Ukulinganiswa Kobuningi Boketshezi Kokwenza Inqubo Yokususa I-Flue Gas Desulfurization
CUkushiswa kwamafutha emvelo kuveza umkhiqizo obalulekile wemvelo: i-sulfur dioxide (SO₂igesi, enesibabule esingaphezu kuka-95% esiphehlayo esiphenduka sibeSO₂ngaphansi kwezimo zokusebenza ezijwayelekile. Le gesi ene-asidi iyinto ebangela ukungcola okukhulu komoya, enegalelo emvuleni ene-asidi futhi ibeka izingozi ezinkulu empilweni yabantu, ifa lamasiko, kanye nezinhlelo zemvelo.mii-tigukuhlanganiswa ofukukhishwa kwegesi okuyingozi kuholele ekwamukelweni kweinqubo yokususa igesi yoketsheziubuchwepheshe.
Ukuhlukanisa Izinqubo Zokususa I-sulfurization & Denitration
Enkulumweni yokulawulwa kokukhishwa kwegesi kwanamuhla, kufanele kuhlukaniswe ngokucacile phakathiinqubo yokususa igesi yoketshezifuthiinqubo yokususa i-nitrationNakuba zombili zibalulekile ekuhambisaneni nemvelo, zihlose ukungcola okuhluke ngokuphelele futhi zisebenza ngezimiso ezihlukile.inqubo yokususa i-nitrationiklanyelwe ngqo ukususa ama-nitrogen oxides (NOx). Lokhu kuvame ukufezwa ngobuchwepheshe obufana ne-Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) noma i-Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction (SNCR), okusiza ukuguqulwa kwe-NOx ibe yi-nitrogen yamangqamuzana engangenisi.
The inqubo yokususa i-sulfurization, njengoba kwenziwe ku-I-WFGDizinhlelo, zimunca ngamakhemikhali i-asidiSO₂igesi esebenzisa i-alkaline medium. Nakuba ezinye izinhlelo ezithuthukisiwe, njengenqubo ye-SNOX, zenzelwe ukususwa ngasikhathi sinye kwama-sulfur nama-nitrogen oxide, izindlela zazo eziyisisekelo zihlala ziyizindlela zamakhemikhali ezihlukene. Ukuqonda lo mehluko kubalulekile ekuklanyweni kwesistimu okuphumelelayo kanye nesu lokusebenza, njengoba imingcele yokulinganisa nokulawula yenqubo ngayinye ihlukile.
Ukubaluleka Kodaka
Inhliziyo yeI-WFGDuhlelo luyisithambisi, laphoSO₂Igesi yolwelwesi olugcwele igeleza phezulu ngenkungu exinene noma i-spray ye-alkaline slurry, ngokuvamile ingxube ye-limestone egayiwe kahle namanzi. Ukusebenza kahle nokuqina kwalokhu kusebenzisana kwamakhemikhali kuncike ngokuphelele ezimpahleni zomzimba nezamakhemikhali ze-slurry uqobo. Ukwakheka kwayo kuyashintshashintsha futhi kuyinkimbinkimbi, okuhlanganisa izinhlayiya eziqinile ze-limestone ne-gypsum, izinhlobo zamakhemikhali ezincibilikisiwe njenge-calcium ne-sulfate ions, kanye nokungcola okufana nama-chloride. Ngenkathi amasu okulawula endabuko ethembele kumapharamitha afana ne-pH ukuze anqume isimo se-slurry, indlela ebanzi kakhulu iyadingeka ukuze kufezwe ukusebenza kahle kwangempela. Yilapho ukulinganisa ubuningi boketshezi oluku-inthanethi kuvela khona njengethuluzi elibalulekile. Inikeza isilinganiso esiqondile, esinobuningi sokuhlushwa kwezinto eziqinile eziphelele—i-variable ethonya i-reaction kinetics, ukuthembeka kwemishini, kanye nomnotho wesistimu ngezindlela ezinye izindlela ezingenakukwazi ukuzisebenzisa. Ngokudlula ukulawula okulula kokucabanga, onjiniyela bangavula amandla aphelele aboinqubo yokususa i-sulfurizationngokwenza ukuguquguquka okungabonakali kobuningi be-slurry kube yimbangela eyinhloko yokwenza ngcono inqubo.
