Ukuqonda i-Sulfuric Acid Anodizing yeeProfayili zeAluminiyam
Inkqubo yokufunxa i-sulfuric acid yinkqubo esisiseko yonyango lomphezulu weeprofayili ze-aluminium, exhomekeke kakhulu ekuphuculeni ukumelana nokugqwala, ukuphucula ubulukhuni bomphezulu, kunye nokuvumela ukusebenza ngakumbi kwe-aluminium ngokudaya okanye ukutywina. Le nkqubo isebenza ngokuntywilisela iiprofayili ze-aluminium kwibhafu yokufunxa ene-sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) njenge-electrolyte. Kusetyenziswa umthombo wamandla we-DC wangaphandle, kunye ne-aluminium esebenza njenge-anode kunye nezinto ezifana ne-lead okanye i-aluminium njenge-cathode.
Iimpendulo ze-Electrochemical kunye ne-Oxide Film Formation
Inkqubo ye-sulfuric acid anodize ivelisa umaleko we-aluminium oxide (Al₂O₃) ngokusebenzisa i-electrochemical oxidation elawulwayo. Kwi-anode, umphezulu we-aluminium usabela ngokwempendulo elula:
2 Al (s) + 3 H₂O (l) → Al₂O₃ (s) + 6 H⁺ (aq) + 6 e⁻
Oku kuvelisa ifilimu ye-oxide eyakhiwe kabini. Okokuqala, umaleko wesithintelo ongenamibhobho, obhityileyo uyenziwa xa udibana ngqo nesinyithi se-aluminium, unika iipropati ze-dielectric kunye nokukhuselwa kokugqwala kokuqala. Njengoko i-anodizing iqhubeka, umaleko we-oxide otyebileyo, onamabhobho uphuhla ngaphandle, obonakala ngoluhlu lweeseli ezine-hexagonal ezilungelelaniswe ngemicroscope kunye namabhobho athe nkqo. Ezi pores zenziwa ngenxa yokunyibilika okuqhubekayo, okuhlala kwindawo ethile kwefilimu ye-oxide yi-sulfuric acid electrolyte kwisiseko sembobo nganye, elungelelaniswe nokukhula kwe-oxide okuqhubekayo okuqhutywa kukuguquka kweoksijini kunye nokufuduka kwee-ion kwi-interface yesinyithi/i-oxide. Le geometry yamabhola amabini ibalulekile ekuthathweni kwedayi ngempumelelo, ukutywinwa, kunye nokuqina okuphuculweyo kweeprofayili ze-aluminium ezinamabhobho.
I-Aluminiyam ye-Anodizing - Ukugqitywa komphezulu wesinyithi
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Ukubaluleka kokusebenzisa i-Anodizing Bath Chemistry kunye noLawulo loQokelelo
Ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokusebenza kwenkqubo yokufunxa i-sulfuric acid kwi-aluminium kunxulumene kakhulu nokwakheka kweekhemikhali zebhafu yokufunxa i-anodizing, ngakumbi i-sulfuric acid kunye noxinzelelo lwe-aluminium enyibilikisiweyo. Ukulawula ezi parameters kubalulekile ekuveliseni iifilimu ze-oxide ezihambelanayo nezisemgangathweni ophezulu ezinobukhulu obuthile, ubunzima, kunye nokumelana nokugqwala.
Ubudlelwane Phakathi Kokuxinwa Kwebhafu Ene-Anodizing kunye Neempawu Zefilimu Ye-Oxide
Uxinzelelo lwe-asidi ye-sulfuric kwi-anodizing bath lumisela ngokuthe ngqo ubukhulu befilimu ye-aluminium oxide. Kwizinga eliphantsi le-sulfuric acid (ngaphantsi kwe-10 wt%), izinga lokukhula kwengqimba ye-oxide lidlula ukunyibilika kwayo kweekhemikhali, okuvumela ukwakheka kwengqimba ye-aluminium oxide etyebileyo nefanayo. Njengoko uxinzelelo lwe-asidi lusanda ukuya kwixabiso eliqhelekileyo lenkqubo (10–20 wt%), ubukhulu befilimu ye-oxide budla ngokuncipha kuba isiphumo sokunyibilika kwe-asidi siba sobala ngakumbi, sifikelela kumlinganiselo apho ukukhula kunye nokunyibilika kulungelelaniswe khona. Ngaphezulu kwe-20 wt%, ukunyibilika kweekhemikhali kuyakhawuleza—okubangela iifilimu ezincinci nangakumbi kwaye kwezinye iimeko, ukuqhekeka kwefilimu okanye iziphene zesakhiwo.
Utshintsho kuxinzelelo lwebhafu olune-anodizing lukwachaphazela isakhiwo kunye nokuvuleka kwe-oxide layer. Ukuvuleka okuphantsi kuvelisa iileya ezincinci ezinee-pores ezincinci nezicwangcisiweyo kunye neendawo ezithambileyo—isitshixo sokufakelwa kombane okuphezulu kunye neempawu zokuthintela. Ukuvuleka okuqhelekileyo kwe-sulfuric acid kuphuhlisa isakhiwo esiqhelekileyo see-porous esifunekayo ukuze kuthathwe idayi kunye nokugquma ngakumbi. Nangona kunjalo, amanqanaba aphezulu e-asidi avelisa ii-pores ezinkulu, ezingaqhelekanga kunye nokwanda koburhabaxa bomphezulu, okubeka emngciphekweni ukufana kwefilimu kunye nokuthembeka koomatshini.
