I. Ukubaluleka kokulinganiswa kobungqindilili berabha kwimveliso ye-SBR
Ukuveliswa ngempumelelo kweStyrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR) kuxhomekeke kulawulo oluchanekileyo kunye nokubekwa esweni kweempawu zayo ze-rheological. Ukuqina, okulinganisa ukumelana kwezinto nokuhamba kwazo, kumi njengepharamitha enye ebalulekileyo ye-physicochemical elawula zombini ukuqhubekeka kwe-processable ye-intermediate rubber compounds kunye ne-final quality index yeempahla ezigqityiweyo.
Kwiirabha yokwenziwainkqubo yokuvelisa, i-viscosity ibonelela nge-proxy ethe ngqo nelinganisekayo yeempawu zesakhiwo ezisisiseko ze-polymer, ngakumbi ubunzima bayo be-molecular (MW) kunye nokusasazwa kobunzima be-molecular (MWD).umlinganiselo we-viscosity yerabhaichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukuphathwa kwezinto kunye nokusebenza kwemveliso egqityiweyo. Umzekelo, iikhompawundi ezibonisa i-viscosity ephezulu kakhulu zibeka imida enzima kwimisebenzi esezantsi efana nokukhupha okanye ukuhlaziya, okukhokelela ekusetyenzisweni kwamandla aphezulu, ukwanda koxinzelelo lokusebenza, kunye nokusilela kwezixhobo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iikhompawundi ezine-viscosity ephantsi kakhulu zisenokungabi namandla okunyibilika afunekayo ukugcina ukuthembeka kobukhulu ngexesha lokwenziwa okanye isigaba sokugqibela sokuphiliswa.
Irabha yeStyrene-Butadiene (SBR)
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Ngaphandle kokuphathwa nje ngoomatshini, ulawulo lwe-viscosity lubalulekile ekufezekiseni ukusasazwa okufanayo kwezongezo ezibalulekileyo zokuqinisa, ezifana ne-carbon black kunye ne-silica. Ukuhambelana kokusasazwa oku kulawula iimpawu zoomatshini zokugqibela, kubandakanya imilinganiselo ebalulekileyo efana namandla okutsalwa, ukumelana nokukrala, kunye nokuziphatha okuntsonkothileyo okubonakalayo emva kokubainkqubo yokuxuba irabha.
II. Iziseko zeStyrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR)
Yintoni irabha yeStyrene Butadiene?
Irabha yeStyrene Butadiene (SBR) yi-elastomer yokwenziwa eguquguqukayo, esetyenziswa kakhulu ngenxa yomlinganiselo wayo ogqwesileyo weendleko-ukusebenza kunye nokufumaneka komthamo ophezulu. I-SBR yenziwe njenge-copolymer ethathwe ikakhulu kwi-1,3-butadiene (malunga ne-75%) kunye ne-styrene monomers (malunga ne-25%). Ezi monomers zidityaniswe nge-chemical reaction ebizwa ngokuba yi-copolymerization, zenze imixokelelwane yepolymer ende, eneyunithi ezininzi. I-SBR yenzelwe ngokukodwa usetyenziso olufuna ukuqina okuphezulu kunye nokumelana nokukrala okungaqhelekanga, okwenza ukuba ibe lukhetho olufanelekileyo kwiitreyi zamatayara.
Inkqubo yokuVelisa iRubber yokwenziwa
Ukwenziwa kwe-SBR kwenziwa ngeendlela ezimbini ezahlukeneyo zokwenza i-polymerization yemizi-mveliso, nto leyo ephumela kwizixhobo ezineempawu ezahlukeneyo kwaye zifuna ulawulo oluthile lwe-viscosity ngexesha lesigaba solwelo.
Ukwenziwa kwe-Emulsion Polymerization (E-SBR):Kule ndlela yakudala, ii-monomers ziyasasazwa okanye zixutywe kwisisombululo samanzi kusetyenziswa i-surfactant efana nesepha. Le mpendulo iqalwa ngabaqalisi bee-free radical kwaye ifuna izibambisi ukuthintela ukuwohloka kwemveliso. I-E-SBR inokuveliswa kusetyenziswa amaqondo obushushu enkqubo ashushu okanye abandayo; i-E-SBR ebandayo, ngokukodwa, yaziwa ngokuxhathisa ukurhawuzelelwa okuphezulu, amandla okutyhafa, kunye nokuqina okuphantsi.
Isisombululo sePolymerization (S-SBR):Le ndlela iphucukileyo ibandakanya i-anionic polymerization, edla ngokusebenzisa i-alkyl lithium initiator (efana ne-butyllithium) ngaphakathi kwe-hydrocarbon solvent, edla ngokuba yi-hexane okanye i-cyclohexane. Amanqanaba e-S-SBR ngokubanzi anobunzima obuphezulu beemolekyuli kunye nokusasazwa okuncinci, okubangela iipropati eziphuculweyo ezifana nokuguquguquka okungcono, amandla aphezulu okutsalwa, kunye nokumelana okuphantsi kakhulu kokuqengqeleka kwamatayara, okwenza i-S-SBR ibe yimveliso ebiza kakhulu nexabiso eliphezulu.
Okubalulekileyo kukuba, kuzo zombini iinkqubo, impendulo ye-polymerization kufuneka iphele ngokuchanekileyo ngokungenisa i-chain terminator okanye i-short-stop agent kwi-reactor effluent. Oku kulawula ubude be-chain yokugqibela, inyathelo elimisela ngokuthe ngqo ubunzima bokuqala be-molecular kwaye, ngenxa yoko, isiseko.i-viscosity yerabhangaphambi kokuba ixutywe.
Iimpawu zeStyrene Butadiene Rubber
I-SBR ixabiswa ngenxa yeprofayili eqinileyo yeempawu zomzimba nezoomatshini:
Ukusebenza koomatshini:Amandla aphambili aquka amandla aphezulu okutsalwa, adla ngokuba phakathi kwe-500 ukuya kwi-3,000 PSI, kunye nokumelana okuhle kokurhawuzelelwa. I-SBR ikwabonisa ukumelana okuhle neseti yokucinezelwa kunye nokumelana okuphezulu kwempembelelo. Ngaphezu koko, le nto iyakwazi ukumelana nokuqhekeka, nto leyo evumela ukufakwa kwenani elikhulu lezinto zokuqinisa, ezifana nomnyama wekhabhoni, ukuphucula amandla kunye nokumelana ne-UV.