Unemibuzo mayelana nokwenza ngcono izinqubo zokukhiqiza？
I-Nexus Yamakhemikhali Neyomzimba Ye-WFGD Slurry Dynamics
I-Cascade ye-Limestone-Gypsum Reaction
II-WFGDInqubo esebenzisa i-limestone-gypsum iwukusetshenziswa okuyinkimbinkimbi kwezimiso zobunjiniyela bamakhemikhali ezenzelwe ukunciphisa amagesi e-asidi e-flue. Uhambo luqala ethangini lokulungiselela udaka lapho i-limestone egayiwe kahle (i-CaCO₃) ixutshwa namanzi. Lolu daka lube selupontshwa luye embhoshongweni wokufutha, lapho lufuthwa khona luye phansi. Ku-absorber,SO₂Igesi imuncwa yi-slurry, okuholela ochungechungeni lwezimpendulo zamakhemikhali. Ukusabela kokuqala kwakha i-calcium sulfite (CaSO₃), esuke i-oxidized ngomoya ongeniswa ethangini lokusabela. Lokhu kuqiniswa okuphoqelelwe kuguqula i-calcium sulfite ibe yi-calcium sulfate dihydrate ezinzile, noma i-gypsum (CaSO₄·2H₂O), umkhiqizo othengiswayo osetshenziswa embonini yokwakha. Ukusabela okuphelele kungenziwa lula kanje:
SO2(g)+CaCO3(s)+21O2(g)+2H2O(l)→CaSO4⋅2H2O(s)+CO2(g)
Ukuguqulwa komkhiqizo olahliwe ube yimithombo kuyisikhuthazo esinamandla sezomnotho nesemvelo, esinikela ngqo emnothweni ojikelezayo.
I-Slurry njengeSistimu Enezigaba Eziningi, Eguquguqukayo
I-slurry ingaphezu nje kwengxube ye-limestone namanzi. Kuyindawo eyinkimbinkimbi, enezigaba eziningi lapho ubuningi bungumsebenzi wezinto eziqinile ezimisiwe—kufaka phakathi i-limestone engaphenduliwe, amakristalu e-gypsum asanda kwakheka, kanye nomlotha osele wempukane—kanye nosawoti oncibilikisiwe kanye negesi ehlanganisiwe. Ukuhlushwa kwalezi zingxenye kuyashintshashintsha njalo, kuthintwa yizici ezifana nekhwalithi yamalahle angenayo, ukusebenza kahle kwezinhlayiya ezisusayo njenge-electrostatic precipitators, kanye nokugeleza kwamanzi okwenza izimonyo. Ukungcola okubalulekile okufanele kulawulwe okuqukethwe kwe-chloride, okungavela emalahleni, emanzini okwenza izimonyo, noma ekupholiseni umbhoshongo. Ama-chloride akha i-calcium chloride encibilikayo (i-CaCl₂) ku-slurry, engacindezela ukuncibilika kwe-limestone futhi inciphise ukusebenza kahle kwe-desulfurization iyonke. Ukuhlushwa okuphezulu kwe-chloride nakho kubeka ingozi enkulu yokusheshisa ukugqwala kanye nokuqhekeka kokucindezeleka ezingxenyeni zensimbi zesistimu, okudinga ukugeleza kokuhlanza okuqhubekayo ukuze kulondolozwe indawo ephephile nezinzile. Ngakho-ke ikhono lokulinganisa ngokunembile nangokungaguquguquki ubuningi balo mxube onamandla kubaluleke kakhulu ekuqineni kwesistimu.
Ukuxhumana Okubalulekile Kobuningi, i-pH, kanye nosayizi Wezinhlayiya
Ngaphakathi kweinqubo yokususa i-sulfurization, i-kinetics yokusabela kwamakhemikhali ibucayi kakhulu kumapharamitha amaningana axhumene. Ubuncane bezinhlayiya ze-limestone, isibonelo, buyisici esiyinhloko sezinga lokuncibilika kwayo. I-limestone egayiwe kahle incibilika ngokushesha kakhulu kune-mahorse, okuholela ekuthuthukisweniSO₂izinga lokumuncwa. Ngokufanayo, i-pH ye-slurry iyipharamitha yokulawula ephakathi, evame ukugcinwa ngaphakathi kobubanzi obuncane obungu-5.7 kuya ku-6.8. I-pH ephansi kakhulu (ngaphansi kuka-5) izokwenza i-scrubber ingasebenzi kahle, kuyilapho i-pH ekhuphuka kakhulu (ngaphezu kuka-7.5) ingaholela ekwakhekeni kwezikali ezibuhlungu ze-CaCO₃ kanye ne-CaSO₄ ezingavimba ama-nozzle neminye imishini.
