I. I-Viscosity Imperative Ekuhlukanisweni Kwe-Hydrocarbon
Ukulungiswa kwe-oyela eluhlaza—inqubo ehlanganiswe yiinqubo yokuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni kawoyela ongahluziwe kanye nokususa usawoti(D/D/D)—imelela esinye sezinyathelo ezibaluleke kakhulu nezibiza kakhulu ekukhiqizweni nasekuhluzweni kwama-hydrocarbon. Lezi zinqubo zibaluleke kakhulu ngokwemvelo, njengoba ukwehluleka ukuhlukanisa amanzi nosawoti ngempumelelo kuphazamisa ngqo ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo futhi kusongela imisebenzi yokuhlanza engezansi ngokugqwala okusheshayo kanye nokuvalwa kwe-catalyst.
Ukuthamba kubhekwa njengesibonakaliso esibaluleke kakhulu, sesikhathi sangempela se-kinetics yokuhlukana kanyei-emulsionukuzinza. I-emulsion ene-viscosity ephezulu isebenza njengesivikelo esingokwenyama, ivimbela kakhulu ukuqina okudingekile kwamandla adonsela phansi kanye nokuhlangana kwamaconsi amanzi ahlakazekile.
Kodwa-ke, indawo yokusebenza ye-D/D/D—ebonakala ngokucindezela okukhulu, amazinga okushisa aphezulu, ukugqwala, kanye nokuba khona koketshezi oluyinkimbinkimbi, olungeyona i-Newtonian, olunezigaba eziningi—yenza izindlela zokulinganisa i-viscosity zendabuko zingathembeki futhi zithambekele ekuhlulekeni. Ubuchwepheshe obujwayelekile, obuvame ukuncika ezingxenyeni ezihambayo noma kumashubhu amancane e-capillary, busheshe bunqotshwe ukungcola, ukuguguleka, kanye nokuwohloka kwemishini.
Ukususa i-Crude Oil
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Imakethe idinga ushintsho olufana nolwezinto eziqinile ezikwazi ukulinganisa okuqhubekayo nokuthembeka okuphezulu. I-Lonnmeter Inline Vibrational Viscometer inikeza lokhu kuthembeka okudingekayo. Isebenzisa isakhiwo esiqinile nesilula semishini esingenazo izingxenye ezihambayo, izivalo, noma amabheringi, lobu buchwepheshe bunikeza ukunemba okungenakuqhathaniswa nokuqina ezimweni ezimbi. Ngokuhlanganisa le mpendulo ye-viscosity yesikhathi sangempela ku-Distributed Control System (DCS), opharetha bathola ikhono lokwenza ngcono umthamo we-demulsifier kanye namaphrofayili okushisa ngendlela enamandla. Leli khono liveza imbuyiselo ebalulekile, elinganiswayo ekutshalweni kwezimali ngokugwema izindleko ezinkulu zamakhemikhali, ukonga amandla, ukuhambisana nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo okuthuthukisiwe, kanye nokusebenza kahle okwandayo.
II. Ama-Emulsion kawoyela ongahluziwe: Ukwakheka, Ukuqina, kanye Nezinhloso Zenqubo
2.1. I-Chemistry kanye ne-Fiziksi Yokuzinza Kwe-Emulsion Kawoyela Ongahluziwe
Ukukhiqizwa kwamafutha aluhlaza njalo kuphumela ekwakhekeni kwama-emulsion azinzile, ngokuvamileamanzi ku-oyili kanye namafutha emanziniuhlobo, lapho amaconsi amanzi ehlakazeka kahle kuyo yonke ingxenye yamafutha eqhubekayo. Ukuqina kwala ma-emulsion kuwumsebenzi wokwakheka kwamakhemikhali kanye nezakhiwo zomzimba, okumele kunqotshwe ukuze kulungiswe kahle.
Ukuqina kwesikhathi eside kwala ma-emulsion kuqhutshwa kakhulu yizinto zemvelo ezisebenza ebusweni ezitholakala ku-crude. Lawa ma-emulsifiers endabuko afaka ama-molecule e-polar ayinkimbinkimbi njenge-asphaltenes, ama-resin, ama-naphthenic acid, kanye nezinhlayiya eziqinile ezihlukaniswe kahle ezivela emisebenzini yokukhiqiza, njengobumba,udaka lokubhobozaizinsalela, kanye nemikhiqizo ebangelwa ukugqwala. Lezi zinto zibonisa umsebenzi obalulekile: zimunca ngokushesha esibonakalayo esibalulekile samanzi kawoyela, lapho zihlela khona zibe ifilimu eqinile nevikelayo. Le filimu ivimbela ngokoqobo amaconsi amanzi ahlakazekile ukuthi ahlangane futhi ahlangane, inciphise i-Interfacial Tension (IFT) futhi izinzise uhlelo.
Izinselele ezihlangene zomzimba nezamakhemikhali ezibangelwa yi-chemistry eluhlaza zihlanganiswe futhi zibonakala ngqo ezimpahleni eziningi ze-rheological zoketshezi. I-viscosity ephezulu kawoyela ongahluziwe iyisici sokuthuthukisa ngqo ukuqina kwe-emulsion. I-viscosity isebenza njengesithiyo esiyisisekelo somzimba kwi-kinetics yokuhlukanisa.