Iprofayili yeekhemikhali kunye ne-Thermal:Nangona ngokubanzi ingamelani namanzi, utywala, ii-ketones, kunye nee-asidi ezithile ze-organic, i-SBR ibonakalisa ubuthathaka obubonakalayo. Ayimelani kakuhle neeoyile ezisekelwe kwi-petroleum, amafutha e-hydrocarbon aromatic, i-ozone, kunye nezinyibilikisi ze-halogenated. Ngokwe-thermal, i-SBR igcina ukuguquguquka kuluhlu olubanzi, kunye nokusetyenziswa okuqhubekayo okuphezulu malunga ne-225°F kunye nokuguquguquka okuphantsi kobushushu okufikelela kwi--60℉.
Ubunzulu njengeSibonakaliso esiPhambili soBunzima beMolekyuli kunye noLwakhiwo lweChain
Iimpawu ze-rheological ze-polymer eluhlaza zixhomekeke ngokusisiseko kwisakhiwo se-molecular—ubude kunye nobungakanani bokuqhekeka kwe-polymer chains—esekwe ngexesha le-polymerization stage. Ubunzima obuphezulu be-molecular buthetha ukuba yi-viscosity ephezulu kunye namazinga okunyibilika aphantsi alinganayo (MFR/MVR). Ke ngoko, ukulinganisa i-intrinsic viscosity (IV) kwangoko ekukhutshweni kwe-reactor kuyafana nokusebenza ngokuqhubekayo nokubeka esweni ukwakheka kwe-molecule architecture ekujoliswe kuyo.
III. Imigaqo ye-Rheological eLawula ukuSebenza kwe-SBR
Imigaqo ye-rheological, ukuxhomekeka kwesantya sokucheba, uvakalelo lobushushu/uxinzelelo.
I-Rheology, isifundo sendlela izinto eziguquka ngayo kwaye zihamba ngayo, inika isakhelo sesayensi sokuqonda indlela yokuziphatha kwe-SBR phantsi kweemeko zokucubungula imboni. I-SBR ichazwa njengezinto ezintsonkothileyo ze-viscoelastic, oko kuthetha ukuba ibonisa iimpawu ezidibanisa i-viscous (ixesha elide, elifana nolwelo) kunye neempendulo ze-elastic (ezinokufumaneka kwakhona, ezifana nokuguquguquka okuqinileyo). Ulawulo lwezi mpawu luxhomekeke kakhulu kwisantya kunye nobude bomthwalo osetyenzisiweyo.
Iikhompawundi ze-SBR ngokusisiseko aziyo-Newtonian fluids. Oku kuthetha ukuba zibonakalai-viscosity yerabhaayiloxabiso elingaguqukiyo kodwa ibonisa ukubalulekaukuxhomekeka kwisantya sokucheba; i-viscosity iyancipha kakhulu njengoko isantya sokucheba sinyusa into eyaziwa ngokuba yi-shear thinning. Le ndlela yokuziphatha engeyiyo ye-Newtonian inefuthe elikhulu kulawulo lomgangatho. Amaxabiso e-viscosity afunyenwe kumazinga aphantsi okucheba, njengalawo alinganiswe kuvavanyo lwe-viscometer yendabuko yeMooney, anokubonelela ngokubonakaliswa okunganelanga kokuziphatha kwezinto phantsi kwamazinga aphezulu okucheba afumaneka kwimisebenzi yokuxuba, ukuxova, okanye yokukhupha. Ngaphaya kokucheba, i-viscosity ikwanobuthathaka kakhulu kubushushu; ubushushu benkqubo bunciphisa i-viscosity, enceda ukuhamba. Ngelixa uxinzelelo lukwachaphazela i-viscosity, ukugcina ubushushu obuzinzileyo kunye nembali yokucheba ehambelanayo kubaluleke kakhulu, njengoko i-viscosity inokutshintsha ngokuguquguqukayo ngokucheba, uxinzelelo, kunye nexesha lokucubungula.
Impembelelo yeePlasticizers, iiFillers, kunye neeProcessing Aids kwi-SBR Viscosity
Iukucubungula irabhainqanaba, elaziwa ngokuba yi-compounding, libandakanya ukudibanisa izongezo ezininzi ezitshintsha kakhulu i-rheology ye-SBR polymer esisiseko:
Izinto zokucoca:Iioyile zenkqubo zibalulekile ekuphuculeni ukuguquguquka kunye nokuqhubekeka kwe-SBR iyonke. Zisebenza ngokunciphisa i-composite viscosity ye-compound, nto leyo enceda ngaxeshanye ukusasazeka okufanayo kwezizalisi kwaye ithambise i-polymer matrix.
Izizalisi:Iiarhente zokuqinisa, ikakhulu i-carbon black kunye ne-silica, ziyayinyusa kakhulu i-viscosity yento, nto leyo ekhokelela kwiziganeko ezintsonkothileyo zomzimba eziqhutywa kukudibana kwe-filler-filler kunye ne-filler-polymer. Ukufezekisa ukusasazwa okufanelekileyo kukulinganisela; iiarhente ezifana ne-glycerol zinokusetyenziselwa ukuthambisa ii-lignosulfonate fillers, zilungise i-viscosity ye-filler kufutshane ne-SBR matrix viscosity, ngaloo ndlela zinciphisa ukwakheka kwe-agglomerate kwaye ziphucule i-homogeneity.
Iiarhente zokuVulcanizing:Ezi khemikhali, kuquka i-sulfur kunye ne-accelerators, zinika utshintsho olukhulu kwi-rheology ye-compound enganyangwanga. Zichaphazela izinto ezifana nokhuseleko lokutsha (ukuchasana nokudibanisa kwangaphambi kwexesha). Ezinye izongezo ezikhethekileyo, ezifana ne-fumed silica, zingasetyenziswa ngobuchule njengee-arhente zokwandisa i-viscosity ukufezekisa iinjongo ezithile ze-rheological, njengokuvelisa iifilimu ezijiyileyo ngaphandle kokutshintsha umxholo we-solids iyonke.
Ukudibanisa i-Rheology kwi-Vulcanization yenkqubo yerabha kunye noxinano lokugqibela lwe-Cross-Link
Imeko ye-rheological enikezelwa ngexesha lokuhlanganiswa nokwenziwa kwayo inxulumene ngokuthe ngqo nokusebenza kwenkonzo yokugqibela yemveliso evulcanized.
