Intshayelelo yoKulinganisa ukuhamba koMzimba kwi-LNG Refueling
Ukuphatha iGesi yendalo eLiquefied (LNG) kwizikhululo zokuzalisa amafutha kubandakanya ukusebenza kumaqondo obushushu angaphantsi kwe-160 °C. Ukuguquguquka kwendlela yokuphatha ipetroli e-cryogenic kuzisa imingeni eyahlukileyo yokulinganisa ukuhamba kobunzima obuphambili. Ukulinganisa ngokuchanekileyo ubunzima be-LNG edluliselweyo kubalulekile kuba umthamo we-LNG uyatshintshatshintsha kakhulu ngotshintsho lobushushu kunye noxinzelelo, okwenza imilinganiselo esekelwe kumthamo ingathembeki kwezi meko.
Ukugcina ukuchaneka nokuthembeka kwitekhnoloji yokugcwalisa i-LNG kubalulekile, ingakumbi kwiinkqubo zokulinganisa ukugcinwa kwempahla. Nokuba ukungachaneki okuncinci kokulinganisa kunokubangela ilahleko zemali, kubeke emngciphekweni ukhuseleko, okanye kuphule iimfuno zomthetho. Kwimilinganiselo yokudlulisa ukugcinwa kwe-LNG, ugxininiso lutshintshela kwizixhobo zokulinganisa izinga lokuhamba kobunzima—ngokukodwa i-coriolis mass flowmeter ngenxa yokukwazi kwayo ukulinganisa ngokuthe ngqo ubunzima be-cryogenic liquids ngaphandle kokutshintsha koxinano okanye iimeko zobushushu.
Ukugcwalisa i-LNG
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Nangona kunjalo, izinto ezininzi zomzimba nezokusebenza zenza kube nzima ukulinganisa ngokuchanekileyo kwezi ndawo. Izinto, ezifana nentsimbi engatyiwayo esetyenziswa kwi-coriolis mass flowmeters, ziyancipha kubushushu be-cryogenic. Olu tshintsho lobukhulu luchaphazela iipropati zoomatshini ezifana ne-Young's modulus kwaye kufuneka luqwalaselwe, kuba ukulinganiswa kwe-sensor kubushushu begumbi akusasebenzi. Ukuba ayilungiswanga, ingenisa ukungaqiniseki okukhulu kwizifundo zokuhamba, okukhokelela kwiimpazamo ngexesha lokulinganisa ukuhamba kokugcinwa kwe-LNG. Iindlela ezikhethekileyo zokulinganisa ezibangela ukuxinana kobushushu kunye neempawu zoomatshini ezitshintshayo ke ngoko ziyimfuneko kwizifundo ezithembekileyo kwiinkqubo zokugcwalisa i-cryogenic.
Iziphumo zokusingqongileyo, ezifana nokungena kobushushu okuncinci okanye utshintsho olungalindelekanga kuxinzelelo, ziyenza nzima ngakumbi indlela yokulinganisa ukuhamba kobunzima be-LNG. Ezi zinokubangela utshintsho olukhawulezayo loxinano okanye utshintsho lwesigaba—apho i-LNG ijika ibe kukuhamba kwezigaba ezibini (ulwelo kunye negesi). Le nto iphazamisa ukuchaneka kwezixhobo zokufunda ukuhamba kobunzima, nokuba umgangatho we-sensor unjani. Ukwakheka kwegesi ebilayo kunye nokukhupha umoya kwenzeka rhoqo, nto leyo efuna ukuba izikhululo zokugcwalisa amafutha zisebenzise izixhobo zokulinganisa ukuhamba kobunzima ezinokukwazi ukuhlawula iimeko zezigaba ezibini kunye noxinano oludlulayo.
Iimitha zokuhamba kobunzima beCoriolis, xa zenziwe kakuhle kwaye zilinganiswe kakuhle ukuze zisetyenziswe njenge-cryogenic service, zinokubonelela ngokungaqiniseki okwandisiweyo okuphantsi kwe-0.5%, okufanelekileyo kokubini ukudluliselwa kokugcinwa kunye nokujonga ukusebenza. Imbuyekezo esebenzayo yotshintsho oluxhomekeke kubushushu kwiipropati zesensor, ukushukuma kwe-zero-point, kunye noxinzelelo lwe-cryogenic cycling ephindaphindiweyo zibalulekile ekugcineni ukuzithemba ekulinganisweni kwe-LNG yokugcwalisa ipetroli. Kwiinkqubo zemitha yokuhamba kobunzima be-coriolis ezichanekileyo kakhulu, ukulinganiswa okuthe ngqo kumaqondo obushushu e-cryogenic kuyimfuneko ukunciphisa imida yempazamo kunye nokuqinisekisa iziphumo ezilandelelanayo, ezihambelana ne-SI.
Njengoko imakethi yehlabathi ye-LNG njengepetroli yothutho isanda, izikhululo ezichanekileyo zokugcwalisa i-LNG zixhomekeke ngakumbi kumlinganiselo oqinileyo, ohambelanayo, nolandelekayo wobuninzi. Umlinganiselo wokudluliselwa kokugcinwa okuthembekileyo ukhusela abathengi kunye nabathengisi ngelixa unciphisa umngcipheko wokusebenza kwaye uxhasa ukutshintshela kurhwebo olusekelwe kubuninzi kwiindawo ezifihlakeleyo. Injongo iyonke kukuqinisekisa ukuba ukulinganisa i-LNG kuhlala kuchanekile, kucacile, kwaye kuzinzile phakathi kwamandla obuchwephesha obuntsonkothileyo bokugcwalisa i-LNG.
Ukufaka i-LNG kunye nezicelo ze-Cryogenic
Ukugcwalisa i-LNG kubandakanya ukuphatha igesi yendalo enyibilikisiweyo kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu kakhulu, aqhele ukuba phakathi kwe-−160 °C ukuya kwi-−70 °C. Ezi meko zifuna ulawulo oluphambili lwenkqubo, izixhobo eziqinileyo, kunye neetekhnoloji zokhuseleko ezintsha ukugcina ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokhuseleko lwabasebenzi kunye neempahla.
