I-Potash ligama elisetyenziswa kwiityuwa ezahlukeneyo eziqulethe i-potassium kwimo yokunyibilika emanzini, ngakumbi i-potassium chloride (KCl) kunye ne-sulfate ye-potash (SOP). Ayinamsebenzi kwezolimo, isebenza njengomthombo oyintloko we-potassium—enye yezondlo ezintathu ezibalulekileyo ezifunekayo kwizityalo. I-Potash ibalulekile ekuqaliseni umsebenzi we-enzyme, ukuxhasa i-photosynthesis, ukulawula ukuhamba kwamanzi kwizityalo, nokuqinisa ukumelana nembalela nezifo. Igalelo layo likhokelela ekwandeni kwesivuno sesivuno, umgangatho weziqhamo ophuculweyo, kunye nokuqina okukhulu ngokuchasene noxinzelelo lokusingqongileyo, okuxhasa ukulima okuzinzileyo kwihlabathi liphela.
Ngaphakathi kwicandelo lezemigodi, inkqubo yokwemba i-potash iguqula iiminerali ezithwala i-potassium ezifumaneka ngokwemvelo zibe zizichumisi ezicocekileyo kakhulu ezibalulekileyo ekondleni inani labantu abakhulayo. Le nkqubo iqala ngokukhutshelwa kwe-potash ore, enokufezekiswa ngokwemba ngaphantsi komhlaba, ukwemba isisombululo, okanye ukwemba umphezulu ngokuxhomekeke kubunzulu bediphozithi kunye ne-geology. Amaphepha okuhambisa amanzi adla ngokusebenzisa inkqubo yokuntywila kwe-potash, apho iityuwa ze-potassium zahlulwe kudongwe kunye neetyuwa, kulandele ukwahlukana komxhuzulane ekucutshungulweni kwezimbiwa kunye namanyathelo okwenziwa kwe-thermal crystallization ukufikelela kubunyulu obufunekayo.
Ukuphucula inqanaba ngalinye leendlela zokuvelisa i-potash kubalulekile kwimveliso yezityalo, ukusebenza kakuhle, kunye nomgangatho wemveliso. Kulapho ukulinganiswa koxinano lwe-potash slurry kuba yinto ephambili khona. Iindlela zokulinganisa uxinano oluchanekileyo lwe-slurry kwimigodi zinceda abaqhubi ukulawula iiparameter zenkqubo, ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kokwahlulwahlulwa kwezimbiwa, kunye nokwandisa izinga lokubuyiselwa koxinano. Ngokugcina uxinano olufanelekileyo lwe-slurry, izakhiwo zinokuphucula ukubuyiswa kwe-flotation kwimigodi ye-potash, ziphucule i-potassium crystallization ukuze ibe msulwa, kwaye zisebenzise iindlela ezilungileyo zokwahlulwa kobunewunewu kwimigodi. Isiphumo singumgangatho oqhubekayo woxinano kunye nokusebenza okungabizi kakhulu.
Ukwembiwa kwePotash
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Ukuqonda Inkqubo Yokwemba I-Potash
1.1 Iintlobo zeePotash Deposits kunye neendlela zokwemba
I-Potash ivela kwiintsalela zejoloji ezenziwe ngokuphuma kwamanzi anetyuwa amandulo. Iintlobo eziphambili zentsalela yi-sylvinite, i-carnallite, kunye neemveliso zesibini ezivela kwiinkqubo zokuphuma kwamanzi.
- Iidiphozithi zeSylvinite:Ezi ziquka ikakhulu i-potassium chloride (KCl, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-sylvite) exutywe ne-sodium chloride (NaCl, okanye i-halite). Zilawula imveliso yehlabathi ngenxa yobukhulu bazo, umgangatho ophezulu, kunye nokulungiswa okulula. Imizekelo ephambili ibandakanya iSaskatchewan Basin eKhanada kunye nePermian Basin eRashiya.
- Iidiphozithi zeCarnallitite:Ezi ziqulathe i-hydrated mineral carnallite (KMgCl₃·6H₂O) ecaleni kwe-halite. Ukucubungula kuyinkimbinkimbi ngakumbi ngenxa yomxholo we-magnesium. Izinto eziphambili ezenzekayo zifumaneka kwiZechstein Basin (eJamani/ePoland), eSolikamsk (eRashiya), nakummandla woLwandle oluFileyo.
- Iidiphozithi zokufuma (iSalt Lake):Kumachibi anetyuwa nakwiiplayas—ezifana nezo zikwiQinghai-Tibet Plateau—i-potash yenziwa ngokuphuma kwamanzi amdaka ngokulandelelana. Ezi ndawo zinokuvelisa iiminerali ezininzi, kuquka i-sylvite, i-carnallite, i-polyhalite, kunye ne-langbeinite.
Iindlela Zokwemba Ezithelekiswayo
Ukukhupha iPotash kuxhomekeke kakhulu kwiindlela ezimbini: ukwemba okuqhelekileyo phantsi komhlaba kunye nokumba isisombululo.
- Ukwemba Emigodini Engaphantsi Komhlaba:Isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiibhedi ezingaphantsi, ezityebileyo, nezikumgangatho ophezulu njenge-sylvinite. I-ore ikhutshwa ngeendlela zegumbi kunye neentsika, nto leyo ebonelela ngokubuyiswa kwezixhobo okusebenzayo kunye nokhuseleko.
- Ukwembiwa kwesisombululo:Isetyenziswa kwiindawo ezinzulu okanye ezintsonkothileyo, kuquka neendlela ezininzi ze-carnallite. Amanzi okanye i-brine ifakwa ukuze kunyibilikiswe i-potash, ize emva koko ipompelwe kumphezulu ukuze i-crystallization.
- Ukukhupha iSalt Lake:Umoya ophuma elangeni usetyenziswa kwiindawo ezomileyo ukufumana i-potash kwi-brine.
Iindlela ezilungileyo zisebenzisa i-automation ephucukileyo, ukwembiwa okukhethiweyo, kunye nezisombululo ezidibeneyo zokufumana isivuno esingcono kunye nokhuseleko. Imisebenzi yanamhlanje idla ngokudibanisa ukwembiwa komhlaba kunye nesisombululo; iindawo ezixutyiweyo zisebenzisa zombini, zikhetha indlela ngokusekelwe kubunzulu bediphozithi kunye ne-mineralogy. Imveliso ye-potash ephucukileyo ngoku ibandakanya ezi teknoloji ezahlukeneyo zokwembiwa kunye nokukhupha ukuze kwandiswe ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nomgangatho.
1.2 Isishwankathelo seendlela zokucubungula i-Potash Ore
Nje ukuba ikhutshwe, i-potash ore idlula kuthotho lwamanqanaba okucubungula achazwe kakuhle ukuze kufunyanwe umxube ococekileyo ophezulu.