Ukufana kunye nokuSasazwa:Iiprofayili ze-viscosity ezingahambelaniyo ngexesha lokuxuba—ezidla ngokunxulunyaniswa nokufakwa kwamandla okungekho ngqiqweni—zibangela ukusasazeka okungalunganga kunye nokusasazwa okungafaniyo kwephakheji yokudibanisa (i-sulfur kunye ne-accelerators).
Inkqubo yoVulcanization yerabha:Le nkqubo yekhemikhali engenakuguqulwa ibandakanya ukufudumeza i-SBR compound, edla ngokuba ne-sulfur, ukuze kudalwe amakhonkco ahlala ehleli phakathi kwee-polymer chains, nto leyo ephucula kakhulu amandla erabha, ukuthamba kwayo, kunye nokuqina kwayo. Le nkqubo ibandakanya amanqanaba amathathu: inqanaba lokungeniswa (ukutsha) apho kwenzeka khona ukwakheka kokuqala; inqanaba lokudibanisa okanye lokuphilisa (impendulo ekhawulezayo kwi-250 ℉ ukuya kwi-400 ℉; kunye nemeko efanelekileyo.
Uxinano lweCross-Link:Iimpawu zokugqibela zoomatshini zilawulwa yi-cross-link density efunyenweyo.camaxabiso athintela intshukumo yetsheyini yemolekyuli, ephakamisa imodulus yokugcina kwaye echaphazela impendulo ye-viscoelastic yesixhobo (eyaziwa ngokuba yi-Payne effect). Ke ngoko, ulawulo oluchanekileyo lwe-rheological kwizigaba ezinganyangwanga, zokucubungula lubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba ii-precursors zemolekyuli zilungiselelwe ngokuchanekileyo kwimpendulo yokuphilisa elandelayo.
IV. Iingxaki ezikhoyo ekulinganisweni kobungqindilili
Imida yoVavanyo lweNdabuko olungaxhunyiwe kwi-intanethi
Ukuthembela ngokubanzi kwiindlela zolawulo lomgangatho zesiqhelo, ezingaqhubekiyo, nezifuna abasebenzi abaninzi kubeka imida ebalulekileyo yokusebenza kwimveliso ye-SBR eqhubekayo, nto leyo ethintela ukwenziwa ngcono kwenkqubo ngokukhawuleza.
Uqikelelo lweMooney Viscosity kunye neLag:Isalathisi somgangatho oyintloko, iMooney viscosity, ngokwesiko ilinganiswa ngaphandle kwe-intanethi. Ngenxa yobunzima bomzimba kunye ne-viscosity ephezulu yemizi-mvelisoinkqubo yokuvelisa irabha, ayinakulinganiswa ngokuthe ngqo ngexesha langempela ngaphakathi komxubi wangaphakathi. Ngaphezu koko, ukuqikelela ngokuchanekileyo eli xabiso kusetyenziswa iimodeli zemveli ezibonisa ubuchwephesha kunzima, ngakumbi kwiikhompawundi ezibandakanya izizalisi. Ixesha elide elinxulunyaniswa novavanyo lwelabhoratri libambezela amanyathelo okulungisa, okwandisa umngcipheko wezemali wokuvelisa inani elikhulu lezinto ezingachazwanga.
Imbali Etshintshileyo YeeMechanical:I-capillary rheometry, nangona ikwazi ukuchonga indlela esebenza ngayo i-flow flow, ifuna ukulungiswa okukhulu kwesampulu. Izinto kufuneka zenziwe ngokutsha zibe ziimilinganiselo ezithile zesilinda ngaphambi kovavanyo, inkqubo eguqula imbali ye-compound mechanical. Ngenxa yoko, i-viscosity elinganisiweyo isenokungayibonisi ngokuchanekileyo imeko yokwenyani ye-compound ngexesha le-industrial.ukucubungula irabha.
Idatha yePoint enye enganelanga:Uvavanyo lwe-standard melt flow rate (MFR) okanye i-melt volume rate (MVR) luvelisa i-flow index enye kuphela kwiimeko ezizinzileyo. Oku akwanelanga kwi-SBR engeyiyo i-Newtonian. Iibhetshi ezimbini ezahlukeneyo zinokubonisa amaxabiso afanayo e-MVR kodwa zine-viscosities ezahlukeneyo kakhulu kumazinga aphezulu okucheba afanelekileyo kwi-extrusion. Oku kungafani kunokubangela ukungaphumeleli kokucubungula okungalindelwanga.
Ixabiso kunye nomthwalo wezinto ezifunekayo:Ukuthembela kuhlalutyo lwelebhu olungekho kwindawo yophando kungenisa iindleko ezinkulu zolungiselelo kunye nokulibaziseka kwexesha. Ukubeka iliso rhoqo kunika inzuzo yezoqoqosho ngokunciphisa kakhulu inani leesampuli ezifuna uhlalutyo lwangaphandle.
Umngeni Wokulinganisa Iikhompawundi ze-SBR Eziphezulu Nezinezigaba Ezininzi
Ukuphathwa kweekhompawundi zerabha kwimizi-mveliso kubandakanya izixhobo ezibonisa ubunzulu obuphezulu kakhulu kunye nokuziphatha okuntsonkothileyo kwe-viscoelastic, okudala imingeni eyahlukileyo yokulinganisa ngokuthe ngqo.
Ukutyibilika Nokwaphuka Kwamalungu:Izixhobo zerabha ezixineneyo nezinobungqindilili zinokuba neengxaki ezifana nokutyibilika eludongeni kunye nokuqhekeka kwesampulu okubangelwa kukuthamba xa kuvavanywa kwii-rheometers zemveli ezivulekileyo. Izixhobo ezikhethekileyo, ezifana ne-rheometer ejikelezayo enoyilo olunezikhonkwane, oluvaliweyo, ziyimfuneko ukuze koyiswe ezi ziphumo, ingakumbi kwizinto ezizalisweyo apho kwenzeka khona ukusebenzisana okuntsonkothileyo kwe-polymer-filler.
