Ukugcina uxinaniso olufanelekileyo lwe-oleum luzisa imingeni eyahlukeneyo kubuchwepheshe bokunyibilikisa ubhedu kwimizi-mveliso. Indlela i-oleum esabela ngayo ngokwemvelo kwaye irhabaxa ifuna ukuqina okukhulu.uxinzelelo lwe-oleumimithaskunye neendlela zokulinganisa, ezikwaziyo ukunika ukufundwa okuchanekileyo nokuthembekileyo kwiindawo ezinobungozi zemveliso. Amanyathelo okunyibilikisa ubhedu—njengokuveliswa kwe-matte, ulawulo lwe-slag, kunye nokucocwa kwe-concentrate—adla ngokufuna ulawulo olucwangcisiweyo loxinzelelo lwe-oleum ukuze kulinganiswe ukusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo kunye nokunciphisa iimpendulo ezingafunekiyo ezinokubangela iigesi okanye ukwandisa inkunkuma enobungozi.
Ukuqonda i-Oleum kwi-Copper Smelting
Umsebenzi kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-Oleum
I-Oleum sisicombululo se-sulfur trioxide (SO₃) enyibilikiswe kwi-sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄), kwaye uxinano lwayo luchazwa yipesenti ye-SO₃ ekhululekileyo. Kwi-copper melting, i-oleum isebenza njenge-arhente ebalulekileyo yokuphucula ukuvuselelwa kwe-sulfuric acid. Amanyathelo okunyibilikisa i-copper ore avelisa inani elikhulu legesi ye-sulfur dioxide (SO₂) njengoko i-sulfide ores itshiswa. Le SO₂ i-oxidized phezu kwe-catalyst ukuya kwi-SO₃, ekufuneka ifunxwe ngokufanelekileyo ukuvelisa i-commercial sulfuric acid.
I-Oleum isetyenziswa kwiinqaba zokufunxa ngokukodwa ukubamba i-SO₃. Umthamo wayo wokufunxa udlula lowo we-sulfuric acid eqhelekileyo xa umxholo we-SO₃ unyuka ngaphezulu kwe-98%, ukuthintela ukwakheka kwe-acid inkungu nokuqinisekisa ukufunxa okuphezulu. Ngokwenza i-oleum, le nkqubo ivumela ukubuyiselwa kwesalfure ngokufanelekileyo kwaye inciphisa ukulahleka ngokuthwalwa kwe-inkungu, okuya kuphazamisa imveliso kunye nokuhambelana nokusingqongileyo. Emva kokufunxa, i-oleum ingancitshiswa ngamanyathelo alawulwayo ukuvelisa i-sulfuric acid kumanqanaba afunekayo, ngesiqhelo kwi-98%. Oku kuguquguquka kugcina umsebenzi wokunyibilikisa usabela kumanqanaba e-SO₂ atshintshatshintshayo avela kwi-ore feeds eguquguqukayo kunye notshintsho lokusebenza.
Ngokwahlukileyo kwi-asidi yesulfuric eqhelekileyo, amandla e-oleum akwikhono layo lokuthintela imithwalo emikhulu ye-SO₃ kwaye iququzelele ukubuyiswa kwe-asidi ngaphandle kokuxutywa kakhulu okanye ukulahleka kwegesi exabisekileyo. I-asidi yesulfuric eqhelekileyo ayisebenzi kakuhle ekubambeni amanqanaba aphezulu e-SO₃ kwaye inokuvelisa inkungu eyingozi ebaleka kwiinkqubo zokubuyisela. Kwimisebenzi ye-copper metallurgical, lo mahluko uxhasa ukusetyenziswa kwe-oleum njengento ephakathi kunokuxhomekeka ekufunxeni i-asidi yesulfuric kwinqanaba elinye.
Inkqubo yokunyibilikisa iCopper
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Isishwankathelo seNkqubo yokuNyibilikisa uCopper
Inkqubo yokukhupha ubhedu ibandakanya amanyathelo aliqela abalulekileyo:
- Ukurosa ngokugxila: Iintsimbi zeCopper sulfide ziyafudunyezwa, zivelisa iSO₂.
- Ukuqokelelwa kweGesi kunye nokuPholisa: I-SO₂ engenagesi iyaqokelelwa, ipholiswe, ize icocwe ngee-particles.
- I-Catalytic Oxidation: I-SO₂ idlula kwiibhedi ze-catalyst, iguqula ibe yi-SO₃.
- Inqanaba lokufunxa:
- Inqaba yokuqala: I-asidi yesulfuric exineneyo ifunxa i-SO₃ ukuya kuthi ga kumda wayo wokunyibilika (≈98% H₂SO₄).
- Inqaba ye-Oleum: I-SO₃ eseleyo ifunxwa yi-oleum esele yenziwe, oko kwandisa uxinano lwe-SO₃ kwaye kuthintele ukwakheka kwe-acid inkungu.
- Ukuxutywa kwe-Oleum: I-Oleum ixutywa ngononophelo namanzi okanye imijelo ye-asidi enyibilikisiweyo ukuze ivuselele i-asidi ye-sulfuric yezinga lorhwebo.
- Ukubuyiselwa kwe-Sulfuric Acid: Imveliso yokugqibela ye-asidi igcinwa okanye isetyenziswe kwiinkqubo ezisezantsi.
Umzobo wenkqubo yokunyibilikisa ubhedu onenkcazelo udla ngokugqamisa:
- Iindawo apho igesi ijikeleziswa khona ukuze kubanjwe i-SO₂.
- Iinqaba apho i-SO₃ ifunxwa khona kwi-oleum.
- Iindawo zokunyibilikisa i-oleum kunye nokubuyisela i-asidi.
