Coi-ntinuousUkulinganiswa koxinano lwe-propylene yolwelo lusisiseko sokusebenza ngokukhuselekileyo, okusebenzayo, nokusemgangathweni ophezulu kwezixhobo ezibandakanyeka ekucoceni, ukugcina, kunye nokuphatha i-propylene. Yenza isiseko solawulo lwempahla, ibhalansi yezinto, kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba zombini iinkqubo kunye neenkcukacha zokugqibela zemveliso—ezifana nezo ze-polymer grade propylene—ziyafezekiswa ngokuthembekileyo. Kwizinto eziguquguqukayo nezixinzelelweyo ezifana ne-propylene, idatha yoxinano oluchanekileyo ayisiyomfuneko yobugcisa kuphela kodwa ikwayiparameter yokhuseleko ebalulekileyo echaphazela ukubalwa kokuzaliswa kwetanki, ukumisela indawo yomphunga, kunye nokunciphisa umngcipheko kwiimeko zokugcina kunye nokudlulisa.
Intshayelelo
Ipropylene (PGP) ecocekileyo kakhulu, ekumgangatho wepolymer (PGP) ibaluleke kakhulu kushishino lweekhemikhali zanamhlanje, ingakumbi ekuvelisweni kwepolypropylene. Njengoko icocekile iqhele ukuba ngaphezulu kwe-99.5%, i-PGP iqinisekisa ukusabela okusebenzayo kwepolymerization, ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-catalyst, kunye nokuveliswa kwepolypropylene eneempawu ezifanayo zomzimba nezekhemikhali. Umgangatho we-PGP uchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo amashishini ukusuka ekupakisheni nakwiinxalenye zeemoto ukuya kwizixhobo ze-elektroniki kunye nezonyango, apho notshintsho oluncinci kwisakhiwo sepolymer okanye amandla oomatshini lunokuba nemiphumo emibi kakhulu.
Imveliso yePropylene
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Ukucocwa kwepropylene ukuze kufikelelwe kwimigangatho ye-polymer kubandakanya ukususa imikhondo yepropane, i-dienes, i-oxygenates, kunye nezinye izinto ezingcolisayo ezinokubakho. Ezi zinto zingcolisayo, nokuba zikwinqanaba le-ppm, zinokutyhefa kakhulu ii-catalysts ezinobuthathaka ezifana neenkqubo zeZiegler-Natta kunye neMetallocene, nto leyo ekhokelela ekucinyweni kwe-catalyst, ukuncipha kwesivuno, ukusasazwa kobunzima beemolekyuli, kunye nokutshintsha kweempawu zemveliso yokugqibela. Izityalo zePolypropylene zixhomekeke kwiindlela ezifana ne-distillation ephucukileyo, ukufunxwa yi-metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), kunye nokwahlulwa kwe-membrane ukunciphisa ezi zinto zingcolisayo kunye nokugcina uzinzo lwenkqubo.
Ukugcinwa ngokukhuselekileyo kunye nokuphathwa ngononophelo kwe-propylene yolwelo kubalulekile ngenxa yeempawu zayo eziyingozi. I-Propylene iyatsha kakhulu, igcinwa phantsi koxinzelelo oluphezulu, kwaye yenza imixube eqhumayo nomoya. Kufuneka iindlela eziqinileyo: ukugcinwa kufuneka kwenzeke kwiindawo ezinomoya ococekileyo kusetyenziswa izikhongozeli eziqinisekisiweyo zoxinzelelo oluphezulu ezixhotyiswe ngezixhobo zokunciphisa uxinzelelo kunye nokujonga umphunga. Kuphela ngabasebenzi abaqeqeshweyo abafanele benze imisebenzi yokudlulisa kunye nokuvavanya iisampulu phantsi kokuthotyelwa ngokungqongqo kwimigaqo yokhuseleko lomsebenzi, ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kwemveliso kunye nokhuseleko emsebenzini.
Elinye ilitye lesiseko lobonelelo lwepropylene oluthembekileyo kukulinganisa ngokuchanekileyo uxinano lwepropylene olumanzi—ipropati enxulumene kakhulu nolawulo lwenkqubo, ulawulo lwempahla, kunye nomgangatho wemveliso. Ukulinganisa uxinano lolwelo, ingakumbi ipropylene, kubalulekile ekumiseleni ubunyulu kunye nokulinganisa ukuhamba kunye nokulinganisa ubunzima ngexesha lokugcina, ukudlulisa, kunye namanqanaba okutya kwepolymerization. Iindlela zemveli ezifana nokulinganisa i-hydrostatic zibonelela ngexabiso lesalathiso kodwa azifanelekanga ukusetyenziswa rhoqo kwiindawo zoshishino. Izisombululo eziphambili—iimitha zoxinano zohlobo lwe-oscillation, kuquka ezo zenziwe yiLonnmeter—zivumela ukujonga ngaphakathi, ngexesha langempela, zixhasa zombini ukuqinisekiswa komgangatho kunye nokusebenza kakuhle. Ezi zixhobo zibonelela ngokuchaneka okuphezulu kwaye zenzelwe ukusebenza phantsi kobushushu obunzima kunye noxinzelelo oludibana nalo kwi-propylene logistics kunye ne-polypropylene production, ukuqinisekisa ukuhambelana kunye nokulandeleka kuyo yonke ikhonkco yokubonelela.
Ukuqonda ukusebenzisana phakathi kokucocwa kwepropylene, ukuthembeka kokutya kwempendulo, iindlela zokugcina ezikhuselekileyo, kunye nokulinganisa uxinano oluqinileyo kubalulekile ekunikezeni ipropylene esemgangathweni ophezulu, ehambelanayo nesemgangathweni kwizityalo zepolypropylene zehlabathi, ukugcina imigangatho yokusebenza kunye nokhuseleko olufunwa lishishini.
I-Propylene ye-Polymer-Grade: Inkcazo, iiPropati, kunye neMveliso
Yintoni iPolymer-Grade Propylene?
I-propylene ye-polymer-grade luhlobo lwe-propylene ecocekileyo kakhulu (C₃H₆) eyimfuneko ekuveliseni i-polypropylene kunye nezinye ii-polymer. Ukubaluleka kwayo kuvela kwiimfuno ezingqongqo zomgangatho wee-catalysts ze-polymerization ezifana ne-Ziegler-Natta kunye neenkqubo ze-metallocene. Ezi catalysts zinobuthathaka kakhulu kwiingcolisi ezifana ne-sulfur, i-phosphorus, amanzi, kunye ne-oxygenates, ezinokuyekisa i-catalyst kwaye zonakalise umgangatho wemveliso ye-polymer. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, i-propylene ye-polymer-grade kufuneka idlule umda wobumsulwa we-99.5%, kunye neempawu eziqhelekileyo zoshishino ezifikelela kwi-99.7%. Umxholo we-sulfur ulinganiselwe ngaphantsi kwe-0.1–0.2 ppm, i-phosphorus idla ngokuba ngaphantsi kwe-0.1 ppm, kunye namanzi angaphantsi kwe-5 ppm ukukhusela umsebenzi we-catalyst kunye nobomi obude. Iiteknoloji ze-catalyst ezikhuphisanayo, ezifana nezo zisetyenziswa kwi-bulk, solution, kunye ne-gas-phase polymerizations, zahlukile kwiindlela zazo zokunyamezela ukungcola, kodwa zonke zifuna i-feedstock ecocekileyo kakhulu ukuze isebenze kakuhle kwaye isebenze ngoqoqosho. Ukugcina obu bumsulwa kubalulekile ukuthintela ukutshintshwa kwe-catalyst ebiza kakhulu kunye nexesha lokungasebenzi okubangelwa kukucima okanye ukungcola kokutya kwe-reaction ukuze kuveliswe i-propylene.