Ukugcinwa kunye nokucoca:Iinkqubo eziqhelekileyo zokuhamba kwamanzi okanye ii-capillary zihlala zixinene ngenxa yokuba iipolymers kunye nee-fillers zinamathela kwaye zinobukrakra. Oku kufuna iindlela zokucoca ezintsonkothileyo kwaye kukhokelela kwixesha lokungasebenzi elibizayo, ingxaki enkulu kwiindawo zokuvelisa eziqhubekayo.
Imfuneko yesixhobo esiqinileyo se-viscosity kwizisombululo ze-polymer.
Kwisigaba sokuqala sesisombululo okanye se-slurry, emva kwe-polymerization, umlinganiselo obalulekileyo yi-intrinsic viscosity (IV), ehambelana ngokuthe ngqo nobunzima be-molecular kunye nokusebenza kwe-polymer. Iindlela zelebhu zemveli (umz., i-GPC okanye i-glass capillaries) zicotha kakhulu kulawulo lwexesha langempela.
Imeko yezoshishino ifuna umatshini ozenzekelayo noqinileyoisixhobo se-viscosity yangaphakathiIzisombululo zanamhlanje, ezifana ne-IVA Versa, zenza yonke le nkqubo isebenze ngokuzenzekelayo zisebenzisa i-viscometer ehambelana ne-dual-capillary ukulinganisa i-viscosity yesisombululo, ukunciphisa unxibelelwano lomsebenzisi nezinyibilikisi kunye nokufezekisa ukuchaneka okuphezulu (amaxabiso e-RSD angaphantsi kwe-1%). Kwizicelo ezikwi-inline kwisigaba sokunyibilika, i-Side Stream Online-Rheometers (SSR) inokumisela ixabiso le-IV-Rheo ngokusekelwe kumlinganiselo we-viscosity ye-shear eqhubekayo kwisantya sokunqunyulwa esingaguqukiyo. Olu linganiselo luseka ulwalamano olusebenzayo oluvumela ukujonga utshintsho lwe-MW kumlambo wokunqunyulwa.
V. Amanqanaba eNkqubo aBalulekileyo okubeka iliso kwi-Viscosity
Ukubaluleka kokulinganisa kwi-intanethi ekukhutshweni kwe-reactor ye-polymerization, ukuxuba/ukuxova, kunye nokwenza i-pre-extrusion.
Ukusebenzisa umlinganiselo we-viscosity kwi-intanethi kubalulekile kuba amanqanaba amathathu enkqubo ephambili—i-polymerization, i-compound (mixing), kunye ne-final form (extrusion)—nganye imisela iimpawu ezithile ze-rheological, ezingenakuguqulwa. Ulawulo kwezi ndawo luthintela iziphene zomgangatho ukuba zingadluliswa ngezantsi.
Ukukhutshwa kwe-polymerization Reactor: Ukujonga ukuguqulwa, ubunzima be-molecular.
Injongo ephambili kweli nqanaba kukulawula ngokuchanekileyo izinga lokusabela ngokukhawuleza kunye nokusasazwa kobunzima bokugqibela bemolekyuli (MW) ye-SBR polymer.
Ulwazi ngobunzima bemolekyuli obutshintshayo lubalulekile, njengoko lumisela iimpawu zomzimba zokugqibela; nangona kunjalo, iindlela zemveli zihlala zilinganisa i-MW kuphela xa kugqityiwe ukusabela. Ukubeka esweni i-slurry okanye i-viscosity yesisombululo ngexesha langempela (ukusondela kwi-viscosity yangaphakathi) kulandelela ngokuthe ngqo ubude be-chain kunye nokwakheka kwesakhiwo.
Ngokusebenzisa impendulo ye-viscosity yexesha langempela, abavelisi banokusebenzisa ulawulo oluguqukayo nolusebenzayo. Oku kuvumela uhlengahlengiso oluchanekileyo lokuhamba komlawuli wobunzima be-molecular okanye i-agent ye-short-stop.ngaphambiukuguqulwa kwe-monomer kufikelela kwinqanaba eliphezulu. Olu buchule luphakamisa ulawulo lwenkqubo ukusuka ekuhlolweni komgangatho ophendulayo (okubandakanya ukukrazula okanye ukuphinda kuhlanganiswe iibatches ezingezizo iinkcukacha) ukuya kulawulo oluqhubekayo nolwenzeke ngokuzenzekelayo lwesakhiwo sesiseko se-polymer. Umzekelo, ukujonga okuqhubekayo kuqinisekisa ukuba i-polymer eluhlaza i-Mooney viscosity ihlangabezana neemfuno xa izinga lokuguqulwa lifikelela kwi-70%. Ukusetyenziswa kwee-rogged, inline torsional resonator probes, ezenzelwe ukumelana namaqondo obushushu aphezulu kunye noxinzelelo oluphawulwa yi-reactor emdaka, kubalulekile apha.
Ukuxuba/Ukuxova: Ukuphucula ukusasazwa kwezinto ezongeziweyo, ulawulo lokucheba, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla.
Injongo yesigaba sokuxuba, esidla ngokwenziwa kwi-mixer yangaphakathi, kukufezekisa ukusasazeka okufanayo, okufanayo kwe-polymer, ukuqinisa izizalisi, kunye nezixhobo zokucubungula ngelixa kulawulwa ngononophelo imbali yobushushu kunye nokucheba kwekhompawundi.
Iprofayili ye-viscosity isebenza njengophawu olucacileyo lomgangatho wokuxuba. Amandla aphezulu okucheba aveliswa ziirotor ayayiqhekeza irabha aze afezekise ukusasazeka. Ngokujonga utshintsho lwe-viscosity (oludla ngokuqikelelwa kwi-torque yexesha langempela kunye nokufakwa kwamandla), ngokuchanekileyoindawo yokuphelaUmjikelo wokuxuba ungamiselwa ngokuchanekileyo. Le ndlela ingcono kakhulu kunokuxhomekeka kumaxesha omjikelo wokuxuba amiselweyo, anokuthabatha imizuzu eli-15 ukuya kwengama-40 kwaye athambekele ekuguqukeni komqhubi kunye nezinto zangaphandle.
