhonkrithi e-3D kugxile ekwakhiweni kokuxuba okucophelelayo. Ukulungisa izilinganiso zamanzi, ama-binder, ama-aggregate, kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwamakhemikhali kulungisa ingxube ukuze ihambisane nokugeleza okufiselekayo kanye nokwakheka kahle. Ukuhlanganisa ama-aggregate amancane noma imicu kusiza ukugcina isimo ngemuva kokukhipha ngaphandle kokunciphisa ukufuthwa. Ukuqina kokukhanya kubhekwa ngesikhathi sangempela kusetshenziswa ama-rheometer, izinzwa eziqondile, noma ukuhlaziywa kwevidiyo okusekelwe ku-AI.
5. Ingabe ukuphrinta ngesamente ye-3D kungashintshwa ukuze kuhambisane nezimo nezimo ezahlukene?
Ubuchwepheshe bokuphrinta ngesamente esingu-3D buguquguquka kakhulu futhi bungashintshwa ukuze buvumelane nezimo eziningi zemvelo. Izingxube zenziwa ngokwezifiso ngokukhetha ezinye izihlanganisi ezifana nama-geopolymers, i-limestone calcined clay cement, noma i-calcium sulfoaluminate, ezigcina ukusebenza kahle futhi zinciphise ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni ezindaweni ezahlukene zezulu. Izingxube ezisekelwe kubumba ezisheshayo nezisekelwe ku-bio zivumela ukuphola okusheshayo kwezindawo ezinomswakama ophezulu noma ukushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushisa. Ukuhlanganisa izinto ezithathwe kudoti njenge-silica fume noma isihlabathi esiphinde sasetshenziswa kwandisa ukusimama nokuqina, kusiza izakhiwo ukuthi zisebenze kahle ngaphansi kwezingozi zokuzamazama komhlaba kwesifunda noma isimo sezulu esibi kakhulu. Lawa masu asekela izinhlelo zokukhiqiza izithasiselo eziqinile ezimweni zomhlaba wonke, kusukela ezingwadule ezomile kuya ezindaweni ezivame ukuba neziphepho.