1. Ukukhukula nokuqhekeza
- Isinyithi simbiwa (nokuba sisuswa phantsi komhlaba okanye sinyibilikiswe size sipompelwe kwimo yesinyibiliko).
- Ukuqhekeka koomatshini kunciphisa amaqhuma amakhulu ukuze kube lula ukuwaphatha.
- I-ore ephukileyo idluliselwa ngepayipi yokuthutha okanye ye-slurry ukuya kwizityalo zokucubungula.
- Ukwakheka kodaka kwenza ukuba izinto ezicoliweyo zibe lula kwaye ziphathwe kakuhle.
- Ii-crushers kunye nee-mill zinciphisa i-ore ibe bubungakanani obulawulwayo be-particle.
- Ubungakanani beethagethi buphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kokwahlulwa kwezimbiwa kunye namazinga okubuyiselwa kwezinto ezixineneyo.
- Ukudada:Eyona nkqubo iphambili ye-sylvinite kunye nee-ore ezininzi ze-carnallite. Iiminerali zePotash zahlulwe ngokukhetha kwi-halite nakwezinye ii-gangue. I-Desliming iphucula ukubuyiselwa kunye nobunyulu, kunye neesekethe eziqhelekileyo ze-flotation ezifikelela kumazinga okubuyiselwa angama-85–87% kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwe-desliming ngama-95%.
- Ukwahlulwa koMxhuzulane:Isetyenziswa ngamanye amaxesha; ingakumbi kwiintlobo ezithile ze-ore ezinobunzima obahlukileyo, ixhasa ukwenziwa ngcono kokwahlulwa kwezimbiwa.
- Ukuntywiliselwa Okushushu kunye neCrystallization:Isetyenziselwa ii-ore ezityebileyo ze-carnallite kunye nokucocwa kokugqibela. I-potash enyibilikisiweyo iphinda iphindwe iphuculwe ukuze kuphuculwe ubunyulu bemveliso, idla ngokufikelela kwi-95–99% yomxholo we-KCl.
- Ukuhlanganiswa kweNkqubo:Phantse i-70% yezityalo ze-potash zehlabathi zixhomekeke kwi-froth flotation njengendlela ephambili, kunye ne-thermal dissolving–and–crystallization ukuze kubekho amanqanaba aphezulu okucoceka.
2. Ezothutho
3. Ukutyumza nokuGcoba
4. Iinkqubo zoKwahlulwa kwezimbiwa
5. Ukuphathwa kodaka kunye noLawulo lobuninzi
Kuyo yonke inkqubo yokucubungula, ingcamango ye-slurry—umxube wezinto eziqinileyo ezixhonywe kulwelo—ibalulekile. Ulawulo loxinano lwe-potassium slurry luxhasa ukusebenza kakuhle kokwahlulwa kunye nokusebenza kwezixhobo. Iindlela ezichanekileyo zokulinganisa uxinano lwe-slurry kwimigodi zibalulekile ekulungiseni amazinga okuhamba kwamanzi, ukuphucula ukubuyiselwa kwe-flotation, kunye nokuphucula amazinga okubuyisela i-concentrate. Iisensors kunye neenkqubo ezizenzekelayo zijonga kwaye zilawula uxinano ukuqinisekisa ukukhutshwa kunye nokusebenza kwe-potash ngokufanelekileyo.
Indima Ebalulekileyo Yokulinganisa Uxinano Lwe-Slurry
2.1 Ukuchaza iSlurry kwiMeko yokuMbiwa kwePotash
Kwimigodi ye-potash, i-slurry ngumxube we-potash ore ecoliweyo kakuhle kunye namanzi okanye i-brine. Olu xube lunokuba neetyuwa ezinyibilikisiweyo kunye neekhemikhali zenkqubo, ingakumbi ngexesha lokuhamba kwe-potash, ukwakheka kwekristale, okanye amanyathelo okwahlulahlula amandla omhlaba. Umxholo wezinto eziqinileyo uhluka ngokubanzi ngokuxhomekeke kwinqanaba lokucubungula, ukusuka kwi-dilute slurry kwiisekethe zokwahlulahlula ukuya kwi-slurry etyebileyo ekuphatheni inkunkuma. Ukwakheka kunye neempawu zomzimba zezi slurry zitshintsha rhoqo, ziphenjelelwa yi-ore geology kunye nokulungiswa kwenkqubo.
Uxinano lwe-slurry—ubunzima ngeyunithi nganye yomthamo walo mxube—luhlala lulinganiswa kumanqanaba abalulekileyo aliqela:
- Emva kokutyumza nokusila, ukulawula ukutya kwiisekethe zokudada
- Emva kokudada, ukuze kuphuculwe imisebenzi yokutyebisa kunye nokucacisa
- Ngexesha le-crystallization, apho uxinano oluchanekileyo lukhokela ubumsulwa kunye nokubuyiselwa kwemveliso
- Ekuthuthweni kwemibhobho, ukunciphisa ukuguguleka kwemibhobho kunye neendleko zokumpompa
Ukulinganiswa ngokuchanekileyo koxinano lwe-slurry kuxhasa ulawulo oluzenzekelayo lwamanyathelo okucubungula i-potash kwaye kuqinisekisa ukuba umsebenzi ngamnye ufumana izinto zokutya ezihambelana kakuhle.
2.2 Impembelelo yoLinganiselo oluchanekileyo loBunzima beSlurry
Ukusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo kunye nokuphumelela kwayo
Ukulinganiswa koxinano oluchanekileyo kuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukusebenza kwezityalo ngokubanzi kwinkqubo yokwemba i-potash. Iimpompo kunye neepayipi zinobukhulu obusekelwe kulindelo loxinano. Iislurry ezixineneyo kakhulu zinokubangela ukuguguleka okugqithisileyo, ukuvaleka, okanye ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwempompo, ngelixa iislurry zinciphisa amandla kwaye zinciphise ukusebenza kakuhle kokwahlulwa kwezimbiwa.
Izinga lokuBuyiselwa kweNgqwalasela kunye noMgangatho weMveliso
Ulawulo loxinano kwiisekethe zokudada kubalulekile ekuphuculeni ukubuyiselwa kokudada kwimigodi ye-potash. Uxinano oluphezulu okanye oluphantsi lwe-slurry lunokuphazamisa uzinzo lwe-froth, lunciphise ukukhetha, kwaye lunciphise amazinga okubuyiselwa kwe-KCl. Umzekelo, ukugcina uxinano oluhambelanayo lokutya ukuya ekudada kuvelisa ukubuyiselwa kwe-85-87% kunye namanqanaba emveliso angaphezu kwe-95% KCl. Ngokufanayo, kwinkqubo yokwenza i-potash crystallization, uxinano olungalunganga lukhokelela kwiikristale ezingacocekanga kunye nokuncipha kwesivuno semveliso, okubeka emngciphekweni ukusebenza kwezoqoqosho kwesityalo.
