Ukulinganiswa koxinzelelo lwe-Urea kwiinkqubo zokususa i-denitration
Imithetho engqongqo yomgangatho womoya kwihlabathi liphela ifuna ukuba izakhiwo zoshishino zilawule ukukhutshwa kwe-nitrogen oxide (NOx). I-Urea, into ekhuselekileyo nezinzileyo, isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiinkqubo zokukhupha umoya ukuze kuncitshiswe i-NOx. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukulinganisela ubungakanani be-urea efakwe kunye namanqanaba e-NOx egesini yolwelo ukuze kufezekiswe ukuncipha kwe-NOx okufunekayo ngaphandle kweengxaki.
UUkunciphisa idosi engaphelelanga akunciphisi i-NOx ngokwaneleyo, nto leyo ebeka emngciphekweni ukungathobeli imithetho. Ukunciphisa inkunkuma ngokugqithisileyo kuyayivuselela, kunyusa iindleko, kwaye kubangela "ukutyibilika kwe-ammonia" - i-ammonia engaphendulwanga iphuma iye emoyeni. Ukutyibilika kwe-ammonia kuyabiza, kuyingozi kwindalo, kwaye kunokwenza iityuwa ezinamathelayo ezifana ne-ammonium bisulfate kunye ne-ammonium sulfate, ezingcolisa izixhobo, zinciphise ukusebenza kakuhle, kwaye zibangele umonakalo.
Imingeni yokujonga i-Urea kwi-Intanethi
Ukungcolisa, ukwenziwa kwekristale, kunye nokubola
Ukungcolayingxaki eqhubekayo, ingakumbi xa amanzi aqinileyo esetyenziselwa ukunyibilikisa i-urea feedstock eqinileyo. Iiminerali ezikumanzi aqinileyo zinokuphuma kwisisombululo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekukhuleni nasekuvalekeni kwezinto ezibalulekileyo, kuquka ii-injection nozzles kunye nee-sensors. Le nto inokubangela ukulinganiswa okungachanekanga kwaye ifune ukulungiswa rhoqo, okubiza kakhulu kunye nokucoca, nto leyo enciphisa kakhulu ixesha lokusebenza kwenkqubo.
Ukwenziwa kwekristalekusenokwenzeka ukuba kwenzeke kumaqondo obushushu aphantsi okukhupha umoya (ngesiqhelo ngaphantsi kwe-200−250∘C) nakwimiphezulu apho isisombululo se-urea sichaphazela khona iindonga zepayipi, senza ifilimu. Ifilimu etyebileyo, edla ngokubangelwa kukwanda komthamo wokutshiza okanye ubungakanani bamaconsi, yenza kube nzima ukuba iimolekyuli ze-urea ziphele ngokupheleleyo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekwakhekeni kwekristale. Le nkqubo yeyona nto iphambili ebangela ukuvaleka kwe-sensor kunye ne-nozzle.
Theindalo ekonakalisayoyesisombululo se-urea ngokwayo ibeka umngcipheko omkhulu ekusetyenzisweni kwezixhobo. Ukwenziwa kwe-urea kubandakanya ukwenziwa kwe-ammonium carbamate, into ebangela ukubola kakhulu enokumosha ngokukhawuleza izinto eziqhelekileyo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekungasebenzi kakuhle kwezixhobo. Ukukhethwa kwezixhobo kufuneka kube yinto ephambili ekuqwalaselweni, njengoko izinto ezisemgangathweni zinokwenziwa zingasebenzi kwaye zifune ukutshintshwa rhoqo kule meko inzima.
Ngaba unemibuzo malunga nokwenza ngcono iinkqubo zemveliso?
Impembelelo yeemeko zeNkqubo eDynamic kwiSilinganiselo
Iimpawu zomzimba zolwelo ngokwalo zizisa ubunzima bokulinganisa ngokuchanekileyo. Ubuninzi besisombululo samanzi bunobuthathaka kakhulu kubushushu nakuxinzelelo. Nokuba utshintsho oluncinci kubushushu lunokuchaphazela kakhulu uxinzelelo lwe-urea nitrogen olulinganisiweyo. Ukufundwa kunokuhamba kakhulu kwaye kubonelele ngedatha engachanekanga kwinkqubo yolawulo ngaphandle kokubuyiselwa kobushushu obufanelekileyo. Olu tshintsho lubonisa imfuneko ebalulekileyo ye-sensor yoxinzelelo lwe-urea equka ukubuyiselwa kobushushu ngexesha langempela ukulungisa olu tshintsho lwenkqubo.
Ngokufanayo, izinto ezinje ngesantya sokuhamba, i-viscosity, kunye nokubakho kwamaqamza omoya aqeqeshwe ngaphakathi zinokubangela ukungazinzi okukhulu kokulinganisa kunye neempazamo, zifuna uyilo lwesensa oluqinileyo noluthembekileyo phantsi kweemeko zokusebenza eziguqukayo.