- Iitanki zokubuyisela umva kunye neendawo zokujonga ukukhutshwa komoya.
Indawo nganye yokufunxa, yokusabela, kunye nokubuyisela kwimeko yesiqhelo iphawula inqanaba elibalulekileyo lolawulo apho kusetyenziswa khona iindlela zohlalutyo loxinzelelo lwe-oleum. Abaqhubi bezityalo basebenzisa izinzwa zoxinzelelo lwe-oleum ukujonga ngexesha langempela, ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-SO₃ ibanjwa ngokwaneleyo kwaye ukusebenza kakuhle kokuguqula kuhlala kuphezulu. Iindlela zokulinganisa uxinzelelo lwe-oleum rhoqo zigcina ukwenziwa ngcono kwenkqubo kwaye zinceda ukuhlangabezana nemigangatho yokusingqongileyo ngokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwe-SO₂ kunye nokulahleka kwe-acid inkungu.
Isayensi kunye nokubaluleka kokugxila kwe-Oleum
Imigaqo yeKhemikhali kunye neMpembelelo
I-Oleum, umxube onamandla we-sulfur trioxide (SO₃) kwi-sulfuric acid, idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yokunyibilikisa ubhedu, ngakumbi ngexesha le-sulfation kunye ne-oxidation. Ulawulo oluchanekileyo loxinzelelo lwe-oleum luchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo iindlela zeekhemikhali kunye ne-kinetics yezi mpendulo.
Kwinqanaba le-sulphation, ii-copper oxides kunye nezinye iintsalela zezimbiwa zisabela kwi-oleum, ziguqula zibe yi-soluble copper sulfates. Olu tshintsho lusisiseko samanyathelo alandelayo okutsalwa kobhedu kwinkqubo yokukhupha ubhedu, njengoko luvumela ukunyibilika kobhedu ngokufanelekileyo kwaye lwandise isivuno. Amanqanaba aphezulu e-oleum ahambelana nokwanda kokufumaneka kwe-SO₃, okukhawulezisa ukuguqulwa kweeminerali ezithwele ubhedu ngokusebenzisa amandla aphuculweyo e-sulfonating. Njengoko kuqinisekiswe zizifundo zovavanyo lwe-column leaching, ukunyusa imithamo ye-oleum kukhokelela ekusebenzeni kakuhle kwe-sulfation ukuya kuthi ga kwi-49.7%, kuqinisekisa iimodeli zethiyori ezifana ne-shrinking core model ye-leaching kinetics.
Ubukho be-SO₃, obulawulwa kukuxinana kwe-oleum, abukhuthazi nje kuphela ukunyibilika kwe-sulfur kodwa bukwachaphazela neempendulo ze-oxidation ezincedisayo ezijongene nokuguqula ii-sulfide kunye nezinye izinto ezingcolileyo. Amanqanaba e-SO₃ asekuhlaleni kwindawo yokunyibilikisa alawulwa ngokudityaniswa kwe-oleum ngokuthe ngqo kunye nokuxinana kwe-catalytic ye-SO₂ phezu kothuli lokunyibilikisa olune-oxides ezifana ne-Fe₂O₃ kunye ne-CuO. Ukuguquguquka kwezi zinto zixineneyo kunokutshintsha isantya, ukuphelela, kunye nokukhetha kwe-oxidation kunye ne-sulfur, ngaloo ndlela kuchaphazela ukususwa kokungcola—okubalulekileyo kumgangatho we-copper ecociweyo—kunye nokwenziwa kweentlobo eziphakathi okanye eziphuma kwimveliso.
Ukuguquguquka koxinzelelo lwe-oleum kunokukhokelela ekuguqulweni okungaphelelanga kweeminerali zobhedu, ukuncipha kokunyibilika, okanye ukwakheka okungafunekiyo kwemveliso efana neesulfates zekopolo ezisisiseko, ezenza kube nzima ukwahlukana komjelo. Kwelinye icala, ukuthatha idosi egqithisileyo kubangela i-asidi egqithisileyo kunye nokubola okuphezulu, nto leyo ebangela imingeni yokusebenza kunye nokhuseleko. Oku kufuna ukuba kuthathwe idosi ngononophelo kwaye kujongwe, apho izixhobo ezifana neemitha zoxinano oluphakathi kunye neemitha zoxinano oluphakathi—ezifana nezo ziveliswa yiILonnmeter—ukubonelela ngengqiqo yexesha langempela malunga noxinzelelo lokwenyani lwe-oleum ngexesha lokunyibilikisa ubhedu kwimizi-mveliso.
Iziphumo zeNdalo kunye nezokusebenza
Ukuhambelana koxinzelelo lwe-oleum kubalulekile kungekuphela nje kwiziphumo ze-metallurgical kodwa nakwi-environment okusingqongileyo kunye nokuzinza kokusebenza. Ubungakanani be-oleum obungaguqukiyo bukhokelela ekuphazamisekeni kwenkqubo, okunokubangela ukukhutshwa okungalawulekiyo, i-sulfur engaphelelanga, kunye nokwanda kwemveliso ye-acid inkungu. Amanqanaba aphezulu e-SO₃ avela kwi-oleum egqithisileyo anokuphuma njengokukhutshwa okubalekayo, ngelixa ukukhutshwa okunganelanga kuvumela iikhompawundi zesalfure ezinganyangwanga okanye ungcoliseko lwesinyithi ukuba zidlulele kwimijelo yenkunkuma.