2.2. Izinhloso Zokususa Usawoti, Ukuqeda Ukuphelelwa Yimanzi Emzimbeni, kanye Nokususa Usawoti Emzimbeni (D/D/D)
Uchungechunge lwenqubo ye-D/D/D oluhlanganisiwe luhlose ukulungiselela umfudlana kawoyela ongahluziwe ukuze uthuthwe futhi uhlanzwe ngokulandelayo, ukuqinisekisa ukuhambisana nezindinganiso zokuphepha eziqinile kanye nekhwalithi.
2.2.1. Ukususwa koketshezi emzimbeni kanye nokuphelelwa ngamanzi emzimbeni
Ukususa uwoyela ongahluziwe kuhilela ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezikhethekile ezisebenza ebusweni ezenzelwe ukuphazamisa ifilimu yokuqinisa i-interfacial. Lawa ma-molecule e-demulsifier ayamunca endaweni ehlanganayo, asuse ngempumelelo ama-emulsifiers endawo, anciphise kakhulu ukucindezeleka kwe-interfacial, futhi enze buthaka amandla okusebenza kwe-membrane evikelayo. Uma lesi senzo samakhemikhali sesiqediwe, inqubo iyaqhubekaukuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni kawoyela ongahluziwe(ukuhlukaniswa kwesigaba).
Inhloso eyinhloko yeinqubo yokuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni kawoyela ongahluziweiwukufeza ukuhlukaniswa okuphelele kwesigaba, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uwoyela ongahluziwe ophumayo uhlangabezana nezindinganiso eziqinile ze-Basic Sediment and Water (BS&W). Ngokuvamile, imininingwane yokuthutha ngamapayipi iyalela ukuthi uwoyela ongahluziwe ophathwe kahle uqukethe ngaphansi kuka-0.5% kuya ku-1.0% BS&W. Izifundo zibonise ukuthi amafomula e-demulsifier afanele kakhulu kumele afinyelele ukusebenza kahle kokuhlukaniswa okuphezulu, kanye namafomula asebenzayo abonisa amazinga okuhlukaniswa angu-88% noma ngaphezulu ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inqubo kumele iveze amanzi angcolile anokuqukethwe okuphansi ngokwanele kwamafutha (isb., ngaphansi kuka-10 kuya ku-20 mg/L) ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zokukhishwa kwemvelo noma zokufakwa kabusha.
2.2.2. Ukususa usawoti
Ukususa usawoti kuwumsebenzi obalulekile wokugeza amanzi owenzelwa ukunciphisa okuqukethwe usawoti ku-crude, olinganiswa ngama-Pounds per Thousand Barrels (PTB). Le nqubo, eyenziwa ensimini yokukhiqiza noma endaweni yokucwenga, ihilelaukuxubauwoyela ongahluziwe ofudunyeziwe ngamanzi okugeza kanye namakhemikhali aphula i-emulsion. Ingxube ibe isifakwa ensimini ye-electrostatic enamandla aphezulu ngaphakathi kwethangi lokudonsa amandla adonsela phansi ukuze kube lula ukuqhekeka kwensalela.uwoyela emanzini kanye namanzi ku-emulsion kawoyelakanye nokususwa kwesigaba sosawoti.
Isidingo sokususa usawoti ngokuqinile asinakuxoxiswana ngaso. Uma usawoti nezinsimbi ezisindayo zingasuswa, ziyawayidilisha uma zishiswa ezigabeni zokucwenga ezilandelayo, zikhiqize ama-acid agqwalisayo (njenge-hydrogen chloride). Lokhu kuba ne-asidi kuholela ekugqwaleni okukhulu kwemishini yenqubo engezansi, kufaka phakathi ama-heat exchanger namakholomu okucwilisa, futhi kungabangela ubuthi obuyingozi kakhulu be-catalyst. Ngakho-ke, ukufeza ukusebenza kahle kokuhlukaniswa kosawoti cishe ngo-99% kubalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle nasekusebenzeni kahle kwezomnotho. Ukulawula izinga lokushisa kubalulekile ekususeni usawoti, njengoba izinga lokushisa lokususa usawoti livame ukufinyelelwa ngokushisa ingxube eluhlaza noma igesi/umhwamuko, kusheshiswe ukuhlukaniswa kwamanzi kanye nezinto ezingcolisayo.
III. Indima Ebalulekile Yokulinganisa Ukuqina Kwesikhathi Sangempela
3.1. Ukuqina njengepharamitha yokulawula inqubo yesikhathi sangempela
Ukuqina akuyona nje into echazayo; kuyipharamitha eyisisekelo eguquguqukayo elawula i-kinetics yokuhlukaniswa. Yonke indlela yokulawula esetshenziswa enqubweni ye-D/D/D—kungaba ukujova ngamakhemikhali, ukufaka ukushisa, noma ukuxubana ngomshini—ekugcineni ihloselwe ukunqoba noma ukunciphisa isithiyo se-viscosity ukuze kusheshiswe ukuhlangana kwamaconsi.
