Imveliso yomgubo wobisi yanamhlanje ifuna ulawulo lwe-viscosity ngexesha langempela ukuze kuphuculwe ukusebenza kakuhle kokomisa kunye nomgangatho wemveliso yokugqibela.Umlinganiselo we-viscosity emgceniivumela ukubekwa esweni rhoqo kwemijelo yobisi kunye ne-concentrate, ixhasa uhlengahlengiso lwenkqubo ngokukhawuleza. Le ndlela iphucula ukuhambelana ngokufumanisa utshintsho lwe-viscosity oluchaphazela ukusebenza komiswa kwe-spray kunye nomgangatho we-powder. Umzekelo, ukusebenzisa unyango lwe-ultrasound okanye i-thermosonication kunokunciphisa i-viscosity yokutya, okuvumela ukulayisha okuphezulu kwezinto eziqinileyo kunye namaxesha okusebenza ande, kunye nokucoca okuncinci rhoqo ngenxa yokuncipha kokwakheka kwe-biofilm. Ulawulo olunjalo ludibanisa ngokuthe ngqo uzinzo lwenkqubo kunye nemveliso, ixesha lokuphelelwa, kunye nokwamkelwa kwabathengi kwimveliso yomgubo wobisi.
Ukuqonda Ukuveliswa koMqulu wobisi
1.1 Inkqubo yokuveliswa komgubo wobisi: Isishwankathelo
Imveliso yomgubo wobisi iqala ngokwamkela ubisi olungavuthwanga kwindawo yokucubungula. Olu bisi lungavuthwanga lujongwa ngokungqongqo umgangatho, lugxile kwiiparameter ezifana ne-acidity, umxholo wezinto eziqinileyo, amafutha, kunye neproteni. Ubisi emva koko luhamba nge-pasteurization—inyathelo lobushushu elisusa iintsholongwane kwaye liphucule ukhuseleko. Emva kwe-pasteurization, i-homogenization inciphisa ubungakanani bee-globules zamafutha, ikhuthaza umxube ofanayo kwaye iphucule uzinzo lwe-emulsion. La manyathelo asisiseko abaluleke kakhulu kukhuseleko, ukuhambelana, kunye neempawu ze-organoleptic zemveliso yokugqibela.
Inkqubo Yokuvelisa Ubisi Oluyimpuphu
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Emva kokwenziwa kwe-homogenization, ubisi luhlala lulungelelaniswa ukuze kulungiswe umxholo wamafutha kunye nezinto eziqinileyo ukuze kuhlangatyezwane neemfuno ezithile zemveliso. Kwimibhobho ethile ekhethekileyo, iinkcubeko zeebhaktheriya zingongezwa kweli nqanaba ukuze zibangele ukubila, okuvumela ukuveliswa kweemveliso ezineempawu ezikhethekileyo zesondlo okanye zokuva.
Inqanaba elilandelayo kukuxinana kobisi, okuqhele ukufezekiswa ngokuphuma kolwelo olungenamanzi, okunciphisa umxholo wamanzi ube malunga nesiqingatha. Olu bisi luxineneyo ngoku lulungele inkqubo yokomisa ngokutshiza, nto leyo ebalulekileyo ekudalweni kwemveliso yokugqibela yomgubo. Kuzo zonke ezi zigaba, iindlela zohlalutyo kunye nolawulo lomgangatho wezibalo zisetyenziselwa ukujonga izinto eziguquguqukayo zenkqubo, ukuqinisekisa ukuveliswa rhoqo komgubo wobisi osemgangathweni ophezulu. Ezi zixhobo zolawulo zinokubandakanya imodeli ye-feedforward stochastic ukunciphisa ukuguquguquka okubangelwa yinkqubo kunye nokulawula ngokufanelekileyo umgangatho kuzo zonke izigaba.
1.2 Indima Ebalulekileyo Yokomisa Ubisi Oluphuma Kwisitshizi
Ukomisa ngesitshizi kuguqula ubisi olumanzi oluxutyiweyo lube ngumgubo ocolekileyo, ozinzileyo kwishelufu ngokuphelelwa ngamanzi ngokukhawuleza. Kweli nqanaba, umxube wobisi uguqulwa ube yi-spray yamathontsi kwaye uvezwe kumlambo womoya oshushu, ngesiqhelo kumaqondo obushushu alawulwa ngononophelo ukuya kuthi ga kwi-200°C, nangona ubushushu bokuphuma buhlala buphantsi kakhulu ukugcina iiproteni kunye nezinye izinto ezisebenzayo. Amanzi akhawuleza aphume kumathontsi, eshiya amasuntswana obisi aqinileyo aqokelelwa njengomgubo.
Le nkqubo ibalulekile ekugcineni nokuthutha umgubo wobisi. Ukomisa ngokutshiza kunciphisa umxholo wokufuma ube ngaphantsi kwe-5%, kunciphisa amathuba okukhula kweentsholongwane kunye nokubola. Isiphumo singumgubo olula, onokuthuthwa lula onokunyibilika kakuhle kwaye uhlala ixesha elide eshelufini. Iimeko zenkqubo—ezifana nobushushu bokungena, ukuhamba komoya, indlela yokwenza i-atomization, kunye noxinzelelo lokutshiza—zichaphazela kakhulu iimpawu zomgubo, kubandakanya umbala, ukunyibilika, ukuhamba kwamanzi, kunye nexabiso lesondlo. Ukomisa ngokutshiza nge-pulse (PSD), indlela entsha, inokuphucula iimpawu ezithile, njengokugcinwa kweproteni kunye nokunyibilika, xa kuthelekiswa nokomisa ngokutshiza okuqhelekileyo.
Ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kakuhle komgubo kunye nokugcina iimpendulo ezingafunekiyo (ezifana neMaillard browning) zilawulwa kufuna ulawulo oluchanekileyo lwenkqubo. Ukulungiswa kwendlela yokwenza i-atomization kunye neemeko zokomisa kunceda ukugcina iiprofayili ezifunwayo zeemvakalelo kunye nezondlo. Umzekelo, iindlela ze-electrostatic atomization zinokunciphisa iincasa ezingafunekiyo okanye i-browning engafunekiyo ngokunciphisa iimpendulo zomphezulu.
1.3 Iintlobo zoMququ wobisi kunye neemeko zokusetyenziswa kwawo
Umgubo wobisi uyafumaneka ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo ukuze uhlangabezane neemfuno ezahlukeneyo:
Umgubo wobisi opheleleyo: Yenziwe ngobisi olupheleleyo oluqhelekileyo, igcina umxholo opheleleyo wamafutha. Ngexabiso eliphezulu leekhalori kunye nesondlo, isetyenziswa rhoqo kwi-confectionery, i-bakery, kunye ne-chocolate manufacture ngenxa yencasa yayo ekhrimu kunye nobume bayo.
Umgubo wobisi olunamafutha amancinci: Yenziwe ngobisi olususwe uninzi lwamafutha alo. Ikhethwa kakhulu xa isetyenziswa xa ifuna amafutha aphantsi, njengeempahla zokubhaka, iziselo zobisi, kwaye njengesiseko kubisi olulungisiweyo. Amafutha aphantsi ayo anceda ekwandiseni uzinzo lokugcina.
