Eyona nto iphambili ekutsaleni ubhedu kukusebenzisa i-agent yokutsaleni (njenge-acid, i-alkali, okanye isisombululo setyuwa) ukuze isebenzise iikhemikhali kunye neeminerali zobhedu kwi-ore (njenge-malachite kwi-oxide ores kunye ne-chalcopyrite kwi-sulfide ores) ukuguqula ubhedu oluqinileyo lube yi-ions zobhedu ezinyibilikayo emanzini (Cu²⁺), zenze "i-leachate" (isisombululo esiqulethe ubhedu). Emva koko, ubhedu olucocekileyo (njenge-electrolytic copper) lukhutshwa kwi-leachate ngokutsalwa, ukufakwa kwe-electrode, okanye ukuchacha.
Ukulungiswa kwezixhobo zanamhlanjeinkqubo ye-copper hydrometallurgyixhomekeke ngokusisiseko kumlinganiselo wexesha langempela nochanekileyo wezinto eziguquguqukayo zenkqubo. Phakathi kwezi, ukumisela kwi-intanethi uxinano kwi-leach slurries mhlawumbi yeyona ndawo ibalulekileyo yolawulo lobuchwephesha, esebenza njengekhonkco elithe ngqo phakathi kokuguquguquka kwezinto eziluhlaza kunye nokusebenza okuphantsi.
Inkqubo Ephambili yeCi-opperHi-ydrometallurgy
Ukusebenza kwe-copper hydrometallurgy kucwangciswe ngendlela ecwangcisiweyo malunga namanqanaba amane ahlukeneyo, axhomekeke kwelinye, ukuqinisekisa ukukhululwa kunye nokubuyiswa kwesinyithi esijoliswe kuso kwimizimba eyahlukeneyo ye-ore.
Unyango lwangaphambi konyango kunye nokukhululwa
Inqanaba lokuqala ligxile ekwandiseni ukufikelela kweeminerali zobhedu kwi-lixiviant. Oku kudla ngokubandakanya ukwenziwa ngoomatshini—ukutyumza nokugaywa—ukwandisa indawo ethile yomphezulu we-ore. Kwizinto ze-oxide ezikumgangatho ophantsi okanye ezirhabaxa ezilungiselelwe inkqubo yokukhupha i-copper heap, ukutyumza kunokuba kuncinci. Okubaluleke kakhulu, ukuba isitokhwe se-feedstock siphezulu kwe-sulfidic (umz., i-chalcopyrite, i-CuFeS 2), inyathelo lokurosa ngaphambi okanye le-oxidative linokufuneka. Olu "roasting olune-oxidative" luguqula i-recalcitrant copper sulfides (njenge-CuS) ibe yi-chemically labile copper oxides (CuO2), nto leyo ephucula kakhulu ukusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo yokukhupha i-copper.
Inqanaba lokuKhuhla (Ukunyibilika kweMineral)
Isigaba sokukhuhla simele utshintsho oluphambili lweekhemikhali. I-ore enyangiweyo kwangaphambili iziswa kwi-agent yokukhuhla (i-lixiviant), edla ngokuba yisisombululo se-asidi, phantsi kweemeko ezilawulwayo zobushushu kunye ne-pH ukuze kunyibilikiswe iiminerali zobhedu ngokukhetha. Ukukhetha indlela yobugcisa kuxhomekeke kakhulu kwi-ore grade kunye ne-mineralogy:
Ukucocwa kwenqwaba:Isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiintsimbi ezikumgangatho ophantsi kunye namatye amdaka. Intsimbi etyumkileyo ifakwa kwiipads ezingangeni manzi, kwaye i-lixiviant itshizwa ngokujikeleza phezu kwenqwaba. Isisombululo siyantywiliselwa ezantsi, sinyibilikise ubhedu, size siqokelelwe ngezantsi.
Ukukhuhla iiTanki (Ukukhuhla okuVuthuzayo):Igcinelwe izinto ezixutyiweyo ezikumgangatho ophezulu okanye ezicoliweyo. I-ore ehlulwe kakuhle iyashukunyiswa kakhulu yi-lixiviant kwimithambo emikhulu yokusabela, inika i-kinetics yokudlulisa ubunzima obuphezulu kunye nolawulo oluqinileyo lwenkqubo.
Ukuntywila ngaphakathi:Indlela engakhiqiziyo apho i-lixiviant ifakwa ngqo emzimbeni weminerali ongaphantsi komhlaba. Le ndlela inciphisa ukuphazamiseka komphezulu kodwa ifuna ukuba umzimba we-ore ube nokuvuleka okwaneleyo kwendalo.
Ukucocwa kunye nokuPhuculwa kweSombululo seLeach
Isisombululo sePregnant Leach (PLS) esiveliswayo siqulathe ii-ions zekopolo ezinyibilikisiweyo kunye nokungcola okungafunekiyo, kuquka i-iron, i-aluminium kunye ne-calcium. Amanyathelo aphambili okucoca nokugxila kobhedu aquka:
Ukususwa kokungcola: Kudla ngokwenziwa ngokulungiswa kwe-pH ukuze kuthintelwe izinto ezibangela iingxaki ngokukhetha nangokuzihlukanisa.