Iimpawu Eziphambili Zomzimba
I-Propylene yigesi engenambala, eguquguqukayo kakhulu kwiimeko eziqhelekileyo, inika imingeni eyahlukileyo yokuphathwa kunye nokugcinwa. Iqondo layo lokubila yi--47.6 °C, kwaye iqondo layo lokunyibilika yi--185 °C. Xa igcinwa okanye ithuthwa njengolwelo phantsi koxinzelelo, ukuqonda uxinano lwe-propylene yolwelo kunye nokuguquguquka kubalulekile ekusebenzeni ngokukhuselekileyo nangokufanelekileyo. Kwi--48 °C kunye noxinzelelo lomoya, uxinano lwe-propylene yolwelo lumalunga ne-0.51 g/cm³. Phantsi kwendawo yokugcina exinzelelweyo eqhelekileyo (umz., 8–10 bar, 20 °C), uxinano lunokunyuka luye malunga ne-0.49–0.52 g/cm³. Ezi parameter zoxinano zibalulekile kwimilinganiselo yobunzima benkqubo, ubungakanani betanki, kunye nokulinganiswa kwenqanaba. I-Propylene ixinene ngokuphindwe kayi-1.5 kwisigaba somphunga kunomoya, inegalelo ekuthambekeleni kokuba umphunga ophumileyo uqokelele kwiindawo ezisezantsi, nto leyo ebangela iingozi ezinkulu. Ukulinganiswa okufanelekileyo koxinano lwe-propylene yolwelo kufezekiswa ngeemitha zoxinano ezichanekileyo, ezifana nezo zenziwe yiLonnmeter, okuvumela abaqhubi ukuba bajonge ngokuchanekileyo kwaye balawule izinto ezisetyenzisiweyo kunye nokwenza ngcono iimeko zokugcina. Ukuguquguquka kunye nokuziphatha kwesigaba kufuna izisombululo ezicwangcisiweyo zokwahlulahlula isigaba, ulawulo lwe-flash, kunye nokufumanisa ukuvuza ngexesha lokuphathwa kunye nokugcinwa.
Iindlela eziphambili zeMveliso
Iindlela eziphambili zoshishino zokwenza i-propylene ye-polymer-grade kukuqhekeka ngomphunga, ukuqhekeka nge-catalytic, kunye nokungalingani kwe-olefin (ngokukodwa i-metathesis).
Ukuqhekeka ngomphunga:Ukuqhekeka ngomphunga kwee-hydrocarbons (i-naphtha, i-LPG, okanye i-ethane) ngokuyintloko kuvelisa i-ethylene kodwa ikwavelisa imveliso exabisekileyo ye-propylene. Iimveliso zokuqala ziqulathe umxube wee-hydrocarbons ezifuna ukucocwa ngenyathelo elininzi, kubandakanya i-cryogenic distillation kunye ne-hydrogenation, ukuze kufikelele kwimigangatho ye-polymer. Omnye umngeni kukufikelela kwinqanaba lokubila elisondeleyo le-propylene kunye ne-propane, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima ukwahlukana kwaye inyuse iindleko zamandla kunye nezixhobo.
Ukuqhekeka kweCatalytic:Iiyunithi ze-Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) ziguqula ii-gas oils zibe zii-alkenes ezikhaphukhaphu, zivelisa i-propylene njengemveliso eyintloko. I-FCC kunye neenkqubo ezinxulumene nayo zivelisa ii-olefins eziphezulu (C₄–C₈), apho ukuqhekeka kwazo okulandelayo kunokunyusa isivuno se-propylene kodwa kongeze ubunzima kwiinkqubo zokwahlukana.
Ukungalingani kwe-Olefin (iMetathesis):Iitekhnoloji zeMetathesis, ezifana nokusabela kwe-ethylene kunye ne-butenes, zivumela ukuveliswa kwepropylene ngenjongo. Ezi ndlela zinomtsalane ekuguquguqukeni kwe-feedstock kwaye zinokuvelisa ngokuthe ngqo imijelo ecocekileyo ephezulu enemveliso ezimbalwa ezisindayo, nto leyo enciphisa iimfuno zokucoca ezisezantsi. Nangona kunjalo, umgangatho we-feedstock kunye neeprofayili zemveliso ezingaphantsi kwayo zisachaphazela uyilo lwenkqubo yokucoca.
Iinkqubo zemveliso ngokwemvelo zivelisa iimveliso ezingasemva—eziqala kwi-hydrogen, i-methane, kunye nee-hydrocarbons ezahlukeneyo ze-C₄+ ukuya ekulandeleni ukungcola—ekufuneka zahlulwe ngokufanelekileyo ukuze zahlulwe i-propylene kucoceko lwe-polymer. I-slate yemveliso engasemva kwendlela nganye imisela ubunzulu kunye nohlobo lokuhlanjululwa okusezantsi, ngakumbi ekususweni okukhethekileyo kwe-propane, i-unsaturated, kunye neetyhefu ezingasemva. Amanyathelo okucoca, kuquka i-hydrogenation ekhethiweyo, i-distillation, i-adsorption, kunye neenkqubo ze-membrane eziphambili, zenzelwe inkqubo nganye ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezingqongqo zokuhlanjululwa kwe-propylene ezifunwa yimisebenzi ye-polymerization.
Ukubeka esweni rhoqo kunye nokulungiswa kweeparamitha ezibalulekileyo zomzimba, ezifana noxinano lolwelo lwepropylene kunye nobushushu, ngexesha lokuveliswa kunye nokugcinwa, kufezekiswa kusetyenziswa ubuchwepheshe obuphambili bokulinganisa ngaphakathi njengabo beLonnmeter. Olu lwazi lubalulekile ekubalweni kwebhalansi yobunzima kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kwemigangatho yokhuseleko, ngakumbi ekuphathweni nasekugcinweni kwepropylene yolwelo apho kufuneka ulawulo oluchanekileyo.
Apha ngezantsi kukho itshathi yokuthelekisa ebonisa uxinano oluqhelekileyo lwe-propylene yolwelo kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo:
| Ubushushu (°C) | Uxinzelelo (ibha) | Ubuninzi bePropylene yolwelo (g/cm³) |
| -48 | 1 | 0.51 |
| 0 | 5 | 0.52 |
| 20 | 9 | 0.49 |
| 40 | 15 | 0.47 |
Ukulinganiswa koxinano ngokuchanekileyo kwazisa zombini iinkqubo zokhuseleko kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kuyo nayiphi na indawo ejongene nokugcinwa nokuphathwa kwepropylene.