Iipowders ezikhethekileyo ezomisiweyo ezitshiziweyo: Ezi ziquka iipowder zetshizi, iipowder zelactose, kunye neepowders ezineeproteni zemifuno ezongeziweyo okanye iiprobiotics. Iipowder zetshizi zibalulekile kwitshizi ecutshungulweyo, izimuncumuncu, kunye nezinongo, ngelixa ipowder yelactose ibalulekile ekutyeni nakwizicelo zamayeza ngenxa yeempawu zayo zokuhamba kunye nencasa ethambileyo.
Uhlobo ngalunye lwepowder lwahlukile kwi-protein, amafutha, kunye ne-carbohydrate, nto leyo echaphazela ukusebenza kwazo kwiimeko ezithile zokwenziwa. Umzekelo, ii-powders ezinamafutha amaninzi zihambelana nesondlo sezemidlalo, ngelixa ii-powders ezifakwe kwi-microcapsulated zandisa amandla okuphila kweemveliso ze-probiotic. Iimpawu zokusebenza—ezifana ne-emulsification, i-foam, i-solubility, kunye ne-viscosity—zinxulunyaniswa ngokuthe ngqo nembali yokucubungula kwaye zinokulungiswa ngokusebenzisa ukwenziwa kunye nolawulo lwenkqubo.
Kukho imingeni ekulungiseni iimpawu zomzimba, ezinje ngokulawula ukuthambekela kokufuma okanye ukuba buthathaka, kodwa uphando oluqhubekayo kwitekhnoloji yokomisa isitshizi kunye nokwenza ngcono ukwenziwa kwefomyula luyaqhubeka nokuphucula ukusebenza komgubo kunye nokwandisa amathuba okusetyenziswa.
Ukuqina kobisi: Iziseko kunye nokubaluleka
2.1 Ukuchaza ubungqindilili ekucutshungulweni kobisi
Ukuqina kobisi yindlela yokulinganisa ukumelana kolwelo nokuhamba kwamanzi. Kwimeko yeemveliso zobisi ezingamanzi, kubonisa ukuba ubisi lutyebile okanye lubhityile kangakanani njengoko luhamba ngemibhobho okanye kwimibhobho yokucubungula. Ukuqina kobisi akuhlali njalo—kuchatshazelwa bubume bobisi, imeko yeeproteni zalo, ubushushu, kunye nobukhulu kunye nokusasazwa kwama-fat globules.
Kwizityalo zobisi, i-viscosity sisalathisi somgangatho kunye nesigqibo sokucubungula. Umzekelo, i-viscosity ephezulu inokucothisa ukuhamba kobisi kwiipayipi, ifuna amandla angakumbi kunye neempompo ezinamandla. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, i-viscosity ephantsi kakhulu inokukhokelela kwimingeni yokusebenza ekudaleni i-emulsions ezinzileyo, okanye ukuziva kakubi komzimba kunye nomlomo kwiimveliso ezifana neekhrimu kunye neyogathi. I-viscosity ehambelanayo ibalulekile kwiinkqubo zokuzalisa ezenzekelayo, ukulawula ukuhambelana kwemveliso, kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuphinda kuvele kwiibhetshi. Ngenxa yezi zizathu, ixesha langempelaumlinganiselo wobungakanani bokutyaUkusebenzisa imitha yokulinganisa i-viscosity yokutya, okanye imitha yokulinganisa i-viscosity yokutya eyenzelwe ulawulo lwenkqubo emgceni, kubalulekile kwimveliso esebenzayo kunye nomgangatho ohambelanayo.
2.2 Indlela Ubungqindilili Obuyichaphazela Ngayo Inkqubo Yokuvelisa Umgubo Wobisi
Ukuqina kobisi yiparameter ephambili ngexesha lenkqubo yokuvelisa umgubo wobisi, ingakumbi kwiteknoloji yokomisa ngokutshiza kwipowder yobisi. Kwinkqubo yokomisa ngokutshiza ubisi, ubisi lufakwa kwi-atom ibe ngamaconsi amancinci ngaphambi kokuba lomiswe ngokukhawuleza ngomoya oshushu. Ukuqina kobisi kuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo inqanaba le-atomization; ukuqina okuphezulu kukhokelela ekwakhekeni kwamaconsi amakhulu, ukusasazwa okungalinganiyo, kunye nokusebenza okunciphileyo kokomisa.
Umzekelo, ubisi lweenkomo olune-viscous ephezulu xa luxutyiwe, lunokuthintela ukusebenza kwe-atomizer kwaye lunciphise umxholo wezinto eziqinileyo kumgubo wobisi owomileyo otshiziweyo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ubisi lwekamela—olune-viscous ephantsi ngokwemvelo—lunokuhlanganiswa ngakumbi, nto leyo evumela ukomiswa kwe-spray okusebenzayo ngakumbi ngemveliso ephezulu yomgubo.
Iitekhnoloji ezifana ne-pulse combustion drying (PCD) ziye zaziswa ukuze zikwazi ukunyamezela ukutya okunoburhabaxa obuphezulu, nto leyo eyandisa amandla okucubungula angaphezulu koko kuvumela ukomisa okuqhelekileyo. Injongo kukuhlala kukwenza ngcono uburhabaxa ngaphambi kokuba komiswe: kuphezulu kakhulu, kwaye umngcipheko wokuvaleka kwemilomo, ukoma okungalinganiyo, kunye neziphene zemveliso uyenyuka; kuphantsi kakhulu, kwaye ukufana kwemveliso kunye nomgangatho womgubo kunokuphazamiseka.
2.3 Izinto Ezichaphazela Ukuqina Kobisi Ngaphambi Nangexesha Lokomisa Ngesitshizi
Kukho izinto ezahlukeneyo ezibangela ukuba ubisi lube lukhuni njengoko luqhubeka nenkqubo yokwenziwa komgubo wobisi:
Ubushushu: Ukunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu kudla ngokunciphisa i-viscosity yobisi ngokunciphisa amandla aphakathi kweemolekyuli. Amaqondo obushushu aphezulu enkqubo enza kube lula ukupompa kunye ne-atomization kodwa kufuneka alawulwe ngokuqinileyo ukuze kuthintelwe ukubola okanye iincasa ezitshisiweyo.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-homogenization: Le nkqubo yoomatshini iqhekeza iiglobules zamafutha, izisasaze ngokulinganayo, kwaye ikhokelele kwi-emulsion ezinzileyo ngakumbi. Ukudibanisa ubisi emva konyango lobushushu kunyusa i-viscosity ngenxa yokusebenzisana phakathi kweeproteni ze-whey eziguquliweyo kunye nee-casein micelles kwi-membrane ye-globule yamafutha ehlengahlengisiweyo. I-homogenization ephezulu kakhulu yoxinzelelo (UHPH) iphucula ngakumbi i-viscosity kwaye iphucula uzinzo lwemveliso.
Uxinaniso (Umxholo wezinto eziqinileyo): Njengoko umxholo wezinto eziqinileyo unyuka, i-viscosity nayo iyakhula. Ubisi oluqinileyo oluphezulu luyimfuneko ekomiseni i-spray engabizi, kodwa kukho umda we-viscosity ophezulu osebenzayo ukuze kuthintelwe iingxaki ze-atomizer. Unyango lwe-ultrasound kunye ne-thermosonication lunokunciphisa i-viscosity, okuvumela abaprosesa ukuba bagxininise ubisi ukuya kumanqanaba aphezulu ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa kukuhamba okanye i-atomization.
Ukufakwa kwezithako kunye nezongezo: Izongezo ezifana nomgubo wobisi olucoliweyo zinokunyusa ngabom ubukhali beempawu ezithile zemveliso, njengakwiyogathi etyebileyo. Kungenjalo, ubukhali bunokulawulwa ngokulungisa ukwakheka kweproteni okanye ukongeza iziqinisi kunye nee-emulsifiers njengoko kufuneka ngokusetyenziswa komgubo ojoliswe kuwo.