Iinkqubo zokugcwalisa ipetroli ezisebenzisa ii-cryogenic zisebenzisa iipayipi ezigqunyiweyo ezinamacala amabini, iipayipi ezifakwe i-vacuum-jacket, kunye nee-couplings eziqhekekileyo. Ezi zixhobo zinciphisa ukungena kobushushu kunye nokuchitheka ngengozi ngexesha lokudluliselwa kwe-LNG, zithintela iingozi ezifana nokufuma ngokukhawuleza okanye ukutsha kwe-cryogenic. Ii-nozzles eziqhagamshelwa ngokukhawuleza ezinezikhiye zokhuseleko zinciphisa ngakumbi umngcipheko wokukhutshwa kwepetroli okungeyomfuneko kwiindawo zoqhagamshelo.
Ukukhethwa kwezinto kubalulekile kwezi meko. Ii-alloys ze-cryogenic eziphambili, ezenzelwe ukumelana nokuqhekeka, zinika amandla oomatshini kunye nokuqina phantsi koxinzelelo lobushushu olujikelezayo. Ii-composites ezingezizo zesinyithi zikwafumaneka kwezinye iinxalenye zenkqubo ngenxa yokuqhuba kwazo ubushushu obuphantsi kunye nokumelana nokushwabana okanye ukuqhekeka kumaqondo obushushu aphantsi. Ukuphuculwa okuqhubekayo kobushushu, njengee-foams ezininzi, kunciphisa ukubila kwe-LNG kwaye kuxhasa ukugcinwa komgangatho wamafutha kwindawo.
Ulawulo lokubeka esweni nokhuseleko lubalulekile kwizikhululo zanamhlanje zokugcwalisa i-LNG. Uluhlu olubanzi lwezixhobo zokuvavanya ubushushu kunye noxinzelelo, kunye nezixhobo zokufumanisa i-methane, zibonelela ngedatha kunye nezilumkiso zexesha langempela. Iindlela zokuvala ungxamiseko ezizenzekelayo—ezidla ngokuba neziqalisi ezenziwe ngesandla nezikude—zivumela ukwahlulwa ngokukhawuleza kwezinto ezibalulekileyo ngexesha leziganeko. Ukuhanjiswa kwedatha engenazingcingo kwenza kube lula ukugcinwa kwangaphambili, kunceda abaqhubi ukuba bajongane neengxaki ngaphambi kokuba ziqhubeke.
Ngaphakathi kwimisebenzi ye-LNG, iinkqubo zokulinganisa ukugcinwa kwezixhobo zifuna kakhulu ngenxa yesidingo sokulinganisa ngokuchanekileyo ukuhamba kobunzima kunye noxinano phantsi kweemeko ezingaqhelekanga. Iimitha zokuhamba kobunzima zeCoriolis ezichanekileyo, ezibonelelwa ngabavelisi abakhethekileyo abanjengoLonnmeter, zisetyenziselwa ukubonelela ngokuchanekileyo kokulinganisa okufunekayo kokudluliselwa kokugcinwa kwe-LNG. Ezi zixhobo zilinganisa ngokuthe ngqo isantya sokuhamba kobunzima kunye noxinano, ezingachaphazeleki lutshintsho kulwakhiwo lwegesi okanye ubushushu, zibonelela ngeziphumo ezithembekileyo kwanangexesha lokuhamba okuguqukayo okanye iimeko zoxinzelelo. Itekhnoloji yemitha yokuhamba kwezixhobo ze-Ultrasonic ikwasetyenziswa kwezinye izicelo, ezixatyiswa ngokufakelwa kwayo okungangeneleliyo kunye nokujonga ukuhamba kwexesha langempela, nangona ngokubanzi ithathwa njengeyomeleleyo kwiimeko zokudluliselwa kokugcinwa kwezixhobo ezichanekileyo kakhulu.
Ubushushu obuphantsi kakhulu ukusuka kwi-−160 °C ukuya kwi-−70 °C bubangela imingeni eyahlukileyo. Izixhobo ezingalungiselelwanga la maqondo obushushu zibeka emngciphekweni ukusilela koomatshini ngokubhitya okanye ukwaphuka okubuthathaka. Kwindawo yokugcina, ubushushu obusebenzayo kunye nolawulo lobushushu oluqhubekayo kubalulekile ukuthintela ukubila okuyingozi kunye noxinzelelo. Ezi zithintelo zichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukukhethwa kunye nokugcinwa kwezixhobo zokulinganisa ukuhamba kobunzima, kunye nokuthembeka kweetanki zokugcina kunye nemigca yokudlulisa.
Imizamo yokusebenzisa amandla abandayo acryogenic iphucula ngakumbi ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-LNG. Iinkqubo zokubuyisela ubushushu obubandayo zisebenzisa ubushushu obuphantsi be-LNG ekupholiseni kwindawo, iigesi zokufunxa ngaphambi kokupholisa, okanye ezinye iindlela zokuncedisa, ngaloo ndlela kunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ngokubanzi. Oku kuhlanganiswa kwendawo yokugcina amandla abandayo kunciphisa ilahleko yobushushu ngexesha lemisebenzi yokudlulisa kwaye kunokuguqulela ekunciphiseni iindleko zokusebenza kunye nokusebenza okuphuculweyo kokusingqongileyo.
Ukhuseleko kunye nolawulo lomngcipheko luchaphazela onke amanqanaba okugcwalisa nokuphatha i-LNG. Ukulungiswa kweenkqubo, uhlalutyo lweengozi, kunye noqeqesho olunzulu lwabaqhubi luhlala lubalulekile. Izifundo zibhala phantsi iingenelo zokwenza izinto ngokuzenzekelayo kwenkqubo kunye nokulandelela izixhobo ukunciphisa iimpazamo—njengokusebenzisa iipayipi ezine-RFID ukuqinisekisa ukuba kuphela izixhobo eziqinisekisiweyo ezingena kwinkonzo. Ukubeka iliso ekudinweni, kusetyenziswa idatha ye-sensor yesakhiwo ngexesha langempela, ukhuseleko olongezelelekileyo ngokuchasene nokusilela kwecandelo kunye neemeko ezinokubakho zokuvuza.