Ukutsalwa kweSolvent (SX): Eli linyathelo elibalulekileyo lokwahlula apho kusetyenziswa i-extractant ekhethiweyo kakhulu ye-organic ukuhlanganisa ii-ion ze-copper kwi-PLS yamanzi ukuya kwi-organic phase, nto leyo eyahlula ngempumelelo i-copper kwezinye izinto ezingcolisayo zesinyithi. I-copper emva koko "iyasuswa" kwi-organic phase kusetyenziswa isisombululo se-acid esixineneyo, nto leyo evelisa i-"Rich Copper Electrolyte" (okanye isisombululo se-strip) esixineneyo nesicocekileyo esifanelekileyo sokufumana i-electrowinning.
Ukubuyiswa kweCopper kunye neMveliso yeCathode
Inqanaba lokugqibela kukubuyiselwa kobhedu olucocekileyo lwesinyithi kwi-electrolyte egxininisiweyo:
Ukuphumelela nge-Electro (EW): I-electrolyte etyebileyo yekopolo ifakwa kwiseli ye-electrolytic. Umbane udlula phakathi kwee-anode ezingasebenziyo (ezihlala zi-lead alloys) kunye nee-cathodes (ezihlala zi-stainless steel starter sheets). Ii-ion zekopolo (Cu 2+) ziyancitshiswa kwaye zibekwe kumphezulu we-cathode, zivelisa imveliso ye-hydrometallurgy yekopolo ecocekileyo kakhulu, edla ngokudlula i-99.95% yobumsulwa—eyaziwa ngokuba yi-cathode copper.
Iindlela Ezizezinye: Akuxhaphakanga kangako kwimveliso yokugqibela, ukuhla kweekhemikhali (umz., ukwenziwa kwesamente kusetyenziswa isinyithi esilahliweyo) kungasetyenziselwa ukufumana umgubo wobhedu, nangona ubumsulwa obuvelayo buphantsi kakhulu.
ImisebenziUkulinganiswa kobuninzi kwiNkqubo yeCopper Hydrometallurgy
Ukungafani okukhoyo kwee-ore ze-copper kufuna uhlengahlengiso oluqhubekayo kwiiparameter zokusebenza zazo zombiniinkqubo yokukhuhla ubhedukunye namanqanaba okukhupha i-solvent (SX) alandelayo. Iindlela zokulawula zemveli, ezixhomekeke kwisampulu yelabhoratri esezantsi, zizisa inqanaba elingamkelekanga lokulibaziseka, okwenza ii-algorithms zolawulo oluguquguqukayo kunye neemodeli ze-Advanced Process Control (APC) zingasebenzi. Ukutshintshela kumlinganiselo woxinano lwe-intanethi kubonelela ngemithombo yedatha eqhubekayo, okuvumela iinjineli zenkqubo ukubala ukuhamba kobunzima ngexesha langempela kunye nokulungisa idosi ye-reagent ngokulingana nomthwalo wobunzima obuqinileyo bokwenyani.
Ukuchaza Ukulinganiswa koBuninzi kwi-Intanethi: Umxholo oqinileyo kunye noBuninzi bePulp
Iimitha zoxinano oluphakathi zisebenza ngokulinganisa iparameter ebonakalayo yoxinano (ρ), ethi emva koko iguqulwe ibe ziiyunithi zobunjineli ezinokusebenza ezifana ne-mass percentage solids (%w) okanye i-concentration (g/L). Ukuqinisekisa ukuba le datha yexesha langempela iyathelekiswa kwaye iyahambelana kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo zobushushu, umlinganiselo kufuneka ubandakanye ukulungiswa kobushushu ngaxeshanye (Temp Comp). Olu phawu lubalulekileyo lulungisa ixabiso elilinganisiweyo kwimeko yereferensi eqhelekileyo (umz., 0.997g/ml yamanzi acocekileyo kwi-20∘C), ukuqinisekisa ukuba utshintsho ekufundeni lubonisa utshintsho lokwenyani kwi-concentration eqinileyo okanye kwi-composition, endaweni yokwanda kwe-thermal kuphela.
Imingeni Ehambelana Nokulinganiswa Kodaka Oluphumayo
Imekobume yei-hydrometallurgy yobheduinika imingeni ekhethekileyo ekusebenziseni izixhobo ngenxa yokuba i-leach slurry inamandla kakhulu.
Ukubola kunye noxinzelelo lwezinto eziphathekayo
Iikhemikhali ezisetyenziswa kwiinkqubo yokukhuhla ubhedu, ingakumbi i-sulfuric acid exineneyo (enokugqitha i-2.5mol/L) idityaniswe namaqondo obushushu aphezulu okusebenza (ngamanye amaxesha ifikelela kwi-55∘C), ibeka izinto zesensor kuxinzelelo olukhulu lweekhemikhali. Ukusebenza ngempumelelo kufuna ukukhethwa kwangaphambili kwezinto ezimelana kakhulu nohlaselo lweekhemikhali, ezifana ne-316 stainless steel (SS) okanye ii-alloys eziphezulu. Ukungaphumeleli ukucacisa izinto ezifanelekileyo kubangela ukuwohloka kwesensor ngokukhawuleza kunye nokungaphumeleli kwangaphambi kwexesha.
Ukurhawuzelela kunye nokuKhukuliseka
Iinxalenye eziqinileyo eziphezulu, ingakumbi kwimilambo ephethe intsalela ye-leach okanye i-thickener underflow, ziqulathe iinxalenye ze-gangue eziqinileyo nezine-angular. Ezi nxalenye zidala ukuguguleka okukhulu kuyo nayiphi na into emanzi, ephazamisayo. Oku kukhukuleka okuqhubekayo kubangela ukuguguleka kokulinganisa, ukusilela kwezixhobo, kwaye kufuna ukungenelela rhoqo nokugcina iindleko.