Imizobo yanamhlanje yenkqubo yokunyibilikisa ubhedu ibonisa ukuhlanganiswa okuqinileyo phakathi kokuphathwa kwe-oleum, iinqaba zokufunxa igesi, kunye neenkqubo zonyango lokungcola. Ukugcina uxinano oluchanekileyo lwe-oleum kubalulekile kuzo zombini iinkqubo ezizinzileyo—oko kuthetha isivuno esizinzileyo kunye nexesha eliphantsi lokungasebenzi—kunye nokuhlangabezana nemida yokukhupha elawulwayo, ngakumbi malunga ne-acid mist (SO₃) kunye nomxholo wesinyithi esinzima kwi-gaseous okanye kwi-liquid liquid.
Ukuthobela indalo kubeka esweni ngokungqongqo kunye nolawulo loxinzelelo lwe-oleum ukunciphisa umthwalo kwindalo. Ulawulo olunganelanga lunokubangela iziganeko zokungathobeli imiqathango, njengokukhutshwa kwesalfure eninzi okanye ukukhutshwa kwe-acid engagunyaziswanga. Ezi meko ziyinkimbinkimbi ngakumbi ziimpawu zomzimba ze-oleum: ukuthambekela kwayo ekuqineni okanye ekwenzeni inkungu eyingozi phantsi kobushushu obungazinzanga okanye iinkqubo zoxinzelelo, ezinokuthi zibeke emngciphekweni ukhuseleko lokucubungula kunye nokuphatha olusezantsi.
Ulawulo loxinzelelo lwe-oleum oluqinileyo, oluxhaswa ziindlela zokuhlalutya uxinzelelo olungaphakathi kunye neesensa, ngoko ke lukhuseleko olusisiseko. Izixhobo zeLonnmeter, ezisebenza kwindawo enzima yeekhemikhali yokunyibilikisa, zinceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukuphambuka koxinzelelo lwe-oleum ngexesha langempela kubonwa ngokukhawuleza. Oku kwenza ukuba kuthathwe amanyathelo okulungisa ngokukhawuleza ukugcina ukusebenza okuzinzileyo kwesityalo ngelixa kugcinwa ulawulo lokusingqongileyo kunye nemigangatho yolawulo lwenkqubo yokukhutshelwa kobhedu.
Iindlela zokulinganisa uXinzelelo lwe-Oleum
Iindlela Zokulinganisa Zemveli
Ngokwembali, uxinaniso lwe-oleum kwimisinga yenkqubo yokunyibilikisa ubhedu lwalulinganiswa ngeendlela zelebhu ezenziwe ngesandla, ikakhulu uhlalutyo lwe-titration kunye ne-gravimetric. Indlela yekona yinkqubo ye-titration enamanqanaba amabini. Okokuqala, abahlalutyi bachonga i-free sulfur trioxide (SO₃). Isampulu iyanyibilikiswa emanzini abandayo, nto leyo enciphisa ukuguquguquka kwe-SO₃. I-sulfuric acid evelisiweyo ilinganiswa ngokuchasene ne-alkali emiselweyo, kusetyenziswa izalathisi ezifana ne-methyl orange, ebonisa ngokuthembekileyo indawo yokugqibela kwizisombululo ze-asidi enamandla. Okulandelayo, i-aliquot eyahlukileyo ixutywa ngokupheleleyo kwaye ilinganiswa kwi-asidi iyonke—ilinganisa zombini i-H₂SO₄ yokuqala kunye ne-asidi evela kwi-SO₃.
Ukuchaneka kuxhomekeke ekuphathweni ngokukhawuleza kwesampulu kunye nobuchule bobuchwephesha, ngakumbi ukuthintela ukulahleka kwe-SO₃, okunokubangela ukungaqwalaselwa. Umahluko unokuvela ekufumaneni i-endpoint end, ukuphuma kancinci, kunye namanyathelo aphindaphindwayo ngesandla. Ezi ndlela zakudala zisaxhasa uhlalutyo lolawulo kunye nokuqinisekiswa kwebhetshi, oluxatyiswa ngenxa yokuqina kunye neendleko zokusebenza eziphantsi, kodwa alufanelekanga kulawulo lwexesha langempela okanye ukulungiswa kwenkqubo ngokukhawuleza ngexesha lamanyathelo okunyibilikisa i-copper ore kunye nemizobo yenkqubo yokukhupha ubhedu kwimizi-mveliso.
Iindlela Zanamhlanje Zokuhlalutya
Inkqubela phambili yakutshanje ishukumise uhlalutyo loxinzelelo lwe-oleum kwiindlela ezikhawulezayo, ezenzekelayo, nezingatshabalalisiyo. Iindlela ze-Spectrophotometric, ezifana ne-Vis-SWNIR absorption spectroscopy, zivumela ukuqinisekiswa koxinzelelo lwe-oleum olukhawulezileyo, olukwindawo ngokuvavanya iimpawu zokufunxa ezizodwa zezinto ze-oleum. Iindlela eziqhutywa yi-Chemometrics ziqhuba idatha ye-spectral zisebenzisa iimodeli zezibalo, nto leyo ephucula kakhulu ukukhetha kunye nokuchaneka kwenani kuzo zonke iindlela zenkqubo ezintsonkothileyo.
Iitekhnoloji zohlalutyo ezikwi-intanethi zidibanisa ii-sensors kwizixhobo zenkqubo yokunyibilikisa ubhedu, nto leyo evumela ukujonga ngokuqhubekayo uxinano lwe-oleum ngaphandle kokukhupha isampuli. Ezi ndlela zexesha langempela zibonelela ngempendulo ekhawulezileyo, zixhasa ulawulo oluguquguqukayo lwenkqubo yokunyibilikisa ubhedu. Iinkqubo ze-potentiometric titration ezizenzekelayo, ngelixa zisekelwe kwiimpendulo ze-chemical neutralization, zilungelelanisa ukufunyanwa kwe-endpoint kunye nokunciphisa iimpazamo ezenziwe ngesandla, nangona zisenokungayisusi ngokupheleleyo imfuneko yokuphathwa kwesampuli ngokuchanekileyo.