Ekugqibeleni, ukudityaniswa kwezixhobo ezikhethekileyo ze-cryogenic, ukujonga ngokungqongqo, izixhobo zokulinganisa ukuhamba kobunzima obuphambili, kunye nokwenza ngcono inkqubo kuqinisekisa ukuba imisebenzi yokugcwalisa i-LNG isebenza kakuhle kwaye ikhuselekile, nokuba ngaphakathi kwe-thermal envelope efunekayo ukusuka kwi-−160 °C ukuya kwi-−70 °C.
Imigaqo-siseko yokulinganisa ukuhamba kobuninzi
Ukulinganiswa kokuhamba kobunzima kubonelela ngemilinganiselo esisiseko yokuphathwa nokudluliselwa kweLiquefied Natural Gas (LNG) kunye nezinye izinto ezibangela ukurhawuzelelwa kwiindawo apho ukuchaneka kwentengiselwano kunye nokhuseleko lokusebenza kubalulekile. Kwizikhululo zokugcwalisa i-LNG kunye nokuphathwa kwe-cryogenic fuel, ukwazi ubungakanani obuchanekileyo bento—ngobunzima endaweni yomthamo—kubalulekile kuba uxinano lwe-LNG lunokutshintshatshintsha ngokukhawuleza ngotshintsho oluphantsi kakhulu lobushushu okanye ulwakhiwo.
Ngokungafaniyo nesantya sokuhamba kwevolumu, esilinganisa indawo ulwelo oluhlala kuyo ngeyunithi yexesha, isantya sokuhamba kobunzima silinganisa ubungakanani bokwenyani bezinto ezidlula kwinkqubo. Lo mahluko ubalulekile kwiinkqubo zokugcwalisa ipetroli ezi-cryogenic: njengoko ubushushu kunye notshintsho lokwakheka, ukufundwa kwevolumu kunokuchasa ubungakanani bokuhanjiswa ngenxa yokucinezeleka kunye neepropati zokwandiswa kobushushu be-LNG. Ezo mpazamo zikhuliswa kwizicelo zokudluliselwa kwexabiso eliphezulu, apho ukungangqinelani kunokubangela impembelelo enkulu kwezemali.
Ukusetyenziswa kwee-Coriolis mass flowmeters, ngakumbi izixhobo zokulinganisa ukuhamba kobunzima ezichanekileyo neziphambili, kuqhutywa zezi ngxaki. Iimitha zeCoriolis zibona ngokuthe ngqo ubunzima obudlula kwiityhubhu zokuhamba ezihambayo, inkqubo engathintelwa kakhulu kutshintsho kubuninzi bolwelo, ukwakheka, okanye isigaba, ukuba isixhobo sihlawulelwa ngokufanelekileyo kwimiphumo yobushushu. Ukuzimela kwazo kwiinguqu zevolumu kuzenza zibe ngumgangatho wokulinganisa ukudluliselwa kwe-LNG, apho kufuneka ukuthembeka kunye nokulandeleka.
Nangona kunjalo, iipropati zomzimba ze-LNG zizisa imingeni yokulinganisa ngokuchanekileyo. Okubaluleke kakhulu kukuba, amaqondo obushushu angabonakaliyo (~120 K) afunyanwa ngexesha lokudluliselwa kwe-LNG atshintsha iimpawu zomzimba zezinto ze-flowmeter—ezifana ne-Young's modulus (ukuqina) kweetyhubhu zentsimbi engagqwaliyo—ezichaphazela ukulinganiswa kwemitha kunye nozinzo lwe-zero-point. Ngaphandle kokulungiswa kwexesha langempela, nezixhobo zokulinganisa ukuhamba kobunzima eziphambili zinokufumana iimpazamo ezicwangcisiweyo. Umzekelo, ukwehla kokuqina kwetyhubhu kunye nobushushu obuwayo kutshintsha impendulo ye-frequency yemitha, nto leyo engenisa ukuthambekela okuqhele ukujongwa kodwa okunokwenzeka okukhulu ekufundeni ukuhamba kobunzima.
Izifundo zovavanyo kunye nokusetyenziswa okusebenzayo kugxininisa ukuba utshintsho lwezinto ezibangelwa bubushushu luyimvelaphi ephambili yempazamo kwiimeko ze-cryogenic, kulandele iziphumo zoxinzelelo kunye nokuxinana kobushushu. Iiprotokholi zokulinganisa kwiimeko ze-cryogenic, ukulandeleka okuqhubekayo kwimigangatho yesalathiso, kunye nokulungiswa kwexesha langempela kusetyenziswa idatha yobushushu kuye kwabonakala kubalulekile ukunciphisa ukungaqiniseki komlinganiselo ukuya ngaphantsi kwe-0.50% - umda ngoku olindelekileyo ekulinganisweni kokudluliselwa kokuhamba kwe-LNG.
Imodeli yefiziksi ihambele phambili kakhulu. Uphando lwakutshanje luqinisekisa iimodeli zezibalo eziqikelelweyo zokuziphatha kwe-flowmeter, zibonisa amazinga eempazamo angaphantsi kwe-±0.08% kumanqanaba obushushu afanelekileyo e-cryogenic xa eqinisekiswa ngedatha elandelekayo, ukuba kusetyenziswa ii-coefficients zokulungisa iimeko ezithile ze-LNG. Oku kubaluleke kakhulu kwiinkqubo zokugcwalisa i-cryogenic nakwitekhnoloji yokugcwalisa i-LNG, apho ukuthembeka kokulinganisa ukuhamba phantsi kweemeko eziqatha akunakuxoxiswana. Kule meko, iLonnmeter—egxile kubuninzi obungaphakathi kunye nokulinganisa i-viscosity—ijongana nezinye zezinto ezibalulekileyo ezifunekayo ukuze kuhlawulwe ngokupheleleyo kwaye kubekwe esweni.