Ukuqapha i-viscosity kusebenza njengendlela ebalulekile yokuphendula eguquguqukayo yokuhlola ukusebenza kwe-demulsifier. Ukuwohloka kwamakhemikhali okuphumelelayo kwe-emulsion ezinzile kufanele kukhiqize ukwehla okulinganiselwe futhi okuvame ukwehla ngokushesha kwe-viscosity yoketshezi oluningi. Lolu shintsho lwe-rheological lungalinganiswa ohlelweni oluvaliwe, okuvumela ukuhlolwa okuqhubekayo kokusebenza kahle kwe-agent yamakhemikhali. Le loop yempendulo yesikhathi sangempela ibalulekile ngoba ivumela opharetha ukuthi badlulele ngale kokuhlolwa kwelabhorethri okungaguquki, okuvamile, okuvame ukuba namaphutha ngenxa yokuguga kwesampula kawoyela ongahluziwe kanye nokulahlekelwa izingxenye zokukhanya.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-viscosity ihlotshaniswa ngokwemvelo nokwenza ngcono amandla. Izinga lokushisa lokusebenza elifanele kakhulu le-desalter lincike kakhulu ekuqineni nasekuxinekeni kukawoyela ongahluziwe, kanye nokuncibilika kwamanzi ngaphakathi kwe-crude. I-crude esindayo noma e-viscous idinga amazinga okushisa aphezulu kakhulu ukuze kuncishiswe i-viscosity eyanele ukuze kuqhutshekwe kahle amaconsi amanzi kanye nokuqina kwamandla adonsela phansi. Idatha ye-viscosity eqhubekayo ivumela onjiniyela bezinqubo ukuthi basungule futhi balondoloze izinga lokushisa eliphansi elisebenzayo elidingekayo ukuze kuhlukaniswe kahle, kuvinjelwe kokubili ukushisa ngokweqile okubizayo kanye nokuhlukana okunganele okubangelwa amazinga okushisa aphansi kakhulu.
Lobu budlelwano bubeka i-viscosity endaweni yokulawula ukusebenza. Ukusebenza kwe-Desalter kuqhutshwa yizici ezine ezibalulekile: ikhwalithi yoketshezi, amapharamitha okusebenza (P/T), umthamo wamakhemikhali, kanye nezici zemishini. Izici zokusebenza nezamakhemikhali yizona eziyinhloko zokulawula. I-Viscosity ixhumanisa lawa ma-viscosity ngqo. Isibonelo, uma uhlelo lokuqapha oluqhubekayo luthola ukwanda kwe-viscosity, i-DCS ehlanganisiwe ingahlola isimo ngendlela eguquguqukayo futhi ikhethe indlela engabizi kakhulu yokuhlukaniswa—kungaba ukwanda okuncane kwamandla okushisa (kwezinselele zobuningi noma zokuncibilika) noma ukwanda okuqondiwe kokuhlushwa kwe-demulsifier (kwezinselele zokuzinza kwamakhemikhali). Leli khono lokungenelela okuguquguqukayo lishintsha ukulawula kusuka ekulungisweni okulondolozayo, okusabelayo kuya ekwenzeni ngcono okunembile, okusebenzayo.
3.2. Imiphumela Yokulinganisa Ukugoba Okunganembile Noma Okulibazisekile
Ukungabikho kwedatha enembile neqhubekayo yokugoba kuletha izingozi ezinkulu zokusebenza futhi kuqinisekisa ukungasebenzi kahle kwezomnotho.
Umthamo Oweqile Wamakhemikhali kanye Nokwehla Kwamanani Ezinto Kwe-OPEX
Uma ukulinganiswa kwe-viscosity kuncike kumasampula elebhu ahlala isikhathi eside, noma uma ithuluzi elingaphakathi linikeza idatha engacacile, umthamo we-demulsifier awukwazi ukulungiswa uma kuqhathaniswa nenselele yokuzinza okusheshayo komfula ongahluziwe ongenayo. Ngenxa yalokho, abaqhubi basebenzisa imithamo yamakhemikhali edlula kakhulu ubuncane obudingekayo ukuqinisekisa ukuhlukaniswa. Uma ubheka ukuthi ukufeza ukuhlukaniswa okuhle kakhulu ngokuvamile kudinga umthamo wokwakheka osukela ku-50 kuya ku-100 ppm, ukujova ngokweqile kwe-demulsifiers ekhethekile, ebizayo kuholela ekukhuphukeni okukhulu nokungagwenywa kwe-Operational Expenditure (OPEX).
Ukungasebenzi Kahle Kwamandla
Ngaphandle kwempendulo enembile, ye-viscosity yesikhathi sangempela, ukushisa kwenqubo kumele kubekwe endaweni eqinisekisiwe ukuze kuncishiswe i-viscosity ye-crude embi kakhulu ebilindelwe. Ukuthembela kumaphuzu ahleliwe, aphezulu noma idatha ebambezelekile kuholela ekushiseni i-crude njalo ngaphezu kobuncane obudingekayo. Lokhu kuphumela ekuchithweni kwamandla okushisa okukhulu nokuqhubekayo, okwakha enye yezindleko ezinkulu eziguquguqukayo ezingalawuleki esitimeleni senqubo ye-D/D/D.
Ukwehluleka Kwekhwalithi Yomkhiqizo Nomonakalo Owehlayo
Izilinganiso ezingalungile zihumusha ngqo ekusebenzeni kokuhlukanisa okungaphansi kokufanele. Uma i-emulsion ingaxazululwanga kahle, i-crude ephethwe kahle evelayo izohluleka ukuhlangabezana nezidingo ze-BS&W noma ze-PTB ezidingekayo. I-crude engacacile ayigcini nje ngokubangela izinhlawulo zezentengiselwano kodwa, okubaluleke kakhulu, ibeka engcupheni yonke imisebenzi yokucwenga engezansi. Ukungcola kukasawoti okungalashwanga kusheshisa ukugqwala ngenxa yokwakheka kwe-asidi futhi kuholela ekuvalekeni nasekungcoleni kwezindawo ezibalulekile zokushintshana kokushisa kanye nemibhoshongo yenqubo. Ngakho-ke ukwehluleka ukuqapha nokulawula i-viscosity kunomthelela ngokungaqondile ekulungisweni okubizayo, ukuvalwa okungahleliwe, kanye nokushintshana kwemishini emikhulu okungenzeka.