Amaqhinga okuCoca iPropylene kwiPolymer Grade Supply
Iindlela zokuCoca iMizi-mveliso
Ukunyibilikisa i-propylene kuhlala kusisiseko sokuhlanjululwa kwe-propylene, ukwahlula i-propylene kwi-propane kunye nezinye ii-hydrocarbons ezikhanyayo ukuze kuhlangatyezwane nomlinganiselo wobumsulwa ongaphezulu kwe-99.5% ofunekayo kwi-polymer grade propylene. Le nkqubo isebenzisa umahluko omncinci kumanqaku okubila—i-propylene kwi--47.6 °C kunye ne-propane kwi--42.1 °C—okufuna iintsika ezinde, eziphezulu ze-reflux kunye nokufakwa kwamandla okubalulekileyo. Le mfuno yamandla amakhulu yenza ukunyibilikisa okuqhelekileyo kubize kakhulu, ngakumbi njengoko iimfuno zobumsulwa ziqina kwaye iinjongo zokusebenza zisanda. Imida ibandakanya ukulahleka kwe-propylene (ngokwembali ukuya kuthi ga kwiitoni ezingama-2,900 ngonyaka kwiindawo zokucoca ezineyunithi enye) kunye nokunciphisa imbuyekezo njengoko iitreyi ezingaphezulu okanye i-reflux ephezulu zisetyenziswa ekuphuculeni ubumsulwa obuncinci.
Amaqhinga okunyibilikisa aphucukileyo ajongana neminye yale mingeni. Umzekelo, ukusebenzisa i-bottom flash distillation kunokunciphisa ilahleko ze-propylene ngaphezulu kwe-70%, nto leyo ethetha ukonga okukhulu kweendleko zokusebenza kwezakhiwo ezizimisele ukutyala imali kwiindlela ezintsha zokucwangcisa okanye uhlengahlengiso. Iiyunithi ze-hybrid membrane-distillation zonyusa ngakumbi ukusebenza kakuhle kwamandla kunye nokuguquguquka, ingakumbi xa kuphathwa izitokhwe eziguquguqukayo. Ezi hybrids zibonisa ukwehla kwe-12.6% kwiindleko zonyaka ngokukhupha umsebenzi othile wokwahlula kwiimembrane ezikhethiweyo ze-polymeric okanye ze-inorganic ngaphambi kokuba zilungiswe okokugqibela nge-distillation. Iindlela ze-extractive distillation ezisebenzisa ii-ionic liquids ezikhethiweyo ngokukodwa njenge-entrainers, ezifana ne-[BMIM][TFA], zivumela ukunciphisa amandla ukuya kuthi ga kwi-82% kuneendlela zemveli. Ezi zinto zintsha zihambisa ishishini ngokudibeneyo ukuya ekucoceni i-propylene okuzinzileyo, okunokwandiswa, kunye nokungabizi kakhulu.
Ukuhlanjululwa okusekwe kwi-adsorption kubonelela ngenye indlela okanye ukongeza kwi-distillation. Izinto ezifana ne-Cu-MOF-74 (iifreyimu zesinyithi-zendalo ezisekwe kubhedu) zibonakalise ukusebenza kakuhle kakhulu ngenxa ye-microporosity yazo eyakhiwe ngononophelo kunye neendawo zesinyithi ezivulekileyo. Ezi freyimu zivumela i-physisorption ekhethiweyo kakhulu ye-propylene ngokusebenzisa i-molecular sieving kunye nokusebenzisana okukhethekileyo phakathi kwe-hydrocarbons ezingagcwaliyo kunye nee-copper nodes. Uvavanyo lwe-fixed-bed oluvavanyiweyo luqinisekisa ukuba i-Cu-MOF-74 inokuvelisa i-propylene ngobumsulwa obungaphezulu kwe-99.5%, ihlangabezana ngokuthe ngqo nemigangatho yoshishino lwe-polymer. Okuphawulekayo kukuba, ezi nkqubo ze-adsorption zisebenza kuxinzelelo oluphantsi kunye namaqondo obushushu akufutshane, zinciphisa kakhulu igalelo lamandla xa kuthelekiswa neenkqubo zobushushu, kwaye zinokuvuselelwa ukuze zisetyenziswe rhoqo.
Uyilo lwakutshanje lokucoca ludibanisa ubuchwepheshe obuninzi. Iinkqubo ze-hybrid zihlala zisebenzisa i-adsorption yesigaba sokuqala kusetyenziswa ii-frameworks ze-ultra-microporous (ezifana ne-azolate-based sorbents) ukuze kugxilwe kwi-propylene, kulandele i-polishing distillation ukuqinisekisa ukususwa kokungcola. Ezi ndlela zikhusela imveliso ye-ultra-high-purity, zinciphise ukusetyenziswa kwamandla, kwaye zilungelelanise imisebenzi. Umzekelo, imijikelo ye-adsorption-desorption enye ibikwe ukuba inika i-propylene engaphezulu kwe-99.7% kwizifundo zelebhu kunye ne-pilot. I-hybrid hollow-fiber membrane kunye ne-distillation ziqeqesha ngakumbi ukuzinza kwenkqubo kunye nokuziqhelanisa ngokukhawuleza nokuguquguquka kwezinto eziluhlaza, zinikezela ngeemveliso ezihambelanayo ze-polymer ngelixa zinciphisa i-carbon footprints.
Ukufezekisa ubunyulu obuphezulu kakhulu
I-propylene yodidi lwe-polymer ifuna amanqanaba angcolisayo ahlala engaphantsi kwe-30 ppm propane, i-ethylene eyi-1 ppm, amanzi ayi-1 ppm, kunye namanqanaba e-ppt eetyhefu ze-catalyst (umz., i-O₂, i-CO2, ii-amines, ii-sulfur compounds) ukukhusela ii-catalysts ze-polymerization ezisebenzayo kakhulu kunye nokuqinisekisa iipropati ze-polymer ezihambelanayo. Ukufikelela kunye nokugcina amanqanaba anjalo okucoceka kuxhomekeke kwiindlela zokucoca ezihlanganisiweyo, ukudibanisa ukwahlukana kwe-bulk yokuqala kunye namanyathelo okugqiba asezantsi kunye nokubeka esweni ngexesha langempela.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwenkqubo kubalulekile. Iinkqubo zokucoca ziyilwe njengeendawo ngaphakathi kwekhonkco lexabiso lemveliso yepropylene ebanzi, ehambelana ngokusondeleyo neeyunithi zokuqhekeka okanye zokukhupha ihydrogenation kunye nee-reactors ze-polymerization ezisezantsi. Ulawulo lomgangatho lugcinwa ukusuka ekutyeni kwezinto eziluhlaza ukuya kwindawo yokugcina imveliso yokugqibela. Ukuhlanganiswa kwee-inline analyzers kunye neemitha zoxinano oluphambili kunye ne-viscosity—ezifana nezo zenziwe yiLonnmeter—zenza ukuba kulinganiswe ngokukhawuleza nangokuchanekileyo iipropati eziphambili ze-propylene liquid, ezifana noxinano lolwelo, oluyiparameter ebalulekileyo kwimpahla, ukudluliselwa kokugcinwa, kunye nolawulo lokutya kwempendulo.
Umzekelo wendlela yokudibanisa inkqubo ingabandakanya:
- Ukucoca okuphambili kokwahlulahlula ubuninzi kunye nokunciphisa ukungcola,
- Iibhedi ze-Cu-MOF-74 okanye ezifanayo ezikhaphayo ukuze kuhlanjululwe kakuhle izinto ezicociweyo,
- Ukucocwa kokugqibela okanye ukupolishwa kwe-membrane ukufikelela kwi-<10 ppm ukungcola okupheleleyo kwe-hydrocarbon.
Olu lwakhiwo lunciphisa iindleko zemali kunye nezokusebenza ngelixa luqinisekisa ukuba i-propylene feed ihlangabezana okanye idlula imigangatho yobumsulwa boshishino.