Ukulinganiswa kwesantya sokuhamba kobunzima kukwahlukile kwiindlela zomthamo xa ulwelo olucutshungulwayo lubonisa ukwakheka okanye uxinano oluguquguqukayo. Ii-flowmeters ze-volumetric, kuquka ii-flowmeters ze-ultrasonic eziphambili ezisetyenziswa kwi-LNG, zibonelela ngokufundwa okuchanekileyo kobungakanani bendawo edlula kuyo ulwelo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuze kufunyanwe ubunzima bokwenyani obudluliselwe kwiinkqubo zokudlulisa umlinganiselo, ukulinganiswa kwe-volumetric kufuneka kuphindaphindwe ngamaxabiso oxinano lwexesha langempela. Oku kwazisa olunye umaleko wokungaqiniseki, ngakumbi xa kwenzeka utshintsho olukhawulezileyo lobushushu okanye ulwakhiwo, njengoko kuqhelekile kwimisebenzi yokuphatha amafutha e-cryogenic. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ii-flowmeters ze-Coriolis mass zibonelela ngokulinganisa ngokuthe ngqo, kunciphisa kakhulu ukuxhomekeka kwiibalo ezincedisayo kunye nokusasazwa kwazo kweempazamo ezinxulumene nazo.
Ukukhetha phakathi kobuchwepheshe bokuhamba kobunzima kunye nobuninzi ngoko ke akuchaphazeli nje ukuchaneka kokulinganisa kodwa kukwachaphazela nokuqina kokusebenza kunye nokuthotyelwa kwemigangatho yolawulo elawula ukulinganiswa kokudluliselwa kokugcinwa kwe-LNG. Imigaqo eqinileyo yomzimba esemva kwezixhobo zokulinganisa izinga lokuhamba kobunzima, ukuncitshiswa kwazo kobunzima kunye nokuguquguquka kobushushu, kunye nokufaneleka kwazo kwisatifikethi sokudluliselwa kokugcinwa ngqo kuxhasa ulawulo lwazo kuzo zonke izicelo ze-LNG kunye ne-cryogenic. Olu sebenzi luxatyiswa ngakumbi ngabaqhubi kunye neenjineli abafuna ukunciphisa impazamo yokuhamba kobunzima kwiimeko ezinamandla kakhulu nezilawulwayo, ezifana nezikhululo zokugcwalisa i-LNG kunye nemisebenzi yokudlulisa enkulu.
Ukulinganisa Ukudluliselwa Kwabantwana Abagciniweyo: Imingeni kunye neemfuno
Ukudluliselwa kokugcinwa kwegesi yendalo enyibilikisiweyo (i-LNG) kufuna imigangatho ephezulu kwi-metrology ngenxa yeziphumo ezinkulu zemali nezomthetho zeempazamo ezincinci zokulinganisa. Iinkqubo zokulinganisa kufuneka zinikeze ukuchaneka okungagungqiyo, ukuthembeka, kunye nokulandeleka, okwenza umqolo wezivumelwano zokuthengisa nokuthenga ze-LNG.
Iimfuno ezizodwa zokulinganisa iintengiselwano ze-LNG
Iinkqubo zokulinganisa ukugcinwa kwe-LNG kufuneka zihambelane nemigangatho engqongqo yokulinganisa esemthethweni, ngakumbi leyo ichazwe kwi-OIML R140 kwaye, kwi-European Union, iMeasuring Instruments Directive 2014/32/EU. Le migangatho imisela ukuba iinkqubo zokulinganisa ukugcinwa kwe-akhawunti zifumana impazamo ephezulu evumelekileyo ye-0.3% (ukuchaneka kweKlasi 0.3), ukuqinisekisa ukuba izivumelwano zemali zifana ngokuchanekileyo nomthamo we-LNG ogqithisiweyo. Ukulandeleka komlinganiselo kubalulekile: yonke ubunzima okanye umthamo orekhodiweyo kufuneka uqhagamshelane nemigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe eqinisekisiweyo ngeenkqubo zokulinganisa eziqinisekisiweyo.
Ukuchaneka akusiyo nje kuphela umyalelo wolawulo kodwa yimfuneko ebalulekileyo yorhwebo. Kwintengiselwano ebandakanya umthwalo omnye we-100,000 m³ LNG, impazamo ye-0.1% ekulinganisweni kokudluliselwa kokugcinwa kwempahla inokutshintsha izigidi zeerandi phakathi kwamaqabane orhwebo. Ke ngoko, iikhontrakthi zokudluliselwa kokugcinwa kwempahla zifuna ngokucacileyo izatifikethi zokulinganisa, ukuqinisekiswa komntu wesithathu, kunye nokuhlolwa kokusebenza rhoqo ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kwenkqubo.
Impembelelo yeemeko zeCryogenic kwiSilinganiselo, uLungiso, kunye nokuThotyelwa kweMithetho
Ubushushu be-LNG buhlala bujikeleze i--162°C, nto leyo ebangela imingeni eyahlukileyo yokulinganisa ukuhamba kobunzima, ukulinganiswa, kunye nokuthobela inkqubo. Ubuninzi kunye nokuguquguquka kwe-viscosity kula maqondo obushushu kunokunyusa iimpazamo ukuba azilawulwa kwaye zijongwe kakuhle.