Ukungazinzi Kokusebenza
Ama-emulsion kawoyela ongahluziwe avame ukubonisa ukuziphatha okuyinkimbinkimbi okungeyona i-Newtonian, lapho i-viscosity yawo ebonakalayo ishintsha khona kuye ngesilinganiso sokusika esisetshenzisiwe. Ukulinganisa okungalungile kwenza kube nzima ukwenza imodeli nokulawula i-multiphase flow dynamics, okungaholela ezimeni ezingavamile zokugeleza njengezimpawu ze-slug eziyinkinga, ukubanjwa okungazinzile, kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwesigaba okungalingani. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukungafakwa kahle kwe-demulsification kungadinga izikhathi ezengeziwe zokugcina emkhunjini wokuzinza, okungaholela ngokumangalisayo ekufakweni kabusha kwe-emulsification, kunciphise ukusebenza kahle futhi kwandise izingozi.
Funda Ngamamitha Obuningi Engeziwe
Amamitha Ezinqubo Engeziwe Ku-inthanethi
IV. Izinselele Zokulinganisa Ukuqina Kokuhlanzwa Kwamafutha Angcolile
4.1. Indawo Yenqubo Enobutha Idinga Ukuqina
I-viscometer esemgqeni ekhethiwe yezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-D/D/D kumele ikwazi ukumelana nezimo zokusebenza ezidlula kakhulu imikhawulo yokuklama yemishini ejwayelekile yelabhorethri noma yezimboni.
Izimo Zokucindezela Okukhulu Nezinga Lokushisa
Inqubo ye-D/D/D ivame ukuhilela ukucindezeleka okuphezulu kokusebenza kanye namazinga okushisa aphezulu. Isibonelo, abahlanzi be-desalters basebenzisa uwoyela ongahluziwe oshisayo, futhi izilinganiso ezikhethekile ezifana ne-Reservoir Fluid Analysis (RFA) zivame ukudinga izinzwa ezingasebenza kuzo zonke izimo zamachibi emhlabeni jikelele. Ithuluzi elikhethekile kumele libe namandla, kanti ukumelana nokushisa ngokuvamile kudinga ukufinyelela ku-450 ℃ kanye nezilinganiso zokucindezela ezikwazi ukubhekana nokucindezeleka okujwayelekile kokusebenza (isb., kufika ku-6.4 MPa) noma izixazululo ezenziwe ngokwezifiso zezinsizakalo ezidlulele ku-10 MPa.
Ukugqwala, Ukungcola, kanye Nokukhula
Uketshezi olucutshungulwayo lunamandla kakhulu. Uwoyela ongahluziwe uqukethe ama-brine, izingxenye ze-acidic (njenge-naphthenic acid), futhi ngezinye izikhathi i-hydrogen sulfide (H2S), okudala indawo ebolile ebolisa ngokushesha izinto ezijwayelekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuba khona kwezinto eziqinile ezihlukaniswe kahle (ubumba, isihlabathi, ama-asphaltene) kanye nosawoti kuholela ekungcoleni okuqhubekayo kanye nokuqhekeka ezindaweni zezinzwa. Izinsimbi kumele zakhiwe ngezinto ezihlala isikhathi eside, njenge-316 Stainless Steel, enezinketho zokwenza ngokwezifiso ezisebenzisa izembozo ezikhethekile ezingamelana nokugqwala noma izinto (isb., izembozo ze-Teflon) ukuqinisekisa ukuthi zihlala isikhathi eside zithintana nesigaba se-brine ebolile.
Ubunzima be-Multiphase kanye ne-Non-Newtonian
Imifudlana kawoyela ongahluziwe esigabeni sokulungisa ayivamile ukuba yinye. Iyingxubevange eyinkimbinkimbi, enezigaba eziningi equkethe igesi/amabhamuza ahlanganisiwe, amaconsi amanzi ahlakazekile, kanye nezinto eziqinile ezimisiwe. Lokhu yinkimbinkimbi kwandiswa yi-rheology engeyona i-Newtonian ejwayelekile ye-crude esindayo noma i-asphaltene emulsions ephezulu. Ukulinganisa i-viscosity yoketshezi olunendlela yokugeleza kwayo encike esilinganisweni sokushefa okusheshayo, futhi oluqukethe izigaba eziningi kanye nezinhlayiya ezimisiwe, kuletha inselele enkulu kunoma yiluphi ubuchwepheshe bezinzwa.
4.2. Imikhawulo Eyisisekelo Ye-Viscometry Ejwayelekile
Imikhawulo etholakala kumasu okulinganisa i-viscosity avamile ibonisa ukuthi kungani engafaneleki ngokuphelele ekulawulweni kokucutshungulwa kwamafutha angcolile okuqhubekayo, okusemgqeni.
Ama-Viscometer ajikelezayo
Ama-viscometer ajikelezayo athembele ekulinganiseni i-torque edingekayo ukuze kujikeleziswe i-spindle ngaphakathi koketshezi. Lesi simiso sidinga ukwakheka okuyinkimbinkimbi ngokwemishini okuhlanganisa izingxenye ezihambayo, izivalo, nama-bearings. Endaweni ye-D/D/D, lezi zingxenye zisengozini enkulu yokwehluleka: izinto eziqinile ezihuquzelayo kanye nama-brine agqwalisayo abangela ukuguguleka okusheshayo kanye nokwehluleka kokuvala, okuholela ezindleleni eziphezulu zokulungisa kanye nokusebenza ngezikhathi ezithile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amadivayisi ajikelezayo anqunyelwe ebangeni eliphezulu kakhulu le-viscosity, awakwazi ukuphatha ngempumelelo izinhlayiya ezinkulu, futhi azwela kakhulu ekushintsheni kwezinga lokushisa, okwenza athambekele emiphumeleni encike kumqhubi kunempendulo eqhubekayo ethembekile.