Isu lokulawula elivamile lithembele ekungezeni i-limestone eyengeziwe ukuze kulondolozwe i-pH engaguquki, kodwa le ndlela ilula engayinaki okuqukethwe okuphelele kwe-slurry. Ngenkathi i-pH inikeza ulwazi nge-asidi ye-slurry, ayilinganisi ngqo ukuhlushwa kwama-reactants kanye nemikhiqizo elandelanayo. Ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-pH kanye nobuningi buveza icala eliphoqelelayo lesimiso sokulawula esithuthuke kakhulu. I-pH ephezulu, ewusizo ekususweni kwe-SO₂, ilimaza ngendlela exakile izinga lokuncibilika kwe-limestone. Lokhu kudala ukungezwani okuyisisekelo kokusebenza. Ngokungenisa ukulinganiswa kobuningi besikhathi sangempela ku-control loop, onjiniyela bathola isilinganiso esiqondile sesisindo sezinto eziqinile ezilengayo ku-slurry, kufaka phakathi izinhlayiya ze-limestone ezibalulekile kanye ne-gypsum. Le datha ivumela ukuqonda okuningiliziwe kwempilo yesistimu, njengoba ukwanda kobuningi obungabonakali ekushintsheni kwe-pH kungabonisa ukunqwabelana kwezinto eziqinile ezingaphendulwanga noma inkinga yokukhipha amanzi. Lokhu kuqonda okujulile kwenza ushintsho kusuka ekuphenduleni nje ekufundeni kwe-pH ephansi kuya ekuphatheni ibhalansi yezinto eziqinile zesistimu ngendlela eqhubekayo, ngaleyo ndlela kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza okuqhubekayo, ukunciphisa ukuguguleka, kanye nokwenza ngcono ukusetshenziswa kwe-reagent.
VAbashayeli Abaphezulu Bobuningi ObuqondileMonii-toring
Ukuthuthukisa Inqubo Yokushayela Nokusebenza Kahle
Ukulinganisa ubuningi obuqondile, besikhathi sangempela kubalulekile kuI-WFGDUkwenziwa ngcono kwenqubo. Lokhu kunemba kwe-stoichiometric kuvimbela ukumoshwa ngokweqile, okuholela ngqo ekuncishisweni kokusetshenziswa kwezinto kanye nokunciphisa izindleko zokusebenza. Ukusebenza kahle kweinqubo yokususa i-sulfurizationkulinganiswa ngekhono layo lokugcina iphansiSO₂amazinga okukhishwa komoya, okungafanele ezindaweni eziningi ezintsha, adlule ku-400 mg/m³. Iluphu yokulawula ubuningi iqinisekisa ukuthi uhlelo lusebenza kahle kakhulu ukuze luhlangabezane njalo nalezi zindinganiso ezibalulekile zokukhishwa komoya.
Ukuthuthukisa Ukuthembeka Kwemishini Nokuphila Isikhathi Eside
Uhlobo olunolaka lwemvelo ye-WFGD lubeka usongo oluqhubekayo ekuthembekeni kwemishini. Udaka oluhlabayo nolubangela ukugqwala okukhulu kwemishini kanye nokugqwala kwamakhemikhali kumaphampu, ama-valve, nezinye izingxenye. Ngokugcina ubuningi bodaka ngaphakathi kobubanzi obulawulwa kahle (isb., 1080–1150 kg/m³), abaqhubi bangavimbela ukwakheka kwezikali. Lokhu kubalulekile, njengoba ukugcwala kwe-calcium sulfate (CaSO₄) kuyimbangela ehamba phambili yokukala nokufakwa, okungavimba ama-nozzle, ama-spray headers, kanye nama-mist eliminators. Umphumela oqondile walokhu kukhula isikhathi sokungasebenzi njalo, okungahleliwe sokuhlanza nokususa udaka, okubiza kakhulu futhi okuphazamisayo.
Ikhono lokuqapha nokulawula ubuningi be-slurry liphinde libe yisivikelo esibalulekile ekugugulekeni nasekugqwaleni. Ngokusebenzisa idatha yobuningi ukulawula ijubane lokugeleza kwe-slurry, abaqhubi banganciphisa ukuguguleka komshini kumaphampu nama-valve. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukulawula ubuningi kusiza ukuphatha ukugcwala kwezinto eziyingozi njenge-chloride. Amazinga aphezulu e-chloride angasheshisa kakhulu ukugqwala kwezingxenye zensimbi, okudinga ukugeleza okubizayo kokuhlanza ukuze kususwe. Ngokusebenzisa imitha yobuningi ukuqapha la mazinga, isitshalo singenza ngcono inqubo yokuhlanza, ngaleyo ndlela sinciphise imfucuza yamanzi futhi sivimbele ukwehluleka kwemishini ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Lokhu akuyona nje indaba yokuzinza kokusebenza; kungukutshalwa kwezimali okuhlelekile esikhathini eside sempahla yesitshalo, kunciphisa ngqo izindleko eziphelele zobunikazi.