Ubonelelo oluthembekileyo lwepropylene emsulwa kakhulu lubalulekile kwimigca yemveliso ye-polypropylene kunye ne-copolymer, njengoko uvakalelo lwe-catalyst lokulandelela ungcoliseko luchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo isivuno, umgangatho wemveliso, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle. Ukugcina ulawulo oluqinileyo kwi-propylene liquid density—elinganiswa kwiitanki nakwi-reactor feed—kuthintela ukuphambuka kokutya okungalindelekanga kwaye kuxhasa iimpawu ze-polymer ezihambelanayo. Iindlela zokulinganisa uxinano lolwelo, ezifana neemitha zoxinano olujikelezayo kunye nee-pycnometers zelebhu ezilinganisiweyo, zihlanganiswe kuyo yonke imisebenzi yokugcina nokuphatha i-propylene. Ubuchwephesha beLonnmeter, obuyilelwe ukujonga ngexesha langempela, ngokuchanekileyo okuphezulu, bunceda ekuvaleni iluphu yokulawula yokuqinisekisa umgangatho, ukuphathwa, kunye nokugcinwa kwe-propylene liquid njenge-reaction feed elungele ukwenziwa.
Ukuphathwa ngokukhuselekileyo kunye nokugcinwa kwepropylene kuxhomekeke kudibaniso lokugcinwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo, uhlalutyo lwenkqubo, kunye nempendulo evela kwizixhobo ezikwi-intanethi. La manyathelo, adityaniswe namaqhinga okucoca, aqinisekisa ukuba imveliso yokugqibela enikezelwa kwimveliso yepolymer ayigcini nje ngokuba msulwa kakhulu kodwa ikwahlangabezana ngokuthembekileyo nazo zonke iinkcukacha zomzimba nezekhemikhali ezifunekayo ezinxulumene noxinano, ukwakheka, kunye nemida yongcoliseko.
Ukugcinwa kunye nokuphathwa kwePropylene: Iindlela ezilungileyo kunye nemingeni
Indawo yokugcina ekhuselekileyo nesebenzayo
Ukukhetha isisombululo esifanelekileyo sokugcina ipropylene kufuna ukuvavanya iinqanawa ezixinzelelweyo, iitanki ezifrijiweyo, kunye nemiqolomba engaphantsi komhlaba. Iinqanawa ezixinzelelweyo zezona ndlela zixhaphakileyo zomthamo ophakathi, zisebenzisa iitanki zentsimbi eziyilwe phantsi kwemigangatho ye-ASME. Ezi nkqubo zisebenza kubushushu obuphakathi, zigcina ipropylene njengolwelo ngokugcina uxinzelelo olungaphezulu kweqondo lokubila kwayo. Ukusebenza kwazo kuxhomekeke ekuthobeleni iimfuno ezingqongqo zesiseko, ukhuseleko lokugqwala, kunye nokufakelwa izixhobo zokunciphisa uxinzelelo. Ukuhlolwa rhoqo kuyimfuneko ukugcina ukuthobela ukhuseleko okuqhubekayo.
Iitanki ezifakwe efrijini zilungele ukugcinwa kwepropylene enkulu okanye ixesha elide. Ezi tanki zigcina amaqondo obushushu angaphantsi okanye angabonakaliyo kunye nobushushu obuqinileyo, zinciphisa umngcipheko wokufuma kunye nokulahleka. Uyilo olupheleleyo lokukhusela okanye oluneendonga ezimbini luphucula ngakumbi ukhuseleko ngokubonelela ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwimeko yokusilela kokukhusela kokuqala. Iimfuno zokusebenza zokugcina efrijini ziquka ukujonga ngononophelo ukuthembeka kokukhusela kunye nesakhiwo ngenxa yoxinzelelo lokujikeleza kobushushu. Ukungaphumeleli kokukhusela ukuvuza okanye ukhuseleko kunokunyuka ngokukhawuleza ukuya kukhululo olusasazekayo lomphunga kunye neemeko zoxinzelelo olugqithisileyo.
Imiqolomba engaphantsi komhlaba, edla ngokwakhiwa kwiidome zetyuwa okanye kwiindawo ezifanelekileyo zamatye, isetyenziswa xa kufuneka kugcinwe izinto ezinkulu kakhulu. Le miqolomba izuza kwi-intrinsic thermal insulation kunye ne-containment, nto leyo enciphisa iingozi ezinxulumene nemililo yomphezulu okanye ukuqhuma. Nangona kunjalo, ubunzima bobunjineli buyanda xa kufuneka kuqinisekiswe ukuba amanzi awavuzi kakuhle, kulawulwe ukutsalwa/ukufakwa kwe-injection, kwaye kuthintelwe imiba yamanzi angaphantsi komhlaba okanye ungcoliseko.
Ukugcinwa ngokufanelekileyo kuxhomekeke kulawulo oluqinileyo lobushushu, uxinzelelo, kunye nobushushu. I-Propylene kufuneka igcinwe ngaphakathi kwemida emincinci yobushushu kunye noxinzelelo ukuthintela utshintsho oluyingozi lwesigaba. Uxinzelelo olugqithisileyo okanye ubushushu obugqithisileyo bunokubangela ukufuma ngokukhawuleza, okudala imiba yokhuseleko kunye nobunyulu. Iindawo zokugcina eziphambili zisebenzisa ubushushu obuqhubekayo kunye nokuva uxinzelelo kunye neevalvu zolawulo oluzenzekelayo kunye nezitshintshi zobushushu ukugcina iimeko zizinzile. Ukuthobela iimfuno zomqobo olinganiselwe ngumlilo kunye nemida yempahla elawulwayo kuyimfuneko kuzo zonke izinto zokugcina.
Into ebalulekileyo kuyilo lokugcina kunye nolawulo lokusebenza kukuxinana kwepropylene yolwelo. Ukuxinana kolwelo lwepropylene kuyahluka ngokweqondo lobushushu kunye noxinzelelo, okuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ubungakanani betanki kunye nolawulo lwempahla. Umzekelo, utshintsho oluncinci kubushushu bokugcina lungatshintsha ukuxinana ngokwaneleyo ukuba kuchaphazele kakhulu impahla ebaliweyo. Ukulawula oku, amaziko asebenzisa iindlela zokulinganisa ngexesha langempela-ezifana neemitha zoxinano ezingaphakathi, ii-radar level transmitters, kunye neetafile zokulungisa-ukuguqula ivolumu elinganisiweyo ibe yimpahla echanekileyo. Oku kubalulekile kwingxelo yolawulo kunye nokunciphisa ukungangqinelani kwempahla. Ukusebenzisa ulawulo olusekelwe kubuninzi endaweni yokulandelela ivolumu kuphela, ngakumbi ngepropylene yolwelo, kubonelela ngokuchaneka okufunekayo kokubini ukudluliselwa kokugcinwa kunye nokuthintela ilahleko.
Apha ngezantsi kukho itshathi ebonisa indlela uxinano lwe-propylene yolwelo olutshintsha ngayo ngobushushu, nto leyo ebonisa impembelelo yalo ngqo ekubalweni kwezinto ezisetyenzisiweyo etankini:
| Ubushushu (°C) | Ubuninzi bePropylene yolwelo (kg/m³) |
|------------------|- ...|
| -40 | 636 |
| -20 | 608 |
| 0 | 579 |
| 20 | 550 |
| 40 | 520 |
Njengoko kubonisiwe, ukunyuka kobushushu ukusuka kwi -40°C ukuya kwi-40°C kunciphisa uxinano lolwelo ngaphezulu kwe-100 kg/m³, nto leyo egxininisa ukubaluleka kokugcinwa okuzinzileyo kobushushu kunye nokulinganiswa koxinano oluchanekileyo kulawulo lwempahla.