Izixhobo ezimbini eziphambili zokulinganisa ukuhamba kobunzima ziphambili ekudlulisweni kwe-LNG yokugcina: ii-flowmeters ze-Coriolis mass ezichanekileyo kakhulu kunye nee-flowmeters ze-ultrasonic eziphambili. Iimitha ze-Coriolis zamkelwe ngokubanzi ngenxa yokulinganisa kwazo ubunzima ngokuthe ngqo, ukungakhuseleki kwiinguqu zeempawu zolwelo, kunye nokukwazi ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zokuchaneka kwe-OIML Class 0.3. Nangona kunjalo, ukusebenza ngokuchanekileyo kwiimeko ze-cryogenic kufuna ukwakhiwa kwe-sensor ekhethekileyo kunye ne-insulation, kunye nembuyekezo yobushushu bexesha langempela.
Ukulinganisa kwiqondo lobushushu elibangelwa yi-cryogenic kuyinkimbinkimbi. Iinkqubo eziqhelekileyo ziquka uvavanyo lwesalathiso kusetyenziswa iimitha eziphambili eziqinisekisiweyo okanye iitanki ze-prover, ngokufanelekileyo phantsi kweemeko zokuhamba, uxinzelelo, kunye nobushushu ezimele ngokupheleleyo. I-OIML R140 iyalela ukuqinisekiswa kokuqala xa kuqaliswa ukwenziwa kunye nokulinganisa kwakhona rhoqo (rhoqo ngonyaka), ngamanye amaxesha kubonwa ngabahloli beqela lesithathu ukuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa okuqhubekayo. Yonke isiganeko sokulinganisa kufuneka sivelise amaxwebhu adibanisa nomgangatho owaziwayo, oqinisa uthotho lokulandelelwa.
IiSkidi zokulinganisa eziDibeneyo zokudluliselwa kogcino oluthembekileyo
Ukuze kugcinwe ukuthembeka kokusebenza kunye nokukhuselwa ngokusemthethweni, iinkqubo zokulinganisa ukugcinwa komntwana ziyilwe njengee-skid ezihlanganisiweyo zokulinganisa. I-skid nganye idibanisa izinto ezibalulekileyo zokudluliselwa kokugcinwa komntwana:
- Izixhobo zokulinganisa ukuhamba kobunzima obungaphakathi, ezifana neCoriolis okanye ii-ultrasonic flowmeters, zisebenza njengeyona nto iphambili yokulinganisa.
- Iimitha zoxinano oluphakathi kunye neemitha ze-viscosity, njengoko zibonelelwe yiLonnmeter, zibonelela ngedatha yepropathi yolwelo ngexesha langempela ebalulekileyo ekubalweni okuchanekileyo kokuhamba kobunzima. Ezi zixhobo kufuneka zigcine ukulinganiswa kwiimeko ezicacileyo, njengoko neempazamo ezincinci zoxinano ziya kuguqulela ekuphambukeni kokuhamba kobunzima.
- Iinkqubo zokuthatha iisampulu ngokuzenzekelayo zikhupha iisampulu zemveliso ukuze kuhlalutywe ukwakheka kwazo, nto leyo eyimfuneko yokumisela umgangatho kunye nexabiso leekhalori.
- Iimodyuli zokuxilonga kunye nokuziqinisekisa zihlala zijonga impilo kunye nokusebenza kwazo zonke izixhobo zokulinganisa, zilumkisa abaqhubi ngokushukuma kwenzwa, ukungcola, okanye ukuphazamiseka kwangaphandle kwangethuba.
- Zonke izinto zidibene neenkqubo zolawulo kunye nokurekhoda idatha. Ngelixa iLonnmeter igxile kuphela kwiimitha zoxinano oluphakathi kunye ne-viscosity, ezi zinto zisebenzisana ngokungenamthungo neziseko zolawulo ezifunekayo kwiindlela zophicotho-zincwadi kunye nengxelo yemithetho.
Yonke inkqubo idla ngokuvavanywa ngokubonwayo, kokubini emsebenzini nangaphakathi, ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza phantsi kweemeko ezibangela ukurhawuzelelwa. Uyilo lwe-skid kufuneka luququzelele ukulinganiswa nokugcinwa rhoqo, kunye nezibonelelo zeendlela zokudlula kwesixhobo okanye iindlela ezingafunekiyo zokugcina umlinganiselo uqhubeka ukuba isixhobo sisusiwe ngaphandle kwesixhobo.
Umzekelo: Ukudluliselwa kokugcinwa kwiBunkering nakwiiTerminals
Kwisikhululo sokugcwalisa i-LNG, okanye ngexesha lokudluliselwa kwe-LNG ukusuka enqanaweni ukuya enqanaweni, ukulinganiswa kokudluliselwa kokuhamba kokugcinwa kuxhomekeke kwi-metering skid exhotyiswe nge-Coriolis mass flowmeter, i-Lonnmeter inline density kunye ne-viscosity metres, kunye nendawo yokuvavanya eqinisekisiweyo. Inkqubo ivavanywa okokuqala nge-OIML R140, ukuhlaziywa rhoqo, kunye nokuhlolwa okuqhubekayo kokuxilongwa, ukuqinisekisa ukuba ubungakanani be-LNG obudluliselweyo burekhodwa ngokuchanekileyo nakwiindawo ezifuna i-cryogenic. Yonke isiganeko sokudluliselwa sibhalwe ngokupheleleyo ukuze kuhlolwe ngokwemigaqo kunye nokuhlolwa kwemali, ngokwemiyalelo yesivumelwano.
Icandelo ngalinye—i-flowmeter, i-density (i-Lonnmeter), ubushushu, kunye nokulinganiswa—linegalelo ekungaqinisekini ngokupheleleyo. Inkqubo kufuneka iyilwe ngendlela yokuba ukungaqiniseki okudibeneyo kungadluli umda wesivumelwano okanye we-0.3% wesivumelwano.
Ukulinganiswa kokudluliselwa kokugcinwa kwicandelo le-LNG kuxhomekeke kwinkqubo edibeneyo, eqinisekisiweyo, nehambelanayo, eyenzelwe ukumelana noxinzelelo oludibeneyo lokusebenza kwe-cryogenic, i-metrology yomthetho, kunye nemiphumo yorhwebo.