I-aluminium enyibilikisiweyo, imveliso ephuma kwi-anodizing eqhubekayo, itshintsha i-bath chemistry ngokuhamba kwexesha. Amanqanaba aphezulu e-aluminium anokuthintela ukukhula kwe-oxide, anciphise ubukhulu befilimu, kwaye achaphazele ulwakhiwo lwe-pore. Ke ngoko, ulawulo oluqinileyo kunye nokususwa rhoqo kwe-aluminium enyibilikisiweyo kuyimfuneko ukuze inkqubo ihambelane.
Impembelelo kwi-Anodic Oxide Film Hardness kunye ne-Corrosion Resistance
Ubunzima befilimu ye-anodic oxide kunye nokumelana nokugqwala kunxulunyaniswa ngokuthe ngqo nekhemistri yokuhlamba. Ubuninzi be-sulfuric acid (ngesiqhelo yi-10–20 wt%) bukhuthaza iifilimu ezine-porosity elungeleleneyo kunye neendonga zeseli eziqinileyo, ezixineneyo, zikhulisa ubunzima boomatshini kwaye zibonelela ngokumelana nokugqwala okukhulu. Ubuninzi obungaphantsi (nokuba buphantsi kakhulu okanye buphezulu kakhulu) bukhokelela kwi-porosity ephezulu yefilimu, izakhiwo ezibuthathaka, kunye namazinga aphezulu eziphene, zonke ezi zinto ziphazamisa ubulukhuni kwaye zivumela imithombo yomoya enamandla okanye izinto ezingcolisayo ukuba zingene kwi-coating, zinciphisa ukhuseleko lokugqwala.
Kwizicelo ezifuna i-aluminium anodic oxidation ehlala ixesha elide, njengezinto zokwakha okanye ze-aerospace, ukulinganisa ngononophelo—ukusebenzisa imitha yoxinzelelo lwe-sulfuric acid ethembekileyo efana neLonnmeter—kunye nokulungiswa kwamanqanaba e-sulfuric acid kunye ne-aluminium kubalulekile ukugcina iipropati ezinqwenelekayo zomphezulu.
Iziphumo zoBume bokuHlamba obungalinganiyo
Ukuba i-anodizing bath chemistry iyaphambuka kwiindidi ezicetyiswayo, iziphumo ezininzi ezimbi ziyavela:
- Ukusebenza kakubi kwe-anodizing:Ubuninzi be-asidi ye-sulfuric okanye i-aluminium bunokucothisa kakhulu okanye buphazamise ukwakheka kwefilimu ye-aluminium oxide, nto leyo ebangela ukungalingani kwe-oxidation kunye nokungasebenzi kakuhle kwenkqubo ye-sulfuric acid anodizing.
- Ukuqina kwefilimu okunciphileyo kunye nokusebenza okungalinganiyo:Ubuninzi be-asidi okanye isinyithi bubangela iifilimu ezibuthathaka nezixineneyo ze-anodic ezinokuqhekeka, ukuqhekeka, kunye nokumelana nokuguguleka okuphantsi. Ezi buthathaka zinciphisa ngokuthe ngqo ixesha lokuphila kunye nokuthembeka, okubaluleke kakhulu ekunyangweni komphezulu we-aluminium onganyangekiyo kukugqwala.
Ukuqinisekisa zonke iingenelo ze-anodizing aluminium ene-sulfuric acid—ubukhulu befilimu ye-aluminium oxide, ubulukhuni befilimu ye-anodic oxide obuphuculweyo, kunye nokumelana nokugqwala kwefilimu ye-oxide ephezulu—kuyaqhubekaumlinganiselo woxinzelelo lwe-sulfuric acidKubalulekile kakhulu ukuhlamba i-anodizing kunye nokulawula ngononophelo i-aluminium enyibilikisiweyo. Le ndlela iqeqeshekileyo ithintela ukulahleka kokusebenza kwaye ixhasa imigangatho ephezulu kwinkqubo ye-anodizing ye-aluminium yokumelana nokugqwala kunye nokugqitywa komphezulu okuhlala ixesha elide.
Iindlela zokulinganisa uXinzelelo lwe-H2SO4 kwiibhafu ze-Anodizing
Ukulinganisa uxinaniso lwe-asidi ye-sulfuric ngokuchanekileyo kubalulekile ekulawuleni inkqubo ye-anodizing ye-asidi ye-sulfuric esebenzayo. Uxinaniso oluchanekileyo lwebhafu ye-anodizing luqinisekisa ukutyeba kwefilimu ye-aluminium oxide rhoqo kunye nokukhuselwa okuthembekileyo kokugqwala kwe-aluminiyam.
Iindlela zoKubhala iTitration: Iinkqubo eziSebenzayo kunye nokuTolika
Ubungakanani beSodium hydroxideyindlela esisiseko yekhemikhali yokulinganisa i-sulfuric acid kwiibhafu ze-anodizing. Inkqubo ephambili ibandakanya:
Ukuqokelelwa kunye nokulungiswa kweSampuli:
Sebenzisa izitya zeglasi ezicocekileyo nezomileyo ukuze uqokelele isampulu yokuhlamba emeleyo. Hluza ukuba kuyimfuneko ukususa iinxalenye. Nxuba ngamanzi acocekileyo ukuze ufumane amandla e-asidi alawulekayo.