Isisombululo seLonnmeter: Imitha yoXinzelelo lweUrea
Umgaqo wokusebenza weSensor yoXinzelelo lwe-Urea
Imitha yoxinzelelo lwe-urea ekwinkqubo yi-inline sensor esetyenziswa ekulinganiseni uxinano oluqhubekayo okanye uxinano lwe-binary liquids kwimibhobho, iitanki kunye nezinye izitya. Ubuninzi be-resonant ye-resonant fork eshukumayo butshintsha ngokuthe ngqo kubungakanani kunye nobuninzi bolwelo olujikelezileyo. I-sensor ine-fork enomfanekiso we-U eqhutywa nge-elektroniki ukuze idlidlize kwi-resonant frequency echanekileyo. Xa le fork intywiliselwa kulwelo, ubunzima bolwelo bongeza kubunzima obusebenzayo befork, nto leyo ebangela ukuba i-vibration frequency yayo yehle. I-electronics eziphambili ze-sensor zihlala zijonga olu tshintsho lwe-frequency. Ngokudibanisa olu tshintsho lwe-frequency kunye ne-calibration curve ecwangcisiweyo kwangaphambili, isixhobo sinokubonelela ngomlinganiselo ochanekileyo nophindaphindwayo wobuninzi bolwelo.
Eyona nto intsha ikwinguqu ukusuka ekufundweni koxinano olusisiseko ukuya kwixabiso loxinano olusebenzayo. I-Lonnmeter ifezekisa oku ngokuhlanganisa i-sensor yobushushu echanekileyo kakhulu ngqo kwi-probe. Le sensor inika idatha yobushushu bexesha langempela kwiyunithi yokucubungula yangaphakathi, emva koko isebenzisa i-algorithm enobuchule yokuhlawula ubushushu. Le nkqubo ilungisa ukufundwa koxinano ukuya kubushushu obuqhelekileyo, inciphisa imiphumo yokuguquguquka kobushushu benkqubo. Eli xabiso loxinano olulungisiweyo emva koko liguqulwa libe luxinano oluthile, njengepesenti ngobunzima. Le nkqubo inamanyathelo amabini—ukulinganiswa kwepropati ebonakalayo (uxinano) elandelwa lutshintsho nge-calibration curve kunye ne-temperature compensation—sisisitshixo sokubonelela ngomlinganiselo woxinano lwe-urea ochanekileyo nothembekileyo.
Uyilo oluqhelekileyo lwe-tuning fork sensor lubonelela ngenzuzo enkulu kwindawo enzima yokususa i-nitration. Ekubeni ingenazo ii-orifices ezincinci, imijelo emincinci, okanye ii-diaphragms ezibuthathaka, i-sensor iyakwazi ukumelana ne-foil kunye ne-crystallization echaphazela ezinye iiteknoloji. Ulwakhiwo lwayo oluqinileyo noluvulekileyo luvumela ukuba ulwelo luhambe ngokukhululekileyo lujikeleze ii-tines ezingcangcazelayo, nto leyo enciphisa ithuba lokuba iidipozithi zeeminerali okanye iikristale ze-urea ziqokelele kwaye zinciphise umlinganiselo.
Yenzelwe iNdawo yokuHanjiswa kweMithombo
Iqonda iimeko ezimandundu zesityalo sokususa i-nitration, iLonnmeter iye yakha iisensa zayo ngesayensi yezinto ezibonakalayo phambili. Izinto eziphambili ezimanzisiweyo zesixhobo zenziwe ngezinto ezomeleleyo ezifana ne-316 stainless steel, ezibonelela ngomgangatho ophezulu wokuchasana nokugqwala kweekhemikhali, ngakumbi kwizinto ezinoburhalarhume obukhulu ezifana ne-ammonium carbamate. Izinto ezimelana nokugqwala zandisa ubomi besixhobo sokulinganisa uxinaniso, amaxesha okugcinwa, kunye nokunciphisa ixesha lokungasebenzi elicwangcisiweyo.
I-sensor yobushushu edibeneyo kunye nee-algorithms ezintsonkothileyo zilungisa utshintsho lobushushu, ziqinisekisa ukufundwa okuzinzileyo nokuthembekileyo nokuba kukho ukuguquguquka kolwelo lwenkqubo.
Ukuhlanganiswa Okungenamthungo kunye noQhagamshelwano
Isiphumo se-loop yangoku ye-Lonnmeter ye-4-20mA idibana ngokulula neenkqubo ze-PLC okanye ze-DCS kuba:
- Ucingo olulula:Njengesixhobo sokudlulisa iingcingo ezimbini, sisebenzisa isibini esinye seengcingo zombini umbane kunye nokudlulisela isignali, nto leyo enciphisa ubunzima.
- Isignali Ethembekileyo:Isignali ye-4-20mA ayithintelwa kukwehla kwamandla ombane kumgama omde kwaye ayimelani nengxolo yombane kunye nokuphazamiseka kwe-electromagnetic.