Iinkqubo zoLawulo
Ukuphathwa kakuhle kwepropylene engamanzi kunye negesi kubalulekile kukhuseleko lwezityalo kunye nokubonelela ngokuthembekileyo. Iinkqubo ziqala ngemigaqo ezinikeleyo yokudluliselwa, ukulayisha, kunye nokukhupha ngokukhuselekileyo. Zonke iintambo zokudlulisa kunye neepayipi kufuneka zihambelane neempawu zomzimba nezekhemikhali zepropylene ukuthintela ukudumba okanye ukonakala. Uqhagamshelo luvavanywa ngoxinzelelo, kwaye lonke ukudluliselwa lujongwa ukusuka kwigumbi lolawulo eliphakathi. Bonke abasebenzi ababandakanyekayo ekuphatheni basebenzisa iimpahla ezingatshiyo, izixhobo zokubona igesi, kunye nezixhobo ezichasene nomlilo ukuphelisa imithombo yokutsha.
Imisebenzi yokudlulisa ilandela ulandelelwano olungcono: ukuqinisekisa ukwahlulwa kwetanki kunye nomgca, izixhobo zokumisa umhlaba kunye nokubopha, uxinzelelo lomgca oluhamba kancinci, kunye nokulinganisela umphunga rhoqo ukuze kuthintelwe uxinzelelo olugqithisileyo. Iinkqubo zokusasazwa kwemibhobho zixhotyiswe ngeevalvu ezisebenza kude kunye neendlela zokunciphisa uxinzelelo. Ngexesha lokulayisha nokukhupha, iinkqubo zokuhambisa umphunga okanye ukubuyiswa komphunga okuvaliweyo zisetyenziselwa ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa komphunga ovuthayo kunye nokuthintela ukungena komoya, okunokubangela imixube eqhumayo.
Ngenxa yokuguquguquka nokutsha kwepropylene, ukunciphisa iingozi ngumgaqo ophambili wokusebenza. Iinkqubo ziyaqinisekiswa kwiimeko eziqhelekileyo nezengxamiseko. Abasebenzi baqinisekisa rhoqo zonke iintambo zokuvuza besebenzisa amanzi anesepha okanye izixhobo zokubona ukuvuza kwegesi. Indawo yokusebenza igcinwa ikude nabasebenzi abangafunekiyo kunye nemithombo yokutsha, kwaye iivalvu zokuvala ezingxamisekileyo zibekwe kwiindawo ezifikelelekayo. Iimeko zokungaphumeleli—ezifana neepayipi ezonakeleyo, iitanki ezizaliswe kakhulu, okanye iimpazamo zezixhobo—zijongwa ngokuvalwa kwenkqubo ngokuzenzekelayo kunye nokugcinwa komphunga okuphezulu.
Ukubuyiselwa komphunga kunye nokuthintela ukuvuza kubalulekile ekugcineni ukhuseleko kunye nokuthembeka kokusebenza. Iinkqubo zanamhlanje zokubuyisela umphunga—ezifana ne-bottom flash okanye iiyunithi zokunciphisa umphunga—zinciphisa umoya ophuma emoyeni kwaye zibonelela ngeendlela zokuphinda zisetyenziswe kwimisinga yenkqubo. Izibonelelo ezineenkqubo ezinjalo zibika ukwehla okukhulu kwilahleko zokutsha kunye nokusebenza okuphuculweyo kwezoqoqosho. Ii-arrays zokufumanisa ukuvuza ezineenzwa zegesi kunye nee-alamu zihlanganiswe kwiziseko zokhuseleko lwezityalo, okuvumela impendulo ekhawulezileyo kwimeko yokukhutshwa ngengozi. Ukufunyanwa kokuvuza kongezwa ziinkqubo zokuvala ezingxamisekileyo ezihlukanisa iindawo ezichaphazelekileyo zenkqubo kwaye zisebenze ukuhlafuna umphunga okukhawulezayo okanye amakhethini amanzi akhukulisayo.
Into ephambili ekuphathweni kwepropylene ngokukhuselekileyo kukugcina umkhondo oqinileyo wempahla. Iimitha zoxinano olungaphakathi, ezifana nezo zenziwe yiLonnmeter, zixhasa ukulinganiswa ngokuchanekileyo ngexesha langempela koxinano lwepropylene yolwelo. Ezi mitha zibonelela ngedatha ebalulekileyo kwiinkqubo zolawulo, zinceda abaqhubi ukuqinisekisa ukuba iinkqubo zokudlulisa kunye nokugcina azibangeli ukuzaliswa kakhulu okanye ukungabikho ngokwaneleyo, ngaloo ndlela zinciphisa umngcipheko wokuchitheka kunye nokuphuma komphunga. Ukulinganiswa koxinano oluthe ngqo, kunye nokufundwa koxinzelelo kunye nobushushu, kudala isiseko semisebenzi ethembekileyo yempahla kunye nokugcinwa, ngakumbi kwiimeko zobushushu kunye noxinzelelo eziguquguqukayo.
Lilonke, iindlela ezilungileyo zokugcina nokuphatha ipropylene zidibanisa izisombululo ezicwangcisiweyo, ukujonga okuqhubekayo, kunye neenkqubo eziqinisiweyo zokujongana nemingeni eyahlukileyo evezwa yile khemikhali eguquguqukayo kakhulu. Ukusetyenziswa kwayo ngokudibeneyo akukaxoxiswana ngako ukuze kusetyenziswe ngokukhuselekileyo, ngokuhambelanayo, nangokufanelekileyo kwimveliso, ukugcinwa, kunye nokusasazwa kwepropylene yodidi lwepolymer.
Ukulinganisa Ubuninzi bePropylene yoLwakhiwo: Imigaqo kunye neZisombululo
Ukubaluleka koKulinganiswa koXinaniso
Ukulawula impahla, ukumisela uxinano oluchanekileyo lwe-propylene yolwelo kuvumela abaqhubi ukuba baguqule phakathi komthamo kunye nobunzima ngempazamo encinci, ebalulekileyo ekubalwa kwemali, ukudluliselwa kokugcinwa, kunye nokuthintela ilahleko. Kulawulo lwenkqubo, imilinganiselo yoxinano lwexesha langempela isetyenziselwa ukuqinisekisa ukwakheka okulinganayo kokutya kwiiyunithi zokusabela, kuquka abo babonelela ngokutya kokusabela kwimveliso ye-polypropylene. Nokuba ukuphambuka okuncinci kwiipropati ze-propylene yolwelo kunokuchaphazela ukusebenza kwe-catalyst kunye nomgangatho wemveliso yokugqibela. Amaqela okuqinisekisa umgangatho axhomekeke kuxinano njengesalathisi esithe ngqo sokuhambelana kwemveliso kunye nobunyulu, ngakumbi ukuqinisekisa izinto njenge-propylene yodidi lwe-polymer. Ngaphezu koko, ukuqonda uxinano oluchanekileyo kubalulekile kukhuseleko, kuphembelela izigqibo malunga namanqanaba eetanki, useto lokunciphisa uxinzelelo, kunye namaqhinga okuphendula ngokukhawuleza phantsi kweemeko ezinokutsha kakhulu neziguquguqukayo eziqhelekileyo zenkonzo ye-propylene.