Inani Lezomnotho Neleqhinga
Inani lezomnotho lesistimu yokulinganisa ukuminyana okuku-inthanethi enembile lidlulela ngale komthelela walo wokusebenza ngokushesha. Izindleko zokuqala zemali zenzwa yokusebenza okuphezulu ziwukutshalwa kwezimali okunesu okuletha imbuyiselo ebonakalayo. Ngokwenza ngcono umthamo we-reagent, isitshalo singanciphisa kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwaso kwe-limestone, okuyizindleko ezinkulu zokusebenza. Ukwehlisa lezi zindleko nokuqinisekisa ukuhambisana nezindinganiso zokukhishwa kwegesi ngesikhathi esisodwa kuyinkinga yokwenza ngcono enezinhloso ezimbili izinhlelo zokulawula eziyinkimbinkimbi eziklanyelwe ukuyixazulula.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukulawulwa okunembile kobuningi kuthuthukisa inani lomkhiqizo ongaphansi kwe-WFGD. Ubumsulwa be-gypsum, obuthinteka ngqo ukugcwala kwe-slurry, bunquma ukuthengiseka kwayo. Ngokuphatha i-slurry ukuze ikhiqize i-gypsum ehlanzekile kakhulu, ekhishwa kalula amanzi, isitshalo singakhiqiza imali eyengeziwe, ngaleyo ndlela sikhokhele izindleko ze-inqubo yokususa i-sulfurizationkanye nokufaka isandla ekusebenzeni okusimeme kakhudlwana. Ikhono ledatha yobuningi besikhathi sangempela lokuvimbela ukuvalwa okungahleliwe ekukhuleni nasekugqwaleni livikela futhi umfula wemali engenayo yesitshalo ngokuqinisekisa ukukhiqizwa okuqhubekayo nokungaphazanyiswa. Ukutshalwa kwezimali kokuqala ku-sensor yobuningi bekhwalithi akuyona nje imali eningi; kuyingxenye eyisisekelo yokusebenza okungabizi kakhulu, okuthembekile, nokunomthwalo wemfanelo emvelweni.
Ci-ompai-risionUbuchwepheshe Bokulinganisa Ubuningi Be-inthanethi
Izimiso Eziyisisekelo Nezinselele
Ukukhetha ubuchwepheshe obufanele bokulinganisa ubungako be-inthanethi bohlelo lwe-WFGD kuyisinqumo sobunjiniyela esibalulekile esilinganisa izindleko, ukunemba, kanye nokuqina kokusebenza. Uhlobo olubi kakhulu, oluqothulayo, noluguquguqukayo lwe-slurry, oluhambisana nethuba lokufakwa kwegesi kanye nokwakheka kwama-bubble, luletha izinselelo ezibalulekile kuma-sensor amaningi. Ukuba khona kwama-bubble kuyinkinga enkulu, njengoba kungaphazamisa ngqo isimiso sokulinganisa se-sensor, okuholela ekufundweni okungalungile. Ngakho-ke, ubuchwepheshe obuhle akumele bube obuqondile kuphela kodwa futhi bube buqinile futhi buklanyelwe ukumelana nezimo ezingezinhle ze-inqubo yokususa igesi yoketshezi.
Ukulinganisa Ukucindezela Okuhlukile (DP)
Indlela yokucindezela okuhlukile incike esimisweni se-hydrostatic ukuze inqume ubuningi boketshezi. Ilinganisa umehluko wokucindezela phakathi kwamaphuzu amabili ebangeni eliqondile elaziwayo ngaphakathi koketshezi. Nakuba lobu ubuchwepheshe obuvuthiwe futhi obuqondakala kabanzi, ukusetshenziswa kwayo kuma-slurries e-WFGD kunqunyelwe. Imigqa ye-impulse exhumanisa inzwa noketshezi lwenqubo isengozini enkulu yokuvaleka nokungcoliswa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi simiso sivame ukuthatha ubuningi boketshezi obuqhubekayo ukuze kubalwe izinga kusukela ekucindezelweni, okucatshangwa ukuthi akusebenzi ku-slurry enamandla, enezigaba eziningi. Ngenkathi ezinye izilungiselelo ezithuthukisiwe zisebenzisa ama-transmitter amabili ukunciphisa lezi zinkinga, ingozi yokuvaleka nezidingo zokugcinwa zihlala ziyizinkinga ezinkulu.