Izixhobo zokulinganisa ukuhamba kobunzima eziphambili ze-LNG: iiTekhnoloji kunye nokuthelekisa
Iimitha zoMbane zeCoriolis Mass
Iimitha zokuhamba kobunzima beCoriolis zisebenza ngokulinganisa isiphumo seCoriolis ngaphakathi kwityhubhu engcangcazelayo ethwala i-LNG. Njengoko i-LNG ihamba kwiityhubhu zesensor zemitha, intshukumo yolwelo ibangela utshintsho lwesigaba olulinganiswayo kwintshukumo yetyhubhu. Olu tshintsho, oluhambelana ngqo nesantya sokuhamba kobunzima, lubonwa ziisensor kwaye luguqulelwe kwidatha yokuhamba kobunzima obuchanekileyo, uxinano, kunye nobushushu. Uyilo oluyilwe yile teknoloji—olungenazo izithintelo zokuhamba koomatshini okanye iindawo ezihambayo ezidibana nolwelo oluyi-cryogenic—lwenza lube lomelele ngakumbi kwizicelo ze-LNG.
Ukulungelelaniswa kwenkonzo ye-cryogenic kunye ne-LNG kwenziwa ngezinto ezikhethekileyo ezifana nentsimbi engagqwaliyo kunye nee-alloys ezizinzileyo kubushushu. Ezi zinto zigcina ukuqina kwesakhiwo kumaqondo obushushu aphantsi kakhulu (ngokuqhelekileyo ngaphantsi kwe--160°C), ukuqinisekisa ukuchaneka okuqhubekayo nangona ngexesha lokujikeleza ngokukhawuleza kobushushu okufumaneka kwizikhululo zokufutha ze-LNG kunye neenkqubo zokufutha ze-cryogenic. Ukuqhubela phambili kwezinto eziqhubekayo kunye nokuphuculwa kwedijithali kuvumele ii-flowmeters zobunzima beCoriolis ukuba zinike ngokuthembekileyo ukufundwa ngokuchanekileyo kwe-±0.1% ukuya kwi-±0.25% yokufunda, kunye nokuchaneka koxinano rhoqo ngaphakathi kwe-±0.2 kg/m³—amanqanaba okusebenza abalulekileyo ekudlulisweni kokugcinwa, ulawulo lwempahla, kunye nokuthobela imisebenzi ye-LNG.
Inzuzo ebalaseleyo ye-fluid Coriolis mass flowmeter kwi-LNG kukuchaneka kwayo okuphezulu kunye nokuphindaphindeka kwayo nakwiindawo ezinzima ze-cryogenic. Ngokungafaniyo nee-differential pressure meters okanye ii-mechanical turbines, ii-Coriolis meter azichaphazeleki luxinzelelo lwenkqubo okanye utshintsho kuxinano lwe-LNG, okuvumela ukulinganiswa ngokuthe ngqo kokulahleka okucwangcisiweyo kunye neempazamo zokulinganisa ngokungacwangciswanga ezibonwa rhoqo kwezinye iiteknoloji ze-metering. Njengoko ezi flowmeters zingadingi zixhobo zishukumayo ezivezwe kwi-LNG ehambayo, imfuno yokugcinwa iyancipha, kwaye ukuthembeka ekuphathweni kwe-cryogenic fuel ixesha elide kuyanda.
Uphuculo lwakutshanje kwii-algorithms zokuxilonga luxhasa ulawulo lwenkqubo yexesha langempela kunye neenkqubo zokuqinisekisa ngokuzenzekelayo. Olu xilongo luvumela abasebenzisi ukuba bajonge impilo yesenzi, baqinisekise iimeko ze-meter zero ngaphandle kokumisa inkqubo, kwaye babone utshintsho olubangelwa kukungcangcazela okanye ukuphazamiseka okuncinci. Uxilongo oluphuculweyo lunceda abaqhubi ukuba bahambelane nemigangatho ye-metrology efunekayo kwiinkqubo zokudluliselwa kwe-LNG yokugcina, bebonelela ngeerekhodi zedijithali zokulandeleka kunye nokuthobela.
Ukukhetha umthengisi okanye umenzi ofanelekileyo wee-flowmeters zobunzima beCoriolis, ezifana neLonnmeter, zinefuthe ngokuthe ngqo kwingqibelelo yenkqubo yokulinganisa kunye nokuthembeka kokusebenza. Abavelisi kufuneka banike iimitha ezilinganisiweyo kumaqondo obushushu angaqhelekanga, banike izixhobo zokuqinisekisa intsimi, kwaye baqinisekise ukuhambelana neemfuno zenkqubo eziphambili. Iimitha ezichazwe kakubi okanye ezingaxhaswanga ngokwaneleyo zibeka emngciphekweni wokungenisa impazamo, ingakumbi phantsi koxinzelelo lokufakelwa okanye iimeko zezigaba ezibini—imeko apho iindlela zokuvelisa eziphambili zinokunciphisa ngoyilo olungcono lweetyhubhu kunye nobunzima bolawulo. Indima yomthengisi oqinisekisiweyo ikwafikelela kwinkxaso emva kokufakwa, equka ukulinganiswa, ukusombulula iingxaki, kunye namaxwebhu okuthobela aqhubekayo.
Ii-Ultrasonic Flowmeters
Ii-ultrasonic flowmeters zisebenza ngokudlulisa nokufumana ii-ultrasonic pulses kuyo yonke indlela yokuhamba kwe-LNG ngaphakathi kwecandelo lokulinganisa elenziwe ngokukodwa. Umahluko wexesha phakathi kwee-pulses ezihamba phezulu nasezantsi komsinga usetyenziselwa ukubala izinga lokuhamba. Le ndlela ingangeneleli, kunye nee-transducers ezingaphandle kwendlela yokuhamba kwe-LNG, ifanelekile kakhulu kwiindawo ezi-cryogenic apho ukudibana nolwelo olubandayo kunokuphazamisa ii-sensors zemveli.