Iindlela zokulinganisa uxinano lolwelo
Kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokulinganisa ubuninzi bolwelo olufana nepropylene, nganye inemigaqo eyahlukileyo, iingenelo kunye neengxaki.
Eyona ndlela yesiqhelo yilei-hydrometer, iglasi edadayo efakwe kulwelo olunenqanaba lokudada elinxulumene ngqo noxinano. Nangona isetyenziswa kakhulu ukuze kube lula, ii-hydrometers azinawo ulungelelwaniso olufunekayo kwinkonzo yepropylene, apho umahluko omncinci unemiphumo emikhulu.
Eyona nto iphambilii-U-tube densitometer ejikelezayoEsi sixhobo sedijithali siqulathe ityhubhu engenanto, ejikelezayo apho isampuli idlula khona. Ubuninzi bokujikeleza buyahluka ngokobunzima betyhubhu kunye nolwelo olungaphakathi, okuvumela ukumisela uxinano ngokuthe ngqo nangokuchanekileyo, ukuba nje ubushushu kunye noxinzelelo zilawulwa kakuhle.
Iimitha zoxinano lwedijithali—ezinye zisekelwe kwitekhnoloji ye-U-tube ejikelezayo—zidibanisa ukufundwa ngokuthe ngqo, ukuhlawula ubushushu ngokuzenzekelayo, kunye nokugcinwa kwedatha. Ezi zifanelekile kakhulu kwiindawo ezifuna umgudu kwaye zihlala zisetyenziswa kwiilabhoratri kunye nakwi-in-line yokujonga inkqubo. Iimitha zoxinano oluphakathi eziveliswa yiLonnmeter zenzelwe ukusetyenziswa kwepropylene yemizi-mveliso, zibonelela ngokusebenza okuqinileyo phantsi kweemeko zenkqubo ezinzima.
Izinto Ezitshintsha Umlinganiselo Woxinano Lolwelo
Izinto ezahlukeneyo ezinokuchaphazela ukuchaneka komlinganiselo wobuninzi be-propylene yolwelo:
- Utshintsho lobushushu:Njengoko ubushushu bunyuka, ukwanda kobushushu kunciphisa uxinano lwepropylene. Ukuphambuka okuncinci kunokuba nemiphumo ebalulekileyo ngenxa yokwanda okuphezulu kwepropylene; ngoko ke, ulawulo lobushushu kunye nokuhlawula akunakuxoxiswana ngako.
- Utshintsho kuxinzelelo:Ngokungafaniyo neegesi, ulwelo, kuquka nepropylene, lubonisa ukunyuka koxinano oluncinci kodwa olubalulekileyo xa uxinzelelo luphezulu, ingakumbi phantsi kwenkqubo okanye uxinzelelo lokugcina oluqhelekileyo kwiigesi ezimanzi. Iinkqubo zokulinganisa kufuneka zilinganiswe kwezi meko kwaye kusetyenziswe izilungiso ezifanelekileyo.
- Ukungcola kunye nezinto ezingcolisayo:Ukubakho kwezinye iihydrocarbon okanye iigesi ezinyibilikisiweyo kutshintsha uxinano ngokuthe ngqo, okuchaphazela isiqinisekiso sobumsulwa kwimisinga enexabiso eliphezulu efana ne-polymer grade propylene. Iindlela zokulawula umgangatho kufuneka zingabandakanyi okanye ziqwalasele ezi ziphumo.
Isicelo sePropylene Operations
Idatha yoxinano lwe-propylene yolwelo elinganisiweyo ixhasa imisebenzi ephambili yokusebenza kwiindawo zokugcina nokuphatha i-propylene. Kulawulo lokugcina, ayigqibi nje kuphela ukuba itanki lizele kangakanani, kodwa igqiba nokuba lingakanani ubunzima—umahluko obalulekileyo xa iigeyiji zenqanaba letanki zibika ubungakanani, kodwa iimpahla zithengiswa ngobunzima. Kwibhalansi yezinto ezibonakalayo, iqinisekisa ukuba ukuhamba kwenkqubo kubalwa ngokuchanekileyo, kubalulekile kwimisebenzi eqhubekayo kunye neyeqela.
Ekulungiseleleni izitya zeeyunithi zokusabela, ezifana nezo zikwizityalo zokucocwa kwepropylene okanye ipolymerization, ukwazi uxinano oluchanekileyo kuqinisekisa ukwakheka okuchanekileyo kokutya kunye nokuzinza kwenkqubo, okuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo umgangatho wemveliso. Iimpazamo ekulinganisweni koxinano zinokubangela imveliso engaqhelekanga, ukusetyenziswa okungafanelekanga kwe-catalyst, okanye neemeko ezinobungozi ngenxa yemikhumbi egcwele kakhulu kwinkonzo yoxinzelelo.
Ngokwembono yokuthobela imithetho, imibutho yolawulo iyalela ukulinganiswa koxinano oluqinileyo kunye namaxwebhu eekhemikhali eziguquguqukayo, zombini ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko loluntu kunye nokulungelelanisa iintengiselwano zemarike. Imisebenzi yemizi-mveliso ejolise ekugqweseni kokusebenza ixhomekeke kule datha kungekuphela nje ekuhlangabezaneni neziseko zomthetho, kodwa nasekuphuculeni ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukwandisa isivuno, kunye nokunciphisa ixesha lokungasebenzi elingacwangciswanga—konke oku kuxhomekeke ekubeni namaxabiso oxinano olunokwethenjelwa, oluchanekileyo nolunokufumaneka kuyo yonke indawo kwinkqubo.
Ukulinganisa ngokuchanekileyo uxinano lwezinto ezimanzi ezifana nepropylene ngoko ke asingomsebenzi wesiqhelo, kodwa sisixhobo esibalulekileyo sokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle, umgangatho, kunye nokhuseleko kulo lonke ixesha lokugcina, ukuthuthwa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwepropylene.
Izicelo kunye neemfuno zoMgangatho wePolymer-Grade Propylene
Ipropylene yodidi lwepolymer, enamanqanaba obumsulwa angaphezulu kwe-99.5%, yeyona nto iphambili ekusetyenzisweni kwe-polypropylene kunye noluhlu olubanzi lweepolymers eziphambili. Ukuchazwa kwayo okungqongqo kobumsulwa akuyonto ingaqhelekanga kodwa kuyimfuneko ethe ngqo elawulwa bubuntununtunu bee-catalysts zanamhlanje ze-polymerization, ngakumbi iZiegler-Natta kunye neenkqubo ze-metallocene. Kwanezingcolisi ezincinci—i-acetylenes, ii-compounds ezine-sulfur okanye i-nitrogen, i-oxygenates, kunye nee-hydrocarbons ezithile—zinokonakalisa ii-catalysts, zibangele ukungcola okungenakuguqulwa, kwaye zinciphise kakhulu isivuno se-polymer kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo.