Izindlela Zokwelapha I-Capillary Nezinye Izindlela Zendabuko
Izindlela ezifana ne-capillary viscometry zincike ekulinganiseni izinga lokugeleza ngepayipi elinomkhawulo. Nakuba zinembile ngaphansi kwezimo zelebhu, azisebenzi kahle emsebenzini wezimboni. Ziyahluleka ukunikeza imiphumela enembile yoketshezi olungeyona i-Newtonian futhi zisengozini enkulu yokuvaleka kwezinhlayiya ezimisiwe kanye nama-solids deposits akhona emifudlaneni kawoyela ongahluziwe. Lokhu kubuthakathaka kudinga ukulungiswa okuphezulu, kuholela ekuphazamisekeni kokusebenza okuvamile, futhi ngokuyisisekelo kuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kwazo ukulawula okuqhubekayo ngesikhathi esiphezulu emfudlaneni wenqubo.
Ukuhlangana kwezindlela zokuhluleka kwama-viscometer avamile—ubuthakathaka bomshini (izivalo, amabheringi) kanye nokuzwela ezimweni zokugeleza ezingcolile nezigqwalisayo (ukuvaleka, ukuklwebheka)—kusungula isidingo sobunjiniyela esicacile. Ukulinganisa uwoyela ongahluziwe okuphumelelayo emgqeni kudinga ubuchwepheshe bezinzwa obususa ngokuphelele izingxenye ezihambayo kanye nezindlela zokugeleza ezivimbelayo, bususe umthwalo wokulinganisa kude nezinqubo zomshini ezisengozini uye ezimisweni zefiziksi eziqinile.
V. I-Lonnmeter Inline Vibrational Viscometer: Isixazululo Esiqinile
5.1. Umklamo Oyingqayizivele kanye Nesimiso Sokusebenza
I-Lonnmeter inline viscometer vibrational viscometer yenzelwe ngqo ukubhekana nezikhala ezibalulekile ezishiywe ubuchwepheshe obuvamile ezindaweni ezinobutha.
Isimiso Sokusebenza
I-viscometer isebenza ngesimiso sokudambisa ukudlidliza kwe-axial. Uhlelo lusebenzisa isici senzwa esiqinile, esivame ukuba yi-conical, esibangelwa ukuthi siqhubeke njalo ngemvamisa eqondile eceleni kwendlela yaso ye-axial. Njengoba i-emulsion kawoyela ongahluziwe igeleza futhi inqunywa yilesi sici esidlidlizayo, uketshezi lumunca amandla ngenxa yokuhudula okuqinile—umphumela wokudambisa. Amandla alahlekile avela kulesi senzo sokugunda alinganiswa ngesekethe ye-elekthronikhi futhi ahlotshaniswa ngqo futhi aguqulwe abe ukufundwa kwe-viscosity okuguquguqukayo, okuvame ukulinganiswa nge-centipoise (cP). Le ndlela empeleni ilinganisa amandla adingekayo ukuze kulondolozwe i-amplitude yokudlidliza ezinzile.
Isakhiwo Esilula Semishini
Inzuzo enkulu yobuchwepheshe yeI-viscometer esemgqeni we-Lonnmeterubulula bayo. Ukucheba uketshezi kufezwa kuphela ngokudlidliza, okuvumela isakhiwo esilula ngokuphelele semishini—esingenazo izingxenye ezihambayo, izivalo, noma amabheringi. Lokhu kuqina kwesakhiwo kubaluleke kakhulu: ngokususa izingxenye ezisengozini kakhulu yokuguga, ukugqwala, kanye nokwehluleka ezindaweni ezinomfutho ophezulu, ezihudulayo, i-Lonnmeter iqinisekisa ukuqina okuphezulu kakhulu kanye nezidingo zokunakekelwa okuncane, inqoba ngqo imikhawulo eyinhloko yezinsimbi ezijikelezayo. Ukucushwa okujwayelekile kusebenzisa i-316 Stainless Steel eqinile, enokucushwa okutholakalayo kwemidiya enamandla, okuhlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-Teflon coating noma ama-alloy athile okulwa nokugqwala.