Kwizicelo ze-LNG, iteknoloji yokulinganisa ukuhamba kwe-ultrasonic igqwesile kwiimeko zokudluliselwa kokugcinwa kokuhamba okuphezulu, njengoko kuqhele ukwenzeka xa kulayishwa iinqanawa okanye iilori kwizikhululo ze-LNG. Ezi mitha zenzelwe imibhobho emikhulu, apho amazinga aphezulu okuhamba kunye nokuhla koxinzelelo oluphantsi kubalulekile, kwaye apho isidingo sokugcinwa okuncinci sibonakala ngenxa yendalo ekude okanye eyingozi yezibonelelo ezininzi ze-LNG. Iimitha ze-ultrasonic zifezekisa ukuhambelana nemigangatho ye-metrology eyaziwayo yokudluliselwa kokugcinwa kokugcinwa, ukuba nje zifakelwe iindlela ezifunekayo ezithe tye kwaye zilinganiswe kwiimpawu ezizodwa ze-acoustic ze-LNG.
Enye inzuzo ephawulekayo yee-flowmeters ze-ultrasonic kukuba azinazo iimpawu zokuxinana kakhulu kwinkqubo yoxinzelelo kunye nokungabikho kweendawo ezihambayo, nto leyo eyenza ukuba zingagugi okanye zingcoliswe. Oku kuhlala ixesha elide kukhokelela kwixesha elide lenkonzo, ukugcinwa okuphantsi, kunye nomngcipheko ophantsi wokungasebenzi kakuhle. Imisebenzi yokuxilonga ye-Ultrasonic flowmeters ibona ukuphazamiseka kweprofayili, ukungena komoya/igesi, okanye ukungcoliswa kwe-transducer—izinto ezibalulekileyo ekulinganisweni kokudluliselwa kokuhamba kwe-LNG apho kufuneka ukusebenza kwemitha okuqhubekayo.
Ii-niches eziqhelekileyo zokusetyenziswa kweemitha ze-ultrasonic ziquka imigca yokudlulisa i-LNG enomthamo ophezulu kunye neemeko apho ububanzi bepayipi budlula uluhlu olusebenzayo lobuchwepheshe beCoriolis obukhoyo. Umzekelo, iingalo zokulayisha ze-LNG kwiindawo zokungenisa/zokuthumela ngaphandle zisebenzisa iimitha ze-ultrasonic kwiimitha zepayipi ezingaphezulu kwe-intshi ezili-12, njengoko ezi mitha zinokugcina iimfuno zokuchaneka ngaphandle kokungenisa ilahleko enkulu yoxinzelelo.
Ngamafutshane, zombini izixhobo zokulinganisa ukuhamba kobunzima beCoriolis kunye ne-ultrasonic zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwiinkqubo zanamhlanje zokulinganisa ukugcinwa kwe-LNG. Iimitha zeCoriolis zikhokela kwizicelo zokuhamba kobunzima obuchanekileyo, obuthe ngqo kwaye zibonelela ngokulandelela umlinganiselo obalulekileyo kwiintengiselwano zorhwebo, ngelixa iimitha zokuhamba kwe-ultrasonic zibonelela ngezisombululo eziqinileyo, ezinobubanzi obukhulu apho ukugcinwa okuphantsi kunye nokusebenza okuphezulu kwezixhobo zizinto eziphambili. Ukukhethwa kwesixhobo esifanelekileyo kuxhomekeke kwiimfuno ezithile zesicelo, iimeko zenkqubo, kunye neemfuno zokuthobela ukulinganisa ukuhamba kobunzima okuphambili kwiziseko ze-LNG.
Ulawulo lweGesi oluBolile kwiZitishi zokuFudumeza i-LNG
Ulawulo olufanelekileyo lwegesi ebilayo (i-BOG) lucelomngeni oluphambili kwizikhululo zokuzalisa i-LNG. I-BOG iyenzeka ngexesha lokugcina nokudlulisa njengemveliso yokungena kobushushu, nto leyo ebangela ukuba izinto ezifana ne-methane kunye ne-ethane zifudumale. Ukulawula le gesi kubalulekile ngokwezoqoqosho nangokwendalo.
Uxinzelelo lwezoqoqosho kwizikhululo zokuzalisa i-LNG luvela kwisidingo sokunciphisa ilahleko yemveliso kunye nokuphepha iindleko zokusebenza ezingeyomfuneko. Xa i-BOG ivulwa okanye ivutha, igesi yendalo exabisekileyo iyalahleka, nto leyo enciphisa ngokuthe ngqo inzuzo yemihla ngemihla kwizikhululo. Ukulinganisa kwakutshanje kokubuyiswa nokusetyenziswa kwe-BOG kubonise ingeniso yonyaka enokuba ngaphezulu kwe-$138 yezigidi kunye nemida yenzuzo epheleleyo ekufutshane ne-97%, nto leyo egxininisa ubungakanani bamathuba emali kwimisebenzi ephezulu. Kwanakwizikhululo ezincinci, ukubuyiswa kwe-BOG kunokuvelisa imithombo yengeniso eqhubekayo; olunye uhlalutyo lubike ingeniso yenyanga ye-€176 evela ekusetyenzisweni kwegesi efunyenweyo ekufakweni kwepetroli kwizithuthi, ethi, nangona incinci ngokupheleleyo, iqokeleleke ngokunentsingiselo ngokuhamba kwexesha.
Izinto eziqwalaselwe kwindalo zibaluleke ngokulinganayo. I-Methane, eyona nto iphambili kwi-BOG, yigesi enamandla kakhulu ekukhuliseni ubushushu. Ukukhupha umoya okanye ukutshaya ngaphandle kolawulo kwandisa kakhulu umngcipheko wekhabhoni yesikhululo. Iinkqubo zokubuyisela umoya ezivavanyiweyo kwizikhululo zothutho ze-LNG ezisebenzayo zithintele ukuya kuthi ga kwi-8,549 kg yokukhutshwa kwe-CO₂ elingana nenyanga ngokusebenzisa kwakhona i-BOG kwiinkqubo ezikwindawo okanye ukuyiguqula ukuba isetyenziswe zizithuthi, nto leyo ekhokelela kwiingenelo ezinkulu kwindalo ngokunciphisa ubushushu kunye nokutshintsha ipetroli.