- Ukulinganisa okuLungeleleneyo:Kwinqanaba loxinzelelo lwe-0-100%, i-4mA ihambelana ne-0% kunye ne-20mA ukuya kwi-100%, okuvumela ukukala okuthe ngqo kwinkqubo yokulawula.
- Ikhuselekile kwaye Izinzile:Ukubekwa kwesiseko esifanelekileyo kwesixhobo sokuvavanya kuqinisekisa ukuchaneka kwesignali kunye nokhuseleko lombane, nto leyo ephucula ukuhambelana neenkqubo zoshishino.
Iindawo ezifanelekileyo zokubeka izinto kunye neengenelo ezisebenzayo
Ukusetyenziswa ngempumelelo kwe-sensor yoxinzelelo lwe-urea akupheleli nje ekulinganiseni ngokuchanekileyo; kuxhomekeke ekubekweni ngendlela efanelekileyo ukuze kufumaneke inzuzo yokusebenza.
Inqanaba lokulungiselela kunye nokugcina isisombululo se-urea
Ingongoma yokuqala neyona inengqondo yokusetyenziswa kwe-sensor ekuqaleni kwenkqubo yokususa i-urea: ukulungiswa kwesisombululo se-urea kunye neetanki zokugcina. I-sensor efakwe kweli nqanaba inika ukhuselo olubalulekileyo lomgca wokuqala wolawulo lomgangatho, iqinisekisa ukuba isisombululo esilungisiweyo sikwizinga elichanekileyo ngaphambi kokuba sithunyelwe kwinkqubo yokulinganisa. Olu vavanyo olusebenzayo lunokubona ngokukhawuleza iimpazamo ezivela ekuxutyweni okungalunganga ngesandla, utshintsho kwi-feedstock eqinileyo ye-urea, okanye ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi angcolileyo, okuthintela ezi ngxaki ukuba zingasasazeki ngezantsi kwaye zibeke emngciphekweni inkqubo yonke. Ukubeka iliso kuzinga kwi-tank yokugcina kukwabonelela ngesixhobo esibalulekileyo sokulawula izinto, ukuqinisekisa ukunikezelwa rhoqo nokulungiselelweyo kwe-reagent eyenziwe ngokuchanekileyo.
Ukubeka esweni iMigca yokuNgena kunye neMigca yokuDosa
Ukuze kusebenze ulawulo oluvaliweyo lokwenyani, kufuneka kufakwe imitha yoxinzelelo lwe-urea kumgca wokufaka okanye wokufaka idosi ephezulu ngaphambi nje kokuba kufakwe iimpumlo zokufaka inaliti. Olu lungiselelo lubonelela ngomlinganiselo othe ngqo nochanekileyo we-reagent engena kwinkqubo ngexesha langempela. Le datha iphilayo yingeniso esisiseko yezicwangciso zolawulo eziphambili ezihlala zilungisa izinga lokufaka inaliti ngokusekelwe kumanqanaba e-flue gas NOx alinganisiweyo, ubushushu be-catalyst, kunye nezinye iiparameter zokusebenza.
Nangona ezinye iinkqubo zolawulo zifumanisa iingxaki ezivela ekutshintsheni koxinzelelo kumgca wokulinganisa, umlinganiselo othe ngqo noqhubekayo woxinzelelo unika isignali eqinileyo nethembekileyo. Ingabona iimpazamo zepompo ngokukhawuleza, ukuvaleka okungaphelelanga, okanye imeko yokulinganisa ngaphezulu/ngaphantsi komlinganiselo, okuvumela impendulo ekhawulezileyo, ezenzekelayo ngaphambi kokuba ukusebenza kokunciphisa i-NOx kwenkqubo kube sengozini. Le ndlela isusa isityalo kwimodeli yokulungisa esabelayo ukuya kweyokuqikelela.
Ulwalamano ne-Ammonia Slip
Ixabiso lesensor yoxinzelelo lwe-urea lidlula kude inqaku ledatha enye. Ngokubonelela ngomjelo wedatha ozinzileyo nothembekileyo, isensor ivumela inkqubo yolawulo ukuba ilawule ngokuchanekileyo izinga lokujova i-reagent, iqinisekisa ukuba umlinganiselo ofanelekileyo we-stoichiometric uyagcinwa. Oku kuchaneka kunxulumene ngokuthe ngqo nokuncitshiswa kokutyibilika kwe-ammonia. Isiganeko sokufaka idosi engaphezulu sinokuthintelwa ngexesha langempela, kunciphisa inkunkuma ye-reagent kunye nempembelelo yokusingqongileyo yokukhutshwa kwe-ammonia okungaphendulwanga.
Ixabiso kubathengi
- Ukunciphisa i-NOx kunye nokuthotyelwa kwemithetho okuphuculweyo;
- Ukuncitshiswa kokusetyenziswa kweeReagent kunye neendleko zokusebenza
- Ukwandisa ixesha lokuphumla kunye nokunciphisa imithwalo yokugcinwa