Iziphumo zeFlotation kunye neCrystallization
Amanyathelo okwahlula abalulekileyo afana nokuqubha kwe-potash kunye ne-crystallization afuna iifestile ezixineneyo. Uxinano oluphantsi kakhulu lukhokelela kumazinga amabi okungqubana phakathi kwamasuntswana kunye namaqamza ngexesha lokuqubha, ngelixa uxinano olugqithisileyo lunyusa ukungena kwe-gangue kunye nokungazinzi kwenkqubo. Kwi-crystallization, uxinano oluchanekileyo lufana nokulawula ukugcwala okuphezulu, ukukhula kwekristale, kwaye ekugqibeleni ubunyulu bemveliso yokugqibela.
Ukuthintela Imiba Yokucubungula
Uxinano oluhlala luhleli lukwathintela imiba yokusebenza efana nokuvaleka kwemibhobho, ukuguguleka kwepompo kakhulu, kunye nokungalingani kwamanqanaba kwiimveliso zokugqibela ze-potash. Ukuphambuka kuxinano olujoliswe kulo kunokubangela ukuhlaliswa okanye ukwahlulwahlulwa kwemibhobho, iitanki zenkqubo yokungcola, kunye nokuvelisa amanqanaba aguquguqukayo okugxila—okukhokelela ekucutshungulweni kwakhona, ukungasebenzi, okanye iziganeko ezingaphandle kwengcaciso yemveliso.
2.3 Imigangatho yoShishino kunye neeTekhnoloji zokulinganisa uxinano lwanamhlanje
Ukulinganiswa kobuninzi be-potash slurry ngokuchanekileyo kuxhomekeke kumxube wetekhnoloji eqhelekileyo nephambili eyenzelwe le nkqubo:
1Iimitha zokuhamba kobunzima beCoriolis
Iimitha zeCoriolis zilinganisa ukuhamba kobunzima kunye noxinano ngokufumanisa utshintsho lwe-oscillation kwiityhubhu zesensor. Zibalasele ngokuchaneka kwaye zinokuphatha i-variable slurry makeup, nto leyo ezenza zifaneleke kulawulo lwenkqubo echanekileyo. Nangona iindleko eziphezulu zemali kunye nokuchaphazeleka kokuguguleka kwi-slurries ezirhabaxa, zikhethwa kakhulu kwizicelo ezibeka phambili izinga lokubuyisela i-concentrate kunye nokuhlanganiswa kwedijithali. Imveliso yazo yedijithali ethe ngqo ivumela amakhonkco angenamthungo kwiinkqubo ze-automation zezityalo kunye nohlalutyo.
2Iimitha zoxinano lwe-Ultrasonic
Ngokusebenzisa isantya sesandi kwi-slurry, ii-ultrasound meter zibonelela ngovavanyo loxinano olungaphakathi ngaphandle kweendawo ezishukumayo. Nangona zinomtsalane ngokwembono yokhuseleko kunye nokugcinwa, ukuchaneka kwazo kunokuvavanywa ngokutshintshatshintsha kobukhulu bamasuntswana okanye uxinaniso—okuqhelekileyo kwimisinga ye-potash tailings.
3Ukusampula ngesandla kunye nohlalutyo lwelebhu
Ukulinganiswa kwelebhu—nokuba yigravimetric okanye nge-pycnometry—kubeka umgangatho wokulinganisa kunye nokuqinisekisa umgangatho. Zibonelela ngokuchanekileyo okuphezulu kodwa azifanelekanga kulawulo lwexesha langempela ngenxa yeemfuno zomsebenzi kunye nokulibaziseka kwesampulu.
Iikhrayitheriya zokukhetha
Ukukhethwa kwetekhnoloji yokulinganisa uxinano ekucutshungulweni kwezimbiwa ze-potash kufuneka kulinganiswe:
- Ukuchaneka (uzinzo lwenkqubo, umgangatho)
- Iimfuno zolondolozo
- Ukhuseleko lwabasebenzi (ingakumbi kwimithombo ye-radiometric)
- Amandla okudibanisa kunye nokuzisebenzela kwezityalo kunye nohlalutyo lwenkqubo ngexesha langempela
Imisebenzi emininzi idibanisa iimitha ezikwi-intanethi eziqhubekayo kunye nokuhlolwa kwelebhu rhoqo ukuze kubonwe ulawulo oluqinileyo nolulandelekayo.
Iindlela zokwenziwa kwedijithali
Izityalo zanamhlanje zisiya kuhlalutyo lwexesha langempela kunye nolawulo lwenkqubo oluzenzekelayo, zidibanisa iigeyiji zoxinano ngokuthe ngqo neenkqubo zolawulo ezisasazwe (i-DCS) ukuze kulungiswe ngokukhawuleza. Oku kuxhasa ukonga amandla okuphuculweyo, umgangatho wemveliso ohambelanayo, kwaye kunciphisa iimpazamo zomntu.
Iindlela zanamhlanje zokulinganisa uxinano kunye nolawulo ngoku zibalulekile kwiindlela ezisebenzayo zokuvelisa i-potash, ukuphucula ukwahlulahlula amandla omxhuzulane ekucutshungulweni kwezimbiwa, kunye nokuhlangabezana neemfuno ezingqongqo zemveliso kunye nokusingqongileyo.
Inkqubo yokuFlotha kwePotash: Ukuphucula ngoLawulo loxinano
3.1 Inkqubo yokuNgcwala kwePotash: Iziseko
Ukuqunjelwa kwePotash kusetyenziswa kakhulu ukwahlula i-sylvite (KCl) kwi-halite (NaCl) kunye nezinto ezinganyibilikiyo. Le nkqubo ixhomekeke kumahluko kwikhemistri yomphezulu phakathi kweeminerali ezijoliswe kuzo. I-Sylvite yenziwa ingabi namanzi kusetyenziswa izinto eziqokelelweyo, okuvumela ukwahlukana kwegwebu, ngelixa i-halite kunye nodongwe zicinezelwa ngezinto ezidambisa uxinzelelo.
UkuzidelaKubalulekile ngaphambi kokuba i-flotation ibaluleke kakhulu. Isusa udongwe oluhle kunye ne-silicates, ezithi ngenye indlela zigqume umphezulu weeminerali, zithintele ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-reagent, kwaye zinciphise ukukhetha. I-desliming esebenzayo inokufikelela kwimpumelelo ephezulu ukuya kwi-95%, ixhase ngokuthe ngqo ukubuyiselwa kwinqanaba eliphezulu kwisekethe ye-flotation. Imisebenzi ihlala ifikelela kwinqanaba le-61–62% K₂O concentrate ngale ndlela, igxininisa ukubaluleka kwe-desliming ekuhlukaniseni ityuwa ye-potash.