Xa kuthelekiswa neendlela zakudala, iindlela zanamhlanje zibonelela:
- Imilinganiselo engonakalisiyo neqhubekayo
- Uhlalutyo olukhawulezileyo olufanelekileyo kwiiteknoloji zokunyibilikisa ubhedu kwimizi-mveliso
- Ukunciphisa impazamo exhomekeke ebantwini
- Ukuphuculwa kokuhlanganiswa kwedatha kwiinkqubo zokubeka esweni uxinaniso lwe-oleum
Nangona kunjalo, imigangatho yolawulo yokuqinisekiswa komgangatho webhetshi idla ngokugxininisa iindlela ze-titrimetric njengesalathiso sokusombulula iingxabano kunye nesiqinisekiso.
Izixhobo Eziphambili Zokubeka Esweni Kwinkqubo
Izixhobo zokubeka esweni uxinaniso lwe-oleum emgceni zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwi-copper yanamhlanjeiinkqubo zokukhuphaIimitha zoxinano oluphakathi kunye neemitha ze-viscosity ezivela eLonnmeter zakha isiseko seenzwa zoxinano lwe-oleum ezingangeniyo. Uyilo lwazo oluqinileyo luvumela ukufakwa ngqo kwimibhobho yenkqubo, ngokuqhubekayo zibika iipropati zolwelo ezibalulekileyo ekubaleni uxinano. Ezi zixhobo azifuni ukongezwa kwee-reagent kwaye zigcina ukuthembeka kwesampulu, nto leyo ezenza zihambelane kakhulu nobuchwepheshe bokunyibilikisa ubhedu kwimizi-mveliso.
Izixhobo zokwenza izinto ngokuzenzekelayo, ezifana nezilawuli zokuhamba kwamanzi kunye neevalvu zokuthatha iisampulu, zenza kube lula ukulawula ngokuchanekileyo kunye nolawulo olukhuselekileyo lwemilambo ye-oleum. Idatha yokulinganisa evela kwiimitha zeLonnmeter ingadibaniswa ngokuthe ngqo kwiinkqubo zolawulo lwezityalo. Olu hambo lwedatha olungenamthungo lubonelela ngempendulo eqhubekayo yokulungiswa kwexesha langempela, luphucula ulawulo loxinzelelo lwe-oleum kuzo zonke iinyathelo zokunyibilikisa i-ore yobhedu.
Ngokudibanisa izixhobo zokuvavanya eziphucukileyo kunye nolawulo lwezityalo oluzenzekelayo, abaqhubi bemizi-mveliso bagcina ukunyamezelana kweenkqubo okuqinileyo, baphucula ukhuseleko ngenxa yokunciphisa ukuphathwa ngesandla, kwaye bafezekise uxinano lwe-oleum olufanelekileyo kwiinkcukacha zemveliso ekujoliswe kuyo. Ukuhlanganiswa kwee-sensors zoxinano lwe-oleum ngoku luphawu oluphambili lokuphucula uxinano lwe-oleum kwizicelo zoshishino, ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kunye nokuthobela kuyo yonke imizobo yenkqubo yokunyibilikisa ubhedu.
Amaqhinga okulawula ukuxinana kwe-Oleum
Izinto ezisisiseko zoLawulo lweNkqubo
Izityalo zokunyibilikisa ubhedu zigcina uxinaniso lwe-oleum zisebenzisa zombini iindlela zokulawula impendulo kunye ne-feedforward. Ulawulo lwempendulo lusebenzisa umlinganiselo wexesha langempela woxinaniso lwe-oleum. Ukuba ixabiso liphuma kwindawo elibekwe kuyo, inkqubo ilungisa izinto eziguquguqukayo zokusebenza, ezinje ngamazinga okongezwa kwamanzi, amaqondo obushushu egesi, okanye amazinga okufunxa, ukulungisa ukuphambuka. Umzekelo, umlawuli we-PID ubala umahluko phakathi kwethagethi kunye noxinaniso olulinganisiweyo, aze atshintshe amagalelo ngokulinganayo, adibanise ngokuhamba kwexesha ukunciphisa iimpazamo eziqhubekayo kunye nokulungisa utshintsho olukhawulezileyo kwiimeko zenkqubo.
Ulawulo lwe-Feedforward luqikelela ukuphazamiseka ngaphambi kokuba kuchaphazele uxinzelelo lwe-oleum. Aba balawuli baqikelela iimpendulo kutshintsho kuxinzelelo lwegesi lwe-SO₂ oluphezulu, amazinga okuhamba kwenkqubo, okanye ukuguquguquka kokuphuma kwesithando. Ngokuguqula iinguqu zenkqubo yokufunxa kwangaphambili, ulawulo lwe-feedforward luthintela utshintsho olungafunekiyo kuxinzelelo. Ukudibanisa amaqhinga empendulo kunye ne-feedforward kuqinisekisa ukwaliwa kokuphazamiseka okukhawulezileyo kunye nokulungiswa kweempazamo zemodeli okanye izixhobo. Izityalo zihlala zisebenzisa ezi nkqubo zolawulo ezisasazwe (i-DCS) zotshintsho olungenamthungo phakathi kweemeko zolawulo kunye nohlengahlengiso oluguquguqukayo kuzo zonke izigaba zokunyibilikisa ubhedu.