Ukulawula i-compound viscosity ngaphakathi koluhlu oluchaziweyo kubalulekile kumgangatho wezinto eziphathekayo. Ulawulo olunganelanga lukhokelela ekusasazekeni okubi kunye neziphene kwiimpawu zokugqibela zezinto eziphathekayo. Kwirabha ene-viscosity ephezulu, isantya sokuxuba esaneleyo sibalulekile ukuze kufezekiswe ukusasazwa okufunekayo. Ngenxa yobunzima bokufaka i-physical sensor kwindawo exakekileyo, ene-viscosity ephezulu yomxubi wangaphakathi, ulawulo oluphambili luxhomekekeizinzwa ezithambileyoEzi modeli eziqhutywa yidatha zisebenzisa iinguqu zenkqubo (isantya se-rotor, ubushushu, ukutsalwa kwamandla) ukuqikelela umgangatho wokugqibela webhetshi, njenge-Mooney viscosity yayo, ngaloo ndlela zibonelela ngoqikelelo lwexesha langempela lwesalathisi somgangatho.
Ukukwazi ukumisela isiphelo sokuxuba esifanelekileyo ngokusekelwe kwiprofayili ye-viscosity yexesha langempela kukhokelela ekuphuhlisweni okukhulu kwamandla kunye nokuzuza kwamandla. Ukuba ibhetshi ifikelela kwi-viscosity yayo yokusasazwa ngokukhawuleza kunexesha lomjikelo omiselweyo, ukuqhubeka nenkqubo yokuxuba kudlalisa amandla kwaye kubeke emngciphekweni wokonakalisa imixokelelwane yepolymer ngokuxuba kakhulu. Ukuphucula inkqubo ngokusekelwe kwiprofayili ye-viscosity kunokunciphisa amaxesha omjikelo nge-15-28%, okuguqulela ngokuthe ngqo ekusebenzeni kakuhle kunye nokuzuza kweendleko.
Ngaphambi kokukhupha/ukwenza: Ukuqinisekisa ukuhamba okunyibilikayo rhoqo, uzinzo olulinganayo.
Eli nqanaba libandakanya ukwenza iplastiki ye-strip yerabha eqinileyo kunye nokuyinyanzela ukuba idlule kwi-diye ukuze yenze iprofayili eqhubekayo, edla ngokufuna ukuhluzwa okuhlanganisiweyo.
Ulawulo lwe-viscosity apha lubaluleke kakhulu kuba lulawula ngokuthe ngqo amandla okunyibilika kwepolymer kunye nokuhambahamba. Ukuhamba okuphantsi kokunyibilika (i-viscosity ephezulu) kudla ngokukhethwa xa kukhutshelwa ngaphandle, njengoko kunika amandla aphezulu okunyibilika, okubalulekileyo ekulawuleni ulawulo lwemilo (uzinzo lobukhulu) beprofayili kunye nokunciphisa ukudumba kwe-die. Ukuhamba kokunyibilika okungahambelaniyo (i-MFR/MVR) kukhokelela kwiziphene zomgangatho wemveliso: ukuhamba okuphezulu kunokubangela ukubengezela, ngelixa ukuhamba okuphantsi kunokukhokelela ekuzalisweni kwenxalenye engaphelelanga okanye ukubola.
Ubunzima bokulawulwa kwe-viscosity kwi-extrusion, echaphazeleka kakhulu kukuphazamiseka kwangaphandle kunye nokuziphatha kwe-rheological okungekho kumgca, kufuna iinkqubo zolawulo eziphambili. Iindlela ezifana ne-Active Disturbance Rejection Control (ADRC) zisetyenziswa ukulawula utshintsho lwe-viscosity ngendlela ecwangcisiweyo, zifezekisa ukusebenza okungcono ekugcineni i-viscosity ebonakalayo ekujoliswe kuyo xa kuthelekiswa nabalawuli be-Proportional-Integral (PI) abaqhelekileyo.
Ukuhambelana kwe-melt viscosity entloko ye-die yeyona nto ibalulekileyo ekuqinisekiseni umgangatho wemveliso kunye nokwamkelwa kwejometri. Ukukhupha kwandisa iziphumo ze-viscoelastic, kwaye uzinzo lobukhulu luchaphazeleka kakhulu kutshintsho kwi-melt viscosity, ngakumbi kumazinga aphezulu okucheba. Ukulinganiswa kwe-melt viscosity kwi-intanethi ngaphambi kokuba i-die ivumele ukulungiswa ngokukhawuleza, ngokuzenzekelayo kweeparamitha zenkqubo (umz., isantya sesikrufu okanye iprofayili yobushushu) ukugcina i-viscosity ebonakalayo efanayo, ukuqinisekisa ukuchaneka kwejometri kunye nokunciphisa i-scrap.
Itheyibhile II ibonisa iimfuno zokubeka esweni kulo lonke uthotho lwemveliso lwe-SBR.
Itheyibhile II. Iimfuneko zokubeka esweni i-Viscosity kuzo zonke iiNqanaba zoLungiso lwe-SBR
| Inqanaba leNkqubo | Isigaba sokuxinana | Ipharamitha ekujoliswe kuyo | Itekhnoloji yokulinganisa | Isenzo Solawulo Sivuliwe |
| Ukukhutshwa kweReactor | Isisombululo/Udaka | Ubunzulu Bangaphakathi(Ubunzima beMolekyuli) | I-Side Stream Rheometer (SSR) okanye i-Automated IV | Lungisa i-agent ye-short-stop okanye i-regulator flow rate. |
| Ukuxuba/Ukuxova | I-Compound ene-High-Viscosity | Ukubonakala kweMooney Viscosity (Uqikelelo lweTorque olubonakalayo) | I-Soft Sensor (Imodeli yokufaka iTorque/Energy) | Lungiselela ixesha lomjikelo wokuxuba kunye nesantya se-rotor ngokusekelwe kwi-viscosity yesiphelo. |
| Ngaphambi kokukhupha/ukwenza | I-Polymer Melt | Ukubonakala kwe-Melt Viscosity (ulwalamano lwe-MFR/MVR) | I-Inline Torsional Resonator okanye i-Capillary Viscometer | Lungisa isantya/ubushushu besikrufu ukuqinisekisa uzinzo olulinganayo kunye nokudumba okuhlala kusenzeka. |
Funda Ngakumbi ngeeMetha zoBuxinano
Iimitha zeNkqubo ezingakumbi kwi-Intanethi
VI. Iteknoloji yokulinganisa ukuxinana kwi-intanethi
Imitha ye-Liquid Viscosity yeLonnmeter ekwi-Inline
Ukuze koyiswe imida yendalo yovavanyo lwelebhu, izinto zanamhlanjeukucubungula irabhaifuna izixhobo eziqinileyo nezithembekileyo. Itekhnoloji ye-torsional resonator imele inkqubela phambili ebalulekileyo kwi-rheological sensing eqhubekayo, engaphakathi, ekwaziyo ukusebenza kwimeko enzima yemveliso ye-SBR.