Ubunzima beRheological kunye nokungcola
Inkqubo yokukhuhla ubheduIislurry zihlala zibonisa indlela entsonkothileyo yokuziphatha kwe-rheological. Iislurry eziqinileyo (ezinye izinzwa zeefolokhwe ezingcangcazelayo zinqunyelwe kwi-<2000CP) okanye eziqulathe i-sediment okanye ii-scaling agents ezibalulekileyo zifuna ukufakelwa okukhethekileyo koomatshini ukuqinisekisa ukudibana okuqhubekayo kunye nozinzo. Iingcebiso zihlala ziquka ukufakelwa kweflange kwiitanki zokugcina eziphazamisekileyo okanye imibhobho ethe nkqo ukuthintela ukuba izinto eziqinileyo zihlale okanye zijikeleze into yokuva.
Isiseko soBugcisa se-Inline DensityMnaii-ters
Ukukhetha iteknoloji yokulinganisa uxinano olufanelekileyo yimfuneko ebalulekileyo ekufezekiseni ukuchaneka nokuthembeka kwexesha elide kwindawo enobutshaba beekhemikhali kunye neyomzimbai-hydrometallurgy yobhedu.
Imigaqo Yokusebenza Kokulinganisa Udaka
Itekhnoloji yokudlidliza (iFork yokuLungisa)
Ii-densitometers zokungcangcazela, njengeLonnmeter CMLONN600-4, zisebenza ngomgaqo wokuba uxinano lolwelo luhambelana ngokuphambeneyo nokuphindaphinda kwendalo kwento eshukumayo (ifolokhwe yokulungisa) entywilisiweyo kwi-medium. Ezi zixhobo ziyakwazi ukufikelela kubuchule obuphezulu, kwaye iinkcukacha zihlala zibala ukuchaneka okuqinileyo njenge-0.003g/cm3 kunye nesisombululo se-0.001. Ukuchaneka okunjalo kuzenza zifaneleke kakhulu ukujonga uxinano lweekhemikhali okanye ukusetyenziswa kolusu olune-viscosity ephantsi. Nangona kunjalo, uyilo lwazo oluphazamisayo luzenza zibe sesichengeni sokuguguleka kwaye lufuna ukunamathela ngokuqinileyo ekufakweni, ngakumbi malunga nemida ephezulu ye-viscous (umz.,<2000CP) xa kusingathwa ulwelo olune-viscous okanye oluhlala luhleli.
Umlinganiselo weRadiometric
Ukulinganisa uxinano lwe-radiometric yindlela engadibaniyo esebenzisa ukuncitshiswa kwe-gamma-ray. Le teknoloji inika inzuzo ebalulekileyo kwizicelo ezinzima zokutyibilika. Ekubeni izinto zesensor zibotshelelwe ngaphandle kumbhobho, le ndlela ayichaphazeleki kakhulu ziintlungu zomzimba zokukrala, ukukhukuliseka, kunye nokubola kweekhemikhali. Olu phawu luphumela kwisisombululo esingaphazamisiyo, esingagcini monakalo, esibonelela ngokuthembeka okugqwesileyo kwexesha elide kwimisinga yenkqubo enobutshaba obukhulu.
I-Coriolis kunye ne-Ultrasonic Densitometry
Ii-flowmeter zeCoriolis zinokulinganisa ukuhamba kobunzima, ubushushu, kunye noxinano ngaxeshanye ngokuchaneka okuphezulu. Umlinganiselo wazo ochanekileyo kakhulu, osekelwe kubunzima uhlala ugcinelwe imijelo yeekhemikhali enexabiso eliphezulu, ephantsi-izinto eziqinileyo okanye ii-precision bypass loops, ngenxa yeendleko kunye nomngcipheko wokukhukuliseka kweetyhubhu kwimijelo yokutya erhabaxa kakhulu. Ngaphandle koko,iimitha zoxinano lwe-ultrasonic, ezisebenzisa umlinganiselo we-acoustic impedance, zibonelela ngokhetho oluqinileyo, olungelulo lwenyukliya. Zenzelwe ngokukodwa ukutyibilika kwezimbiwa, ezi zixhobo zisebenzisa izinzwa ezimelana nokukrweleka, zibonelela ngokubekwa kweliso okuthembekileyo koxinano nokuba phantsi kwemithwalo ephezulu yoxinano kwiipayipi ezinkulu. Le teknoloji iphumelela ekunciphiseni iingxaki zokhuseleko kunye nolawulo ezinxulumene neegeyiji zenyukliya.
Iikhrayitheriya zokukhetha iSensor zeNkqubo yokuNciphisa iCopper
Xa ukhetha izixhobo zemijelo enamandla ebonakala kwii-hydrometallurgy yobhedu, indlela yokwenza isigqibo kufuneka ibeke phambili ukhuseleko lokusebenza kunye nokufumaneka kwezityalo kunokuphucula okuncinci ngokuchanekileyo ngokupheleleyo. Izixhobo eziphazamisayo nezichaneke kakhulu (iCoriolis, iVibrational) kufuneka zithintelwe kwimisinga engarhawuzeliyo okanye enokuhlukaniswa lula, efana nokwenza i-reagent okanye ukuxuba iikhemikhali, apho ukuchaneka kuqinisekisa umngcipheko wokuguguleka kunye nexesha elinokubakho lokungasebenzi. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, kwimisinga enobungozi obukhulu, erhawuzelekayo efana nokugcwala kwe-thickener, ubuchwepheshe obungaphazamisaniyo (iRadiometric okanye i-Ultrasonic) bungcono ngokweqhinga. Nangona bunokubonelela ngokuchaneka okuphantsi kancinci, uhlobo lwazo lokungaqhagamshelwani luqinisekisa ukufumaneka kwezityalo okuphezulu kunye nenkcitho yokusebenza encitshisiweyo kakhulu (i-OpEx) enxulumene nokugcinwa, into exabiso layo lezoqoqosho lidlula kakhulu iindleko zomlinganiselo ongachanekanga kangako, kodwa ozinzileyo. Ngenxa yoko, ukuhambelana kwezinto kubaluleke kakhulu: izikhokelo zokumelana nokugqwala zicebisa iiNickel Alloys ngokusebenza okuphezulu kwizicelo ezikhukulisayo kakhulu, zidlula i-316 SS eqhelekileyo esetyenziswa kwiindawo ezingarhawuzeliyo kangako.