Iindlela Zokwenza Uphuculo
Ukuphucula ukongezwa kwe-oleum, ukujikeleza kwakhona, kunye nokubuyiselwa kubalulekile ukuze imveliso ihlale isemgangathweni. Izityalo zisebenzisa izibalo zokulinganisela ubunzima, idatha yenkqubo yembali, kunye nokubeka esweni rhoqo ukuze kulungiswe ubungakanani be-sulfur trioxide, amanzi, kunye ne-asidi kwiinqaba zokufunxa. Ukujikeleza kwakhona kwe-oleum—ukubuyisela inxalenye yemveliso kwi-absorber—kunceda ukugcina uxinaniso olujoliswe kuyo ngexesha lokwahluka kokutya okanye ukuphazamiseka kokucubungula; le ndlela ikwaphucula ukusetyenziswa kwe-SO₃, inciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwezinto eziluhlaza.
Izinzwa eziphambili zidlala indima ebalulekileyo. Iimitha zoxinano oluphakathi kunye neemitha ze-viscosity—ezifana nezo zivela eLonnmeter—zibonelela ngokufundwa okuchanekileyo ngexesha langempela komsinga wenkqubo. Ezi mitha zinika amandla iimodeli ze-chemometric ukuba zidibanise idatha yenzwa kunye noxinzelelo oluchanekileyo lwe-oleum. Besebenzisa uhlalutyo lwe-multivariate, abaqhubi banokudibanisa izinto ezifana nobushushu, ukuhamba, okanye amandla e-asidi kunye namaxabiso oxinzelelo kwaye baqikelele iimfuno zenkqubo. Ngale ndlela, izityalo zisebenza ngokuphucula idosi ye-oleum kunye nokubuyiselwa kwayo ukuze ihambelane nemfuno, zinciphise inkunkuma, kwaye zigcine ukuthobela iinkcukacha zemveliso.
Ukusombulula iingxaki kunye nokulinganisa
Ulawulo loxinzelelo lwe-oleum lujongene neengxaki ezininzi eziqhelekileyo:
- Ukujika kweSensor:Iimpazamo ezivela ekwaluphaleni kwenzwa okanye ukungcoliswa zinokubangela ukufundwa okulahlekisayo, okubangela imveliso engaqhelekanga okanye amanyathelo okulungisa agqithisileyo.
- Inkqubo Engangqalanga:Utshintsho olukhawulezileyo kwindlela igesi equlunqwe ngayo okanye indlela ephuma ngayo lunokoyisa imijikelo yokulawula, nto leyo ekhokelela ekungazinzini okanye ekushukumeni.
- Ukulibaziseka kwezixhobo:Ukulibaziseka kwexesha kwimisebenzi yokulinganisa okanye yokulawula kunokucothisa impendulo yenkqubo, ingakumbi kwiisetingi ezintsonkothileyo zokufunxa ezinamanqanaba amaninzi.
Izisombululo zobugcisa ziquka ukukhethwa ngononophelo kwe-sensor, ii-algorithms zolawulo oluqinileyo, kunye neenkqubo zokuxilonga iimpazamo rhoqo. Umzekelo, ukuseta kwe-twin sensor kunokujonga ukufundwa koxinzelelo lwe-oleum ukuze kufunyanwe ngokukhawuleza ukungalingani. Abalawuli be-split-range batshintsha ngokulula kuzo zonke izigaba zokufunxa xa iiparameter zenkqubo zitshintsha ngokungalindelekanga.
Ukulinganisa rhoqo, ukuqinisekiswa, kunye nokugcinwa kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukulinganiswa okuqhubekekayo. Ukulinganisa kubandakanya ukuthelekiswa okuqhelekileyo kweziphumo ze-inline sensor (i-Lonnmeter's density okanye i-viscosity metres) kwimigangatho ethembekileyo esekelwe kwilebhu, ukulungisa ukuphambuka ngokukhawuleza. Ukuhlolwa kokuqinisekisa kuvavanya lonke uthotho lokulinganisa ukuze kufumaneke impendulo echanekileyo phantsi kweemeko zenkqubo ezilinganisiweyo. Iinkqubo zokulungisa—ukucoca ii-sensor probes, ukujonga imigca yokudlulisa, kunye nokuhlola iindawo zokufaka—kunceda ukuthintela ukwakheka kunye nokusilela koomatshini, ukuqinisekisa ukujonga okuthembekileyo ngokuhamba kwexesha.
Ngokudibanisa amaqhinga olawulo aqinileyo kunye nokulinganisa okuphambili okucwangcisiweyo, ukulungiswa kwangaphambili, kunye nokulinganisa ngononophelo, izityalo zokunyibilikisa ubhedu zihlala zifikelela kuxinzelelo lwe-oleum oluchanekileyo noluzinzileyo kuzo zonke iinyathelo zenkqubo yokukhupha ubhedu.
Ulawulo lweNdalo kunye nokuNcitshiswa kweNkunkuma
Ukulawula i-Acidic kunye ne-Saline Outfluence
Inkqubo yokunyibilikisa i-copper ivelisa ukungcola okune-asidi kunye ne-saline, ngakumbi ezo ziqulethe iikhompawundi ezine-chlorine kunye noxinzelelo oluphezulu lwe-chloride. Le mithombo yenkunkuma ibangela imingeni ngenxa yokubola, imiqathango yokulawula, kunye nomngcipheko wokulimala kwendalo. Ukuphathwa ngempumelelo kubandakanya ukucutshungulwa okukhethekileyo komxholo we-asidi kunye ne-saline oqhelekileyo kumanyathelo enkqubo yokukhupha i-copper.