Izixhobo ezifana neImitha ye-Liquid Viscosity yeLonnmeter ekwi-InlineSebenzisa i-torsional resonator (into engcangcazelayo) entywiliselwa ngokupheleleyo kulwelo lwenkqubo. Esi sixhobo silinganisa i-viscosity ngokulinganisa i-mechanical damping efunyanwa yi-resonator ngenxa yolwelo. Olu vavanyo lwe-damping luye lucutshungulwe, rhoqo kunye nokufundwa koxinano, zii-algorithms ezizimeleyo ukubonelela ngeziphumo ze-viscosity ezichanekileyo, eziphindaphindwayo, nezizinzileyo.
Le teknoloji ifanelekile ngokukodwa kwizicelo ze-SBR ngenxa yezakhono zayo zokusebenza ezinzima:
Ukuqina kunye nokungakhuseleki komzimba:Ezi sensor zihlala zinesakhiwo sesinyithi esipheleleyo (umz., i-316L Stainless Steel) kunye nezitywino zesinyithi ezifakwe kwisinyithi, nto leyo esusa isidingo se-elastomers ezinokudumba okanye zingasebenzi phantsi kobushushu obuphezulu kunye nokuvezwa ngamakhemikhali.
Uluhlu olubanzi kunye nokuhambelana kolwelo:Ezi nkqubo zinokubeka eswenii-viscosity yerabhaIikhompawundi kuluhlu olubanzi, ukusuka kwixabiso eliphantsi kakhulu ukuya kwelona liphezulu kakhulu (umz., ukusuka kwi-1 ukuya kwi-1,000,000+ cP). Zisebenza ngokulinganayo ekujongeni ulwelo olungelulo ulwelo lwe-Newtonian, olunye lwesigaba, kunye nolwe-multi-phase, oluyimfuneko kwi-SBR slurries kunye ne-polymer melts ezigcweleyo.
Iimeko Ezinzima Zokusebenza:Ezi zixhobo ziqinisekisiwe ukuba zisebenza kuzo zonke iintlobo zoxinzelelo kunye namaqondo obushushu.
Iingenelo zee-viscosity sensors ezisebenza ngexesha langempela, kwi-intanethi, nezinobukhulu obahlukeneyo (ukuqina, ukuhlanganiswa kwedatha)
Ukwamkelwa ngobuchule kwe-real-time, inline sensing kubonelela ngomjelo oqhubekayo wedatha yokuchazwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo, isusa imveliso ukusuka ekuhlolweni komgangatho oqhubekayo ukuya kulawulo lwenkqubo esebenzayo.
Ukubeka iliso rhoqo:Idatha yexesha langempela inciphisa kakhulu ukuxhomekeka kuhlalutyo lwelabhoratri olulibazisekileyo nolubizayo. Ivumela ukubonwa kwangoko kokuphambuka okuncinci kwenkqubo okanye utshintsho lwebhetshi kwizixhobo eziluhlaza ezingenayo, nto leyo ibalulekileyo ekuthinteleni imiba yomgangatho osezantsi.
Ulondolozo oluphantsi:Uyilo lwe-resonator oluqinileyo nolulungeleleneyo lwenzelwe ukusetyenziswa ixesha elide ngaphandle kokulungiswa okanye ukutshintshwa, nto leyo enciphisa ixesha lokungasebenzi.
Ukuhlanganiswa kweDatha okuKhawulezayo:Izinzwa zanamhlanje zibonelela ngoqhagamshelo lombane olusebenziseka lula kunye neenkqubo zonxibelelwano ezisemgangathweni kushishino, ziququzelela ukuhlanganiswa ngokuthe ngqo kwedatha ye-viscosity kunye nobushushu kwi-Distributed Control Systems (DCS) ukuze kulungiswe inkqubo ngokuzenzekelayo.
Iikhrayitheriya zokukhetha isixhobo esisetyenziselwa ukulinganisa i-viscosity kwizigaba ezahlukeneyo ze-SBR.
Ukukhethwa kwezixhobo ezifanelekileyoisixhobo esisetyenziselwa ukulinganisa i-viscositykuxhomekeke kakhulu kwimeko yomzimba yezinto ezibonakalayo kwindawo nganyeinkqubo yokwenza irabha:
Isisombululo/Udaka (iReactor):Imfuneko kukulinganisa i-intrinsic okanye i-viscosity ye-slurry ebonakalayo. Iitekhnoloji ziquka ii-Side Stream Rheometers (SSR) ezihlalutya rhoqo iisampulu ezinyibilikayo, okanye ii-high-sensitivity torsional probes ezilungiselelwe ukujonga ulwelo/i-slurry.
I-Compound ene-Viscosity ephezulu (Ukuxuba):Ukulinganisa ngokuthe ngqo ngokomzimba akunakwenzeka ngoomatshini. Isisombululo esifanelekileyo kukusebenzisa ii-sensors ezithambileyo eziqikelelayo ezidibanisa i-process inputs echanekileyo kakhulu (i-torque, i-energy draw, i-temperature) yomxube wangaphakathi kunye ne-metric yomgangatho ofunekayo, njenge-Mooney viscosity.
Ukunyibilika kwePolymer (Ngaphambi kokukhupha):Ukugqitywa komgangatho wokuhamba kwamanzi kufuna i-sensor yoxinzelelo oluphezulu kumbhobho onyibilikayo. Oku kunokufezekiswa ngokusebenzisa ii-probes ze-torsional resonator eziqinileyo okanye ii-viscometers ezikhethekileyo ze-inline capillary (ezifana ne-VIS), ezinokulinganisa i-melt viscosity ebonakalayo kwizinga eliphezulu lokucheba elihambelana nokuphuma kwamanzi, zihlala zidibanisa idatha ne-MFR/MVR.
Le ndlela yokuvanya exutyiweyo, edibanisa izinzwa zehardware ezomeleleyo apho ukuhamba kwamanzi kulinganiselwe kunye nezinzwa ezithambileyo zokuqikelela apho ukufikelela koomatshini kulinganiselwe, ibonelela ngoyilo lolawulo oluphezulu olufunekayo ukuze kube nokusebenza kakuhle.ukucubungula irabhaulawulo.