Uhlengahlengiso lwe-pH: Ukunciphisa i-pH, ingakumbi ngexesha lonyango lobushushu okanye uxinzelelo, kwandisa ukusebenzisana kweproteni kunye neproteni kunye nokuhlangana, okuphakamisa i-viscosity. Le nkalo ibalulekile kwiimveliso zobisi ezibilisiweyo (ezifana neyogathi) kwaye ichaphazela ukungcoliswa kwezinto ezikhupha umphunga kunye nezomisi.
Ukubeka esweni rhoqo kunye nolawulo oluchanekileyo lwezi zinto ziguquguqukayo—kusetyenziswa rhoqoiteknoloji yokulinganisa i-viscosity emgceni—zibalulekile ukugcina ukusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo, ukunciphisa ukungcola kunye nenkunkuma, kunye nokuqinisekisa iipropati ezisebenzayo ezifunekayo zomgubo wobisi owomileyo otshiziweyo kunye neemveliso ezinxulumene noko.
Iiparameters eziphambili kwiNkqubo yokuSwayiza iMilk Powder
Iindlela Zokomisa Isifutho kunye namanqanaba eNkqubo
Inkqubo yokomisa ubisi nge-milk powder spray iguqula ubisi olumanzi lube ngumgubo owomileyo ngokulawula ukufuma kunye nokwakheka kwamasuntswana. Amanqanaba amathathu aphambili achaza olu tshintsho:
Ukwenziwa kwe-atomization:Ukutya kobisi oluyilwelo kuhlulwe kube ngamathontsi amancinci kusetyenziswa izixhobo ezifana nee-nozzles ze-pressure-swirl single-fluid spray, ii-atomizer ze-rotary disk, okanye izixhobo ze-pulse spray. Ii-nozzles ze-pressure-swirl zenza uluhlu olubanzi lwee-droplet sizes, ngelixa ii-rotary disks zibonelela ngolawulo oluqinileyo kwaye zilungele imveliso enkulu. Ukomisa i-pulse spray kusebenzisa amandla e-pulsed, ukuvelisa amathontsi anokusasazwa kobukhulu obuncinci kunye nokwenza ngcono ukunyibilika komgubo.
Ukusebenza kweGumbi lokomisa:Amathontsi ane-atom angena kwigumbi elifudumeleyo elinomoya olawulwayo. Ukudluliselwa kobushushu ngokukhawuleza kubangela ukuba amanzi aphele kwithontsi ngalinye, nto leyo ekhokelela ekudalweni kwamasuntswana omileyo. Ubushushu bomoya ongenayo, ubushushu bokutya, kunye nesantya sokuhamba kwamanzi kulawula amazinga okomisa, ukususwa komswakama, kunye neempawu zomgubo ngokubanzi.
Ingqokelela yomgubo:Amasuntswana omileyo aphuma emoyeni aphuma kwigumbi, apho iinkanyamba okanye izihluzi zahlula umgubo nomoya ophumayo. Ukwahlulahlula ngokufanelekileyo kugcina imveliso ivelisa kwaye isemgangathweni, kuqinisekisa ukuhamba kakuhle komgubo kwaye kunciphisa ilahleko.
Itekhnoloji yanamhlanje yokomisa isitshizi ivumela uhlengahlengiso lwala manqanaba ukuvelisa iipowders ezineempawu ezijoliswe kuzo—ubungakanani bamasuntswana, ukwakheka komphezulu, kunye nomxholo wokufuma—ezibalulekileyo ekusetyenzisweni nasekugcinweni okusemgangathweni.
Impembelelo yoBungqindilili boKutya kwiNto yokuQuquzela kunye neKinetics yokomisa
Ukuqina kobisi, okuxhomekeka kakhulu kwizinto eziqinileyo kunye noxinzelelo lweproteni, yinto ephambili ekomiseni isitshizi. Ichaphazela i-atomization, ubungakanani bamasuntswana, kunye nolwakhiwo lomgubo:
Ukwakheka kwamaconsi:Ukutya okuphezulu kwe-viscosity—okudla ngokufumaneka ngokwandisa i-sodium caseinate okanye i-total solids—kuvelisa amaconsi amancinci ngexesha le-atomization. Oku, kuphumela kumasuntswana e-powder acolekileyo. I-viscosity yokutya ikwachaphazela ukusebenzisana kwamaconsi namaconsi, ilawula i-agglomeration ngokusebenzisa i-collision dynamics.
I-Kinetics yokomisa:Ubuninzi be-viscosity bucothisa ukufuma, butshintshe amazinga okomisa kunye nokudluliselwa kobushushu ngaphakathi kwamaconsi. Nangona igcina amafutha amaninzi akhululekileyo, ubuninzi be-viscosity bunokuthintela ukoma okusebenzayo kwaye bunyuse umngcipheko weziphene zepowder ezifana nokuhlangana okanye ukuqhekeka kwamasuntswana kumaqondo obushushu angafanelekanga. Umzekelo, ukomisa kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu kakhulu okungena ngokutya okuxineneyo kunokubangela uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi olukhokelela kwiisuntswana eziqhekekileyo kunye nesakhiwo esibuthathaka.
Ulwakhiwo lwePowder:Ulawulo lokuxinana kubalulekile ukuze kufezekiswe imo yepowder oyifunayo. Amathontsi amancinci athanda iipowders ezintle nezifanayo; nangona kunjalo, ukuxinana okugqithisileyo kunokubangela ubunzima bokucubungula, okuchaphazela ukuhamba kwamanzi kunye nokusebenza kwakhona. Ukulinganisela umxholo wezinto eziqinileyo ukulawula ukuxinana kubalulekile ke ngoko kwinkqubo yokwenza umgubo wobisi.
Ukuchaneka kobungqingili bokutya, okufezekisiweyo kusetyenziswa iimitha zobungakanani bokutya okanye ubuchwepheshe bokulinganisa ubungqingili obungaphakathi, kukhokelela kubungakanani obuhambelanayo bamaconsi kunye neempawu zomgubo ezithembekileyo. Ukulinganiswa kobungqingili kwiimveliso zobisi kwenza kube lula ukulawula inkqubo ngexesha langempela, kuphucula umgangatho wemveliso kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso.
Ubushushu, Izinga lokuhamba, kunye neziphumo ze-Atomization kwiMveliso yokugqibela
Ukusebenzisana phakathi kobushushu, izinga lokuhamba kokutya, kunye neeparamitha ze-atomization zibalulekile ekuphuculeni umgangatho womgubo wobisi:
Ubushushu bomoya bokungena:Amaqondo obushushu aphezulu akhawulezisa ukoma aze anciphise ukufuma kokugqibela, kodwa anokwenza uqweqwe oluqinileyo kumasuntswana athintela ukusasazeka. Ukusasazeka okuphezulu komgubo kudla ngokufumaneka kumaqondo obushushu aphakathi okungena (umz., i-110 °C). Amaqondo obushushu aphezulu abeka emngciphekweni ukusasazwa kwakhona kwamafutha okanye ukuwohloka kwezondlo.
Ubushushu bokutya:Ukufudumeza ukutya kuchaphazela ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-viscosity kunye ne-atomization. Amaqondo obushushu aphezulu okutya adla ngokunciphisa i-viscosity, nto leyo evumela i-atomization ecolekileyo, nto leyo enokuphucula ukufana kwe-powder.