Iindlela zokukhupha ityuwa-ukukhupha ityuwa zibonelela ngokucocwa okujoliswe kuko kwamanzi amdaka okunyibilikisa ubhedu. Kwinqanaba lokukhupha, ii-ion ze-chloride zahlulwe ngokukhetha kusetyenziswa ii-extractants ezisekelwe kwityuwa ye-quaternary ammonium. Ezi arhente zibonisa ulwalamano oluphezulu lwe-chloride ngelixa zinciphisa ukukhupha kunye nezinye ii-ion. I-extractant elayishiweyo emva koko idlula kwi-strip, idlulisela i-chloride kwisigaba samanzi esilawulwayo ukuze kube lula ukulawula okanye ukubuyiswa kwezixhobo.
Emva koko kusetyenziswa ityuwa. Ngokufaka izinto ezifana ne-potassium nitrate okanye i-sodium sulfate, ukunyibilika kwe-chloride kwisigaba samanzi kuyancitshiswa, nto leyo eqhuba ukwahlukana ngakumbi ngemvula okanye ukwahlukana kwesigaba. Le ndlela ifezekisa ukusebenza kakuhle kokususa i-chloride ngaphezulu kwe-90% kwaye inciphisa ungcoliseko lwesibini xa kuthelekiswa nobuchwepheshe bendabuko bokuna kwemvula okanye i-membrane.
Iindawo ezibalulekileyo zokulawula le nkqubo ziquka ubushushu kunye ne-pH—ezi zichaphazela ukukhetha i-chloride, iingozi zokukhupha kunye, kunye neendleko zokusebenza. Izinzwa ezikwi-line zobuninzi kunye ne-viscosity, ezifana nezo zenziwe yiLonnmeter, ziphucula ukuhlanganiswa kwenkqubo, zivumela ukujonga ngexesha langempela izigaba zokukhupha kunye nokukhupha ityuwa kubuchwepheshe bokunyibilikisa ubhedu kwimizi-mveliso.
Inkqubo yokunyibilikisa iCopper Flash cc
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Iingenelo zoLawulo lwe-Oleum oluqinileyo
Ulawulo oluchanekileyo loxinzelelo lwe-oleum luphucula ngokuthe ngqo ubunyulu bokungcola kumanyathelo okunyibilikisa i-ore yobhedu. Ukugcina amandla e-asidi aphuculweyo kunye ne-viscosity kunciphisa ukukhululwa kwe-sulfur trioxide engaphezulu, kuzinzisa iimeko zenkqubo yokukhupha ubhedu kwaye kunciphise umngcipheko wokungcola okungafunekiyo. Xa uxinzelelo lwe-oleum lulawulwa ngokuqinileyo ngeendlela zokulinganisa ezinokuthenjwa—ezifana neemitha ze-viscosity ezikwi-inline ukusuka eLonnmeter—unyango lokungcola olusezantsi luba lula kwaye luqikeleleke ngakumbi.
Ulawulo oluphuculweyo lwenkqubo ekuphathweni kwe-oxidation kunye ne-slag lukwakhuthaza ukubuyiswa kobhedu okusebenzayo ngelixa kunciphisa ungcoliseko kumjelo wokugqibela wenkunkuma. Ngeendlela eziphambili zohlalutyo loxinzelelo lwe-oleum, izakhiwo zihlangabezana nokuthotyelwa kokusingqongileyo ngokulula. Ubuninzi bamanzi amdaka anezakhi eziyingozi buyancitshiswa, kwaye ukungcola kugcinwa ngaphantsi kakhulu kwemida yokukhupha. Ukubeka iliso kwindawo enye kusetyenziswa izinzwa zoxinano kunye ne-viscosity kubonelela ngombono opheleleyo woxinzelelo lwe-oleum kwizicelo zoshishino kwaye kunceda ukuphucula iindawo ezimiselweyo zenkqubo kuzo zombini iinjongo zemveliso kunye nolawulo lokusingqongileyo.
Ukuhlanganiswa nemisebenzi yezityalo
Ukuvumelanisa uLawulo lwe-Oleum kunye nokuhamba komsebenzi okubanzi kweSmelting
Ulawulo loxinzelelo lwe-oleum lusisiseko ekulawulweni kwenkqubo yokunyibilikisa ubhedu. Ukudibanisa idatha echanekileyo yoxinzelelo lwe-oleum kwi-automation yesityalo sonke kuqinisekisa ukuveliswa kobhedu okuzinzileyo, ukhuseleko lwenkqubo, kunye nomgangatho wemveliso. Izinzwa zoxinzelelo lwe-oleum ezikwi-inline, ezifana nezo zenziwe yiLonnmeter, zibonelela ngokufundwa kwexesha langempela okubalulekileyo ekulawuleni idosi ye-reagent kunye nokugcina ukuchaneka kwe-setpoint.
Iinkqubo ze-automation zemizi-mveliso zihlala zisebenzisa iiprotokholi ze-OPC UA kunye ne-Modbus TCP/IP. La maqonga aququzelela unxibelelwano olukhuselekileyo noluhamba ngamacala amabini phakathi kwee-sensors, ii-programmable logic controllers (PLCs), kunye neenkqubo zolawulo lolawulo kunye nokufunyanwa kwedatha (SCADA). I-OPC UA ivumela iifomathi ezahlukeneyo zedatha yesixhobo, ixhasa ukuhlanganiswa okungenamthungo kweziphumo zokulinganisa uxinzelelo lwe-oleum ezivela kwi-inline density kunye ne-viscosity metres kunye nezinye izinto ezifakwayo ze-sensor. Ukutshintshiselana kwedatha ngexesha langempela kwenza uhlengahlengiso oluzenzekelayo kumazinga okulinganisa, ukulungisa ngoko nangoko ukuphambuka okufunyenweyo kufundo loxinzelelo lwe-oleum.