5.2. Amapharamitha Abhekana Nezinselele Zenqubo Ethile
Imininingwane yobuchwepheshe yeLonnmeteri-viscometer yokudlidliza esemgqenikhombisa ukufaneleka kwayo ezidingweni ezinkulu zesitimela senqubo ye-D/D/D:
Imininingwane Eqinile ye-Lonnmeter Viscometer
| Ipharamitha | Imininingwane | Ukubaluleka Kwezinselele Zokukhuliswa Kokuhlushwa ... |
| Ububanzi be-Viscosity | 1 – 1,000,000 cP | Ukumbozwa okuphelele kwamazinga ahlukahlukene aluhlaza, okuhlanganisa uwoyela osindayo, i-bitumen, kanye ne-emulsions ene-viscosity ephezulu. |
| Ukunemba / Ukuphindaphinda | ±2% ~ 5% | Ukunemba okuphezulu kubalulekile ekubalweni okunembile kokusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali e-demulsifier kanye nezindawo zokusetha amandla ngendlela efanele. |
| Ukumelana Nokushisa Okuphezulu | < 450℃ | Iqinisekisa ukusebenza okuthembekile kuyo yonke imisebenzi yokushisa kwangaphambi kokushisa okuphezulu kanye nokususa i-salt. |
| Isilinganiso Sokucindezela Okuphezulu | < 6.4 MPa (Kungenziwa ngokwezifiso >10 MPa) | Iphatha ukucindezeleka kwenqubo okujwayelekile, ngobunjiniyela obungokwezifiso bezinhlelo zokusebenza eziphezulu ezinomfutho ophezulu kakhulu. |
| Izinto zokwakha | 316 Insimbi Engagqwali (Ejwayelekile) | Ukwakhiwa okujwayelekile kunikeza ukumelana okuphezulu nokugqwala okuvamile; izinto ezenziwe ngokwezifiso zibhekana ne-brine ethile kanye ne-H2Izinselele ze-S. |
| Izinga Lokuvikela | I-IP65, i-ExdIIBT4 | Ihlangabezana nezindinganiso eziqinile zokumelana nokuqhuma kanye nezemvelo ezindaweni zezimboni eziyingozi. |
5.3. Izinzuzo Zobuchwepheshe Nokusebenza
Ukusebenza Okuphezulu Ekugelezeni Okuyinkimbinkimbi
Isimiso sokudlidliza sinikeza izinzuzo zangaphakathi ekusingatheni uhlobo oluyinkimbinkimbi nolwezigaba eziningi lwe-emulsion kawoyela ongahluziwe. Ukudlidliza okuqhubekayo kwemvamisa ephezulu kunikeza umphumela omnene, ozihlanzayo ebusweni benzwa, okuvimbela ngenkuthalo ukwakheka kokungcola, ukukala, kanye nama-wax deposits. Ngokungafani nobuchwepheshe be-vortex noma bokujikeleza, inzwa ye-Lonnmeter ayithinteki kakhulu ephutheni lokulinganisa elibangelwa amabhamuza egesi ahlanganisiwe noma izinhlayiya eziqinile ezilengisiwe (ukugeleza kwezigaba eziningi). Lokhu kumelana nokungcola kanye nokuqongelela okuqinile kuqinisekisa ukuqhubeka kokulinganisa lapho izinsimbi ezivamile zingahluleka khona noma zidinga ukunakekelwa okuqhubekayo.
Ukungabikho kwezivalo nama-bearings kumelela ukuncintisana okubalulekile. Njengoba indawo ye-D/D/D ichazwa yi-brines yayo ebolile kanye nethuba eliphezulu lokungcoliswa kwezinto eziqinile, ukususa izingxenye zemishini ezisengozini kakhulu kususa umthombo omkhulu wesikhathi sokusebenza kanye nokugcinwa okubizayo okuhlobene nokwehluleka kwemishini ekusetshenzisweni okuluhlaza. Lesi sinqumo sobunjiniyela esiyisisekelo siqinisekisa isikhathi esiphezulu sokusebenza kwe-critical viscosity feedback loop.
Ukulinganisa Okunembile Okungeyona I-Newtonian
Uhlelo lweLonnmeter lusebenza ngokufaka amazinga aphezulu okucheba uketshezi ngokudlidliza. Kumafutha aluhlaza ayinkimbinkimbi, angewona aseNewtonian avamile ku-D/D/D, lapho ukucheba kuncike khona ezingeni lokucheba, lokhu kulinganisa okuphezulu kubalulekile. Kubamba ngokunembile "ushintsho lweqiniso lokucheba" oluhambisana nokuguquguquka kwangempela kokugeleza okuphezulu komugqa wenqubo, kuvimbela izinto zobuciko ze-rheological ezingase zenzeke ngamadivayisi aphansi okucheba, njenge-viscometer ethile ejikelezayo, engase ishintshe ngokungaqondile ukucheba okusebenzayo koketshezi ngesikhathi sokulinganisa.
Ubuholi Bokuhlanganiswa Kwedijithali Obungenamthungo
Ukuze kufezwe amandla okusebenza ngokugcwele, i-viscometer kumele inikeze idatha engasetshenziswa kalula yizinhlelo zokulawula. I-Lonnmeter inikeza imiphumela ejwayelekile yezimboni (4–20 mADC, Modbus) kokubili i-viscosity kanye ne-temperature. Lo msinga wedatha yedijithali ongenamthungo usiza ukuhlanganiswa okusheshayo kuma-Distributed Control Systems (DCS) noma amapulatifomu e-SCADA akhona. Ukusebenzisa lobu buchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe kudinga indlela yokuguqulwa kwedijithali ehlukaniswe ngezigaba, kuqala ngokuhlanganiswa kwedatha yenzwa ukuze kuncishiswe ubunzima bokuqala futhi kuboniswe imbuyiselo yokuqala ekutshalweni kwezimali (ROI). Le datha ehlanganisiwe yakha isisekelo se-matrix yokuxilonga, okuvumela opharetha ukuthi baxhumanise ngokushesha ukungalingani kwe-viscosity neminye imifudlana yedatha (isb., izinga lokushisa, umehluko wengcindezi) ukuze kuqondiswe isenzo sokulungisa esisebenzayo.