Izinga lokuhamba kokutya:Amanqanaba aphezulu okuhamba kwamanzi avelisa amaconsi amakhulu kwaye andise ubungakanani bamasuntswana; amazinga aphantsi okuhamba kwamanzi avelisa imigubo ecolekileyo neyomileyo. Olu lwalamano lubalulekile ekulawuleni uxinano olukhulu kunye nokunyibilika. Iimodeli ezisebenzayo zibonisa ukuba izinga eliphantsi lokuhamba kwamanzi kunye nobushushu obuphezulu bokungena kwamanzi zihlala zivelisa imigubo enomxholo wokufuma onciphileyo kunye nolwakhiwo lwamasuntswana acolekileyo.
Iziphumo ze-Atomization:Ukukhethwa kwe-nozzle okanye i-atomizer kunye neeparamitha zokusebenza (uxinzelelo, ukuhamba komoya, ubungakanani be-orifice) kumisela ukusasazwa kobungakanani be-droplet, okuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo i-formology ye-powder kunye nokuziphatha kokuphinda kulungiswe. Umzekelo, ii-atomizer ze-rotary disk zigcina ulawulo lobungakanani oluqinileyo, ziphucula ukunyibilika kunye nokuhamba kakuhle kwemveliso yokugqibela.
Ukusebenzisana kweeParamitha:
- Ukunciphisa i-viscosity ngobushushu obuphezulu bokutya, okanye ukukhetha i-atomizer efanelekileyo kwiindidi ezithile ze-viscosity, kuphucula ukwakheka kwamaconsi kunye nokuqina komgubo.
- Ukulungisa izinga lokuhamba kwamanzi kunye noxinzelelo lwe-atomization ngokuhambelana neemeko zobushushu kwenza umgangatho womgubo ulungele ukusetyenziswa okukhethekileyo, njenge-low-phenylalanine okanye i-fortified milk powders.
Ukuphucula iiparameters kusetyenziswa indlela yokuphendula umphezulu kunye nomzekelo wezibalo kwenza abavelisi bakwazi ukulungisa inkqubo yokomisa isitshizi somgubo wobisi. Ukubeka esweni okucwangcisiweyo—kusetyenziswa iimitha zokulinganisa ukutyeba kokutya okanye izinzwa eziphambili—kwenza uhlengahlengiso lwexesha langempela lube nokwenzeka, kuqinisekisa ukuba iipowder zobisi ezisemgangathweni ophezulu nezihamba ngokukhululekileyo zifanelekile kwiimfuno ezahlukeneyo zemarike.
Funda Ngakumbi ngeeMetha zoBuxinano
Iimitha zeNkqubo ezingakumbi kwi-Intanethi
Ukudibanisa Umlinganiselo Wokuxinana Okungaphakathi Kwinkqubo Yokuveliswa Komgubo Wobisi
4.1Iingenelo ze-Inline (Continuous) xa kuthelekiswa ne-Offline (Batch) Measurements
Ukulinganisa i-inline viscosity kunika amaxesha okuphendula akhawulezayo kuneendlela zemveli ezingaxhunyiwe kwi-intanethi okanye zelebhu. Olu fundo lwexesha langempela luvumela ukulungiswa kwangoko kweeparameter zenkqubo, ezifana noxinzelelo lokutya okanye ubushushu, okubalulekileyo ekuvelisweni komgubo wobisi. Ukuqonda i-inline kunciphisa iisampulu ngesandla, ngaloo ndlela kunciphisa iimpazamo zomntu kunye nomngcipheko wongcoliseko. Ukubeka esweni okuqhubekayo kubamba ngcono utshintsho lwenkqubo oluthatha ixesha elifutshane oluhlala luphosa iisampulu zebhetshi, okukhokelela ekuqondeni ngcono kwenkqubo kunye nolawulo oluphuculweyo lokufuma kwemveliso, ubume bayo, kunye nokuhambelana.
Ezinye iingenelo ziquka:
- Ukuphuculwa kokusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo: Amaxesha okulinda ancitshisiweyo ukuze kufunyanwe iziphumo zelebhu athetha ukuba iziphumo ziphezulu.
- Umgangatho wemveliso ongcono: Impendulo ekhawulezileyo igcina umgubo wobisi owomileyo otshizwayo ngaphakathi koluhlu olufunekayo.
- Ukungenelela okuncitshisiweyo kwabaqhubi: Ukwenziwa kwezinto ngokuzenzekelayo kunciphisa ukuxhomekeka ekuhlolweni ngesandla kunye nokungenelela.
- Impazamo encinci yesampuliIzixhobo ezikwi-intanethi zirekhoda inkqubo yokwenyani, kungekhona nje umfanekiso omnye webhetshi.
4.2Iiteknoloji zokuva eziqhelekileyo: Ukukhetha iMitha yokuVimba kokutya
Kukho iindlela ezintathu eziphambili zokulinganisa i-viscosity kwimveliso yobisi yanamhlanje:
Iimitha ze-Viscosity ezijikelezayo: Sebenzisa iindawo ezijikelezayo ukuze ubone ukumelana nolwelo. Isebenza kakuhle kodwa isengozini yokungcoliswa kwaye ifuna ukulungiswa rhoqo, ingakumbi xa ubisi luxutywe nezinto eziqinileyo.
UkungcangcazelaIimitha zeViscosity: Linganisa utshintsho lwe-viscosity ngokujonga isiphumo sokudambisa kolwelo lwenkqubo kwi-element engcangcazelayo. Umzekelo, i-viscometer yokutya yeLonnmeter inika uvakalelo oluphezulu—iimpawu eziphambili kwinkqubo yokwenza umgubo wobisi.
Izinzwa ezisekelwe kwi-Acoustic/Ultrasound: Ezi zixhobo ezingadibaniyo zidlulisela amaza e-ultrasonic ngolwelo lwenkqubo kwaye zilinganisa indlela i-viscosity echaphazela ngayo ukusasazeka kwamaza. Zibonelela ngedatha yexesha langempela, azinangxaki yokungcolisa, kwaye zifanelekile ngakumbi kwimisebenzi yokucoca kwindawo (CIP) kunye neyokucoca kwindawo (SIP).
Iimpawu eziphambili zesixhobo sokulinganisa ukuxinana kokutya esilungileyo kwimveliso yomgubo wobisi:
- Uyilo olucocekileyo: 316 intsimbi engagqwaliyo kunye nezixhobo zokucoca ulwelo ukuthintela ungcoliseko.
- Ubuchule be-CIP/SIP: Ixhasa ukucoca okanye ukubulala iintsholongwane ngokungqongqo ngaphandle kokususa inzwa.
- Ukuqina: Ayimelani nemisinga enamandla okuxinana, ingxolo yezityalo, ukungcangcazela, amasuntswana athambileyo, amaqamza, kunye neekhemikhali zokucoca.
- Iindawo ezincinci ezihambayo: Inciphisa ukugcinwa, iphucula ukuthembeka, kwaye inciphisa ukujika kokulinganisa.
- Ulwalamano oluqinileyo neziphumo zelebhu: Iqinisekisa ukuzithemba kulawulo lwenkqubo kunye nolawulo lomgangatho womgubo wobisi.
4.3Iindlela ezilungileyo zokufakela nokugcina iiMeter zeViscosity ezikwi-Inline
Ufakelo
- Beka iisensa kwiindawo ezixubene kakuhle zomgca wenkqubo, kude neendawo ezifileyo okanye iindawo ezinegwebu eliphezulu.