Izixhobo kunye neeKhemikhali ezifunekayo:
- Isisombululo esimiselweyo se-sodium hydroxide (NaOH): ngesiqhelo yi-0.1 N okanye i-0.5 N
- Isalathisi: i-methyl orenji kwiibhafu ezinemibala/ezingcolileyo (isiphelo kwi-pH ≈ 4.2); i-phenolphthalein kwiibhafu ezicacileyo (isiphelo kwi-pH ≈ 8.2–10)
- I-Burette, i-pipette, iflaski ekhonikhi, izitya zeglasi ezilinganisiweyo
Inkqubo yokunika iTitration:
- Yongeza umthamo wesampulu owaziwayo (umz., 10 mL) kwiflaski
- Ngenisa amaconsi ama-2–3 esalathisi
- Gcwalisa i-burette nge-NaOH, bhala phantsi ivolumu yokuqala
- Titrate isampulu, jikeleza rhoqo, jonga utshintsho lombala wesalathisi
- I-Methyl orange iyatshintsha ukusuka kubomvu ukuya kumthubi ekupheleni; i-phenolphthalein ukusuka ekubeni nombala ukuya ekubeni pinki
- Umthamo weRekhodi yeNaOH osetyenzisiweyo
Imingeni ekuThathweni kweSampuli ngesandla kunye nokuthembeka kweziphumo:
Ukuthatha isampuli ngesandla kwazisa umahluko. Ukucoca okungafanelekanga kunokungcolisa iisampulu, nto leyo ebangela ukufundwa okungachanekanga. Iibhafu ze-anodizing ezinemibala emininzi okanye ezingcolileyo zenza kube nzima ukujonga indawo yokugcina. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, i-potentiometric titration (ukusebenzisa i-pH meter) inokuphucula ukuchaneka. I-blank titrations ibalulekile ukuze kujongwe ukungcola kwe-reagent. Imbonakalo yendawo yokugcina inokufihlwa kwiibhafu ezineentsimbi, iidayi, okanye udaka, nto leyo echaphazela unyango lomphezulu lweeprofayili ze-aluminium kunye nokumelana nokugqwala kwefilimu ye-oxide. Ii-burettes ezenzekelayo kunye nezikhululo zanamhlanje ze-titration (zedijithali okanye ze-potentiometric) ziyathandwa kakhulu kwiziphumo eziphindaphindwayo kwimisebenzi ephezulu.
Kwi-intanethiIimitha zoQokelelo ze-H2SO4 eziZenzekelayo
Iimitha zoxinzelelo lwe-sulfuric acid kwi-intanethi—ezifana nezo zivela eLonnmeter—zivumela ukubekwa esweni okuqhubekayo, ngaphakathi kwindawo yekhemistri yokuhlamba ene-anodizing. Ezi zixhobo zilinganisa ngokuthe ngqo amanqanaba e-H₂SO₄ ngaphakathi kwigumbi lokuhlambela, zisusa iimpazamo zokuthatha iisampulu kunye nokulibaziseka.
Indlela Ukulinganisa Kwindawo Ephakathi Okuphucula Ngayo Ukungaguquguquki Kwenkqubo:
Idatha yexesha langempela ivumela abaqhubi ukuba bagcine iiparameter zenkqubo ye-anodizing ye-sulfuric acid ngaphakathi koluhlu olufanelekileyo. Ukulandelela okuqhubekayo kuthintela ukuphambuka okunokukhokelela kwiinguqu kubukhulu befilimu ye-aluminium oxide okanye ubunzima befilimu ye-anodic oxide. Oku kunciphisa umngcipheko wezinto ezithambileyo, ezingacwangciswanga kakuhle okanye i-oxidation enamandla kakhulu, nto leyo enceda i-aluminium anodic oxidation ehlala ixesha elide.
Ukuhlanganiswa noLawulo lweNkqubo yeXesha langempela kunye neeLoops zeMpendulo:
Iimitha zoxinzelelo lwe-asidi yesulfuric zanamhlanje zidibana neenkqubo zolawulo lwezityalo. Iindawo ezimiselweyo zinokunyanzeliswa, zibangele ukongezwa kwe-asidi ngokuzenzekelayo okanye ukuxutywa kwamanzi ukuba uxinzelelo lwebhafu olune-anodizing luyahamba. Iindidi zempendulo zizinzisa iimeko zokusebenza—isitshixo sokuphucula ikhemistri yebhafu enesi-anodizing kunye nokuphucula ukhuseleko lokugqwala kwe-aluminium ene-anodizing. Ukubeka iliso rhoqo kuxhasa inkqubo ye-anodizing ye-aluminium yokumelana nokugqwala kwaye kuqinisekisa ukuxhathisa okuzinzileyo kwefilimu ye-oxide.
Kwiindawo ezinomthamo omkhulu, ukulinganisa kwi-intanethi kuqinisekisa ukuba ulawulo lokuhlamba olune-sulfuric acid anodizing luqinile, kunciphisa ukungenelela ngesandla kwaye kuxhasa unyango oluqhubekayo lomphezulu weeprofayili ze-aluminium. Oku kukhokelela ekuphuculweni komgangatho wemveliso kunye nokusebenza kakuhle okwandisiweyo.
Ukubeka esweni iinxalenye zebhafu ze-Anodizing ngexesha langempela
Ukubeka esweni rhoqo i-anodizing bath ngexesha langempela kubalulekile ekulawuleni iiparameter ezibalulekileyo kwinkqubo ye-sulfuric acid anodizing. Ukufezekisa ifilimu ye-oxide esemgangathweni ophezulu kufuna ulawulo oluchanekileyo phezu koxinzelelo lwe-sulfuric acid kunye ne-aluminium enyibilikisiweyo.