Iisekethe zeFlotation zilungiselelwe ngokwahlula ifeed ibe ziinxalenye ezirhabaxa nezincinci emva kokususwa kwe-sliming. Inxalenye nganye idlula kwi-reagent dosing ekhethekileyo kunye ne-conditioning ukuze kuphuculwe ukubuyiswa kwe-sylvite. Ii-reagent eziphambili ziquka:
- Abaqokeleli bohlobo lwetyuwa(nge-sylvite),
- Izinto zokudambisa iipolymer ezenziweyo(ezifana ne-KS-MF) ukuze kuthintelwe i-halite engafunekiyo kunye nezinto ezinganyibilikiyo,
- Izinto ezibangela ukudumba kunye nezisasazaukukhuthaza ngakumbi ukukhetha kunye nokunciphisa iziphumo zeslime.
Iiparameter zokusebenza ezifana namazinga okuhamba kwamanzi, isantya sokushukuma kweeseli, kunye needosi ze-reagent zilungiswa ukuze kwahlulwe kakuhle. Ehlabathini jikelele, malunga ne-70% yemveliso ye-potash ixhomekeke kwi-floth flotation, kunye neemveliso ezicocekileyo kakhulu ezifumaneka ngokuhlanganisa i-flotation neendlela zokuxuba ubushushu kunye ne-crystallization.
3.2 Ukulinganiswa koxinano kwiSekethe yokuFlotha
Uxinano lwe-slurry kwisekethe yokudada yinto ebalulekileyo yolawulo. Ichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukusebenzisana kwamaqamza namaqhekeza, ichaphazela ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-sylvite ekuncamathiseleni, amazinga okusetyenziswa kwe-reagent, kunye nokwahlukana ekugqibeleni.
Iziphumo zobuninzi beSlurry:
- Uxinano oluphantsi:Ukudibana kwamaqamza namasuntswana kuyaphucuka, kodwa ukubuyela kwimeko yesiqhelo kunokuphazamiseka ngenxa yokungazinzi kogwebu olubuthathaka kunye nokunyuka kokuhamba kwamanzi.
- Uxinano Oluphezulu:Kuyenzeka ukungqubana okuninzi, kodwa izinto eziqinileyo ezigqithisileyo zithintela ukunamathela okukhethiweyo, zifuna iidosi eziphezulu ze-reagent, kwaye zinokunciphisa umgangatho we-concentrate.
Ukulungiswa koxinano olufanelekileyo kuyafuneka kwiinxalenye ezirhabaxa nezicolekileyo ukuze kwandiswe ukusebenza kakuhle kokwahlulwa kwezimbiwa kunye nokunciphisa ilahleko. Abaqhubi basebenzisa iimitha zoxinano, iigeyiji zenyukliya, kunye neesensa ezikwi-intanethi ukubonelela ngempendulo yexesha langempela, okuvumela uhlengahlengiso oluqhubekayo oluphucula umgangatho woxinano kunye nokubuyiselwa.
Indima kaDesliming:
Izifundo zetyala zibonisa ukuba ukuchithwa okungqongqo—okujongwa ngokulinganisa uxinano—kuvelisa amazinga okubuyisela angama-85–87% kwi-sylvite kwaye kugcina ukukhetha okuphezulu kokutyibilika. Ukususa izinto ezinganyibilikiyo ngaphambi kwenyathelo lokutyibilika kuphucula ukusebenza kwe-reagent kwaye kuphakamisa umgangatho wemveliso yokugqibela, ngakumbi xa kudityaniswe nolawulo loxinano oluchanekileyo.
Umzekelo, kwiindawo ezisebenzisa izinto zokudambisa uxinzelelo ezenziwe ngokwenziwa, ukuphuculwa koxinano emva kokunciphisa uxinano kuboniswe ukuba kunyusa amazinga okubuyela kwimeko yesiqhelo ngaphezulu kwe-2%—impembelelo ebalulekileyo kwiindlela ezinkulu zokucubungula izimbiwa ze-potash.
Inkqubo yokwenza iPotash Crystallization: Indima yobuninzi bezondlo
4.1 Isishwankathelo seNyathelo lokuQinisekisa iPotash
Ukunyibilika kwePotash yinkqubo yobushushu emva kokunyibilika nokuqhekeka kwenkqubo yokwemba iPotash. Emva kokunyibilika—apho iSylvite (KCl) yahlukana neHalite (NaCl) kunye nezinye iiGangue—i-concentrate ifumana i-leaching eshushu. Oku kubandakanya ukuxuba i-sylvinite ore ecoliweyo kunye ne-brine eshushu, ngesiqhelo kwi-85–100°C, inyibilikise i-KCl engaphezulu kuneNaCl ngenxa yokunyibilika kwayo okwahlukileyo kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu.
I-leachate, etyetyiswe kwi-KCl, yahlulwa kwizinto eziqinileyo ezinganyibilikiyo. Emva koko iyapholiswa, nto leyo ebangela ukuba i-KCl inyibilike ngokukhethekileyo njengoko ukunyibilika kwayo kwehla ngokukhawuleza xa ubushushu bufika. Ezi kristale ze-KCl zifunyanwa ngokuhluzwa okanye ngokucocwa, zihlanjwe, kwaye zomiswe. Olu landelelwano—ukutyibilika, ukuntywiliselwa okushushu, kunye nokutywiliselwa—luphucula ukubuyiswa kwe-potash kunye nobunyulu bemveliso, luvelisa iimveliso zokugqibela ezinokubuyiselwa kwe-85–99% kunye nomxholo we-95–99% we-KCl.
4.2 Indlela Ubuninzi beSlurry obuyichaphazela ngayo ukusebenza kakuhle kweCrystallization
Uxinano lwe-slurry luphawu olubalulekileyo kwinkqubo yokwenza i-potassium crystallization. Lubhekisa kubunzima bezinto eziqinileyo ezixhonywe kwisigaba solwelo kwaye luchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo amazinga e-nucleation, ukukhula kwe-crystal, kunye nobunyulu.
- Amanqanaba eNucleation: Ubuninzi be-slurry bunyusa amathuba okuba kubekho i-crystal nucleation, nto leyo ekhokelela kwiikristale ezininzi kodwa ezincinci. Ubuninzi obugqithisileyo bunokubangela ukuba inkqubo ithande i-nucleation kunokukhula, nto leyo ebangela ukuba kubekho amasuntswana amancinci endaweni yeekristale ezinkulu, ezinokubuyiswa.
- Ukusasazwa kobungakanani bekristale: Ukufakwa okuxineneyo kudla ngokuvelisa iikristale ze-KCl ezincinci, ezinokubangela ukuba kube nzima ukuhluza nokuhlanjwa ngezantsi. Uxinano oluphantsi luthanda iinuclei ezimbalwa kunye nokukhula kweekristale ezinkulu, nto leyo eyenza kube lula ukubuyiselwa kwimeko yesiqhelo.