- Qinisekisa ukuba imitha ifikeleleka ukuze ihlolwe kodwa ikhuselekile ekonakaleni ngokwasemzimbeni.
- Beka izinzwa ezikwimigca emeleyo ukuze kulinganiswe ngokuchanekileyo ubungqindilili bobisi.
Imijikelo yokucoca
- Khetha iimitha ezihambelana ngokupheleleyo neenkqubo ze-CIP/SIP ezizenzekelayo, njengoko iimveliso zobisi eziqinileyo zinokwakheka komphezulu.
- Lungiselela uhlolo rhoqo lomphezulu we-sensor kunye nokucoca, ingakumbi kubuchwepheshe bokomisa ngokutshiza kwi-milk powder.
Iishedyuli zoLungiso
- Landela iiprotokholi zokulinganisa zasefektri kwaye ugcine izatifikethi zokulinganisa ezineenkcukacha.
- Qinisekisa ukulinganiswa kwintsimi njengoko kucetyiswayo—ezinye izixhobo zixhasa ukujonga ngokukhawuleza kusetyenziswa imigangatho elandelekayo ye-NIST, okanye zivumele ukulinganiswa kwenkqubo.
- Sebenzisa uphononongo oluqhubekayo lokusebenza kwemitha xa kuthelekiswa nomlinganiselo we-viscosity yelabhoratri kwiimveliso zobisi ukuqinisekisa ukuchaneka okuqhubekayo.
Ulondolozo Jikelele
- Khetha ulwakhiwo oluqinileyo noludibeneyo ukuze lukwazi ukumelana nokucocwa okunzima nokusebenza rhoqo.
- Yenza uhlolo oluqhelekileyo lokwakheka, ukungcola, okanye ukuguguleka koomatshini.
- Sebenzisa iinkqubo zokuxilonga ezakhelwe ngaphakathi okanye zokudibanisa ngokukhawuleza, apho zikhoyo, ukuze kube lula ukugcinwa ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka kwemveliso.
Izityalo ezilandela ezi ndlela zibalaseleyo zifumana ixesha eliphezulu lokusebenza, umgangatho wemveliso ohambelanayo, kunye nokungenelela okuncitshisiweyo ngesandla kuyo yonke inkqubo yokwenziwa komgubo wobisi.
Ukuphucula Umgangatho Wemveliso Ngokusebenzisa Ulawulo Lokuxinana
Impembelelo yoBungqindilili kwiipropati zoMbhobho: Ubungakanani beeParticles, Ukuhamba kwamanzi, kunye nokunyibilika
Ukuqina komzimba kubonakalisa ngokuthe ngqo iimpawu zomzimba zomgubo wobisi ngexesha lokomiswa ngokutshiza. Ukuqina okuphezulu kokutya kukhokelela ekwakhiweni kwamasuntswana amakhulu. Umzekelo, ukunyuka kwamanqanaba e-sucrose kukutya kobisi kubangela ubungakanani obukhulu bamasuntswana kunye noxinano oluphezulu lwamasuntswana, apho amasuntswana amakhulu enziwa xa i-sucrose ifikelela kwi-10% w/w. Oku kudala ukusasazwa kobukhulu bamasuntswana obuqhelekileyo, okunokuchaphazela ukuphathwa kunye nokufaneleka kokusetyenziswa komthengi.
Ukukwazi ukuhambahamba kuxhomekeke kakhulu kubungakanani besuntswana kunye nokuthamba kwesondlo. Njengoko ukuthamba kwesondlo kusanda, nobukhulu besuntswana obuqhelekileyo buyakhula, nto leyo ephucula ukuthamba kwepowder. Izinto eziphucula ukuhambahamba kwepowder ezicocekileyo ezifana ne-ultrafine milk powders zixhomekeke kuthamba olulawulwayo lwesondlo ukuze ziphucule iimpawu zokuhambahamba, ezibalulekileyo ekupakisheni nasekuqhubekeni kwesondlo.
Ukunyibilika kuyahluka ngokweeparameter zenkqubo ezifana nobushushu bomoya wokungena, ezichaphazeleka yi-feed viscosity. Iipowder zobisi ezicutshungulwa kubushushu obuphezulu (umz., 200°C vs 150°C) zibonisa amaxabiso okunyibilika ukuya kuthi ga kwi-99.98%. Ulawulo olufanelekileyo lwe-feed viscosity, kunye nolawulo lweeparameter zokomisa ngokutshiza, luvelisa i-milk powder enyibilikayo ngokufanelekileyo kwaye igcine iimpawu zomzimba ezifunekayo.
Ulwalamano Phakathi kokufundwa kwe-Viscosity kunye neempawu ze-Sensory/Nutritional
Ukulinganiswa ngokuchanekileyo kwe-viscosity kuqinisekisa ukuba iipowder zobisi zihlangabezana rhoqo nemigangatho yomgangatho weemvakalelo nezondlo. I-viscosity yokutya, emiselwa ngamanqanaba eproteni, amafutha, kunye nesitatshi okanye eguqulwe zizithako ezongeziweyo, ichaphazela imvakalelo yomlomo, incasa, kunye nokugcinwa kwezondlo kuyo yonke inkqubo yokuvelisa i-milk powder.
Ukwehla kobukrakra bokutya, nokuba kubangelwa kukonakala okanye utshintsho kwifomyula, kunokukhokelela ekungangeni mnandi emlonyeni nasekuncipheni kwexabiso lesondlo. Umzekelo, ukugcinwa kweziselo ezisekelwe kubisi kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu kunciphisa ubukrakra, okubangela ukuba umlomo ungaziva ukhrimu kangako kwaye kunciphisa ukwamkeleka kwabathengi. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ukuphucula iinkqubo zokutya zeenkomo ezincancisayo (umz., ezitya emadlelweni) kutshintsha iiprofayili ze-fatty acid yobisi kwaye kugcina ubukrakra obuphezulu, okuqinisa ixesha lokuphelelwa kunye nencasa.
Ubisi olungengolwenkomo olufana nobisi lwekamela lufuna ulawulo lwe-viscosity olulungiselelweyo ngexesha lokomisa nge-spray ukuze kubekho i-atomization efanelekileyo. Ukwanda kwezinto eziqinileyo kuphakamisa i-viscosity, kukhuthaza ukwakheka komgubo okungcono kwaye kuqinisekisa ukuba iipropati zeemvakalelo nezondlo zigcinwa ukuze zisetyenziswe kwindawo ethile.
Uphuculo lomgangatho kwinkqubo yokwenziwa komgubo wobisi luvela ekulinganisweni ngokuchanekileyo nangexesha elifanelekileyo kwe-viscosity. Ukusetyenziswa kwee-Lonnmeter inline viscosity metres zokutya kukhokelela ekuphuculweni komlomo kunye nokugcinwa kwesondlo okuphezulu ngokuvumela ukulungiswa ngexesha langempela ngexesha lokomiswa kwe-spray.
Ukuqinisekisa ukufana kweSpray Dried Milk Powder ngoLawulo lweNkqubo
Iinkqubo zolawulo lwenkqubo yezibalo (i-SPC) ezidityaniswe nomlinganiselo oqhubekayo we-viscosity zibalulekile ekufezekiseni ukuhambelana komgubo wobisi owomileyo otshizwayo. Izixhobo ze-acoustic flowmeter kunye ne-inline viscometers zibonelela ngedatha ye-viscosity yexesha langempela, zivumela uhlengahlengiso lwenkqubo kwangoko.