Itheyibhile 1: Uhlalutyo lokuthelekisa lweeTekhnoloji zeMitha yoBuxinano kwi-Intanethi zeCopper Leach Slurry
| Ubuchwepheshe | Umgaqo woLinganiselo | Ukuphatha izinto ezirhabaxa/eziqinileyo | Ukufaneleka kweMidiya Eyonakalisayo | Ukuchaneka Okuqhelekileyo (g/cm3) | IiNiches zeSicelo esiPhambili |
| I-Radiometric (iGamma Ray) | Ukuncitshiswa kwemitha (Akuphazamiseki) | Igqwesile (Ngaphandle) | Igqwesile (inzwa yangaphandle) | 0.001−0.005 | Ukutyeba okungaphelelanga, iipayipi ezirhabaxa kakhulu, ulusu oluxineneyo oluphezulu |
| Ukudlidliza (Ifolokhwe yokulungisa) | Ukuphindaphinda kweResonance (iProbe emanzi) | Iprobe efanelekileyo (ephazamisayo) | Ilungile (Ixhomekeke kwizinto eziphathekayo, umz., 316 SS) | 0.003 | Umlinganiselo weekhemikhali, Ukutya okuqinileyo okuphantsi, ukuxinana <2000CP |
| ICoriolis | Ukuhamba Kobuninzi/Ukungabi Namandla (Ityhubhu Emanzi) | Ilungile (Umngcipheko wokukhukuliseka/ukuvaleka) | Igqwesile (Ixhomekeke kwizinto eziphathekayo) | Phezulu (esekelwe kwiMass) | Umlinganiselo weReagent oQinisekisiweyo, Ukuhamba kwe-Bypass, Ukubeka iliso ekuxinaniseni |
| I-Ultrasonic (Ukuphazamiseka kwe-Acoustic) | Ukuhanjiswa kweSignali ye-Acoustic (Okumanzisiweyo/Okufakwe iClamp-on) | I-Egqwesileyo (izinzwa ezimelana nokurhawuzelelwa) | Kulungile (Kuxhomekeke kwizinto eziphathekayo) | 0.005−0.010 | Ulawulo lweentsila, Ukutya kweSlurry (Okungakhethwanga yiNyukliya)
|
Ukuphucula Ukwahlulwa-hlulwa kolwelo oluqinileyo (Ukuqina kunye nokuhluza)
Ukulinganisa uxinano kubalulekile ukuze kuphuculwe ukukhupha amanzi kunye nokubuyiswa kwamanzi kwiiyunithi zokwahlula ulwelo oluqinileyo, ngakumbi izithambisi kunye nezihluzi.
Ulawulo loxinano kwi-Thickener Underflow: Ukuthintela i-Over-Torque kunye ne-Plugging
Injongo ephambili yolawulo ekuqineni kukufezekisa uxinano oluzinzileyo noluphezulu lokuhamba kwamanzi (UFD), oluhlala lujolise kumxholo wezinto eziqinileyo ezingaphezulu kwama-60%. Ukufezekisa olu zinzo kubalulekile kungekuphela nje ekuphuculeni ukuphinda kusetyenziswe amanzi kwakhona.inkqubo ye-copper hydrometallurgykodwa kwanokubonelela ngokuhamba kobunzima rhoqo kwimisebenzi esezantsi. Nangona kunjalo, umngcipheko ungowokuphefumla: ukwandisa i-UFD kuphakamisa ngokukhawuleza uxinzelelo lwesivuno se-slurry. Ngaphandle kwempendulo echanekileyo neyoxinzelelo ngexesha langempela, imizamo yokufikelela kujoliso loxinano ngokupompa ngamandla inokuyityhala i-slurry idlule umda wayo weplastiki, nto leyo ekhokelela kwi-rake torque egqithisileyo, ukusilela koomatshini okunokwenzeka, kunye nokuvaleka kwepayipi okubalulekileyo. Ukusetyenziswa kweModel Predictive Control (MPC) kusetyenziswa umlinganiselo we-UFD wexesha langempela kwenza uhlengahlengiso olunamandla lwesantya sepompo engaphantsi kwamanzi, okukhokelela kwiziphumo ezibhaliweyo, kubandakanya ukuncipha kwama-65% kwisidingo sokujikeleza kwakhona kunye nokwehla kwama-24% kokuguquguquka koxinano.