VII. Ukuphunyezwa ngobuchule kunye nokulinganiswa kweenzuzo
Amaqhinga oLawulo olukwi-Intanethi: Ukusebenzisa ii-feedback loops zohlengahlengiso lwenkqubo oluzenzekelayo olusekelwe kwi-viscosity yexesha langempela.
Iinkqubo zolawulo ezizenzekelayo zisebenzisa idatha ye-viscosity yexesha langempela ukudala ii-loops zempendulo eziphendulayo, ukuqinisekisa umgangatho wemveliso ozinzileyo nongaguquguqukiyo ngaphaya kwamandla omntu.
Ukulinganisa ngokuzenzekelayo:Kwi-compound, inkqubo yolawulo inokujonga rhoqo ukuhambelana kwe-compound kwaye ithathe ngokuzenzekelayo ii-compound components ezi-low viscosity, ezifana ne-plasticizers okanye i-solvents, ngobuninzi obuchanekileyo xa kufuneka. Le ndlela igcina i-viscosity curve ngaphakathi koluhlu lokuzithemba oluchazwe kancinci, ithintela ukutyibilika.
Ulawulo oluPhambili lokuxinana:Ngenxa yokuba i-SBR melts ayisiyo i-Newtonian kwaye idla ngokuphazanyiswa kukukhupha, abalawuli abaqhelekileyo be-Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) badla ngokwanelisa ukulawula i-melt viscosity. Iindlela eziphambili, ezifana ne-Active Disturbance Rejection Control (ADRC), ziyafuneka. I-ADRC iphatha ukuphazamiseka kunye nokungachaneki kwemodeli njengezinto ezisebenzayo ezimele zaliwe, ibonelela ngesisombululo esomeleleyo sokugcina i-viscosity ekujoliswe kuyo kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuchaneka kobukhulu.
Ukulungiswa kobunzima beMolekyuli obuDynamic:Kwi-reactor ye-polymerization, idatha eqhubekayo evela kwi-isixhobo sokulinganisa i-viscosity yangaphakathiibuyiselwa kwinkqubo yolawulo. Oku kwenza ukuba kubekho uhlengahlengiso olulinganayo kwisantya sokuhamba komlawuli wetyathanga, nto leyo ehlawula ngoko nangoko ukuphambuka okuncinci kwi-kinetics yokusabela kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba ubunzima be-molecular ye-SBR polymer buhlala ngaphakathi kwebhendi yeenkcukacha ezincinci ezifunekayo kwi-SBR grade ethile.
Ukusebenza kakuhle kunye neenzuzo zeendleko: Ukulinganisa ukuphuculwa kwamaxesha omjikelo, ukunciphisa ukwenziwa ngokutsha, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kunye nezinto ezisetyenzisiweyo ngcono.
Utyalo-mali kwiinkqubo ze-rheology ezikwi-intanethi luvelisa imbuyekezo ethe ngqo nelinganisekayo ephucula inzuzo iyonke yeinkqubo yokwenziwa kwerabha.
Amaxesha Omjikelo Alungiselelweyo:Ngokusebenzisa ukufunyanwa kwe-end-point esekwe kwi-viscosity kwi-internal mixer, abavelisi basusa umngcipheko wokuxuba kakhulu. Inkqubo ehlala ixhomekeke kwimijikelo emiselweyo yemizuzu engama-25-40 inokulungiswa ukuze ifikelele kwi-dispersion viscosity efunekayo kwimizuzu eli-18-20. Olu tshintsho lokusebenza lunokubangela ukuncipha kwe-15-28% kwixesha lomjikelo, okuguqulela ngokuthe ngqo kwi-throughput eyongeziweyo kunye nomthamo ngaphandle kotyalo-mali olutsha lwemali.
Ukunciphisa Ukulungiswa Kwezinto Ezintsha Nenkunkuma:Ukubeka esweni rhoqo kuvumela ukulungiswa ngokukhawuleza kokuphambuka kwenkqubo ngaphambi kokuba kubangele inani elikhulu lezinto ezingachazwanga. Olu buchule lunciphisa kakhulu ukuphinda kusetyenziswe izinto ezilahliweyo nezibizayo, nto leyo ephucula ukusetyenziswa kwezinto.
Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla okuphuculweyo:Ngokunciphisa ngokuchanekileyo isigaba sokuxuba ngokusekelwe kwiprofayili ye-viscosity yexesha langempela, igalelo lamandla lenziwa ngcono kuphela ukuze kufunyanwe ukusasazeka okufanelekileyo. Oku kususa inkunkuma yamandla e-parasitic enxulumene nokuxuba kakhulu.
Ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezisetyenziswa lula:Ukulungiswa kwe-viscosity ekujoliswe kuyo kubalulekile xa kusetyenzwa izitya zokutya eziguquguqukayo okanye ezingezizo ezi-virgin, ezifana nee-polymers ezisetyenzisiweyo. Ukubeka iliso rhoqo kuvumela ukulungiswa ngokukhawuleza kweeparamitha zokuzinzisa inkqubo kunye nokulungiswa kwe-viscosity ekujoliswe kuyo (umz., ukwandisa okanye ukunciphisa ubunzima be-molecular ngokusebenzisa izongezo) ukuze kuhlangatyezwane ngokuthembekileyo neenjongo ezifunwayo ze-rheological, ukwandisa ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezahlukeneyo nezinokuba nexabiso eliphantsi.
Imiphumo yezoqoqosho ibaluleke kakhulu, njengoko ishwankathelwe kwiTheyibhile III.