Iindlela zokuHlaziya eziQhubekekayo zeSulfuric Acid kunye neAluminiyam enyibilikisiweyo
Izityalo zanamhlanje zokufunxa i-anodizing zisebenzisa amaqhinga amaninzi ohlalutyo oluqhubekayo ukugcina ulwakhiwo olufanelekileyo lokuhlamba:
IiSensors ezikwi-Inline kunye neeDijithali zokulinganisa uXinzelelo lwe-H2SO4
Izinzwa ezikwi-inline—kuquka i-digital pH kunye nee-conductivity probes—zinika impendulo eqhubekayo kwi-H2SO4 concentration. Ezinye iinkqubo zine-algorithms eziphambili ezidibanisa idatha yesignali ngokuthe ngqo kumanqanaba e-sulfuric acid. Izixhobo ezifana ne-sulfuric acid concentration meter, kuquka neemveliso ezinikezelwa yiLonnmeter, zenzelwe ngokukodwa ulawulo lwe-sulfuric acid anodizing bath. Zingafakwa ngqo kwi-circulation loop okanye itanki ukuvelisa ukufundwa kwangoko, zibonelela ngedatha esebenzisekayo yokulungisa i-bath kunye nokuqinisekisa ukunamathela ngokuqinileyo kwiiparamitha zenkqubo ye-sulfuric acid anodizing.
Olu buchule bokubhaqa ngokukhawuleza lufikelela kwi-aluminium enyibilikisiweyo. Iisensors ezisebenzisa umlinganiselo we-potentiometric zivavanya umxholo we-aluminium ngokusebenzisa iimpendulo ezithile ze-electrochemical ezinxulumene ne-anodizing bath chemistry. Ukuhlanganiswa kwezi probes neenkqubo zolawulo lwezityalo kuvumela idosi ezenzekelayo, echaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukuchaneka kunye nokufana kweefilimu ze-aluminium oxide.
Iingenelo zokubeka esweni ngexesha langempela ukuze kusebenze i-Stable Bath
Ukusebenzisa izixhobo zokubeka esweni rhoqo kubonelela ngeenzuzo ezibalulekileyo kwinkqubo ye-sulfuric acid anodize:
Ukuthintela ukuHamba kweParameter
I-asidi ye-sulfuric kunye ne-aluminium enyibilikisiweyo zinokutshintsha ngaphandle kweendawo ezimiselweyo ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kancinci okanye ukuqokelelana. Ukulinganiswa okuqhubekayo koxinzelelo lwe-asidi ye-sulfuric kunye nee-analyzers ezikwi-intanethi okanye iimitha ezikwi-inline kuthintela ukutyibilika okuthe cwaka, okuya kuchaphazela ubukhulu kunye nobunzima befilimu ye-anodic oxide. I-stable bath chemistry iqinisekisa ukuqina kwexesha elide kunye nokukhuselwa kokugqwala kwe-aluminiyam ene-anodized.
Ukufunyanwa Kwangoko Kweempazamo Ezichaphazela Inkqubo Yokutshiza I-Anodizing
Ngexesha langempela, ii-analyzers kunye nee-sensors zibona naziphi na iimpazamo zokuhlamba—ezifana nokuwa kwe-sulfuric acid okanye ii-spikes kwi-aluminium enyibilikisiweyo—ezisongela umgangatho wefilimu ye-oxide. Izilumkiso ziqaliswa ngoko nangoko, zivumela amanyathelo okulungisa ngaphambi kokuba kuvele iziphene ezibizayo. Ukufana kwiindlela zonyango lomphezulu we-aluminium kuyagcinwa, kuphucula ukhuseleko lokugqwala kwe-aluminium e-anodized kwaye kuvelisa iziphumo ezihambelanayo kwibhetshi nganye.
Umzekelo, ukuba i-aluminium enyibilikisiweyo idlula amanqanaba acetyiswayo, ukuna kwemvula eninzi kunokukhuthaza ukuqhekeka okanye ukunciphisa ukuthembeka kwesakhiwo. Ukubeka iliso ngexesha langempela kuqinisekisa ukulungiswa ngokukhawuleza, ukukhusela ukumelana nokugqwala kwefilimu ye-oxide kunye nokuxhasa ukuveliswa kweeleya ze-aluminium anodic oxidation ezihlala ixesha elide. Ii-feed zolawulo oluzenzekelayo zinceda abavelisi ukuba bahlangabezane neemfuno ezingqongqo zobukhulu kunye nobunzima befilimu ye-anodic oxide, nto leyo ephucula ngokuthe ngqo imbonakalo kunye nokusebenza.
Ukuhlanganiswa rhoqo kwee-analyzers ze-titration ezikwi-intanethi kunye neemitha zoxinzelelo ze-H2SO4 ezikwi-inline kususa ukungaqiniseki kwe-batch sampling kunye nokulinganisa okuzimeleyo. Le nkqubo iqinileyo ikhokelela ekuphuculweni okulinganiselweyo kulawulo loxinzelelo lwebhafu olunodizing, ukusebenza kakuhle kokusetyenziswa kweekhemikhali, kunye nomgangatho wemveliso kuyo yonke inkqubo ye-aluminium anodizing yokumelana nokugqwala.
Ukudibanisa iiMeter zokuXinanisa iSulfuric Acid kwimisebenzi yokuNciphisa i-Anodizing
Imigaqo yokukhetha iMeter yoXinzelelo lweSulfuric Acid
Inkqubo yokufunxa i-sulfuric acid ixhomekeke kulawulo oluchanekileyo loxinzelelo lwe-H₂SO₄. Ukukhethwa kwemitha yoxinzelelo lwe-sulfuric acid kubandakanya ukuvavanya ngononophelo izinto ezintathu eziphambili: ukuchaneka, ukuhambelana, kunye neemfuno zokugcinwa.