Ukuqonda okubalulekileyo kukuxhomekeka kokusebenza kwe-UFD kunye ne-Solvent Extraction (SX). I-thickener underflow idla ngokumela umjelo we-Pregnant Leach Solution (PLS), othunyelwa kamva kwisekethe ye-SX. Ukungazinzi kwi-UFD kuthetha ukungeniswa okungaguqukiyo kwezinto eziqinileyo ezincinci kwi-PLS. Ukufakwa kwezinto eziqinileyo kuphazamisa ngokuthe ngqo inkqubo yokudluliselwa kobunzima be-SX eyinkimbinkimbi, okubangela ukwakheka kwe-crud, ukwahlukana kwesigaba okubi, kunye nokulahleka kwe-extractant ebiza kakhulu. Ke ngoko, ukuzinzisa uxinano kwi-thickener kubonwa njengenyathelo eliyimfuneko lokulungisa imeko yokugcina ukutya okucocekileyo okufunekayo kwisekethe ye-SX, ekugqibeleni kugcinwa umgangatho wokugqibela we-cathode.
Ukuphucula ukuhluza kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kokususa amanzi
Iinkqubo zokucoca, ezifana nezihluzi ze-vacuum okanye zoxinzelelo, zisebenza kakuhle kakhulu kuphela xa uxinano lwesondlo luhambelana kakhulu. Ukuguquguquka komxholo wezinto eziqinileyo kubangela ukwakheka kwekhekhe lesihluzo elingaguqukiyo, ukufiphaza kweendaba ngaphambi kwexesha, kunye nomxholo wokufuma wekhekhe oguquguqukayo, okufuna imijikelo yokuhlamba rhoqo. Izifundo ziqinisekisa ukuba ukusebenza kokucoca kuchaphazeleka kakhulu kumxholo wezinto eziqinileyo. Uzinzo lwenkqubo olucwangcisiweyo olufezekiswa ngokubeka esweni uxinano oluqhubekayo lukhokelela ekuphuculweni kokusebenza kokucoca kunye nemilinganiselo yokuzinza, kubandakanya ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi okunxulumene nokuhlamba isihluzo kunye neendleko ezincinci ezinxulumene nexesha lokungasebenzi.
Ulawulo lweeReagent kunye nokuNcitshiswa kweendleko kwiNkqubo yokuNcitshiswa kweCopper
Ukulungiswa kwee-reagent, okuqhutywa lulawulo lwe-PD oluguquguqukayo, kubonelela ngokunciphisa iindleko zokusebenza ngokukhawuleza nangokulinganisekayo.
Ulawulo Oluchanekileyo Lokuxinana Kwe-Acid Kwinkqubo Yokukhupha I-Copper Heap
Kuzo zombini i-aroused leaching kunyeinkqubo yokukhuhla inqwaba yekopolo, ukugcina uxinaniso oluchanekileyo lweekhemikhali zee-leaching agents (umz., i-sulfuric acid, ii-iron oxidizing agents) kubalulekile kwi-kinetics esebenzayo yokunyibilika kwezimbiwa. Kwimijelo ye-reagent egxininisiweyo, iimitha zoxinano olungaphakathi zibonelela ngomlinganiselo ochanekileyo kakhulu, ohlawulelwa kubushushu. Olu buchule luvumela inkqubo yolawulo ukuba ilinganise ngokuguquguqukayo ubungakanani obuchanekileyo be-reagent obufunekayo. Le ndlela iphambili idlula idosi eqhelekileyo, egcina ukuhamba okulinganiselweyo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekusebenziseni kakhulu iikhemikhali kunye ne-OpEx ephezulu. Impembelelo yezemali icacile: inzuzo yesityalo se-hydrometallurgical inovelwano kakhulu kwiinguqu ekusebenzeni kakuhle kwenkqubo kunye neendleko zezinto eziluhlaza, nto leyo egxininisa imfuneko yokusetyenziswa kwedosi echanekileyo evumela uxinano.
Ukuphucula iFlocculant ngokusebenzisa impendulo yokugxila kwezinto eziqinileyo
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-Flocculant yindleko eguquguqukayo kakhulu ekuhlukaniseni i-solid-liquid. Idosi efanelekileyo yekhemikhali ixhomekeke ngokuthe ngqo kubunzima bezinto eziqinileyo ezifunekayo ukuhlanganiswa. Ngokuhlala ulinganisa uxinano lomjelo wokutya, inkqubo yolawulo ibala ukuhamba kobunzima bezinto eziqinileyo ngokukhawuleza. Inaliti ye-Flocculant emva koko ilungiswa ngokuguquguqukayo njengomlinganiselo olinganayo nobunzima bezinto eziqinileyo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-flocculation efanelekileyo iyafezekiswa nokuba kukho umahluko kwi-feed throughput okanye i-ore grade. Oku kuthintela zombini idosi engaphantsi (ekhokelela ekuzinzeni kakubi) kunye nedosi engaphezulu (ukuchitha iikhemikhali ezibizayo). Ukuphunyezwa kolawulo loxinano oluzinzileyo nge-MPC kuvelise imbuyekezo yemali enokulinganiselwa, kunye nokonga okubhaliweyo kuqukaUkuncipha kwe-9.32% ekusetyenzisweni kwe-flocculantkunye ne-ehambelanayoUkuncipha kwe-6.55% ekusetyenzisweni kwelayimu(isetyenziselwa ukulawula i-pH). Ngenxa yokuba iindleko zokutsalwa kwenkunkuma kunye neendleko zokufunxa/ukuhluza ezinxulumene noko zinokuba negalelo elimalunga ne-6% kwinkcitho iyonke yokusebenza, ezi mali zongiweyo ziphucula ngokuthe ngqo nangokubalulekileyo inzuzo.