VI. Ukuthuthukiswa kanye nesiphakamiso senani lezomnotho
Inani langempela lezomnotho leLonnmeterI-Viscometer Edlidlizayo Esemgqenikuyabonakala lapho ukulinganisa okungasebenzi kuguqulwa kube ukulawulwa kwenqubo okusebenzayo, okuvaliwe. Ukusakazwa kwedatha okunembile, okunobuqotho obuphezulu kusungula indlela yokuphendula edingekayo yokuphatha ngokuguquguqukayo izindleko ezimbili zokusebenza eziguquguqukayo ezinkulu: ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla okushisa.
6.1. Ukuxhumanisa Ukuqina Kwesikhathi Sangempela Nokulawulwa Kwenqubo Eguquguqukayo
Isu lokwenza ngcono lithembele ekuhlanganiseni ukufundwa kwe-viscosity nama-lever okulawula ayinhloko—isilinganiso se-demulsifier kanye nokushisa okushisa—ukuqinisekisa ukuthi i-kinetics yokuhlukanisa efanele igcinwa ngezindleko eziphansi kakhulu.
Umgomo oyinhloko wokulawula ukuhlonza nokugcina iphuzu le-viscosity yokuhlukanisa ephumelelayo encane. Uma uhlelo luthola ukuphambuka, impendulo ibalwa ngokusekelwe ezindlekweni zokusebenza zamanje.
I-Loop Yempendulo Yokuthuthukisa
| Umkhuba Wokugoba Obonakalayo (Isikhathi Sangempela) | Ukuxilongwa Kwesimo Senqubo | Isenzo Sokulungisa (Okuzenzakalelayo/Umqhubi) | Umthelela Wezomnotho Olindelwe |
| Ukuqina komzimba kuyanda ngemva kokuxuba/ukufaka umjovo | Ukuhlukaniswa Okungaphelele noma Izinga Lokubumbana Elinganele | Khulisa Isilinganiso Se-Demulsifier (PPM) NOMA Khulisa Isilinganiso Sezinga Lokushisa | Kukhulisa ukugeleza; Kuvimbela ukuphinda kuhlanganiswe futhi kuhlanganiswe |
| Ukujiya okuzinzile nokungaguquguquki, kodwa idatha yomlando ikhombisa ukuphakama kunokudingekile | Izinga Lokushisa Eliphansi Lokusebenza le-rheology yamanje eluhlaza | Nciphisa i-Pre-heater/Desalter Temperature Setpoint ibe yi-T ephansi kakhulu esebenza kahle | Kunciphisa ngqo ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okushisa; Ukonga okuyinhloko kwe-OPEX |
| Ukuqina kwehla ngokushesha futhi kuzinze endaweni ephansi | Ukuhlukaniswa Okucishe Kube Kahle Kufinyelelwe / Ingozi Yokuguga Okungaphezu Kwezinga Lamakhemikhali | Nciphisa Isilinganiso se-Demulsifier (PPM) ukuze uthole umthamo osebenzayo omncane kakhulu | Kunciphisa ngqo izindleko zokuthengwa kwamakhemikhali kanye nokulahla |
Ukuthuthukiswa Kwesilinganiso Se-Demulsifier
Uhlelo lokulawula lusebenzisa i-viscosity yesikhathi sangempela njengesilinganiso sokusebenza ukuze lulungise ngokuguquguqukayo izinga lokujova kwe-demulsifier. Leli khono liqeda umkhuba obizayo novamile wokusebenzisa amakhemikhali ngokweqile ukuze kulungiswe ukuguquguquka okungahlanzekile noma ukuthembela emiphumeleni yelebhu ebambezelekile. Ngokunciphisa umthamo ube yizinga eliphansi elisebenzayo elidingekayo ukuze kufezwe ukuhlukaniswa okuqondiwe, abaqhubi baqinisekisa ukusetshenziswa okuhle kwama-chemical agents abizayo ngenkathi begcina ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu (isb., ukufeza ukuhlukaniswa kukasawoti okungu-99%).
Ukuphathwa Kwamandla Okushisa
Njengoba izidingo zokushisa kwe-desalter zinqunywa yiphrofayili ye-rheological ye-crude, ukufundwa okunembile kwe-viscosity kuvumela uhlelo ukuthi lugcine amazinga okushisa angaphambi kwe-heater kanye ne-desalter endaweni ephansi kakhulu edingekayo yokuhlukaniswa kwesigaba. Leli khono livimbela ukusetshenziswa kwamandla amakhulu nokungadingekile okuhlobene nokushisa uwoyela ongahluziwe, okuletha ukonga okukhulu nokuqhubekayo kwe-OPEX.
Ngokugcina ukulawula okuguquguqukayo phezu kwalezi ziguquguquko, isitshalo siyashintsha sisuka ekusebenzeni okusekelwe endaweni ehleliwe siye ohlelweni olusebenzayo noluthuthukisiwe lwe-rheology. Lokhu kusakazwa kwedatha kuvumela opharetha ukuthi bashintshele kwifilosofi yokulungisa ebikezelayo. Isibonelo, ukwanda okungazelelwe, okungachazeki kwe-viscosity, lapho kubhekiselwa kukho ngokushisa okuzinzile kanye nomthamo we-demulsifier, kungabonisa inkinga ezayo yemishini, njengokungcola ngokweqile noma ukuguguleka kwephampu, okuvumela ukungenelela kokulungiselela ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke ukwehluleka kokusebenza okubi kakhulu.
6.2. Izinzuzo Ezilinganiswayo kanye Nokufezwa Kwe-ROI
Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-Lonnmeter Inline Vibrational Viscometer kuletha imbuyiselo yezezimali ebonakalayo neqhubekayo kulo lonke uchungechunge lwenani lokukhiqiza.