Indima njengeReaction Feed yePolypropylene kunye neePolymers eziPhambili
Ukuveliswa kwePolypropylene kuxhomekeke kubonelelo oluqhubekayo lwepropylene yodidi lwepolymer, apho ukungcola kugcinwe ngaphantsi kakhulu kweenxalenye ngesigidi, kwaye kwezinye iityhefu, ngaphantsi kwamanqanaba eenxalenye ngebhiliyoni. Iinkqubo ze-catalyst zeZiegler-Natta, ezisisiseko sokuveliswa kwe-isotactic polypropylene, zisengozini enkulu yokugxila okuncinci kweetyhefu ezifana namanzi, ioksijini, i-carbon monoxide, okanye i-methylacetylene. Ezi ngcola azigcini nje ngokucima iindawo ezisebenzayo ze-catalyst kodwa zichaphazela kakhulu i-crystallinity, ukusasazwa kobunzima be-molecular, kunye ne-stereospecificity ye-polymer evelisiweyo.
Ulwalamano oluthe ngqo phakathi komthwalo wokungcola kunye nokusetyenziswa kweekhataystali kukhokelela kwimiphumo ebalulekileyo yeendleko. Ukutshintshwa kweekhataystali rhoqo, ukumiswa kwenkqubo okungacwangciswanga, kunye nokuveliswa kwemveliso enkulu ngaphandle kwe-spec konke oku kunokubangelwa kukusilela komgangatho wokufaka. Ke ngoko, ukucocwa kwepropylene okuqhubekayo akuyonto ixabisekileyo kodwa yimfuneko yokusebenza okuthembekileyo nokuzuzayo.
Ukusetyenziswa Okongeziweyo kwi-Chemical Intermediates kunye ne-Specialty Syntheses
Ngaphaya kwe-polypropylene, i-propylene ye-polymer-grade iyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yeendlela ezininzi zokuvelisa iikhemikhali ezixabisa kakhulu. Ixhasa ukwenziwa kwe-acrylic acid ngokusebenzisa i-catalytic oxidation enezigaba ezimbini kunye nemveliso ye-cumene nge-alkylation ye-benzene. Zombini ezi nkqubo zixhomekeke kwi-high-purity feeds:
- Kwimveliso ye-acrylic acid, nokuba zizinto ezincinci ezingcolisayo zesulfure okanye i-oxygenate zinokucima ii-catalysts ze-oxidation ezizimeleyo, zinciphise isivuno okanye zikhuthaze iimveliso ezingafunekiyo.
- Ukwenziwa kweCumene ngokufanayo kuxhomekeke kubunyulu bepropylene ukuqinisekisa ubude bexesha le-zeolite catalyst kunye nokukhetha ukuguqulwa, kunye nezityalo zoshishino ezibhalisiweyo ezifikelela kuguquko olungaphezulu kwe-99.999% kunye nobunyulu bemveliso engaphezulu kwe-99.97% xa kusetyenziswa ukutya okucociweyo.
Izicelo ezikhethekileyo, ezifana ne-polyol, i-plasticizer, kunye nokuveliswa kwe-surfactant, zibeka iimfuno ezifanayo zokucoceka kwe-propylene, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ukutya okungaqhelekanga kube yingozi kwezobuchwepheshe nakwezoqoqosho.
Ixabiso leShishini lokugcina ubunyulu bePolymer-Grade ekugcinweni nasekuhanjisweni
Imfuneko yorhwebo isasazeka kulo lonke uthotho lwexabiso lwepropylene. Ngexesha lokugcina nokuthuthwa—ngokuqhelekileyo kwiinqanawa okanye iisphere ezixinzelelweyo—ipropylene yodidi lwepolymer ihlala isengozini yokungcoliswa kukufuma kwendalo, ukuphuma kwezinto zenqanawa, iihydrocarbons, kunye neoksijini. Nokuba ungcoliseko oluncinci lunokubonwa kwindawo yokusetyenziswa nge-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS okanye GC-ICP-MS), nto leyo edla ngokubangela ukwaliwa kwebhetshi okanye ukucocwa kokulungiswa.
Imigangatho yoshishino (umz., i-ASTM D5273) iyalela ukuba kuqwalaselwe ukungcola okubanzi kuzo zonke iindawo eziphambili zokudluliselwa kokugcinwa. Amaqhinga okusebenza asebenzisa ukuphathwa kwesampulu okuqinileyo, i-chromatography yegesi ekwi-intanethi, kunye neetekhnoloji zokulinganisa uxinano oluqhubekayo ukujonga umgangatho wemveliso. Umzekelo, ukulinganisa uxinano lolwelo lwepropylene kubalulekile kungekuphela nje ekudlulisweni kokugcinwa kodwa nakwindlela yokulawula umgangatho engathanga ngqo: ukuphambuka kuxinano lolwelo olulindelekileyo kunokubonakalisa ukungena kokungcola okanye umahluko wokwakheka. Iimitha zoxinano oluphakathi, ezifana nezo zeLonnmeter, zibonelela ngokuqinisekiswa kwexesha langempela koxinano lolwelo lwepropylene kulo lonke ukudluliselwa nokugcinwa.
Itshathi engezantsi ishwankathela ubudlelwane phakathi kobumsulwa bepropylene, ubomi be-catalyst, kunye nokwenzeka kokuvalwa okungacwangciswanga:
Ukwanda kobunyulu bepropylene kubangela ukwandiswa okukhulu kobude bokusebenza kwe-catalyst kunye nokuncipha kokuphazamiseka kwenkqubo (idatha ihlengahlengiswe kwizifundo eziphononongwe kutshanje ngontanga).
Ukuphathwa nokugcinwa ngempumelelo kwe-propylene yolwelo—ukuqinisekisa uxinano oluphezulu lwe-propylene yolwelo kunye nobunyulu beekhemikhali obungenasiphako—ngaloo ndlela kuxhasa ukuthembeka kwezityalo, iinkcukacha zabathengi, kunye nenzuzo iyonke yeshishini. Ulawulo oluqinileyo ngexesha lokugcina nokusasaza, olusekelwe kwiindlela ezichanekileyo zokulinganisa uxinano lwe-liquids kunye nokuchonga ukungcola okuphucukileyo kohlalutyo, lukhusela ukuthembeka kwemveliso kulo lonke uthotho lobonelelo.
Imibuzo ebuzwa qho
Iyintoni inkqubo yokucocwa kwepropylene ukuze ihlangabezane nemigangatho ye-polymer?
I-propylene yodidi lwepolymer kufuneka idlule kwi-99.5% yobumsulwa, kunye namanqanaba aphantsi kakhulu e-propane kunye nongcoliseko oluncinci. Ngokwembali, i-fractional distillation enamandla kakhulu ibingumqolo wokucoca, yahlula i-propylene kwii-hydrocarbon ezifanayo ezifana ne-propane. Ngenxa yokubilisa okufana kakhulu, le nkqubo ijongene nemingeni ye-thermodynamic kunye neendleko eziphezulu zokusebenza.
Inkqubela phambili yakutshanje ibeka phambili i-adsorption kunye netekhnoloji ezisekelwe kwi-membrane ukuze kukhethwe ngcono kwaye kuncitshiswe ukusetyenziswa kwamandla. Ii-Adsorbents ezifana ne-Cu-MOF-74 zisebenzisa ubungakanani bee-pore ezilungisiweyo kunye neendawo zesinyithi ezivulekileyo ukuze zibambe ngokukhetha ukungcola—ngokuyintloko ii-propane kunye nee-alkanes ezilandelelanayo—okuvumela ukucocwa kwenyathelo elinye. Ukusebenza kakuhle kwezi nkqubo kuxhomekeke kulawulo olucokisekileyo lobushushu, uxinzelelo, kunye nesantya sokuhamba. Izifundo zelebhu kunye ne-pilot-scale ziqinisekisa ukuba ezi adsorbents zinokuvuselelwa amaxesha amaninzi ngaphandle kokulahleka okubonakalayo kokusebenza, okuxhasa ukuguquguquka kwemizi-mveliso. Izakhiwo ze-adsorbent ezilungisiweyo kakuhle ngoku zisusa uluhlu olubanzi lokungcola kubandakanya ii-sulfur compounds kunye nee-alkynes, ezihambelana neemfuno ze-polymerization catalyst.