Itheyibhile 2: Amanqaku oLawulo lweNkqubo ebalulekileyo kunye neeMetriki zoLungiso loXinaniso kwiI-Copper Hydrometallurgy
| Iyunithi yeNkqubo | Indawo yokulinganisa uxinano | I-Controlled Variable | Injongo yokuphucula | Isalathisi sokuSebenza esiPhambili (i-KPI) | Izaphulelo ezibonisiweyo |
| Inkqubo yokuNciphisa iCopper | IiReactors zokuLeaching (Ubuninzi bePulp) | Umlinganiselo oqinileyo/olwelo (PD) | Lungiselela i-reaction kinetics; phucula ukukhupha | Izinga lokubuyisa iCopper; Ukusetyenziswa kwe-reagent ethile (kg/t Cu) | Ukunyuka kwezinga lokuphuma kwamanzi ukuya kuthi ga kwi-44% ngokugcina i-PD efanelekileyo |
| Ukwahlulwa kolwelo oluqinileyo (Izinto eziQinisayo) | Ukukhupha amanzi angaphantsi komhlaba | Uxinano lwe-Underflow (UFD) kunye nokuhamba kobunzima | Khulisa ukubuyiswa kwamanzi; qinisa ukufunxwa kwamanzi ukuya kwi-SX/EW esezantsi komlambo | I-UFD % Izinto eziqinileyo; Izinga lokuHlaziya Amanzi; Uzinzo lweTorque yeRake | Ukusetyenziswa kwe-flocculant kuncitshiswe nge-9.32%; umahluko we-UFD uncitshiswe nge-24% |
| Ukulungiswa kweReagent | Izithambiso ze-Acid/Solvent | Uxinzelelo (%w okanye g/L) | Umlinganiselo ochanekileyo; nciphisa ukusetyenziswa ngokugqithisileyo kweekhemikhali | Uzinzo lweKhemistri yesisombululo sokusebenzisa i-reagent kakhulu | Ukunciphisa i-OpEx yeekhemikhali ngokulawula umlinganiselo oguqukayo |
| Ukususa amanzi/Ukucoca | Uxinano lweFidi yesihluzo | Izinto eziqinileyo eziza kuhluzwa | Zinzisa i-output; nciphisa ukugcinwa | Ixesha lomjikelo wokucoca; Umxholo wokufuma kwekhekhe; Ukusebenza kakuhle kokucoca | Iindleko ezincitshisiweyo ezinxulumene nokuhlamba izihluzi kunye nexesha lokungasebenzi |
I-Reaction Kinetics kunye nokuBekwa kweliso kwe-Endpoint
Ingxelo yoxinano ibalulekile ekugcineni iimeko ezichanekileyo ze-stoichiometric ezifunekayo ukuqhuba ukunyibilika nokuguqulwa kwesinyithi ngokufanelekileyo kulo lonke ixesha.inkqubo ye-copper hydrometallurgy.
Ukubeka esweni i-Pulp Density (PD) kunye ne-Leach Kinetics ngexesha langempela
Umlinganiselo we-solid-liquid (PD) ngokusisiseko unxulunyaniswa noxinzelelo lweentlobo zesinyithi ezinyibilikisiweyo kunye nesantya sokusetyenziswa kwe-arhente yokunyibilikisa. Ulawulo oluchanekileyo lwale ratio luqinisekisa unxibelelwano olwaneleyo phakathi kwe-lixiviant kunye nomphezulu wezimbiwa. Idatha yokusebenza ibonisa ngokuqinileyo ukuba i-PD yi-lever yokulawula ebalulekileyo, ayisiyo nje iparameter yokujonga. Ukuphambuka kwi-optimal ratio kunemiphumo emibi kwisivuno sokukhupha. Umzekelo, kwiindawo zelebhu, ukungaphumeleli ukugcina umlinganiselo we-solid-liquid optimal we-0.05g/mL kubangele ukwehla okukhulu kokubuyiselwa kobhedu ukusuka kwi-99.47% ukuya kwi-55.30%.
Ukusebenzisa Amaqhinga Olawulo Oluphezulu
Uxinano lusetyenziswa njenge-primary state variable kwi-Model Predictive Control (MPC) yeesekethe zokuleaching nezokwahlukanisa. I-MPC ifanelekile kakhulu kwiinkqubo ze-dynamics ze-i-hydrometallurgy yobhedu, njengoko iphatha ngokufanelekileyo ukulibaziseka kwexesha elide kunye nokusebenzisana okungekho ngqo okukhoyo kwinkqubo yokulunywa. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba amazinga okuhamba kunye nokongezwa kwee-reagent kuqhubeka kulungiswa ngokusekelwe kwimpendulo ye-PD yexesha langempela. Nangona umlinganiselo woxinzelelo oluvela kuxinano uqhelekile kwiinkqubo zeekhemikhali ngokubanzi, ukusetyenziswa kwayo kufikelela kumanyathelo akhethekileyo e-hydrometallurgical, njengokujonga ukulungiswa kokutya kwe-solvent extraction ukuqinisekisa ukuba iimpendulo zifikelela kumazinga okuguqulwa afanelekileyo, ngaloo ndlela kwandisa isivuno sesinyithi kunye nobunyulu.
Ukhuseleko lwezixhobo kunye noLawulo lwe-Rheological
Idatha yoxinano lwe-intanethi inika igalelo elibalulekileyo kwiinkqubo zolondolozo eziqikelelayo, ngobuchule iguqula ukusilela kwezixhobo zibe ziinguqu zenkqubo ezilawulekayo.