Izixhobo ze-SPC ezifana neetshathi zokulawula kunye nohlalutyo lwePareto zisebenzisa le datha ye-viscosity ukuchonga iziphene, ukuzinzisa inkqubo yokomisa i-milk powder spray, kunye nokuphucula umthamo. Umzekelo, ukujonga i-viscosity kunye nomxholo we-solids kwi-protein concentrate yobisi kuqinisekisa ulawulo oluchanekileyo lokomisa i-spray, okubangela ukunciphisa iziphene kunye nokuphucula ukufana kwemveliso.
Izikhokelo zolawulo lomgangatho womgubo wobisi zanamhlanje (umz., i-HACCP) ziyanda ukubandakanya i-SPC eqhutywa kukufundwa kwe-viscosity emgceni ukugcina imigangatho yemveliso kuyo yonke inkqubo yokwenziwa komgubo wobisi. Le ndlela iqhutywa yidatha iqinisekisa ukuba ukuhamba kwamanzi, ukunyibilika, kunye neempawu zemvakalelo zihlala ngaphakathi kweenkcukacha ezijoliswe kuzo, zikhusela umgangatho wemveliso kwimveliso yobisi enomthamo omkhulu.
Ukusombulula iingxaki kunye nokuphucula iinkqubo kusetyenziswa idatha ye-Viscosity
Imingeni Eqhelekileyo Enxulumene Nokuxinana Kwinkqubo Yokomisa Isifutho Sobisi
Ukuqina komzimba kubalulekile ekulawuleni inkqubo yokuvelisa umgubo wobisi. Ukuqina okuphezulu kokutya kuphazamisa ukwakheka kwe-atomization, okwenza kube nzima ukuvelisa amaconsi anobukhulu obufanayo. Oku kunokukhokelela kwiingxaki ezininzi zenkqubo:
Ukuvaleka kweeNozzles:Xa i-viscosity iphakama ngaphezu kwethagethi, ukutya kuyasokola ukudlula kwimilomo yokutshiza. Oku kubangela ukuvaleka rhoqo, okunciphisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwaye kwandisa ixesha lokungasebenzi. Ukufaka izihluzo zokususa amasuntswana amakhulu kunye nokusebenzisa imilomo eneendlela ezinkulu ezikhululekileyo kunceda ukunciphisa umngcipheko wokuvaleka. Iindlela zokucoca nokulungisa rhoqo ziyimfuneko, ngakumbi xa kusetyenzwa ukutya okuxiniweyo okanye oko kungenazo izinto ezifanelekileyo zokuxutywa okanye ii-emulsifying agents.
Umgangatho wePowder ongaguquguqukiyo:Utshintsho kwi-feed viscosity lutshintsha ukwakheka kwamathontsi ngexesha le-atomization. I-viscosity ephezulu idla ngokuvelisa amasuntswana amakhulu e-powder—la masuntswana anokubonisa umbala omnyama kunye nokusasazeka okungahambi kakuhle. Nangona amasuntswana amakhulu anokuphucula ukuhamba kwamanzi kunye nokufuma, ukuhlangana okugqithisileyo kunokuchaphazela ukunyibilika kunye nokubonakala kwe-powder.
Ukwenziwa kwe-atomization embi:Ukwenziwa kwe-atomization okuzinzileyo kufuna ukuba i-viscosity ihlale ngaphakathi kwemida efanelekileyo. Ukuphambuka kunokubangela ubungakanani obungalinganiyo bamaconsi, okunciphisa isivuno somgubo wobisi owomileyo otshizwayo ofanayo. Uxinzelelo lwe-atomization kunye noyilo lwe-nozzle zichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo amandla okulawula ezi ziphumo.
Iingxaki zokunyibilika:Ukuqina kokutya kuchaphazela indlela izinto eziqinileyo zobisi ezisebenzisana ngayo ngexesha lokomiswa. Ubisi olungafakwanga atom ngokwaneleyo lunokubangela ukunyibilika komgubo okungekuhle, okuchaphazela ukusebenza kwemveliso yokugqibela, nokuba kukusetyenziswa kobisi ngoko nangoko okanye ukuphinda kusetyenziswe.
Ukusebenzisa Idatha Ephakathi Kweenkqubo Ezikhawulezayo
Ukubeka esweni ngexesha langempela ngokusebenzisa iimitha ze-viscosity ezikwi-inline kuguqula ukusombulula ingxaki kwi-spray drying yomgubo wobisi. Ii-viscometer ezikwi-inline, ezifana ne-Hydramotion XL7 kunye nee-acoustic flowmeters, zibonelela ngokufundwa kwe-viscosity yokutya okuqhubekayo nokuchanekileyo njengoko ubisi luhamba kumgca wemveliso. Oku kwenza ukuba abaqhubi bakwazi ukwenza ngoko nangoko ukuba i-viscosity idlula ngaphaya kwee-parameter ezimiselweyo.
Ungenelelo Olusebenzayo:Ukufundwa okusemgceni kunika impendulo ekhawulezileyo. Xa kufunyenwe into engaqhelekanga—masithi, ukunyuka kwe-viscosity okunokwandulela ukuvaleka kwe-nozzle—abaqhubi banokulungisa uxinzelelo lwe-atomization okanye batshintshe ukwakheka kokutya ngaphambi kokuba ingxaki ikhule. Amaqonga olawulo azenzekelayo asebenzisa olu kufundwa ukulungisa iinguqu zokusebenza ngaphandle kokungenelela ngesandla, ukunciphisa iimpazamo zomntu kunye nokwandisa isivuno.
Ukuphuculwa kwenkqubo:Idatha eqhubekayo ivumela ulawulo oluguquguqukayo loxinzelelo lokutya, ukuhambelana, kunye nobushushu, ukuqinisekisa umgangatho kunye nokusebenza kakuhle. Umzekelo, ukuba ukunyuka kwe-viscosity kufunyenwe emva kokutyetyiswa kweproteni, iimeko zenkqubo zinokuguqulwa ukubuyisela umgangatho we-atomization kunye nokuqinisekisa iipropati zomgubo wobisi owomileyo ezitshizwayo ezihambelanayo.
Ukulahlekelwa kunye nokuNcitshiswa kwexesha lokungasebenzi:Uhlengahlengiso olukhawulezileyo oluqhutywa yidatha ekwi-line lubangela ukusilela okuncinci kwebhetshi, inkcitho encinci, kunye nemijikelo yokucoca emifutshane. Iinkqubo ezikwi-line zikwaxhasa ukuqinisekiswa kwenkqubo rhoqo, inzuzo yokuthobela imithetho kunye neemfuno zokhuseleko lokutya.
Iingcebiso Zokuhamba Komsebenzi Wokuvelisa Umgubo Wobisi Osebenzayo
Ukuhlanganiswa ngempumelelo kwedatha ye-viscosity kwinkqubo yokuvelisa umgubo wobisi kufuna uyilo lomsebenzi oluhambelanayo. Iingcebiso eziphambili ziquka:
Ukuhlanganiswa Kwedatha Ezenzekelayo:Iimitha zokulinganisa ubunzulu bokutya kufuneka ziqhagamshele ngqo kwiinkqubo zolawulo ezisasazwe (i-DCS) kunye needeshibhodi zabaqhubi. Umzekelo, izityalo ezisebenzisa ii-Hydramotion online viscometers okanye ii-FLOWave acoustic flowmeters zifumana ukujonga inkqubo ngendlela engenamthungo, ngexesha langempela, zivuselela ngokuzenzekelayo amanyathelo okulungisa xa imida igqithile.