Ukulinganisa i-Gamma-Ray (Radiometric)
Amageyiji obuningi be-gamma-ray asebenza ngesimiso sokungathintani, lapho umthombo we-radioactive (isb., i-Cesium-137) ukhipha ama-gamma photon ancishisiwe njengoba edlula kuketshezi lwenqubo. I-detector ilinganisa inani lemisebe edlula kupayipi, futhi ubuningi bulingana ngokuphambene nalokhu kufundwa. Inzuzo eyinhloko yalobu buchwepheshe ukuzivikela kwayo ngokuphelele ezimweni zokukhuhla, ukugqwala, kanye nokubanga kwe-slurry, njengoba inzwa ifakwe ngaphandle kupayipi. Ayidingi futhi ipayipi elidlulayo noma ukuxhumana ngqo noketshezi lwenqubo. Kodwa-ke, amageyiji obubanzi be-gamma anezindleko eziphezulu zobunikazi ngenxa yemithetho eqinile yokuphepha, izidingo zelayisensi, kanye nesidingo sabasebenzi abakhethekile bokuphatha nokulahla. Lezi zici ziholele abaqhubi bezitshalo abaningi ekufuneni ngenkuthalo ezinye izindlela ezingezona ezenuzi.
Ukulinganisa Ifoloko/I-Resonator Edlidlizayo
Lobu buchwepheshe busebenzisa ifoloko noma i-resonator yokulungisa ejabulele ukudlidliza ngemvamisa yayo yemvelo yomsindo. Uma icwiliswe oketshezini nomaudaka, le mvamisa iyashintsha, ngobuningi obuphezulu obubangela imvamisa yokudlidliza ephansi. Ukwakheka okuqinile noqondile kwenzwa yokufaka kwenza ifanelekele ukulinganiswa okuqhubekayo, kwesikhathi sangempela emapayipini noma emathangini. Ayinazo izingxenye ezihambayo, okwenza kube lula ukugcinwa. Kodwa-ke, lobu buchwepheshe bunezinselele zabo. Buzwela kuma-gas bubbles ahlanganisiwe, okungabangela amaphutha amakhulu okulinganisa. Buphinde bube sengozini yokumbozwa kanye nokungcola, njengoba amadiphozithi kuma-tines angashintsha imvamisa yokuzwakala futhi aphazamise ukunemba. Ukufakwa kahle ngama-tines aqondile kubalulekile ukunciphisa lezi zinkinga.
Ukulinganiswa kweCoriolis
I-Coriolis mass flowmeter iyithuluzi eliguquguqukayo elingakwazi ukukala ukugeleza kwesisindo, ubuningi, kanye nokushisa ngesikhathi esisodwa ngokunemba okuphezulu. Lesi simiso sisekelwe emandleni e-Coriolis akhiqizwa njengoba uketshezi lugeleza ngepayipi elidlidlizayo. Ubuningi boketshezi bunqunywa ngokuqapha imvamisa yokudlidliza kwepayipi, okuncipha njengoba ubuningi bukhuphuka. Lobu buchwepheshe buvele njengendlela ekhethwayo engeyona eyenuzi yezinhlelo zokusebenza eziyinselele njenge-WFGD. Ucwaningo oluphawulekayo luqokomisa ukusetshenziswa ngempumelelo kwemitha ye-Coriolis enomklamo wepayipi elilodwa eliqondile kanye nepayipi lenzwa ye-titanium. Lo mklamo othize ubhekana ngempumelelo nezinkinga zokuguguleka kanye nokuvaleka okuvamile ngama-slurries, kuyilapho ukunemba okuphezulu kanye nomkhiqizo oguquguqukayo ohlinzeka ngokulawula okuphakeme kwenqubo. Ukuthuthela okunesu kubuchwepheshe obungeyona eyenuzi njengemitha ye-Coriolis kumelela ushintsho oluyisisekelo ukusuka ekuhwebelaneni komlando phakathi kokuthembeka nezindleko, okunikeza ikhambi elilodwa eliqinile, elinembile, neliphephile.
Ukukhethwa kwemitha yobuningi besicelo se-WFGD kudinga ukuhlolwa okuphelele kwamandla nobuthakathaka bobuchwepheshe ngabunye kumongo wezimpawu ezithile ze-slurry.