Ukulawula i-Slurry Rheology kunye ne-Viscosity
Uxinano lwe-slurry lutshintsho oluphambili oluchaphazela ukungqubana kwangaphakathi kwe-slurry (ukuxinana) kunye noxinzelelo lwe-yield. Ukuhamba koxinano olungalawulwayo, ngakumbi ukwanda okukhawulezayo, kunokuguqula i-slurry ibe yindlela yokuhamba engeyiyo eyaseNewtonian. Ngokuhlala ujonga uxinano, iinjineli zenkqubo zinokulindela ukungazinzi kwe-rheological okuzayo (njengokusondela kwimida yoxinzelelo lwe-pump yield) kwaye zisebenzise amanzi anyibilikisiweyo okanye zilawule isantya se-pump. Olu lawulo lokuthintela luthintela iziganeko ezibizayo ezifana nokukhula kwepayipi, i-cavitation, kunye nokuvalwa kwe-pump eyingozi.
Ukunciphisa ukuGqoka okuKhuhlayo
Inzuzo yokwenene yemali yokulawula uxinano oluzinzileyo idla ngokungafumaneki kwimali encinci ye-reagent, kodwa kukunciphisa kakhulu ixesha lokungasebenzi elingalindelekanga elibangelwa kukusilela kwecandelo. Ukugcinwa kwepompo ye-slurry kunye nokutshintshwa kwemibhobho, okuqhutywa kukuwohloka okukhulu kokukhukuliseka, kwenza into ephambili kwi-OpEx. Ukhukuliseko lukhawuleziswa kakhulu kukungazinzi kwesantya sokuhamba, okuhlala kubangelwa kukuguquguquka koxinano. Ngokuzinzisa uxinano, inkqubo yolawulo inokulawula ngokuchanekileyo isantya sokuhamba ukuya kwisantya sothutho esibalulekileyo, inciphise ngempumelelo zombini ukubola kunye nokukrala okugqithisileyo. Ukwandiswa okubangelwa yi-Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF) yezixhobo zoomatshini ezinexabiso eliphezulu, kunye nokuphepha ukungaphumeleli kwecandelo lesiganeko esinye, kudlula kakhulu utyalo-mali oluyinkunzi kwiimitha zoxinano ngokwazo.
Icebo Lokuphumeza kunye Neendlela Ezilungileyo Zokusebenza
Isicwangciso sokuphumeza esiphumelelayo sifuna ukukhethwa okucokisekileyo, ukufakwa, kunye neenkqubo zokulinganisa ezijongana ngqo nemingeni ebanzi yemizi-mveliso yokugqwala nokukrala.
Indlela yokukhetha: Ukufanisa iTekhnoloji yeDensitometer kunye neempawu zeSlurry
Indlela yokukhetha kufuneka iqinisekiswe ngokusesikweni ngokubhala ubunzima beempawu zeslurry (ukubola, ubungakanani besuntswana, i-viscosity, ubushushu). Kwimithombo ephezulu, imijelo yokukrala okuphezulu, njengemigca ye-tailings, ukhetho kufuneka lubeke phambili ukhetho olungangeneleliyo, olungenakhemikhali, njengezixhobo ze-radiometric. Nangona ezi sensors zinokuba nebhendi yempazamo enkulu kancinci kunezixhobo eziphezulu zokungenelela, ukuthembeka kwazo kwexesha elide kunye nokuzimela kwiipropati zomzimba zesixhobo kubaluleke kakhulu. Kwiindawo ezine-asidi ephezulu, ukucacisa izixhobo ezikhethekileyo, ezifana neNickel Alloys, ngaphezu kwe-316 SS eqhelekileyo yezixhobo ezimanzi kuqinisekisa ukumelana nokukhukuliseka okukhulu kwaye kwandisa ubomi bokusebenza.
Iindlela ezilungileyo zokufakela: Ukuqinisekisa ukuchaneka kunye nobude bexesha kwiindawo ezinobundlobongela
Iinkqubo zokufakelwa koomatshini kunye nombane ezichanekileyo zibalulekile ekuthinteleni ukonakala kwesignali nokuqinisekisa ukuba isixhobo sihlala ixesha elide. Iisensa ezimanzi kufuneka zifakwe kwiindawo zokufaka imibhobho eziqinisekisa ukuntywiliselwa ngokupheleleyo kunye nokuphelisa ukuvaleka komoya. Kwiinkqubo ezibandakanya ulwelo oluxineneyo okanye oluthanda ukutyibilika, izikhokelo zokufakela zicebisa ngokucacileyo iiflange zetanki okanye ukuqhutywa kwemibhobho ejonge ngokuthe nkqo ukuthintela ukuhla okanye ukwakheka kweeprofayili zoxinano olungalinganiyo ezijikeleze isici sesensa. Ngombane, ukwahlulwa okufanelekileyo kuyimfuneko: isingxobo se-densitometer kufuneka sisekelwe ngokufanelekileyo, kwaye imigca yombane ekhuselweyo kufuneka isetyenziswe ukunciphisa ukuphazamiseka kwe-electromagnetic kwizixhobo ezinamandla aphezulu, ezinje ngeemoto ezinkulu okanye ii-variable frequency drives. Ngaphezu koko, isitywino segumbi lombane (i-O-ring) kufuneka siqiniswe ngokukhuselekileyo emva kokulungiswa ukuthintela ukungena komswakama kunye nokungaphumeleli kwesekethe okulandelayo.