Iideshibhodi zoMsebenzi:Iideshibhodi ezisebenziseka lula zibonisa umlinganiselo wangoku we-viscosity kwiimveliso zobisi kunye nezinye izinto ezibalulekileyo zenkqubo (izinto eziqinileyo zokutya, ubushushu, uxinzelelo lwe-atomization). Oku kuvumela ukutolikwa ngokukhawuleza kunye nokungenelela xa kuvela iingxaki, kuxhasa ukusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo yokwenziwa komgubo wobisi.
Iinkqubo zokuSebenza eziQhelekileyo (ii-SOP):Ii-SOP kufuneka zichaze ngokucacileyo uvavanyo lwe-viscosity ekucutshungulweni kobisi, zigubungele ukulinganiswa, ukugcinwa, kunye neenkqubo zokuphendula ezichanekileyo. Amaxwebhu kufuneka achaze indlela yokulinganisa i-viscosity kumgca wokutya, uluhlu olufanelekileyo lwetekhnoloji eyahlukeneyo yokomisa ngokutshiza kwi-milk powder, kunye nezicwangciso zokuphendula xa kukho ukuphambuka. Ukuhlanganiswa neerekhodi ze-batch ze-elektroniki kuqinisekisa ukulandeleka kunye nokuqinisekiswa kwenkqubo.
Amaqonga okuZenzekelayo kweNkqubo:Iinkqubo eziphambili (ezifana neSpiraTec) zisebenzisa idatha ye-viscosity ukuze ziphucule ukomiswa kwe-spray powder. Iiplatifomu ze-automation ziququzelela imveliso eqhubekayo, zandise isivuno, kwaye zigcina umgangatho ngokungenelela okuncinci komqhubi. Ii-algorithms zokulawula inkqubo ngexesha langempela zilungisa izinga lokutya, ubushushu bokomisa, kunye noseto lwe-atomizer ngokusekelwe kwi-viscosity yokufundwa kobisi.
Uvavanyo Lomgangatho Oluqhubekayo:Ukulinganiswa kwe-inline viscosity kwiimveliso zobisi kunceda ekulawuleni umgangatho womgubo wobisi, ukuqinisekisa ukuba yonke ibhetshi iyahlangabezana neemfuno zemveliso ngobukhulu bamasuntswana, ukunyibilika, kunye nokuhamba kwamanzi. Izilumkiso ezizenzekelayo kunye neenkqubo zengxelo zilungelelanisa ukusombulula iingxaki kwaye zithintele ukuhla kwexabiso lemveliso.
Ngamafutshane, ukudibanisa idatha ye-viscosity evela kwiimitha ze-viscosity zokutya kunye nee-inline sensors kwi-process automation kunye nemisebenzi yokusebenza yabaqhubi kubalulekile kwimveliso yomgubo wobisi owomileyo ocoliweyo osebenza kakuhle nosemgangathweni ophezulu. Le ndlela ixhasa ukubonwa kwangethuba kwemingeni, impendulo ekhawulezileyo, kunye nokuphuculwa kwenkqubo okuqhubekayo kuyo yonke inkqubo yokuvelisa umgubo wobisi.
Ukuqinisekiswa koMgangatho kunye nokuqwalaselwa koKhuseleko lokutya
7.1 Indima yoBeko-liso lweViscosity ekuThotyelweni kweMithetho
Ukubeka iliso kwi-inline viscosity kudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekufezekiseni imimiselo yokhuseleko lokutya kuyo yonke inkqubo yokuvelisa umgubo wobisi. Ngokudibanisa iimitha ze-viscosity zokutya ngokuthe ngqo kwimisebenzi eqhubekayo efana netekhnoloji yokomisa ngokutshiza kwi-milk powder, abavelisi bafumana imilinganiselo ezenzekelayo, ethembekileyo, nelandelekayo yeparameters ezifana ne-viscosity yobisi, izinto eziqinileyo zizonke, kunye nomxholo weproteni. Itekhnoloji yohlalutyo lwenkqubo yanamhlanje (i-PAT), kubandakanya iimitha ze-acoustic ezikwi-inline, ivumela uxwebhu lwexesha langempela kwibhetshi nganye yemveliso, ibonelela ngomkhondo wedijithali olungele uphicotho ohambelana neemeko zenkqubo kunye nezigqibo.
Iingenelo eziphambili zokuthobela imithetho ziquka:
- Ukufunyanwa kwangoko kokuphambuka kwenkqubo, okuxhasa amanyathelo okulungisa ngaphambi kokuba kuveliswe imveliso engathobeliyo.
- Ukurekhoda idatha ngokuzenzekelayo yokulinganisa i-viscosity kwiimveliso zobisi, okwanelisa iimfuno zamaxwebhu kwimigaqo efana ne-HACCP kunye ne-FSMA.
- Ukulandelelana okuphuculweyo, okuvumela abavelisi ukuba balandelele baze baqinisekise ulawulo lomgangatho womgubo wobisi ukubuyela kwixesha elithile kunye nemeko yokwenziwa.
Ngokuvumela uhlalutyo lwedatha ngokweqela, ukujonga i-viscosity emgceni kwenza kube lula ukuphendula ekuphambukeni komgangatho kwaye kuxhasa ukuchongwa kwesizathu esikhawulezileyo, kuphucula ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho kunye nolawulo lokukhumbula.
7.2 Ukucoca, Ukulinganisa, kunye noCoceko lweeMeter zokuViscosity zokutya
Iimitha ze-viscosity ezisetyenziswa kwinkqubo yokuvelisa umgubo wobisi zifuna ukucocwa okungqongqo kunye nokulinganiswa ukuze kukhuselwe ukuthembeka kokulinganisa kunye nokhuseleko lwemveliso. Iinkqubo zokucoca endaweni (CIP) zisemgangathweni: izixhobo zicocwa ngaphandle kokuziqhaqha, ngokuqhelekileyo kusetyenziswa imijikelo ezenzekelayo equka ukuhlamba kwangaphambili, ukucoca isepha, ukuhlamba ngamanzi ashushu kunye ne-asidi, kunye nokuhlamba kokugqibela kumaqondo obushushu athile kunye namazinga okuhamba kwamanzi.
Iindlela ezilungileyo ze-CIP kwimveliso yobisi ziquka:
- Ukucwangcisa imijikelo yokucoca ngokusekelwe kuvavanyo lomngcipheko olubhaliweyo kunye nezikhokelo zomenzi, ukunciphisa ungcoliseko oludibanisayo phakathi kweebhetshi zenkqubo yokomisa ubisi olutshizwayo.
- Ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kakuhle kokucoca ngokusebenzisa iisampulu ze-microbiological rhoqo, ukuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kwemigangatho yokhuseleko lokutya efana ne-3-A Sanitary Standards.
Ukulinganisa kubaluleke ngokulinganayo. Iimitha zokulinganisa ukutya ezinokuthenjwa zifuna ukulinganisa rhoqo, okubhaliweyo ngokwemigangatho yoshishino:
- Ukulinganisa kufuneka kwenziwe ngamaxesha athile amiselweyo kwaye emva kotshintsho lwenkqubo ukugcina ukuchaneka kovavanyo lwe-viscosity ekucutshungulweni kobisi.