Lungiselela ulawulo oluzenzekelayo ukuze kuchazwe ngokucacileyo imisebenzi yesixhobo. Kwinqanaba lesixhobo, qinisekisa ukulinganiswa ngokuchanekileyo kunye nokugcinwa kwee-analyzers. Kwinqanaba lolawulo, ii-algorithms zilungisa idosi kunye namazinga okuhamba asekelwe kwimpendulo yokulinganisa i-oleum ephilayo, zinciphisa ukungenelela ngesandla kwaye zinciphise ukuguquguquka kwenkqubo. Inqanaba lolawulo liqokelela idatha, liqalise iingxelo, kwaye liseta izilumkiso zolondolozo oluqikelelweyo ukuba kufunyenwe izinto ezingaqhelekanga ezifana nokushukuma kwenzwa okanye ukungazinzi kwe-algorithmic. Ingxelo eqhutywa ziziganeko, exhaswa yi-OPC UA, ivumela inkqubo ukuba iphendule ngoko nangoko kwiziganeko zokuphambuka okanye ukungcola, ezifana nokujika okungaqhelekanga kwe-reagent okanye iimpazamo zenzwa, ngaloo ndlela ixhasa ukulungiswa ngokukhawuleza kunye nokuphuculwa kokuthembeka kwenkqubo.
Umzekelo, ukuba i-inline sensor ibona utshintsho olukhawulezileyo loxinzelelo, iinkqubo eziqhutywa yi-OPC UA zinokutshintsha ngokuzenzekelayo i-reagent dosing kwaye zilumkise abaqhubi. Xa kusenzeka ungcoliseko okanye ukuphazamiseka kwenkqubo, olu buchule bokuphendula ngexesha langempela buthintela ixesha lokungasebenzi kwaye buthintele imveliso engasebenziyo.
Isiphelo
Ukulawula ukuxinana kwe-oleum kusembindini wokuphucula inkqubo yokunyibilikisa ubhedu. Ulawulo olusebenzayo luqinisekisa ukuba ukufunxwa kwe-sulfur dioxide kuyanda, okunyusa ngokuthe ngqo ukusebenza kakuhle kokunyibilikisa ubhedu kunye nokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwe-SO₂ eyingozi. Izityalo ezifikelela kwi-±0.5% SO₃ yoxinano lwazo lwe-oleum ekujoliswe kuzo zibika ukuphuculwa okuphawulekayo kokusebenza kokuguqulwa kunye nesohlwayo esincinci kwindalo, okuqinisekisa iingenelo zokusebenza zokubeka esweni ngokusondeleyo kunye nokulungiswa.
Umgangatho wemveliso yobhedu unxulumene ngokusondeleyo nokuqina koxinzelelo lwe-oleum. Ukwakheka kwe-sulfuric acid ezinzileyo kunciphisa ungcoliseko lwesinyithi esincinci kwaye kwenza kube lula ukucocwa okusezantsi, kuxhasa ubumsulwa be-cathode obuphezulu. Izifundo zamva nje zibonisa ukwanda kwe-3-4% ekubuyiselweni kobhedu ngexesha lokuwina nge-electrowinning kumandla e-asidi amiselweyo agcinwa ziindlela zokulawula uxinano oluqinileyo.
Ezi ziphumo zixhomekeke kwizixhobo zokulinganisa kunye nokubeka esweni ezidityanisiweyo. Iimitha zoxinano oluphakathi kunye neemitha ze-viscosity ezivela kwiLonnmeter zisebenza njengezinto ezibalulekileyo—zinikezela ngedatha yenkqubo yexesha langempela yohlalutyo loxinzelelo lwe-oleum kwizicelo zoshishino. Kunye nolawulo oluphambili lwempendulo, ukuthunyelwa kwazo kwenza ukuba kubonwe kwangethuba ukuphambuka kwaye kuphucula ukuphindaphinda kwebhetshi.
Iimfuno zomthetho zokunciphisa ukukhutshwa komoya kunye nokulandeleka kwemveliso zonyuse imfuneko yeenkqubo zokubeka esweni uxinaniso lwe-oleum ngokuchanekileyo, nto leyo eyenza ukuba zibe yimfuneko kwiinkqubo zanamhlanje zokukhupha ubhedu. Ukwamkela izisombululo zokulinganisa nokulawula ezibanzi kuvelisa iingenelo ezibalulekileyo ekusebenzeni, umgangatho we-asidi, kunye nokuzinza kobuchwepheshe bokunyibilikisa ubhedu obudlulileyo nobanamhlanje.
Imibuzo ebuzwa qho
Yintoni i-oleum kwaye kutheni ibalulekile kwinkqubo yokunyibilikisa ubhedu?
I-Oleum, edla ngokubizwa ngokuba yi-fuming sulfuric acid, ngumxube onamandla we-sulfuric acid kunye ne-sulfur trioxide. Indima yayo ephambili ekunyibilikiseni ubhedu kwimizi-mveliso kukufumana umthombo oxineneyo we-sulfuric acid okanye ukubonelela nge-sulfur trioxide, ingakumbi kwimisebenzi efuna amandla aphezulu kakhulu e-asidi. Ngelixa i-sulfuric acid iyona reagent iphambili esebenzayo ekutsaleni, ekunyibilikiseni ubhedu, nasekucoceni, i-oleum isetyenziselwa kakhulu ukuhlaziya okanye ukubonelela nge-sulfuric acid ecocekileyo kwezi zityalo, idlala indima yokuxhasa, hayi ethe ngqo, yekhemikhali kumanyathelo aphambili okukhupha ubhedu. Ivumela ukukhupha kunye nokucocwa okusebenzayo ngakumbi phantsi kweemfuno ze-asidi ephezulu kwaye iququzelela ulawulo lokungcola kwenkqubo ngokusebenzisa ii-sulfonation reactions eziqinisiweyo xa kufuneka ngokukodwa.