Ukwahlulwahlulwa okusekwe kwi-membrane kunika enye indlela, kunye neefomyula zanamhlanje ze-organosilica ezifikelela ekukhetheni okuphezulu kunye nokuzinza okuqinileyo. Iindlela ze-membrane zahlula i-propylene ngokusebenzisa umahluko omncinci kubukhulu beemolekyuli kunye neempawu zokuntywila, okwenza zifaneleke ngakumbi xa kufuneka ubunyulu obuphezulu kakhulu.
Kutheni umgangatho wokutya okubangelwa kukusabela ubalulekile kwimveliso ye-polypropylene?
Ukufikelela nokugcina ubunyulu obuphezulu kwisondlo se-reaction kubalulekile kwimveliso ye-polypropylene. Ii-catalysts ezisetyenziswa kwi-polymerization zinobuthathaka kukungcola okufana ne-sulfur, ii-metals, i-oxygenates, kunye nezinye ii-hydrocarbons. Kwanezingcolisi ezincinci zinokutyhefa iindawo ze-catalyst ezisebenzayo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekunciphiseni umsebenzi, ukwanda kwamanani emveliso ephumayo, kunye nobomi obufutshane be-catalyst. Ukutya kwe-reaction ye-high-purity kuqinisekisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-catalyst, iipropati ze-polymer ezizinzileyo, kunye nesivuno esiqhubekayo. Imigangatho yolawulo ikwayalela imida yokungcola ukukhusela ukhuseleko lwenkqubo kunye nomgangatho we-polymer, okwenza ukucocwa kunye nokujonga ngokucokisekileyo kwe-feedstock kube yinto ebalulekileyo.
Ukugcinwa nokuphathwa kwepropylene kufanele kulawulwe njani ngokukhuselekileyo?
Ipropylene igcinwa kwiitanki ezixinzelelweyo okanye ezifrijini ezenzelwe ngokukodwa iigesi ezinokutsha. Ezi tanki mazifakelwe iivalvu zokunciphisa uxinzelelo, ulawulo lobushushu, kunye neendlela zokubona nokulawula ukuvuza. Iindawo zokugcina zifuna umoya oqinileyo kunye nokukhutshwa okungqongqo kwemithombo yokutsha. Ukuhlolwa rhoqo kunye nokugcinwa kunciphisa umngcipheko wokuvuza kunye nokungaphumeleli. Ukuqeqesha abaqhubi ekuphatheni nasekudluliseni ipropylene ye-polymer grade, kubandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zokuzikhusela zomntu, kuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwabasebenzi kunye nezixhobo zezityalo. Soloko ulandela imigaqo yengingqi yokugcina izinto ezinobungozi.
Yintoni egqiba uxinano lwe-propylene yolwelo, kwaye kutheni ibalulekile?
Uxinano lwepropylene yolwelo luxhomekeke kakhulu kubushushu kunye noxinzelelo. Njengoko naluphi na utshintsho oluguquguqukayo lutshintsha, kunjalo noxinano olulinganiswayo—ipropati ebalulekileyo yobungakanani betanki, ukubalwa kwebhalansi yobunzima, ukudluliselwa kokugcinwa, kunye nomzekelo wenkqubo. Iimpazamo ezincinci ekulinganiseni uxinano lwepropylene yolwelo zinokukhokelela kumahluko amakhulu kulawulo lwezinto ezikhoyo okanye ukuhamba kwamanzi, nto leyo egxininisa imfuneko yokubeka esweni ngokuchanekileyo nangokuqhubekayo ngexesha lemveliso kunye nokugcinwa.
Ulinganisa njani ubuninzi bolwelo olufana nepropylene?
Eyona ndlela ichanekileyo yokulinganisa uxinano lolwelo, kuquka nepropylene, yi-oscillating U-tube densitometer. Esi sixhobo singcangcazela ityhubhu ezaliswe lulwelo lwesampuli kwaye silinganisa utshintsho kwi-oscillation frequency, ehambelana ngqo noxinano. Ukulinganiswa ngokuchanekileyo kunye nolawulo oluqinileyo lobushushu kunye noxinzelelo kuyafuneka ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka. Ezinye iindlela ziquka ii-hydrometers ezenziwe ngesandla kunye nee-pycnometers, kodwa ezi zifanelekile kwizicelo apho iimfuno zokuphuma okanye ukuchaneka zingabalulekanga kangako. Iimitha zoxinano lwedijithali ezikwi-inline, ezifana nezo zenziwe yiLonnmeter, zinokufakelwa ukujonga ngexesha langempela kunye nolawulo lwenkqubo. Ukulungiselela isampuli—ukuqinisekisa ukuba ikhutshwe igesi kwaye ikwiqondo lobushushu lokulingana—kuphucula ukuchaneka kokulinganisa.
Ziziphi iingozi kunye namanyathelo okhuseleko afunekayo xa usebenzisa i-propylene ye-polymer-grade?
Ipropylene yodidi lwepolymer iyatsha kakhulu. Ukutshisa kunokubakho ngenxa yokukhupha okungashukumiyo, amadangatye avulekileyo, okanye neendawo ezishushu. Ukuphathwa kufuna ukuthotyelwa ngokupheleleyo kwemigaqo yezixhobo zokuzikhusela, ukuvalwa kweenkqubo ezingqongqo, kunye nokukhutshwa ngokungqongqo kwemithombo yokutshisa. Imisebenzi yokugcina kunye nokudlulisa kufuneka yenziwe kwiindawo ezinomoya ococekileyo. Iinkqubo zokufumanisa ukuvuza kunye neenkqubo ze-alamu zibalulekile ekuchongweni kwengozi kwangethuba. Zonke iipayipi kunye neetanki kufuneka zihlolwe rhoqo ukuze kubonwe uxinezeleko kunye nokugqwala. Iinkqubo zengxamiseko zokuchitheka okanye ukuvuza, kubandakanya izicwangciso zokuthintela kunye nokuphuma, kufuneka zibhalwe ngokucacileyo kwaye zigrunjwe.
Kutheni i-propylene ye-polymer-grade ikhethwa kwimithombo ethile yemveliso yeekhemikhali?
Ubunyulu bepropylene yodidi lwepolymer bunika iingenelo ezikhethekileyo kwimveliso esezantsi. Ubunyulu obuphezulu buphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwempendulo, kunciphisa ukwakheka kweemveliso ezingafunekiyo, kwaye buxhasa ukuveliswa kwepolymer okuhlala kusenzeka, okusemgangathweni ophezulu. Ekubeni ii-catalysts zanamhlanje zisengozini yokungcoliswa, yipropylene emsulwa kakhulu kuphela eqinisekisa ukusebenza kwenkqubo ethembekileyo kunye nokuthobela iinkcukacha ezingqongqo zemveliso ezifunekayo kwizicelo ezibalulekileyo ezifana nokupakishwa kokutya kunye nezixhobo zeemoto.
Ixesha leposi: Disemba-18-2025