- UbunyuluUkuba udaka luxinene kakhulu, ukungcola okufana neNaCl kunye namasuntswana anganyibilikiyo anokuna kunye, okunciphisa umgangatho wemveliso. Ulawulo olufanelekileyo loxinano lunciphisa ezi zinto zifakiweyo, luphucula ubunyulu.
- Ukusebenza kokususa amanzi: Iikristale ezincinci ezivela kwii-high-density feeds zinokupakishwa ngokuqinileyo, zithintele ukutsalwa kwamanzi kwi-filtration okanye i-centrifugation. Oku kwandisa umthamo womswakama kwimveliso yokugqibela kwaye kunyusa iimfuno zamandla okomisa.
Uxinano lwe-slurry ludibana namazinga okubuyisela i-concentrate, umgangatho wemveliso, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kokwahlulwa kwezimbiwa. Ulawulo olunganelanga lunokunciphisa isivuno se-KCl kunye nobunyulu, nto leyo eyonakalisa iziphumo zoqoqosho kunye nokusebenza kwenkqubo ye-potash crystallization.
4.3 Amanqaku okubeka esweni nokulawula uxinano ngexesha lokwenziwa kwekristale
Ukulinganisa ngokuchanekileyo kunye nokulawula uxinano lwe-slurry kubalulekile ukuze kufunyanwe i-potash ngokufanelekileyo kunye neziphumo ze-crystallization ezisemgangathweni. Ukuthatha isampuli yoxinano oluphakathi yindlela eqhelekileyo, kusetyenziswa ii-vibrating tube densitometers, ii-Coriolis meters, okanye ii-nuclear density gauges. Idatha yexesha langempela ivumela ukujonga okuqhubekayo kunye nokulungiswa ngokukhawuleza xa kukho ukuphambuka.
Iindlela ezilungileyo ziquka:
- Ukubekwa kweSensors ngobuchule: Fumana izixhobo zokuthatha iisampulu kwimigca yokutya engena kwi-crystallizer nakwi-recirculation loops. Oku kuqinisekisa ukufundwa ngexesha elifanelekileyo nangokuchanekileyo okufanelekileyo kulawulo lwenkqubo.
- Ulawulo lweNgxelo oluZenzekelayo: Hlanganisa imiqondiso yoxinano kunye nabalawuli be-logic abanokucwangciswa (ii-PLC) okanye iinkqubo zolawulo ezisasazwayo (ii-DCS). Ezi nkqubo zilungisa ukuhamba koludaka, amazinga okuphinda kusetyenziswe, okanye ukongezwa kwetyuwa ukugcina uluhlu loxinano olujoliswe kulo.
- Ukuhlanganiswa kwedatha kunye neenkqubo zeFlotation: Ngenxa yokuba uxinano lwe-slurry oluphuma kwisekethe ye-flotation lubeka imeko yokuqala ye-crystallization, ukugcina uxinano lwe-float concentrate oluhambelanayo kwenza kube lula ukusebenza kwe-crystallizer okuzinzileyo. Ukufundwa koxinano oluvela kwiiyunithi ze-flotation kunye ne-crystallization kufuneka kudibaniswe kwi-feedback loop, okuvumela ukulungiswa okudibeneyo okuphucula izinga lokubuyisela i-concentrate kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kokwahlulwa kwezimbiwa.
Imizekelo ibandakanya iisekethe zokukhupha amanzi ezichasene nomsinga, apho ulawulo loxinano kwinqanaba ngalinye luxhasa ukukhula kwekristale okufanelekileyo kunye nokucocwa kwamanzi okuya ezantsi. Izityalo zihlala zisebenzisa ii-alamu zoxinano kunye nee-interlocks zenkqubo ukuthintela iziganeko zoxinano olugqithisileyo okanye olungaphantsi, zikhusela umgangatho wemveliso kunye nezixhobo.
Ulawulo olusebenzayo loxinano lwe-slurry lusisiseko seendlela zanamhlanje zokuvelisa i-potash, olubonelela ngeendlela zokuphucula i-crystallization ukuze icoceke, ukwandisa ukubuyiselwa kwimeko yesiqhelo, kunye nokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla namanzi ngeendlela ezilungileyo zokulungisa izimbiwa ze-potash.
Ukwahlulwahlulwa koMxhuzulane ekuHlaziyweni kweziMbiwa: Ukongeza uBuyiselo lwePotash
5.1 Intshayelelo kwiindlela zokwahlulwa kweGravity ezinxulumene nePotash
Ukwahlulwahlulwa kwamandla omhlaba yindlela yokucubungula izimbiwa esebenzisa umahluko kwi-particle density kunye ne-setting velocity ukuze kufunyanwe ukwahlulwahlulwa. Kwinkqubo yokwemba i-potash, ukwahlulwahlulwa kwamandla omhlaba kunezicelo ezithile, ukongeza kwezinye iindlela eziphambili ezifana ne-flotation, i-desliming, kunye ne-crystallization. Iindlela zokwahlulwa kwamandla omhlaba ezifanelekileyo kwi-potash ziquka ukwahlulwahlulwa kwe-heavy media (HMS), i-jigging, kunye ne-spiral concentrators, nangona i-flotation ihlala iphambili kwi-potash flowsheets.
Umgaqo wokwahlulwahlulwa kobunzima bomxhuzulane uxhomekeke kwiisuntswana zobunzima obahlukeneyo kunye nobukhulu obuhlukeneyo ezihlala ngamanani ahlukeneyo xa zixhonywe kulwelo. Kwizityalo ze-potash, lo mgaqo usetyenziselwa ukwahlula izinto ezixineneyo ezifana nodongwe, iiminerali ezinganyibilikiyo, okanye i-sodium chloride (halite) kwiinxalenye ze-sylvite (potash ore). Le nkqubo isebenza kakhulu apho kukho umahluko owaneleyo phakathi kobunzima beeminerali—i-sylvite (KCl) inobunzima obumalunga ne-1.99 g/cm³, ngelixa i-halite (NaCl) iyi-2.17 g/cm³. Nangona umahluko wobunzima umncinci, kwizigaba ezithile ze-flowsheet, isetyenziselwa ukugxila ngakumbi kwi-potash kunye nokususa ukungcola kunye namanyathelo okudada kunye nokukristala.
Ukwahlulwahlulwa kwamandla omhlaba kudla ngokwenziwa emva kokuhlolwa kokuqala kunye nokususwa kwe-sliming, rhoqo kudityaniswa nezinye iindlela zokucubungula izimbiwa ze-potash. Kusebenza njengenyathelo elongezelelweyo apho ubumsulwa obubalulekileyo okanye ukubuyiselwa okugxininisiweyo kufuneka kufezekiswe kwaye kunika indlela engabizi kakhulu yokwahlulwa okurhabaxa/okuncinci xa ukukhetha ukudada kunganelanga. Umzekelo, ukususwa kodongwe olunganyibilikiyo kwisondlo ukuya ekudada, okanye ukuphucula amaqhezu arhabaxa angaphantsi kobukhulu ukusuka ekuhlanjweni kwesikrini, zombini zinokungenelwa kukwahlulwa kwamandla omhlaba. Kwezinye izityalo, iisekethe zomda odala zihlala zisetyenziselwa ukuphatha inkunkuma ethile okanye amaqhezu etyuwa, ingakumbi apho ukusebenza kokudada kungafanelekanga kwiisuntswana ezirhabaxa okanye kwi-saline brine ezichaphazela i-reagent chemistry.