Uxinaniso lwe-oleum lulinganiswa njani kwinkqubo yokunyibilikisa ubhedu?
Iindlela zemveli zokumisela uxinano lwe-oleum ziquka i-titration ngesandla, elinganisa ubungakanani be-sulfur trioxide kwi-asidi. Nangona kunjalo, izixhobo zanamhlanje zokunyibilikisa ubhedu zisebenzisa iindlela ezingaphakathi, ezingatshabalalisiyo ezifana nohlalutyo lwe-spectrophotometric kunye ne-spectroscopy esekwe kwi-chemometrics. Ezi ndlela zexesha langempela, eziqhubekayo okanye ii-inline sensors—ezifana nezo zenziwe yiLonnmeter—zibonelela ngedatha echanekileyo, ekhawulezayo ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka kwindlela yokusebenza, zivumela ukulungiswa kwangoko kokwenziwa ngcono kwenkqubo kunye nokhuseleko oluphuculweyo. Ezi analyzers ezenzekelayo zinciphisa kakhulu iingozi ezinxulumene nokuphatha iisampuli ezibola kakhulu kwaye ziphucula ukuhambelana kolawulo loxinano lwe-oleum.
Ijongeka njani imizobo yenkqubo yokunyibilikisa ubhedu kwaye i-oleum yongezwa phi?
Umzobo wenkqubo yenkqubo yokunyibilikisa ubhedu ngokubanzi uquka la manqanaba aphambili alandelayo: ukugcadwa kwe-ore, ukunyibilikisa (ukuveliswa kwe-copper matte kunye ne-slag), ukuguqula (ukunyibilikisa i-matte ukuvelisa i-blister copper), kunye nokucocwa (umlilo kunye ne-electrolytic). I-Oleum ngokwayo ayilogalelo eliqhelekileyo kwimizobo emininzi yokunyibilikisa ubhedu. Xa isetyenziswa, ibonakala ikakhulu kwiindawo ezifuna umsebenzi ophezulu we-sulfuric acid, njengakwiisekethe zokuvuselelwa kwe-sulfuric acid okanye kwizigaba zokucoca ezifuna amandla aphezulu kakhulu e-acid ukuze kususwe ukungcola. La manqaku ahlala ekufutshane, kodwa engabandakanywanga, namanyathelo okunyibilikisa ubhedu achazwe kwimijelo yenkqubo yendabuko.
Ulawulo olufanelekileyo loxinzelelo lwe-oleum lunceda njani inkqubo yokunyibilikisa?
Ukugcina uxinano lwe-oleum olufanelekileyo kubalulekile. Kuvumela ukusabela okupheleleyo kweekhemikhali kunye nokubuyiswa okuphezulu kobhedu, kwaye kunciphisa ukuveliswa kwemveliso engasemva, njengomphunga we-asidi ongafunekiyo okanye ukunciphisa ukungcola okungaphelelanga. Uxinano lwe-oleum oluzinzileyo lukwakhusela izixhobo zezityalo ngokunciphisa umngcipheko wokugqwala okungalawulekiyo kwaye lwandise ubomi be-reactors kunye nemibhobho. Ngokwembono yezemali, ulawulo olusebenzayo lwamandla e-asidi lunciphisa ukusetyenziswa okungeyomfuneko, lunciphisa iindleko zokusebenza ngelixa luqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho kunye nokunciphisa imithwalo yokusingqongileyo.
Zeziphi iingxaki zokusingqongileyo ezinokuvela ngenxa yokulawulwa kakubi koxinzelelo lwe-oleum?
Ukulawulwa kakubi koxinzelelo lwe-oleum kukhokelela kumanzi amdaka atyebileyo ane-asidi eninzi okanye i-sulfate kunye ne-chloride. Oku kwenza kube nzima unyango lokungcola, kunyusa iindleko zokusebenza kunye nokulungiswa, kwaye kwandisa umngcipheko wokuchitheka kwe-asidi kunye nokukhutshwa kwegesi okusongela ukhuseleko lwabasebenzi kunye nokusingqongileyo. Ukungathobeli imithetho yokusingqongileyo kunokubangela, okubeka abaqhubi kwisohlwayo, isohlwayo, kunye nomonakalo kudumo lwabo.
Ziziphi iingxaki eziphambili ekulinganisweni koxinzelelo lwe-oleum?
Ukulinganiswa ngokuchanekileyo koxinzelelo lwe-oleum kubuchwepheshe bokunyibilikisa ubhedu kwimizi-mveliso kuthintelwa zizinto ezininzi:
- Indawo enobungozi kakhulu yonakalisa izinzwa zesiqhelo.
- Ukuthatha iisampulu ngesandla kuyingozi kwaye kunokubangela iziphumo ezingahambelaniyo.
- Utshintsho kwindlela yokusebenza okanye ukwakheka kwenzeka ngokukhawuleza, lufuna uhlalutyo oluphindaphindwayo, oluqhutywa ngexesha langempela.
Ii-analyzers zanamhlanje kunye nee-sensors, ezifana nezo zinikezelwa yiLonnmeter, zijongana ngqo nale micimbi. Iinkqubo zokulinganisa ezizenzekelayo nezingenabungozi ziqinisekisa ukubanjwa kwedatha ngokuchanekileyo phantsi kweemeko ezinzima, ngelixa ukulinganiswa okuqhelekileyo kunceda ukugcina ukuthembeka kokulinganisa.
Ixesha leposi: Disemba-05-2025