Ukuqhathaniswa Kobuchwepheshe Bokulinganisa Ubuningi Ku-inthanethi be-WFGD Slurries
| Ubuchwepheshe | Isimiso Sokusebenza | Izinzuzo Eziyinhloko | Izinkinga Eziyinhloko Nezinselele | Ukusebenza kwe-WFGD namanothi |
| Ukucindezela Okuhlukile (DP) | Umehluko wengcindezi ye-hydrostatic phakathi kwamaphuzu amabili | Ivuthiwe, izindleko zokuqala eziphansi, elula | Ithambekele ekuvinjweni nasekukhukhuleni okungapheli, idinga ukucabangela ubuningi obuqhubekayo bezinga | Ngokuvamile akufaneleki kuma-slurry e-WFGD ngenxa yengozi yokuvaleka. Kudinga ukulungiswa okukhulu. |
| I-Gamma-Ray (i-Radiometric) | Ukungathintani, kulinganisa ukuncishiswa kwemisebe | Ayikwazi ukumelana nokuklwebheka, ukugqwala, kanye ne-pH ebangela ukonakala; asikho isidingo sokufaka amapayipi adlulayo | Izindleko eziphezulu zobunikazi, umthwalo omkhulu wokulawula/wokuphepha | Isetshenziswe ngokomlando ngenxa yokungavikeleki ezimweni ezinzima. Izindleko zokusebenza eziphakeme zibangela ukushintshela kwezinye izindlela. |
| Ifoloko/i-Resonator Edlidlizayo | Imvamisa yokudlidliza ilingana ngokuphambene nobuningi | Isikhathi sangempela, ukufakwa okuqondile, ukulungiswa okuphansi | Isengozini yamaphutha avela kugesi/amabhamuza afakwe ngaphakathi; isengozini yokungcola kanye nokumbozwa | Isetshenziselwa ukulinganisa ubungako be-lime slurry kanye ne-gypsum slurry. Ukufakwa kahle kubalulekile ukuvimbela ukuvaleka nokuguguleka. |
| I-Coriolis | Ilinganisa amandla eCoriolis epayipini elidlidlizayo | Iguquguqukayo (isisindo, ubuningi, izinga lokushisa), ukunemba okuphezulu | Izindleko zokuqala ziphakeme kunezinye izilinganiso zamamitha eziku-inthanethi; zidinga ukwakheka okukhethekile kwemidiya yokuhudula | Isebenza kahle kakhulu uma usebenzisa umklamo wepayipi eliqondile kanye nezinto ezingagugi njenge-titanium. Enye indlela esebenzayo engeyona eyenuzi. |
| Ubuchwepheshe Obusha | I-Accelerometer, i-Ultrasonic Spectroscopy | Akuyona eyenuzi, ukumelana okukhulu nokuklwebheka, ukugcinwa okuncane | Ukwamukelwa okuncane kwezimboni; imikhawulo ethile yokusetshenziswa | Yethula indlela ethembisayo, engabizi kakhulu, futhi ephephile yezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-slurry eziyinselele kakhulu. |
Izixazululo Zobunjiniyela Zendawo Enobutha
Ukukhethwa Kwezinto Ezibalulekile Njengomugqa Wokuqala Wokuzivikela
Izimo zokusebenza ezinzima ngaphakathi kwe-aI-WFGDUhlelo ludinga impendulo yobunjiniyela esebenzayo. I-slurry ayigcini nje ngokuklwebha kodwa futhi ingaba yingozi kakhulu, ikakhulukazi uma amazinga e-chloride ephakeme. Ngenxa yalokho, ukukhethwa kwezinto zokufaka amaphampu, ama-valve, kanye namapayipi kuyindlela yokuqala nebaluleke kakhulu yokuzivikela. Ukuze kusingathwe ukujikeleza kabusha kwe-slurry okunomthamo ophezulu, amaphampu ensimbi eqinile noma afakwe irabha ayindlela engcono kakhulu, njengoba ukwakhiwa kwawo okuqinile kungamelana nokuguguleka okuqhubekayo okuvela ezintweni eziqinile ezilengisiwe. Ama-valve, ikakhulukazi ama-valve amakhulu esango lommese, kumele acaciswe ngezinto ezithuthukisiwe, njenge-urethane liners ezithathelwa indawo kanye nemiklamo eqinile yokuklwebha, ukuvimbela ukwakheka kwemidiya nokuqinisekisa ukuthi ihlala isikhathi eside. Emigqeni emincane, ama-valve e-diaphragm ane-raber liners amakhulu anikeza ikhambi elithembekile nelingabizi. Ngaphandle kwalezi zingxenye, izitsha zokumunca ngokwazo zivame ukusebenzisa ama-alloy akhethekile noma ama-linings amelana nokugqwala ukuze zibhekane nendawo enolaka, egcwele i-chloride.