- Uyilo lwezixhobo zokuvasa, olufutshane nolucocwa lula, lunceda ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokulinganiswa okufanelekileyo.
- Iirekhodi zokulinganisa kufuneka zigcinwe kwaye zifumaneke kwiingxelo zolawulo ukuze kuboniswe ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho okuqhubekayo.
Imijikelo yokulungisa rhoqo kufuneka iquke ukuhlolwa nokutshintshwa kwezitywini kunye neegasket, ukuthintela ukwakheka okunokuchaphazela ukufundwa kwe-viscosity okanye ukungenisa iintsholongwane. Ukuhlanganiswa neenkqubo zokuzenzekelayo kunokubonelela ngokuchongwa kweempazamo kunye nesaziso esikhawulezileyo malunga nokungahambi kakuhle, kunceda ulawulo lomngcipheko wenkqubo yokwenziwa komgubo wobisi. Ukudibanisa ukucoca okucwangcisiweyo, ukulinganiswa, kunye noyilo olucocekileyo sisiseko sokomisa ngokutshiza rhoqo komgubo wobisi kunye nokuveliswa komgubo wobisi owomileyo ophucukileyo.
Imibuzo Ebuzwa Rhoqo (Ii-FAQ)
1. Yintoni ukubaluleka kwe-viscosity kwinkqubo yokuvelisa umgubo wobisi?
Ukuqina kobisi kulawula indlela ubisi oluziphatha ngayo ngexesha lamanyathelo abalulekileyo afana nokufuma kunye nokomisa nge-spray. Imisela ukuba ubisi luhamba lula kangakanani kwaye lu-atomize, nto leyo echaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ubungakanani bamasuntswana, ukunyibilika, kunye nokusasazeka komgubo wokugqibela. Ukulawulwa okungalunganga kokuqina kobisi kunokubangela iimpawu zomgubo ezingalinganiyo, isivuno esinciphileyo, kunye nomgangatho ongaguqukiyo. Umzekelo, ukuqina okuphezulu kwandisa ukuhlangana kwi-spray dryers, okuchaphazela ulwakhiwo lomgubo kunye nokunyibilika kwawo. Ulawulo olufanelekileyo lwe-viscosity lukhokelela kwiimpawu ezithembekileyo zeemvakalelo kunye nezondlo kwi-spray dryers powder.
2. Isixhobo sokulinganisa ubungqindilili bokutya siyiphucula njani inkqubo yokomisa ubisi olutshizwayo?
Imitha yokulinganisa i-viscosity yokutya efana ne-inline acoustic flowmeter okanye i-rotary viscometer ibonelela ngomlinganiselo we-viscosity oqhubekayo, wexesha langempela kumjelo wenkqubo. Oku kwenza impendulo ekhawulezileyo kunye nohlengahlengiso oluzenzekelayo lokwakheka kokutya okanye useto lwenkqubo. Ukuba i-viscosity yobisi iyaphambuka kwi-optimal, inkqubo inokulungisa ngokukhawuleza uxinaniso okanye ubushushu bezinto eziqinileyo, igcine iipropati ze-powder ezihambelanayo kwaye inciphise inkunkuma yezinto. Izifundo zezityalo eziphilayo zibonisa ukuba ezi zixhobo zinciphisa ilahleko yesivuno kwaye zonyusa ukusebenza kakuhle kwamandla ngexesha lokomisa i-milk powder spray.
3. Zeziphi izinto ezichaphazela ubungqindilili bobisi ngaphambi kokuba lomiswe ngokutshizwa?
Ziliqela izinto ezibangela ukuba ukutya kobisi kube mnandi:
- Ubushushu:Amaqondo aphezulu obushushu bobisi anciphisa i-viscosity; iimeko zokwenziwa kwe-pasteurization zichaphazela ulwakhiwo lweproteni kunye nozinzo.
- Uxinzelelo lweeProteni kunye namafutha:Iproteni ephezulu kunye nomxholo wezinto eziqinileyo zizonke zonyusa i-viscosity, nto leyo ekhokelela kwiimpawu ze-emulsion ezibonakala ngakumbi.
- Inqanaba lokuHlanganisa:Ukuhlanganiswa okunamandla ngakumbi kunciphisa ubungakanani be-fat globule, kuzinzisa i-emulsions kwaye kunciphisa i-viscosity.
- Izithako ezongezelelweyo:Izinto eziqinisayo, iiswekile, okanye iiminerali ezongeziweyo zinokutshintsha indlela esebenza ngayo i-viscosity kunye ne-emulsion.
Ukulawula ezi zinto ziguquguqukayo kuqinisekisa ukuba ukutya kobisi kuhamba kakuhle kwaye kufumaneka kwi-atomizes ngendlela eqikelelweyo kwi-spray dryer, okuxhasa ukwakheka komgubo ozinzileyo kunye neempawu zomzimba ezifunekayo.
4. Zeziphi iintlobo zeemitha ze-viscosity ezikwi-inline ezifanelekileyo kakhulu ekusetyenzisweni kobisi?
Iimitha ze-viscosity ezisemgangathweni ezisetyenziswa kwimveliso yomgubo wobisi zezi:
- IiViscometers ezijikelezayo:Linganisa ngokuthe ngqo ukumelana nokujikeleza; iqinile, ifanelekile kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zobisi. Kufuneka ibe yeyodidi lokutya kwaye ihambelane neenkqubo zokucoca endaweni (CIP) okanye zokubulala iintsholongwane (SIP).
- IiViscometers ezishukumayo (ezivakalayo):Sebenzisa amaza okungcangcazela okanye isandi ukuze ubone utshintsho kwi-viscosity; iyasebenza ekulandeleni ulwelo olungelulo olweNewtonian olufana ne-milk protein concentrate.
- Iimitha zeCoriolis:Thetha nge-viscosity evela kwidatha ye-oscillation kunye nokuhamba kwamanzi; kuqinisekiswe ukuba kubonelela ngemilinganiselo ethembekileyo neqhubekayo kwimijelo yobisi.
Ii-viscometers ezikwi-intanethi ezikumgangatho wezoshishino ezenzelwe ukumelana ne-CIP/SIP kwaye zakhiwe ukuze zikwazi ukumelana nokungcola kobisi zibalulekile ekusetyenzisweni ngokuchanekileyo nangokulula kwiinkqubo zokomisa nge-milk powder spray.
5. Kutheni ukulinganisa i-inline viscosity kukhethwa kuneendlela ezingasebenziyo kwimveliso yomgubo wobisi?
Ukulinganisa i-inline viscosity kunika ukujonga ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka, ngexesha langempela, ngelixa iindlela ezingasebenziyo zixhomekeke kwisampulu yesandla rhoqo kunye nohlalutyo lwelebhu. Indlela yexesha langempela ivumela impendulo ekhawulezileyo kutshintsho lwenkqubo, iqinisekisa umgangatho ozinzileyo kwaye ithintele ukwenziwa kweebhetshi ezingahambelaniyo. Ikwanciphisa ixesha lokungasebenzi, inciphisa inkunkuma yezixhobo, kwaye ixhasa ulawulo olufanelekileyo lwenkqubo—iingenelo eziphambili ekusebenzeni kakuhle kokwenziwa komgubo wobisi kunye nokuthobela imithetho. Iindlela ezingaphakathi zihambelana nokuchaneka kwelebhu kodwa zibonelela ngexabiso eliphezulu lemizi-mveliso, ngakumbi kwiinkqubo eziqhubekayo ezifana nokomisa ngokutshiza.