Izindleko Zokusebenza Ezincishisiwe:
Ukonga Kwamakhemikhali: Ukulawulwa komthamo oguqukayo kunciphisa ukufakwa kwama-demulsifier amakhemikhali abizayo, okuqinisekisa ukugwema izindleko ngokushesha.
Ukonga Amandla: Ukuthuthukisa izinga lokushisa lokushisa ngokusekelwe kudatha ye-rheological yesikhathi sangempela kunciphisa kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli/kwesitimu okukhulu okutholakala ekufudumaleni kukawoyela ongahluziwe.
Ukonga Kokulungisa: Isakhiwo esilula, esingenazo izingxenye ezihambayo, izivalo, nama-bearings, kanye nesici sokuzihlanza senzwa yokudlidliza, sisusa izindleko eziphezulu zokulungisa nokunakekela ezihambisana nezinsimbi ezivamile ekuhlinzekeni okubolayo nokungcolisa.
Ikhwalithi Yomkhiqizo Ethuthukisiwe kanye Nenani: Ukutholakala okuqinisekisiwe kwemigomo yekhwalithi eqinile, njengokufinyelela ku-$\le 0.5$% BS&W kanye nokususwa kwe-PTB ephezulu, kuqinisekisa ukuthi uwoyela ongahluziwe uhlangabezana nemigomo yokuthengisa, ugwema izinhlawulo zezentengiselwano kanye nezindleko ezinkulu ezihambisana nokucubungula kabusha noma ukunciphisa ukugqwala.
Ukwanda Kokusebenza Kahle Nokusebenza Okuphumelelayo: Ukwenziwa ngcono kokufakwa kwamakhemikhali nokushisa kuholela ekuhlukaniseni okusheshayo nokungaguquguquki. Lokhu kunciphisa isikhathi sokuphumula esidingekayo kanye nesikhathi sokugcina, ngaleyo ndlela kwandisa amandla okusebenza asebenzayo esikhungo.
Ukuphepha Okuthuthukisiwe Nokuthembeka: Ukunciphisa ukuthembela ekuthathweni kwamasampula ngesandla kanye nokuhlolwa kwelabhorethri kunciphisa ukuchayeka komqhubi emigqeni yenqubo yokucindezela okuphezulu, izinga lokushisa eliphezulu, kanye nokugqwala. Ukuthembeka okuphezulu kwesakhiwo senzwa esiqinile kunciphisa kakhulu amathuba okuvalwa okungahleliwe okuhlobene nethuluzi.
Ukususa usawoti okusebenzayo, ukuqeda amanzi emzimbeni, kanye nokususa usawoti kuyisisekelo sempumelelo yezezimali kanye nobuqotho bokusebenza kwemboni yama-hydrocarbon. Ubunzima benqubo, ukuguquguquka okuluhlaza, kanye nezimo zokusebenza ezinamandla kakhulu zidinga izinga lokunemba kokulinganisa kanye nokuqina kwezinzwa okungekho ubuchwepheshe obuvamile obungakwazi ukukunikeza. Ubunzima bemishini, ukuthambekela ekugqwaleni, kanye nokuba sengozini yokungcola kwenza izikweletu ze-viscometer zendabuko, okufaka engcupheni kokubili ukusebenza kahle kwenqubo kanye nokuvikelwa kwempahla.
I-Lonnmeter Inline Vibrational Viscometer imi njengesixazululo esiqondile, esakhelwe ngqo ukuchuma kule ndawo yezimboni enobutha. Umklamo wayo olula, ongashukumi izingxenye uqinisekisa ukugeleza kwedatha okuqhubekayo, okunobuqotho obuphezulu, okunqoba izindlela zokwehluleka zangaphakathi zezinhlelo ezivamile zokujikeleza kanye neze-capillary. Ngokulinganisa ngokunembile i-viscosity yangempela, ephezulu ye-oyili engahluziwe eyinkimbinkimbi, engeyona i-Newtonian, i-Lonnmeter inika isu lokulawula elinamandla nelibikezelayo. Leli su linikeza isisekelo sobunjiniyela sokwenza ngcono i-closed-loop yesilinganiso se-demulsifier kanye namaphrofayili okushisa, okuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo ehambisanayo kanye nokusebenza kahle okuphezulu kokusebenza.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwalobu buchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe kuguqula inqubo ye-D/D/D isuke ekusebenzeni okulondolozayo, okugwema ingozi iye ohlelweni oluqondile nolunezindleko ezingcono. Le ndlela iletha imbuyiselo esheshayo nengabalwayo ekutshalweni kwezimali ngokunciphisa okukhulu ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali kanye nokulahlwa kwamandla.
Cela Ukubonisana Okuningiliziwe Nge-RFQ.
Thatha isinyathelo esibalulekile sokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi ye-crude ehambisanayo ngenkathi ukhulisa imbuyiselo yezomnotho. Qala ukonga ezindlekweni zamakhemikhali nezamandla namuhla ngokusebenzisa isisombululo se-inline viscometry esiqinile kakhulu embonini. Funa isiphakamiso sakho sokubonisana ngesisombululo senqubo esenziwe ngokwezifiso kanye nesicelo esiningiliziwe se-Quotation (RFQ). Xhumana nochwepheshe bethu bobunjiniyela manje ukuze uqalise imephu yakho yokwenza ngcono ehambelana ne-rheology yakho ethile ye-crude, imikhawulo yokusebenza, kanye nezinhloso ze-ROI ezidingakalayo.