Ukuvikelwa Kwezinzwa Nokwakheka Okuhle Kokufakwa
Ukusebenza kahle kwanoma iyiphi inzwa yobuningi eku-inthanethi kuncike ekhonweni layo lokusinda nokusebenza endaweni enobutha ye-WFGD. Ngenxa yalokho, ukwakheka kanye nokufakwa kwenzwa kubaluleke kakhulu. Izinzwa zesimanje zisebenzisa izici eziyinkimbinkimbi ukulwa nokukhula nokuhuzuka. Isibonelo, ukwakheka kwe-single straight-tube kwamanye amamitha e-Coriolis kuvimbela ukuvaleka ngokuba yizikhipha amanzi futhi kugweme ukulahlekelwa yingcindezi. Amashubhu ezinzwa avame ukwakhiwa ngezinto eziqinile njenge-titanium ukuze zimelane nokuguguleka. Obunye ubuchwepheshe obusha, njengezinzwa ezithile ezidlidlizayo, bufaka "ama-harmonics azihlanzayo" asebenzisa ukudlidliza ukuvimbela ukufakwa kwe-slurry ku-probe, okuqinisekisa ukufundwa okuqhubekayo nokunembile ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuhlanzwa ngesandla.
Ukufakwa okufanele kubaluleke ngokulinganayo. Kumapayipi amakhulu anobubanzi (isb., amasentimitha angu-3 noma ngaphezulu), ukufakwa kwe-T-Piece kuyanconywa ukuqinisekisa isampula emele. Inzwa kumele ifakwe nge-engeli eyivumela ukuthi izikhiphe amanzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukugcina ijubane lokugeleza elifanele—eliphezulu ngokwanele ukugcina izinto eziqinile zisesimeni (isb., ama-3 m/s) kodwa hhayi eliphakeme kakhulu kangangokuthi lingabangela ukuguguleka okukhulu (isb., ngaphezu kwama-5 m/s)—kubalulekile ekuthembekeni kwesikhathi eside kanye nokulinganisa okunembile.
Ukunciphisa Ukuphazamiseka Kwesilinganiso
Ngaphandle kokuguga komshini, izilinganiso zobuningi zingaphazamiseka ngenxa yezehlakalo ezibonakalayo ezifana nokufakwa kwegesi. Amabhamuza avela emoyeni we-oxidation, oqhubeka nokungeniswa ohlelweni, angafakwa odakeni futhi aholele ekufundweni okungalungile. Lokhu kuyinkinga ekhethekile yezinzwa ezidlidlizayo, ezithembele ebuningini boketshezi ukuze zithole ubuningi. Isixazululo sobunjiniyela esilula kodwa esisebenzayo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinsimbi zenzwa ziqondiswe phezulu, okuvumela igesi eqeqeshwe ukuthi ikhuphuke futhi iphume, ngaleyo ndlela inciphise umthelela wayo ekulinganisweni. Nakuba kungumphumela oqondile wefiziksi, lokhu kulungiswa okulula kugcizelela ukubaluleka kokufakwa okufanele ekuqinisekiseni ukuthembeka kwezinsimbi eziqine kakhulu.
Ukuhlanganiswa Okuthuthukisiwe Nokulawulwa Kwezinqubo
Ukwakha i-Control Loop
Inani langempela lokulinganiswa kobuningi boketshezi oluku-inthanethi liyabonakala lapho idatha yalo ihlanganiswa nokwakhiwa kokulawula kwesitshalo. Amamitha obuningi akhiqiza izimpawu zokukhipha ezijwayelekile, njengokukhipha kwe-analog okungu-4-20 mA noma ukuxhumana kwe-RS485 MODBUS, okungahlanganiswa kalula ku-Distributed Control System (DCS) yesitshalo noma i-Programmable Logic Controller (PLC). Ku-loop yokulawula eyisisekelo kakhulu, isignali yobuningi isetshenziselwa ukwenza ngokuzenzakalelayo ukuphathwa kokuhlushwa kwezinto eziqinile ze-slurry. I-DCS ihlaziya idatha yobuningi besikhathi sangempela futhi ilungisa ijubane lepompo ye-variable-frequency-drive noma indawo ye-valve yokulawula ukuze kugcinwe isilinganiso sezinto eziqinile esifunwayo. Lokhu kususa isidingo sokungenelela ngesandla futhi kuqinisekisa inqubo ezinzile nehambisanayo.