UkuchanekaKubalulekile. Ibhafu yokufunxa i-anodizing isebenza kakuhle ngaphakathi kwe-150–220 g/L H₂SO₄, kwaye iipropati zefilimu ye-oxide—ezifana nobukhulu, ukumelana nokugqwala, kunye nobunzima—zinobuthathaka kakhulu ekuphambukeni kwi-acid concentration. Iimitha kufuneka zihlangabezane nokuchaneka kwentsimi okuncinci kwe-±2–4 g/L ekusebenzeni rhoqo. Kwimigca yenkqubo ephucukileyo, ngakumbi kwi-aerospace okanye unyango oluphezulu lweprofayili ze-aluminium, khangela izixhobo okanye iinkqubo ezikwaziyo ukugcina ulawulo lwe-±1–2 g/L. Iimitha ezisekelwe kwi-conductivity ziqhelekile, kodwa azithembeki kangako njengoko i-aluminium iqokelelana; iimitha zoxinano (hydrometer) kunye neendlela zesalathiso ezisekelwe kwi-titration zibonelela ngokuchaneka okungcono kwizicelo ezibalulekileyo.
Ukuhambelana nendawo ethile yokusebenzaibalulekile. Imitha kufuneka imelane neemeko zeekhemikhali zebhafu yokufunxa i-anodizing, kubandakanya i-asidi ephezulu kunye noxinzelelo oluphezulu lwee-ion ze-aluminium. Izixhobo kufuneka zihambelane neenkqubo zokuhlawula ubushushu, njengoko ukuguquguquka kobushushu bebhafu kwi-2–3°C kunokubangela iimpazamo zokulinganisa ezidlula i-5 g/L ukuba azilungiswanga. Iimitha ezingakwaziyo ukubuyisela ubushushu okanye i-aluminium enyibilikisiweyo zinokubangela iimpawu zefilimu ye-anodic oxide ezingalunganga kunye nokumelana nokugqwala okungalindelekanga.
Izinto eziqwalaselwayo kulondolozoziquka ukucoceka okulula, ukumelana nokungcola kwenzwa, kunye nokufumaneka kweenkqubo zokulinganisa eziqinileyo. Ukuze ubeke esweni kwi-intanethi, khetha iimitha ezineempawu zokucoca ngokuzenzekelayo okanye zokulinganisa kwakhona ukunciphisa ukutyibilika. Iinkqubo ezenziwe ngesandla, njengee-hydrometer, zifuna ukuhlanjwa rhoqo ngamanzi acocekileyo ukuthintela ukwakheka kwentsalela. Beka phambili iimitha ezivela kubaboneleli abanerekhodi yemisebenzi yenzwa ehlala ixesha elide kunye nokufikelela ngokulula kwiindawo ezisele. Uthotho lweLonnmeter, umzekelo, lubonelela ngemilinganiselo yexesha langempela kwaye luyilelwe ikhemistri yenkqubo enzima.
Ukuhlanganiswa neeNkqubo zoLawulo lweNkqubo ezikhoyokufuneka ihlolwe. Imigca yenkqubo ye-anodize ye-sulfuric acid yanamhlanje ixhamla kwiimitha ezinokunxibelelana nabalawuli bedijithali, ii-PLC, okanye iinkqubo ze-SCADA. Khangela izixhobo ezibonelela ngeenkqubo ezisemgangathweni zokukhupha (umz., 4–20 mA okanye iModbus) zokujonga ngaphandle komthungo kunye nokulawula iiparameter zebhafu ye-anodizing ye-sulfuric acid. Olu dibaniso luvumela uhlengahlengiso lwedosi oluzenzekelayo ukugcina uxinzelelo olufanelekileyo lwebhafu ye-anodizing kwaye luqinisekisa ukuveliswa kwakhona kweefilimu ze-aluminium oxide ezinobukhulu obujoliswe kuzo kunye nokumelana nokugqwala.
Iingcebiso zeXesha loLungiso kunye neMisebenzi eBalaseleyo yoLawulo loMgangatho
Ukulinganisa uxinano lwe-sulfuric acid esemgangathweni ophezulu kufuna iinkqubo zokulinganisa nokulawula ezingqongqo. Iindlela ezilungileyo ziquka:
- Amaxesha oLungiso:Iimitha zokuqhuba kunye noxinano kufuneka zilinganiswe ngokuchasene ne-titration yelabhoratri ubuncinane ngeveki phantsi kwemithwalo eqhelekileyo yemveliso. Ukuba zisebenza kufutshane nemida yenkqubo okanye xa kukho utshintsho rhoqo lokuhlamba, kuyacetyiswa ukuba kulinganiswe imihla ngemihla. Iinkqubo zokulinganisa kufuneka ziqwalasele ukwanda kwe-aluminium enyibilikisiweyo ebhafini, nto leyo echaphazela ukufundwa kwe-sensor.
- Ukuqinisekiswa okunqamlezileyo:Sebenzisa ii-titrator ezizenzekelayo njengomgangatho olungileyo wokubhekisa nokulungisa ukufundwa kwe-sensor ekwi-intanethi. Jonga rhoqo iziphumo ezivela kwiimitha ezikwi-intanethi nge-titration ngesandla ukuze ubone ukushukuma, ingakumbi emva kokulungiswa kwebhafu okanye ukwakheka kwe-aluminium kudlule kwi-15–20 g/L.