Uvavanyo lwezoQoqosho kunye nokuXhobisa ngeMali
Ukuze kufunyanwe imvume yokusetyenziswa kweenkqubo zolawulo loxinano oluphambili, kufuneka isakhelo sovavanyo olucwangcisiweyo esiguqulela ngokungqongqo iingenelo zobugcisa zibe ziimilinganiselo zemali ezinokubalwa.
Isakhelo sokulinganisa iingenelo zoqoqosho zoLawulo loxinano oluPhambili
Uvavanyo olupheleleyo lwezoqoqosho kufuneka luvavanye ukonga iindleko ngokuthe ngqo kunye nabaqhubi bexabiso elingathanga ngqo. Ukunciphisa i-OpEx kubandakanya ukonga okunokulinganiswa okufunyenwe kulawulo lwe-reagent oluguquguqukayo, njengokunciphisa okubhaliweyo kwe-9.32% ekusetyenzisweni kwe-flocculant. Ukonga ekusebenziseni amandla kubangelwa kulawulo lwesantya sepompo oluphuculweyo kunye neemfuno zokunciphisa ukujikeleza kwegazi. Okubaluleke kakhulu, ixabiso lezoqoqosho lokwandisa i-Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF) yezinto ezinxitywa kakhulu (iipompo, iipayipi) kufuneka libalwe, libonelele ngexabiso elibonakalayo lolawulo oluzinzileyo lwe-rheological. Kwicala lengeniso, isakhelo kufuneka silinganise ukubuyiswa kobhedu okuphuculweyo okufezekisiweyo ngokugcina i-PD efanelekileyo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-reagent.
Impembelelo yokunciphisa ukuguquguquka kobuninzi kwinzuzo yezityalo ngokubanzi
Imilinganiselo yezemali yokugqibela yokuvavanya i-APC kwii-hydrometallurgy yobhedukukunciphisa ukwahluka kwenkqubo (σ) kwiimilinganiselo zoxinano olubalulekileyo. Inzuzo ibuthathaka kakhulu kwiindlela ezichaseneyo nezifunekayo zokusebenza (ukwahluka). Umzekelo, ukufikelela ekunciphiseni kwama-24% kokwahluka koxinano kuthetha ngokuthe ngqo kwiifestile zenkqubo eziqinileyo. Olu zinzo luvumela isityalo ukuba sisebenze ngokuthembekileyo kufutshane nemida yomthamo ngaphandle kokubangela ukuvalwa kokhuseleko okanye ukuqala ukungazinzi kweluphu yokulawula. Oku kuqina kokusebenza okwandisiweyo kubonisa ukuncitshiswa ngokuthe ngqo komngcipheko wezezimali kunye nokungaqiniseki kokusebenza, ekufuneka kuxatyiswe ngokucacileyo ngaphakathi kokubalwa kwe-NPV.
Itheyibhile 3: Isakhelo sokuLungiselela uQoqosho soLawulo loXinano oluPhambili
| Umqhubi wexabiso | Indlela yeNzuzo | Impembelelo kuQoqosho lweZityalo (iMetriki yezeMali) | Imfuneko yeSicwangciso soLawulo |
| Ukusebenza kakuhle kweReagent | Umlinganiselo we-acid/flocculant osekelwe kubunzima ngexesha langempela. | I-OpEx encitshisiweyo (ukonga iindleko zezinto ezisetyenziswa ngqo, umz., ukunciphisa i-flocculant nge-9.32%). | Impendulo yoxinano oluzinzileyo kwiilophu zolawulo lwe-flow ratio (MPC). |
| Imveliso yemveliso | Uzinzo lwe-PD setpoint efanelekileyo kwii-reactors. | Ingeniso Eyongeziweyo (Ukubuyiselwa kweCu ephezulu, ukudluliselwa kobunzima okuzinzileyo). | Uhlalutyo oludibeneyo loxinano/ugxininiso lokujonga indawo ephelileyo. |
| Ukufumaneka kwezityalo | Ukunciphisa umngcipheko we-rheological (ukuvaleka, i-torque ephezulu). | I-OpEx kunye neCapEx ezincitshisiweyo (Ukugcinwa okuphantsi, ixesha lokungasebenzi elingakhange licwangciswe). | Ulawulo oluqikelelweyo lwesantya sepompo olusekelwe kwiimodeli ze-viscosity ezivela kwi-UFD. |
| Ulawulo lwaManzi | Ukwandisa uxinano lwe-thickener underflow density. | I-OpEx enciphileyo (Imfuno yamanzi acocekileyo ephantsi, izinga eliphezulu lokurisayikilisha amanzi). | Ukukhetha iteknoloji yokulinganisa uxinano oluqinileyo nolungaphazamisiyo. |
Inzuzo eqhubekayo kunye noxanduva lokusingqongileyo lweenkqubo zanamhlanjei-hydrometallurgy yobheduimisebenzi inxulumene ngokuyintloko nokuthembeka komlinganiselo woxinano lwe-intanethi kwi-leach slurries.
Iitekhnoloji eziphazamisayo ezifana ne-Vibrational okanye i-Coriolis meter zinokugcinelwa ukusetyenziswa okukhethekileyo, okungarhawuzeliyo apho ukuchaneka okugqithisileyo koxinzelelo (umz., ukwakheka kwe-reagent) kubaluleke kakhulu. Nxibelelana ne-Lonnmeter kwaye ufumane iingcebiso zobungcali malunga nokukhetha i-density meter.
Ixesha leposi: Septemba-29-2025