Indlela Yokushintshashintsha Okuningi
Nakuba iluphu yokulawula ubuningi obuzimele inenzuzo, amandla ayo aphindaphindwa uma iba yingxenye yesistimu yokulawula ephelele, eguquguqukayo. Kuhlelo olunjalo oluhlanganisiwe, idatha yobuningi ihlotshaniswa futhi isetshenziselwa ukuhambisana nezinye izilinganiso ezibalulekile ukunikeza umbono ophelele wenqubo yokususa i-sulfur. Isibonelo, ukulinganiswa kobuningi kungasetshenziswa kanye nezinzwa ze-pH. Ukwehla okungazelelwe kwe-pH kungabonisa isidingo se-limestone eyengeziwe, kodwa ukwehla ngesikhathi esisodwa kobuningi kungasikisela inkinga ebanzi ngokudla kwe-limestone noma inkinga yokukhipha amanzi edinga isenzo esihlukile sokulungisa. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ubuningi obukhulayo ngaphandle kokwehla okuhambisanayo kwe-pH kungabonisa inkinga ngokukhula kwe-oxidation ye-absorber noma i-gypsum crystal, isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuba ukusebenza kahle kokususwa kwe-SO₂ kuthinteke.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlanganisa ubuningi nokulinganisa ukugeleza kuvumela ukubalwa kokugeleza kwesisindo, okunikeza isithombe esinembile kakhulu sebhalansi yezinto ezibonakalayo kanye nesilinganiso sokudla kunokugeleza kwevolumu kuphela. Izinga eliphakeme kakhulu lokuhlanganiswa lixhumanisa idatha yobuningi kanye nokugeleza kumapharamitha aphezulu naphansi, njengokungena.SO₂ukuhlushwa kanye nekhono lokunciphisa i-Oxidation (ORP), okuvumela isu lokulawula elilungiselelwe kahle eligcina izinga eliphezuluSO₂ukusebenza kahle kokususa ngenkathi kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-reagent kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla.
Ukulungiswa Okuqhutshwa Yidatha kanye Nokulungiswa Okubikezelayo
Ikusasa likaI-WFGDUkulawulwa kwenqubo kudlula ngale kwezihibe zendabuko ezisebenzayo. Ukugeleza okuqhubekayo kwedatha esezingeni eliphezulu evela kumamitha okuxinana aku-inthanethi kanye nezinye izinzwa kunikeza isisekelo sezinhlaka eziqhutshwa idatha ezisebenzisa ukufunda komshini kanye nobuhlakani bokwenziwa. Lawa mamodeli athuthukile angadla inani elikhulu ledatha yomlando neyesikhathi sangempela ukuze kutholakale amapharamitha okusebenza afanele ngaphansi kwezimo ezahlukahlukene, njengokuhlinzekwa kwamalahle okushintshashintshayo noma imithwalo yamayunithi ehlukahlukene.
Le ndlela ethuthukisiwe imele ushintsho oluyisisekelo kwifilosofi yokusebenza. Esikhundleni sokumane usabela kuma-alamu abonisa ukuthi ipharamitha ayilingani nobubanzi bayo obubekiwe, lezi zinhlelo zingabikezela ukuqala kwenkinga futhi zilungise amapharamitha ngokuqhubekayo ukuze ziyivimbele. Inhloso eyinhloko yalezi zinhlobo ukwenza ngcono imigomo eminingi, ngezinye izikhathi ephikisanayo, ngasikhathi sinye, njengokunciphisainqubo yokususa i-sulfurizationizindleko kanye nokunciphisaSO₂ukukhishwa kwegesi. Ngokuhlaziya njalo "iminwe" yesitshalo yedatha yokusebenza, kufaka phakathi ubuningi, lezi zinhlelo zingafinyelela njalo izinga eliphakeme kakhulu lokuzinza nokusebenza kahle kwezomnotho.
Idatha kanye nokuhlaziywa okuvezwe kulo mbiko kubonisa ukuthi ukulinganisa okunembile kobuningi boketshezi ku-inthanethi akuyona into yokuzikhethela kodwa kuyithuluzi elibalulekile lokufeza ukusebenza kahle ezinhlelweni ze-Wet Flue Gas Desulfurization.