- Ulawulo lwemeko:Sebenzisa uhlolo lokuqinisekisa lwemihla ngemihla okanye ngotshintsho ngalunye—uhlalutyo lwesampulu yendawo, uhlolo lwempilo yenzwa, kunye nophononongo lweerekhodi zobushushu bokuhlamba. Bhala phantsi zonke iziphumo zovavanyo kunye novavanyo ukuze kulandelelwe. Qinisekisa ukuba zonke iimitha zisebenza ngaphakathi koluhlu lwazo oluchaziweyo kunye nokuchaneka phantsi kweemeko zenkqubo yokwenyani.
I-Aluminium Anodizing
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Amanyathelo Okufezekisa Unyango Oluphezulu LweeProfayili Ze-Aluminium
Ngaphambi konyango: Ukucoca kunye nokukrola ukuze ufumane iziphumo ze-Anodizing ezifanayo
Unyango lwangaphambi konyango lubalulekile ekunyangweni komphezulu weeprofayili ze-aluminium ezisemgangathweni ophezulu kwinkqubo yokuzola i-sulfuric acid. Olu landelelwano luqala ngokucoca ngokucokisekileyo (ukususa igrisi) ukususa iioyile, iigrisi, kunye nezinye izinto ezingcolisayo eziphilayo. Oku kudla ngokwenziwa ngabacoci be-alkaline kwi-50-70°C imizuzu emi-2-10, ngamanye amaxesha kuphuculwe nge-ultrasonic agitation kwiiprofayili ezinejometri ezintsonkothileyo. Ukuhlamba ngokufanelekileyo ngamanzi acocekileyo okanye athambileyo kuthintela ukuphinda kubekwe umhlaba kwaye kulungiselela umphezulu amanyathelo alandelayo.
Emva koko kulandela ukugrumba, kusetyenziswa izisombululo ze-sodium hydroxide (NaOH) kwi-30–100 g/L kunye ne-40–60°C, ngesiqhelo imizuzu emi-2–10. Eli nyathelo lisusa umaleko omncinci we-aluminium, licime iziphene zomphezulu, imigca yokuphuma, kunye nazo naziphi na iifilimu ze-oxide esele zikhona. Ukulawula ukwakheka kwebhafu kunye nexesha lokugrumba kuthintela ukulahleka kwesinyithi okugqithisileyo kunye nokurhawuzelela, kugcina ukuchaneka kweprofayili. Izongezo ezifana nezithinteli zinokunciphisa iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ezifana ne-hydrogen pickup. Emva kokugrumba, umphezulu we-aluminium uhlala ugcina i-intermetallics enganyibilikiyo—eyaziwa ngokuba yi-smut—emele isuswe ukuze kufunyanwe iziphumo ezilungileyo.
Ukucocwa kwesikhumba kwenziwa ngeebhafu ze-nitric okanye ze-sulfuric acid (15–25% HNO₃; kubushushu begumbi imizuzu eli-1–3). I-Ammonium bifluoride ingafakwa kwii-alloys ezinomxholo ophezulu we-silicon okanye we-copper. Eli nyathelo liqinisekisa ukuba umphezulu ucocekile nge-microscopic, kwaye ufana. Ukucoca kokugqibela kubalulekile ngaphambi kokucocwa kwesikhumba ukuze kuthintelwe ukungcoliswa kwebhafu elandelayo yokucocwa kwesikhumba.
Ukubeka iliso rhoqo kwindlela ehlanjwa ngayo, ubushushu, kunye namaxesha okusebenza kubalulekile ukuze kufumaneke iziphumo eziphindaphindwayo kunye nokuthintela iziphene zomphezulu ezifana nokuqhekeka okanye ukuqhekeka. Imigca yanamhlanje isebenzisa ii-sensors zexesha langempela kunye nee-closed-loop rinses ukuze kuphuculwe umgangatho kwaye kuncitshiswe impembelelo yokusingqongileyo. Injongo ephambili yiprofayili ye-aluminiyam ecocekileyo ngokugqibeleleyo, enomphetho olinganayo engenazo iintsalela ze-smuts kwaye ilungele inkqubo ye-sulfuric acid anodize.
I-Anodizing: Ukugcina iiParameters zeBath ezichanekileyo kulo lonke ixesha lokukhula kwefilimu ye-Oxide
Ulawulo oluchanekileyo lwebhafu yokufunxa i-anodizing lubalulekile ekudaleni iifilimu ze-aluminium oxide ezinobunzima obufanelekileyo kunye nokumelana nokugqwala. Inkqubo yokufunxa i-sulfuric acid ixhomekeke ekugcineni iiparameter ezingqongqo:
- Uxinzelelo lwe-asidi ye-sulfuric kwi-anodizing bath kufuneka lugcinwe ngaphakathi koluhlu oluchaziweyo, ngesiqhelo i-150–220 g/L. Ukulinganiswa koxinzelelo lwe-asidi ye-sulfuric rhoqo kuqinisekisa ukuba ukuphambuka kulungiswa ngokukhawuleza.
- Izixhobo ezifana neLonnmeter sulfuric acid concentration meter zibonelela ngomlinganiselo okhawulezayo nothembekileyo woxinzelelo lwe-h2so4, zixhasa uhlengahlengiso lokuhlamba ngesandla kunye nolwenziwa ngokuzenzekelayo.
- Ubushushu bokuhlamba buhlala buphakathi kwe-18°C kunye ne-22°C. Ukuphambuka kunokuchaphazela ubukhulu befilimu ye-aluminium oxide, ukufana, kunye nenkangeleko.