Ukwahlulwahlulwa kwamandla omhlaba akuthathi indawo yenkqubo yokuqubha kwe-potash, kodwa kuyayiphelelisa, ingakumbi kwiimeko apho ukuphucula ukubuyiswa kwamandla omhlaba ekumbiweni kwe-potash okanye ukwandisa izinga lokubuyiswa kwamandla omhlaba jikelele kubalulekile. Xa kufuneka ukwenziwa ngcono kokusebenza kakuhle kokwahlulwahlulwa kwezimbiwa—njengokufikelela kubumsulwa bemveliso obuphezulu kakhulu okanye ukususa i-gangue engapheliyo—ukwahlulwa kwamandla omhlaba kubaluleke kakhulu njengendlela yesibini.
5.2 Ukusebenza koLwahlulo oluManzi kunye noLwahlulo oluManzi
Ukusebenza kakuhle kokwahlulwa komxhuzulane kwinkqubo yokwenza i-potash crystallization kunye nezinye iindlela zokuvelisa i-potash kunxulunyaniswa ngokuthe ngqo noxinano lwe-slurry. Ulwalamano oluphambili apha luphakathi koxinano lwe-slurry, isantya sokumisela amasuntswana, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kokwahlulwa.
Njengoko kuchaziwe nguMthetho kaStokes, kwi-laminar flow, isantya sokuhlala kwesuntswana siyanda ngokwahluka phakathi koxinano lwesuntswana nolwelo kwaye njengoko ubungakanani besuntswana bukhula. Kwinkqubo yokwemba i-potassium, ukulawula uxinano lwe-slurry kuvumela abaqhubi ukuba balungise i-medium ukuze i-sylvite okanye iiminerali ezinxulumene nayo zihlale okanye zintante ngamanani afanelekileyo. Uxinano lwe-slurry oluphezulu kakhulu lukhokelela ekuhlaliseni okuthintelweyo—iisuntswana zithintela intshukumo yomnye nomnye—okunciphisa ukusebenza kakuhle kokwahlulwa kwezimbiwa kunye nokuvelisa amanqanaba aphantsi okugxila. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, uxinano oluphantsi kakhulu lunokunciphisa ukuphuma kokwahlulwa kwaye lukhokelele ekufakweni kwe-gangue entle, okunciphisa ukubuyiselwa.
Ukuphucula uxinano lwesondlo, olulinganiswa ngeendlela ezichanekileyo zokulinganisa uxinano lwe-potash slurry, lubonwa njengenye yezona ndlela zibalaseleyo zokwahlulahlula umxhuzulane kwezemigodi:
- Iislurries Ezixineneyo:
- Isiphumo sokusebenzisana kwamasuntswana namasuntswana (ukuzinza okuthintelweyo)
- Ubukhali bokwahlulwa okusezantsi
- Ukunyuka kweendleko zokudluliselwa
- Iislurries ezixineneyo:
- Ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi okwandisiweyo kunye namandla okuphatha udaka
- Ukunciphisa ukusebenza kwenkqubo
- Ithuba lokulahleka kweeminerali ezintle nezixabisekileyo
Uxinano olujoliswe kulo ludla ngokuba phakathi kwe-25% ukuya kwi-40% yezinto eziqinileyo ngokobunzima, kuxhomekeke kwisixhobo esithile sokwahlukanisa amandla ombane kunye ne-mineralogy. Abaqhubi badla ngokulungelelanisa la manqanaba ngexesha lokuqalisa kunye nezigaba zokuhlamba, belinganisa iimfuno ezikhuphisanayo zesantya sokubuyisela umxube kunye nobunyulu bemveliso.
Umzekelo, kwisekethe ye-potash spiral, ukulungisa uxinano lwesondlo ngaphakathi kolu luhlu lufanelekileyo kuchaphazela ukwahlukana kwe-KCl kwi-concentrate ecocekileyo ngokuchasene ne-middlings kunye nemisila. Ukususa i-sliming phezulu, okususa udongwe oluhle kakhulu kunye ne-silts, linyathelo elibalulekileyo lokulawula ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukwahlukana kwesondlo ukuya kumxhuzulane kuhlala kwifestile efanelekileyo yoxinano. Iindlela zokulinganisa uxinano olusemgangathweni ophezulu lwe-slurry kwimigodi, njengee-nuclear density gauges okanye ii-Coriolis metres, zenza iinkqubo zolawulo oluzenzekelayo zigcine ezi thagethi, zikhokelela ekusebenzeni rhoqo kwenkqubo kunye nokukhupha i-potash ngokufanelekileyo.
Ulawulo oluqinileyo loxinano lwe-slurry kweli nqanaba alugcini nje ngokuphucula iziphumo ze-flotation okanye i-crystallization esezantsi komjelo kodwa lujongana ngokuthe ngqo neendlela zokwandisa ukubuyiselwa kwe-concentrate ekucutshungulweni kwezimbiwa ngokunciphisa ilahleko ngexesha lamanyathelo okwahlula phakathi. Olu qwalaselo luneenkcukacha kwi-slurry density ngaphakathi kweesekethe zomxhuzulane lubalulekile kwiindlela zanamhlanje zokucubungula izimbiwa ze-potash kwaye luxhasa amaqhinga abanzi okuphucula i-potash crystallization ukuze kube nobunyulu kunye nesivuno.
Ukubuyiselwa kwiNkunkuma yePotash Brine
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Ukusuka kwiDatha ukuya kwiZigqibo: Ukubeka esweni inkqubo kunye nokuZenzekelayo
6.1 Ukuhlanganiswa koLinganiso loBuninzi kuLawulo lweZityalo eziBanzi
Ukuzenzekela kwezityalo ngokubanzi kwinkqubo yokwemba i-potash kuxhomekeke ekudibaniseni imilinganiselo echanekileyo yoxinano lwe-slurry kwi-SCADA (Ulawulo loLawulo kunye nokuFumaneka kweDatha), i-DCS (iiNkqubo zoLawulo eziSasazwayo), kunye nabalawuli abazimeleyo. Ezi nkqubo ziququzelela ulawulo lwenkqubo ngexesha langempela, zivumela impendulo enamandla kwiinguqu zenkqubo ezichaphazela umgangatho wemveliso kunye namazinga okubuyisela.