Itheyibhile III. Inzuzo Eqikelelweyo Yezoqoqosho Neyokusebenza Evela Kulawulo Lokuxinana Kwe-Intanethi
| I-Metric | Isiseko (Ulawulo olungaxhunyiwe kwi-intanethi) | Ithagethi (Ulawulo lwe-Intanethi) | Inzuzo/Impembelelo Enokulinganiselwa |
| Ixesha lomjikelo weBatch (Ukuxuba) | Imizuzu engama-25–40 (Ixesha Elimiselweyo) | Imizuzu eli-18–20 (Isiphelo seViscosity) | Ukwanda kwe-15–28% kwi-Fromput; Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla okuncitshisiweyo. |
| Izinga leBatch elingachazwanga | 4% (Izinga loShishino oluQhelekileyo) | <1% (Ulungiso oluqhubekayo) | Ukuya kuthi ga kwi-75% yokunciphisa ukuphinda kusetyenziswe izinto ezilahliweyo; Ukunciphisa ukulahleka kwezinto eziluhlaza. |
| Ixesha Lokuzinzisa Inkqubo (Izinto Eziphinda Zisetyenziswe) | Iiyure (Ifuna iimvavanyo ezininzi zelebhu) | Imizuzu (Ukulungiswa kwe-IV/Rheo ngokukhawuleza) | Ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ngendlela eyiyo; ukukwazi ukuphucula indlela yokucubungula izinto ezisetyenziswayo. |
| Ukugcinwa kwezixhobo (IiMixers/Extruders) | Ukungaphumeleli kokuphendula | Ukubeka iliso kwindlela yokuqikelela izinto | Ukufunyanwa kwempazamo kwangethuba; ukunciphisa ixesha elinzima lokungasebenzi kunye neendleko zokulungisa. |
Ukugcinwa Kwezinto Ezixeliweyo: Ukusebenzisa ukujonga okuqhubekayo ukuze kufunyanwe iimpazamo kwangethuba kunye nezenzo zokuthintela.
Uhlalutyo lwe-viscosity olukwi-intanethi ludlulela ngaphaya kolawulo lomgangatho ukuze lube sisixhobo sokugqwesa ekusebenzeni nasekujongeni impilo yezixhobo.
Ukufunyanwa kweMpazamo:Utshintsho olungalindelekanga kufundo oluqhubekayo lwe-viscosity olungenakucaciswa kukutshintsha kwezinto ezisezantsi kunokusebenza njengesilumkiso sasekuqaleni sokonakala koomatshini ngaphakathi koomatshini, njengokuguguleka kwezikrufu ze-extruder, ukonakala kwe-rotor, okanye ukuvalwa kwezihluzi. Oku kwenza ukuba kubekho ulondolozo olusebenzayo nolucwangcisiweyo lokuthintela, kunciphisa umngcipheko wokusilela okubi kakhulu.
Ukuqinisekiswa kweSoft Sensor:Idatha yenkqubo eqhubekayo, kuquka imiqondiso yesixhobo kunye nokufakwa kwesensor, ingasetyenziselwa ukuphuhlisa nokuphucula iimodeli zokuqikelela (iisensor ezithambileyo) zeemetrikhi ezibalulekileyo ezifana neMooney viscosity. Ngaphezu koko, le mithombo yedatha eqhubekayo ingasebenza njengendlela yokulinganisa nokuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwezinye izixhobo zokulinganisa ngokomzimba kumgca.
Ukuxilongwa kokuguquguquka kwezinto:Ukutshintshatshintsha kwe-viscosity kubonelela ngomaleko obalulekileyo wokuzikhusela ngokuchasene nokungahambelani kwezinto eziluhlaza ezingabanjwanga kukuhlolwa komgangatho ongenayo. Ukuguquguquka kwiprofayili ye-viscosity eqhubekayo kunokubonisa ngoko nangoko ukuguquguquka kobunzima be-molecular ye-polymer esisiseko okanye umxholo wokufuma ongaguqukiyo okanye umgangatho kwi-fillers.
Ingqokelela eqhubekayo yedatha eneenkcukacha ze-rheological—ezivela kwiisensa ezikwimigca ethe tye kunye neesensa ezithambileyo zokuqikelela—ibonelela ngesiseko sedatha sokuseka umelo lwedijithali lwe-rubber compound. Olu seti yedatha eqhubekayo, yembali ibalulekile ekwakheni nasekuphuculeni iimodeli eziphambili ze-empirical ezixela ngokuchanekileyo iimpawu zokusebenza kwemveliso yokugqibela ezintsonkothileyo, ezifana neempawu ze-viscoelastic okanye ukumelana nokudinwa. Eli nqanaba lolawulo olupheleleyo liphakamisaisixhobo sokulinganisa i-viscosity yangaphakathiukusuka kwisixhobo esilula esisemgangathweni ukuya kwisixhobo esiphambili seqhinga lokwenza ngcono ukwenziwa kwefomyula kunye nokuqina kwenkqubo.
VIII. Isiphelo kunye neeNgcebiso
Isishwankathelo seziphumo eziphambili malunga nokulinganiswa kwe-viscosity yerabha.
Uhlalutyo luqinisekisa ukuba ukuxhomekeka okuqhelekileyo kuvavanyo lwe-rheological olungapheliyo nolungaxhunyiwe kwi-intanethi (i-Mooney viscosity, i-MFR) kubeka umda osisiseko ekufezekiseni ukuchaneka okuphezulu kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kakhulu kwimveliso ye-SBR yanamhlanje, enomthamo ophezulu. Uhlobo oluntsonkothileyo, olungelulo ulutsha, kunye nolwe-viscoelastic lwe-Styrene Butadiene Rubber lufuna utshintsho olusisiseko kwisicwangciso solawulo—ukusuka kwimilinganiselo ye-single-point, elibazisekileyo ukuya ekujongeni okuqhubekayo, ngexesha langempela kwe-viscosity ebonakalayo kunye neprofayili epheleleyo ye-rheological.
Ukudityaniswa kwezinzwa eziqinileyo nezakhelwe ngaphakathi, ingakumbi ezo zisebenzisa iteknoloji ye-torsional resonator, kunye namaqhinga olawulo aphambili (njengokubona okuthambileyo kwangaphambili kwii-mixers kunye ne-ADRC kwii-extruders), kwenza kube lula uhlengahlengiso oluzenzekelayo kuzo zonke izigaba ezibalulekileyo: ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kobunzima be-molecular kwi-polymerization, ukwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle kokusasazwa kwe-filler ngexesha lokuxuba, kunye nokuqinisekisa uzinzo olulinganayo ngexesha lokwenziwa kokunyibilika kokugqibela. Izizathu zoqoqosho zolu tshintsho lobuchwepheshe ziyathandeka, zibonelela ngenzuzo enokulinganiselwa kwimveliso (ukunciphisa kwe-15-28% kwixesha lomjikelo) kunye nokunciphisa okukhulu ekusebenziseni izinto ezilahliweyo kunye namandla. Nxibelelana neqela lentengiso le-RFQ.