- Uxinano lwangoku, oluqhele ukuba yi-1–2 A/dm² kwi-anodizing esemgangathweni, luhlengahlengiswa ngokwe-alloy type kunye nobukhulu be-oxide obufunekayo.
- Ukuxubana kwebhafu kuqinisekisa ukusasazwa kwee-ion ngokulinganayo kunye nokuchithwa kobushushu.
Ulawulo olucokisekileyo lwebhafu ye-anodizing ye-sulfuric acid luqinisekisa ukukhula okuqhubekayo kwefilimu ye-anodic oxide. Oku kuvumela ukulungiswa ngokuchanekileyo kobukhulu befilimu ye-aluminium oxide (ngokuqhelekileyo i-5–25 μm kwiiprofayili zokwakha kunye ne-70 μm kwi-anodizing eqinileyo) kwaye kwandisa ubunzima befilimu ye-anodic oxide kunye nokumelana nokugqwala kwefilimu ye-oxide. Ukulinganisa i-sulfuric acid ngexesha langempela kwibhafu ye-anodizing kukwanceda ukuphepha iziphene eziqhelekileyo ezifana nokutsha, iifilimu ezithambileyo, okanye impendulo engalunganga yombala, okuvumela izibonelelo ezininzi ze-anodizing aluminium nge-sulfuric acid.
Ukulungiswa koxinzelelo lwebhafu olunongwe kakuhle kubaluleke kakhulu kwimveliso ende, apho ukutsalwa kwamanzi okuhlamba okanye ukuqokelelwa kwee-ion zesinyithi kunokungcolisa okanye kungcolise ibhafu. Uhlengahlengiso olukhawulezileyo noluchanekileyo lwekhemistri yebhafu enongwe, oluxhaswa kukulinganiswa rhoqo koxinzelelo lwe-h2so4, lubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuba i-oxide coating iyafana kwaye ihlala ixesha elide.
Emva konyango: Iindlela zokutywina ukuze kufakwe ubulukhuni befilimu kunye nokumelana nokugqwala
Emva kokufaka i-anodizing, unyango lokutywina luvala isakhiwo esineembobo zomaleko we-aluminium oxide entsha, lubonelela ngokhuseleko oluhlala luhleli ekugqwaleni kwaye luphucule ubulukhuni befilimu ye-anodic oxide. Iindlela eziphambili zokutywina ze-aluminium enodizing ziquka:
- Ukuvalwa kwamanzi ashushu: Ukuntywiliselwa emanzini abilayo anyibilikisiweyo (96–100°C) imizuzu eli-15–30 kuyayifumisa i-oxide, kwenze i-boehmite ezinzileyo.
- Ukutywinwa kwe-acetate ye-nickel: Ukusebenzisa isisombululo se-acetate ye-nickel kwi-85–95°C, le ndlela iphucula ukumelana nokugqwala kunye nokuzinza kombala, ingakumbi kwiingubo ezidayiweyo.
- Ukuvalwa okubandayo: Kubandakanya iiarhente zokuvala ezizimeleyo kumaqondo obushushu aphantsi njenge-25–30°C kwaye kuyathandwa ukonga amandla kunye nokukhupha amandla ngokukhawuleza.
Ukukhethwa kwenkqubo yokutywina kuxhomekeke ekusebenzeni kwe-oxide okufunwayo, iinjongo zeendleko, kunye neemfuno zokusetyenziswa kokugqibela. Indlela nganye kufuneka ijongwe ngononophelo ngexesha, ubushushu, kunye nokwakheka kwebhafu ukuqinisekisa ukutywina okupheleleyo. Ukutywina okungekho semgangathweni kunokubangela ukhuseleko oluphantsi lokugqwala kunye nokuncipha kobunzima befilimu, okubeka emngciphekweni ubuhle kunye nobomi bokusebenza beprofayili ye-aluminium egqunyiweyo.
Ukuphucula emva konyango akupheleli nje ekuphuculeni ukhuseleko lokugqwala kwe-aluminium e-anodized kodwa kukwaxhasa i-aluminium e-anodic oxidation ehlala ixesha elide kwizicelo ezifunekayo. Uhlalutyo lokuhlamba rhoqo kunye nolawulo lwenkqubo kuqhuba iziphumo ezihambelanayo kuzo zonke iibhetshi zemveliso.
Ngokulandela iindlela ezilungileyo kwinyathelo ngalinye—ukucoca nokukrola, ulawulo oluchanekileyo lwenkqubo ye-sulfuric acid anodize, kunye nokuvalwa okucokisekileyo emva konyango—abavelisi banokuvelisa ngokuthembekileyo iiprofayili ze-aluminium ezinomgangatho ophezulu womphezulu, ubulukhuni befilimu obuphuculweyo, kunye nokumelana okugqwesileyo nokugqwala.
Imibuzo ebuzwa qho
Yeyiphi i-H2SO4 concentration efanelekileyo kwi-sulfuric acid anodizing bath?