Ukuqinisekisa Ukuthembeka Kwedatha kunye Nokusebenza Komqhubi:
- Ukulinganisa kunye nokuqinisekisa:Ukulungiswa okucwangcisiweyo kusetyenziswa imigangatho eyaziwayo kunye nokuhlolwa kwesiqhelo kwindawo ethile kujongana nokushukuma kwezixhobo, ingakumbi kwiindawo ezine-slurry ezirhabaxa okanye eziqinileyo eziphawuleka kwiindlela zokuvelisa i-potash.
- Ukucoca iSignali:Ukucoca okuphucukileyo kwedijithali kulungisa imiqondiso yoxinano, kunciphisa impembelelo yamaqamza omoya afakwe ngaphakathi, ukungcoliswa kwesensor, okanye ukuphazamiseka kwenkqubo yexesha elifutshane ngelixa kugcinwa impendulo ekhawulezileyo kutshintsho lwenkqubo yokwenyani.
- Ukubonakala koMgangatho weDatha:Ii-interface ze-SCADA/DCS ziquka izalathisi zomgangatho wedatha ngexesha langempela, iiflegi zokuzithemba, kunye nee-overlay zembali. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba abaqhubi banokwahlula ngokulula phakathi kweempawu ezinokwenzeka kunye nezingaqhelekanga, okwandisa ukuthembeka kweempendulo zabaqhubi.
Umzekelo, xa igeyiji yoxinano lombane ibona ukwanda okungalindelekanga koxinano lwe-slurry kwiseli ye-flotation, inkqubo yolawulo inokulumkisa ngokuzenzekelayo umqhubi, iqalise ii-alamu zenkqubo, okanye ilungise idosi yee-reagents ukugcina iindawo ezimiselweyo-ukuqinisa ulawulo lokubuyisela amandla kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kokukhupha amanzi.
6.2 Uphuculo Oluqhubekayo: Uhlalutyo Lokubuyisela Umva Nokusebenza Kakuhle
Ukuphucula ukubuyiswa kwe-potash kunye nokuveliswa kwayo kuxhomekeke ekusebenziseni idatha yoxinano lwembali kunye nexesha langempela ukuchonga iipateni, ukuqikelela iingxaki, kunye nokuqhuba ukwenziwa ngcono okuqhubekayo.
Ukuphucula izinga lokubuyisela amandla kwi-Concentrate:
- Uhlalutyo lweDatha:Ngokusebenzisa iindlela zokulinganisa uxinano lwangaphambili nolwangoku kwinkqubo yokuntywila kwe-potash, iinjineli zezityalo zinokubona iingxaki zenkqubo okanye ukushukuma kwimikhwa elindelekileyo—njengokunyuka koxinano lwe-tailings okubonisa iimeko zokuntywila ezingagqibelelanga. Idatha yoxinano oluphezulu inika iideshibhodi zohlalutyo ezidibanisa uhlengahlengiso lwenkqubo (njengobungakanani bokugaywa, amazinga e-reagent, okanye ukuhamba komoya kwiiseli) kunye nophuculo kwisivuno se-KCl concentrate.
- Ukulungiswa kweSetpoint:I-logic yolawulo eqhutywa yidatha inokuzilungisa ngokwazo iindawo zokuseta uxinano kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo enkqubo, iqinisekisa ukuba iyunithi nganye (umz., izithambisi, iiseli ze-flotation) isebenza kwindawo yayo esebenzayo, inciphisa ukuguquguquka kwe-crystallization esezantsi kwaye iphucula ubunyulu.
Ukuhlanganiswa okuqinileyo kweendlela zokulinganisa uxinano kunye neenkqubo zokuzenzekelayo zezityalo-ezidityaniswe nohlalutyo-kubeka isiseko sophuculo oluqhubekayo kuyo yonke inkqubo yokwemba i-potash. Le ndlela ixhasa zombini ukuphucula ukubuyiswa kwe-flotation kwi-potash mining kunye nokwenza ngcono i-potash crystallization ukuze ibe msulwa ngelixa iqhuba ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nolawulo lweeasethi olusebenzayo.
Iingenelo zeNdalo, zezoQoqosho, nezokusebenza
7.1 Ukuphuculwa kweNkqubo ethe ngqo kunye noMgangatho weMveliso
Ukulinganiswa koxinano lwe-potash slurry oluchanekileyo kwenza ulawulo oluqinileyo kwinkqubo yokuqubha kwe-potash. Ukugcina uxinano lwe-slurry olufanelekileyo kuqinisekisa ukwahlukana okusebenzayo phakathi kwe-sylvite (KCl) kunye neeminerali ze-gangue, okuvelisa i-concentrate ephezulu. Umzekelo, iisekethe ze-flotation ezibambe uxinano lwe-slurry ngaphakathi kweendawo ezijoliswe kuzo zihlala zigcina amanqanaba e-K2O angama-61–62% kunye nokusebenza okuncitshisiweyo okusondela kwi-95%. Oku kuhambelana kuthetha ngokuthe ngqo ukuba kukho ukungasebenzi kakuhle kokucubungula, njengoko ukutya kwe-slurry efanayo kuxhasa ukwakheka kwe-froth ezinzileyo kunye nokusebenzisana kwe-reagent okulawulwayo.
Umgangatho wemveliso ukwanceda njengoko ulawulo oluphuculweyo loxinano luthetha ukuba i-potash yokugqibela ihlangabezana rhoqo neemfuno ezingqongqo zemarike—kokubini kwizicelo zoshishino nezolimo. Utshintsho kudidi oluxinzelelweyo, umxholo womswakama, okanye ubungakanani bamasuntswana luyancitshiswa, nto leyo ephucula ulwaneliseko lwabathengi kunye nokuthobela isivumelwano. Ukuhlangabezana nemigangatho echanekileyo yemveliso kuyafuneka kwiimarike ezifana nokuveliswa kwesichumiso, apho iimfuno zabathengi zilawula ukwakheka kwamasuntswana kunye nobunyulu.
7.2 Ixabiso lezoqoqosho lomlinganiselo ochanekileyo we-slurry
Ukulinganiswa koxinano oluchanekileyo kunemiphumo emikhulu kwezoqoqosho. Ukuzinzisa uxinano lwe-slurry kuphucula amazinga okubuyisela—iisekethe zokudada zinokunyusa ukusebenza kakuhle kokwahlulwa kwezimbiwa, okubonakala ngamazinga okubuyisela angama-85–87% apho uxinano lulawulwa kakhulu. Oku kusebenza kakuhle kuthetha ukuba i-potassium eninzi ifunyenwe ngetoni nganye ye-ore eyombiweyo, nto leyo enciphisa inkunkuma kwaye inyusa inzuzo.
Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla nako kuyehla. Uxinano olufanelekileyo lugcina iimpompo kunye nee-mixers zikwinqanaba lazo lokusebenza elifanelekileyo, kwaye luthintela ukutsalwa kwamandla amaninzi. Ukusetyenziswa kwee-reagent kuyehla, kuba uxinano olufanelekileyo luqinisekisa unxibelelwano olusebenzayo phakathi kwee-reagent kunye nee-particle, ngoko ke kuncinci okuchithwayo kwiiminerali ezingezizo ezijoliswe kuzo. Iindleko zokugcina ziyancipha ngenxa yokuzinza kwenkqubo okuphuculweyo; uxinano olufanayo lwe-slurry lunciphisa ukuguguleka kweempompo, iipayipi, kunye neeseli ze-flotation ngokuthintela ukuvaleka kunye nokutsalwa kwamandla.
7.3 Uzinzo kunye nokuNcitshiswa kweNkunkuma
Ukuphucula uxinano lwe-slurry kwinkqubo yokwemba i-potash kuzisa iingenelo ezinkulu kwindalo esingqongileyo. Ngoxinano olulawulwayo, i-ore, amanzi, kunye nezixhobo zamandla zisetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo—kuphela oko kuyimfuneko ukuze kwahlulwe ngempumelelo kusetyenziswa. Oku kukhokelela ekuncipheni komthamo we-tailings kunye nokuncipha kweemfuno zamanzi acocekileyo.
Ulawulo lweengceba luphucula. Ukwahlulwa kweeminerali okuphuculweyo kuthetha ukuba iingceba ezicocekileyo ezine-potash eseleyo encitshisiweyo, kunciphisa umngcipheko wokusingqongileyo kwaye kube lula ukulahla. Eminye imisebenzi idibanisa inkunkuma yokudada kwiinkqubo ze-cemented paste backfill (CPB)—isebenzisa iingceba ukuzalisa amagumbi akhutshiweyo kunye nokuzinzisa ukusebenza komhlaba. Izifundo zibonisa ukuba amandla kunye nokuhambahamba kwee-CPBs kulungiswa ngokulawula ngokuchanekileyo uxinano lwe-slurry, ukulinganisela ukuphathwa ngokulula kunye nokuqina kwesakhiwo ngelixa kuthintelwa ukukhupha izinto ezintsha kakhulu.
Ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo kuncitshiswa ngakumbi ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokuzalisa inkunkuma ejikeleze i-flotation waste, kunye needosi zekalika ezilungisiweyo ngononophelo. Ukuhlanganiswa okunjalo akuqiniseli nje kuphela izakhiwo ezingaphantsi komhlaba kodwa kukwanciphisa umngcipheko wexesha elide wokwembiwa kwendalo. Xa zizonke, ezi ndlela zimele iindlela ezilungileyo ezizinzileyo ekucutshungulweni kwezimbiwa ze-potash.
Ukulinganiswa koxinano lwe-slurry kungundoqo wenkqubo yokwemba i-potash, okulawula ukusebenza kokukhutshwa kwe-ore ngokuvelisa i-concentrate. Ukubeka iliso nokulawula uxinano lwe-slurry akunakuxoxiswana ngalo ukugcina ukusebenza kakuhle kokwahlulwa ngexesha lokuhamba, ukwahlulwa komxhuzulane ekucutshungulweni kwezimbiwa, kunye namanyathelo alandelayo e-potassium crystallization. Ezi parameters zilawula ngokuthe ngqo indlela i-sylvite kunye nezinye izimbiwa ezixabisekileyo ezahlulwe ngayo kukungcola, zichaphazela kungekuphela nje ukwenziwa ngcono kokwahlulwa kwezimbiwa kodwa kunye nobunyulu bokugqibela kunye nomgangatho woxinano. Uxinano olungalunganga ludla ngokubangela ukulahleka kokubuyiselwa, ukwanda kwentsalela, kunye nokuphazamiseka kokusebenza, nto leyo egxininisa imfuneko yokulinganisa ngokuchanekileyo kwinqanaba ngalinye leendlela zokucubungula izimbiwa ze-potash.
Ubudlelwane obusondeleyo phakathi koxinano olulawulwayo lwe-slurry kunye nezinga eliphuculweyo lokubuyisela i-concentrate bubonakaliswa ziindlela ezilungileyo zedatha yasentsimini kunye neendlela ezilungileyo zoshishino. Umzekelo, ukugcina uxinano olufanelekileyo kwisekethe yokudada kuphucula ukubuyiselwa kwe-flotation kwimigodi ye-potash ngokwandisa unxibelelwano lwe-bubble-particle kunye nokunciphisa ukufakwa kweeminerali ze-gangue. Oku kuphumela kumazinga aphezulu okubuyisela e-KCl—ngokuqhelekileyo i-85–99% njengoko kuphawuliwe ngabavelisi abaphambili. Kwi-crystallization, ulawulo loxinano luvumela ukuphucula amanqanaba e-supersaturation, ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla, kunye nokuqinisekisa iinjongo zobumsulwa bemveliso, nto leyo ebalulekileyo ekucutshungulweni okusezantsi okanye ukuthengiswa ngokuthe ngqo. Isigaba ngasinye, ukusuka ekugayweni ukuya ekuhlukanisweni komxhuzulane kwimigodi, kuxhamla kulawulo loxinano—ukunciphisa ixesha lokungasebenzi kwezixhobo, ukuphucula ukugcinwa kwamanzi, kunye nokuphucula imveliso yezityalo iyonke.
Utshintsho oluqhubekayo kwiindlela zokulinganisa uxinano lwe-slurry kwimigodi lukhuthaza ukugqwesa kokusebenza kulo lonke ishishini. Ukutshintsha ukusuka kuhlalutyo lwelebhu oluhamba ngesandla, olucothayo kunye neegeyiji zenyukliya ukuya kwiiteknoloji ze-ultrasonic ezisebenzisa ixesha langempela, ezingangenisi ntsholongwane kunye neCoriolis kuthetha ukuba abaqhubi basabela ngokukhawuleza kutshintsho lwenkqubo, kunciphisa ilahleko zomzimba nezemali. Ukuhlanganiswa neenkqubo zolawulo lwenkqubo eziphambili kuqinisekisa ngakumbi ukulungiswa ngokuzenzekelayo, kunciphisa iimpazamo zabantu kunye nokuxhasa iindlela zokuvelisa i-potash ezikhuselekileyo nezizinzileyo. Njengoko imigaqo iqina kwaye amandla emarike etshintsha, iindlela ezilungileyo ngoku zigxininisa ukujonga uxinano oluqhutywa zi-sensor, uqeqesho oluqhubekayo lwabasebenzi, kunye nohlaziyo lwezixhobo rhoqo ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezikhulayo kunye nokuncipha kwamanqanaba e-ore. Ukwamkela le migaqo kuya kwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle, kwandise ukubuyiselwa koxinzelelo kusetyenziswa iindlela zokwandisa ukubuyiswa koxinzelelo kwi-mineral processing, kwaye rhoqo kunikezele ngeemveliso ze-potash ezikumgangatho ophezulu.
Ixesha leposi: Disemba-02-2025