Uxinzelelo oluphezulu lwe-sulfuric acid kwinkqubo ye-sulfuric acid anodizing luqhele ukuba phakathi kwe-150 kunye ne-220 g/L, nto leyo elingana ne-15–20% ngomthamo. Ixabiso elifanelekileyo elikhankanyiweyo yi-180 g/L okanye i-18% ngomthamo. Olu luhlu lubalulekile ekuveliseni iifilimu ze-anodic oxide ezinobunzima obuphezulu kunye nokumelana nokugqwala. Ukuhlamba okubalekayo kule festile kukhuthaza ubukhulu obuhambelanayo be-oxide kwiiprofayili ze-aluminium, kuxhasa ukufunxwa kwedayi, kwaye kunciphisa umngcipheko wokukhula kwe-powdery okanye i-fragile coating. Uxinzelelo olungaphantsi kwe-150 g/L luyacotha ukukhula kwe-oxide kwaye lunokwenza iifilimu ezithambileyo, ezinemingxuma, ngelixa uxinano olungaphezulu kwe-220 g/L lonyusa ukunyibilika kwaye lunokunciphisa uxinano ngokugqithisileyo. Kwiinkqubo ezikhethekileyo, ezifana ne-hard anodizing, uxinano oluphezulu kancinci (ukuya kuthi ga kwi-240 g/L) kunye nobushushu obuphantsi lunokusetyenziswa kodwa alufanelekanga kwimveliso eqhelekileyo.
Uxinzelelo lwebhafu olunomoya luchaphazela njani ubukhulu befilimu ye-aluminium oxide?
Uxinzelelo lwebhafu olune-anodizing lunefuthe elithe ngqo nelilinganisekayo kubukhulu befilimu ye-aluminium oxide. Uxinzelelo oluphezulu lwe-sulfuric acid luphucula ukunyibilika kwe-oxide, okukhokelela kwiileya ezincinci nezibuthathaka ngakumbi. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, amanqanaba aphantsi e-asidi avelisa iifilimu ezijiyileyo kodwa adla ngokwandisa ukubola, okunciphisa ubulukhuni kunye nokukhuselwa kokugqwala. Ukufumana uxinzelelo olufanelekileyo kubalulekile: i-180 g/L ngokuthembekileyo ivelisa umaleko we-oxide oxineneyo, ohlala ixesha elide one-porosity elawulwayo efanelekileyo kwiindlela zokwakha nezoshishino. Ukuphambuka kolu xinzelelo kuya kutshintsha iipropati zokukhusela kunye nezoomatshini zefilimu. Umzekelo, ukusebenza kwi-220 g/L kudla ngokubangela ii-pores ezincinci kodwa kunokubeka emngciphekweni wokulahleka kwefilimu ngokukhawuleza ngexesha le-anodizing.
Yintoni imitha yokulinganisa i-sulfuric acid kwaye kutheni ibalulekile?
Imitha yoxinzelelo lwe-asidi ye-sulfuric isoloko ilinganisa inqanaba le-H2SO4 kwiibhafu ze-anodizing. Kubalulekile ukugcina ikhemistri yokuhlamba ehambelanayo, ibalulekile kunyango lomphezulu we-aluminium. Ngemitha yoxinzelelo, abaqhubi banokulungisa idosi ye-asidi ye-sulfuric ngexesha langempela, bethintela iimpazamo ezenziwe ngesandla kwaye baqinisekise umgangatho wemveliso ozinzileyo. Oku kugcina iiparameter ezifanelekileyo zokuhlamba kwaye kuxhasa ukwakheka kwefilimu ye-oxide efanelekileyo. Izixhobo ezifana neLonnmeter zibonelela ngokujonga okuthembekileyo, okuzenzekelayo okulungiselelwe inkqubo ye-anodize ye-asidi ye-sulfuric, kunciphisa ukuphindaphinda kokuthatha iisampulu ngesandla kunye nohlalutyo.
Kutheni umlinganiselo woxinzelelo lwe-h2so4 ngexesha langempela lubalulekile kwinkqubo yokuzola?
Ukulinganisa uxinzelelo lwe-h2so4 ngexesha langempela kubalulekile ekulawuleni uxinzelelo lwebhafu olune-anodizing. Impendulo ekhawulezileyo ivumela ukulungiswa ngokukhawuleza kokuphambuka, ukugcina ikhemistri yebhafu izinzile. Ukuba uxinzelelo luyatshintshatshintsha, ubukhulu bomaleko we-oxide, ubulukhuni, kunye nokumelana nokugqwala kunokonakala. Iinkqubo zokulinganisa ezinokuthenjwa zinceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba ibhetshi nganye iyahlangabezana neemfuno, igcina ukusebenza okuphezulu kwi-anodizing ye-aluminium yokumelana nokugqwala kunye nokuqina komphezulu. Le ndlela ibaluleke kakhulu kwimisebenzi emikhulu okanye ezenzekelayo, apho ukungenelela kwabantu kulinganiselwe.
Ngaba ukugxila okungafanelekanga kwebhafu kunokubangela iziphene kwi-aluminiyam eyosiweyo?
Ewe, ukusebenzisa inkqubo yokufunxa i-sulfuric acid ngaphandle kwefestile yoxinaniso ecetyiswayo kunokubangela iziphene ezinzulu. Oku kubandakanya ukunamathela kwefilimu ye-oxide ebuthathaka, umbala ongaqhelekanga womphezulu, ubunzima obunciphileyo, kunye nokumelana nokugqwala okunciphileyo. Ukusebenzisa imitha yoxinaniso ye-sulfuric acid ukulinganisa rhoqo uxinaniso lwe-h2so4 kunciphisa kakhulu umngcipheko weziphene. Umzekelo, umxholo we-asidi egqithisileyo unokunyibilikisa i-oxide esandula ukwenziwa, okubangela ukugquma okungalinganiyo okanye okuncinci, ngelixa uxinaniso lwe-asidi olunganelanga luvelisa iifilimu ezinemingxuma, ezonakala lula. Ukubeka iliso rhoqo kubalulekile kwi-aluminium anodic oxidation ehlala ixesha elide.
Ixesha leposi: Disemba-03-2025