Ukujongana nale mingeni, iindlela ezahlukeneyo zolawulo lwe-BOG ziye zasetyenziswa kwizikhululo zokugcwalisa i-LNG. Isisombululo esinomtsalane kwezoqoqosho sidla ngokuguqulwa kwe-BOG ibe yigesi yendalo ecinezelweyo (i-CNG). Uvavanyo lwamatyala oluthelekisayo lubonisa ukuba imveliso ye-CNG ivelisa ixabiso eliphantsi kakhulu lokuthengisa igesi efunyenweyo, nto leyo ekhulisa ukusebenza kwezikhululo kunye nenzuzo yezoqoqosho. Ezinye iindlela zolawulo lwe-BOG ziquka:
- Ukuveliswa kombane ngqo kusetyenziswa i-BOG njengepetroli ukudala amandla okusetyenziswa kwindawo okanye ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ngegridi, nto leyo ephucula ngakumbi ukuzimela kwamandla esitishini.
- Ukufakwa kwakhona kwe-BOG kwiitanki zokugcina i-LNG okanye ukuthunyelwa kwenye injini zezithuthi.
- Ukutshisa okulawulwayo, kudla ngokusetyenziswa kuphela apho ukubuyisa okanye ukuphinda kusetyenziswe akunakwenzeka, nangona le ndlela ijongene nokuhlolwa kwemithetho kunye nozinzo.
Iindawo ezininzi ngoku zidibanisa i-BOG recovery neenkqubo zokugcwalisa i-cryogenic, zisebenzisa izixhobo zokulinganisa ukuhamba kobunzima eziphambili ezifana nee-Coriolis mass flowmeters ezichanekileyo kakhulu kunye nee-ultrasonic flowmeters. Ezi zixhobo zivumela ukujonga ngokuchanekileyo kunye nokulinganisa ukuhamba komoya womphunga kunye nolwelo, ziphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-LNG custody transfer metering kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kwesikhululo. Iimitha zoxinano oluphakathi kunye ne-viscosity—ezifana nezo zenziwe yiLonnmeter—zidlala indima exhasayo ngokubonelela ngokujonga rhoqo, ngokuchanekileyo iimpawu zolwelo ezifunekayo ekubanjweni nasekusetyenzisweni kwe-BOG ngokufanelekileyo.
Ukuphunyezwa kolawulo olupheleleyo lwe-BOG kunciphisa iingozi ezininzi zemali kubaqhubi bokugcwalisa i-LNG. Oku kuquka ilahleko ezivela kwimveliso ephuma umoya, isohlwayo sokuthobela imithetho yokukhupha umbane omninzi, kunye neendleko zamandla ngenxa yokuxhomekeka kwizibonelelo zegridi yangaphandle. Itekhnoloji yokulinganisa ukuhamba kobunzima ephuculweyo ixhasa ngokuthe ngqo ukunciphisa umngcipheko ngokukhusela ukuthembeka kokulinganisa kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuphathwa kwegesi okuqinisekisiweyo nokuphicothwayo.
Ubungqina obuqokelelweyo bugxininisa imfuneko yezoqoqosho kunye nokusingqongileyo yolawulo oluqinileyo lwe-BOG kwizikhululo zokuzalisa i-LNG. Ukufakwa ngononophelo kweenkqubo zokubuyisela, ezixhaswa kukuphathwa ngokuchanekileyo kwepetroli kunye nokulinganisa ukuhamba kobunzima, kubalulekile ekusebenzeni okunenzuzo nokuzinzileyo kwimeko yanamhlanje yomthetho kunye nemarike efunekayo.
Iindlela eziDibeneyo: Ukudibanisa ukuLinganisa, uLawulo, kunye noGcino
Izitishi zokugcwalisa ipetroli ze-LNG eziphambili zidibanisa ngokungenamthungo ugcino lwamandla abandayo, umlinganiselo ochanekileyo wokuhamba kobunzima, kunye nohlalutyo lwenkqubo yexesha langempela ukuze kuphuculwe ukusebenza kunye nokuthobela imithetho. Isiseko sale ntsebenziswano kukusetyenziswa kwamandla abandayo akhutshwa ngexesha lokuvuselelwa kwegesi ye-LNG. Xa igesi yendalo engamanzi itshintsha ukusuka kwi-−162°C ibuyela kwimeko yayo yegesi, inani elikhulu lamandla abandayo liyafumaneka ukuze libanjwe. Izakhiwo eziphambili zihambisa la mandla kwiinkqubo zokugcina amandla abandayo okanye ziwadibanise neeyunithi zeLiquid Air Energy Storage (LAES), zenze amandla adibeneyo kunye nehabhu yokugcwalisa amafutha.
Ukumodela kweThermodynamic—kuquka ii-simulators zenkqubo ezifana ne-Aspen HYSYS—kubonisa indlela ukudibanisa i-LAES kunye ne-LNG regasification okunganyusi nje kuphela ukusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo (ngophuculo olupheleleyo oludlula i-105%) kodwa kukwanciphisa amaxesha okubuyisela imali ukuya kwiminyaka emi-2.5, nokuba kubhekiswa kwiinkqubo zokugcina eziphambili kunye nokuvelisa. Izikhululo ezilungiselelwe ngeendlela ezinjalo ezidibeneyo zixhamla ekunciphiseni okukhulu kwiindleko zokusebenza ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kakuhle kwamandla abandayo, ukuguquguquka okubanzi kokusebenza, kunye nokuzimela kwamandla kwindawo okuphuculweyo.
Kwangaxeshanye, ukulinganisa ukuhamba kobunzima ngokuchanekileyo kuyimfuneko yokuchaneka kokudluliselwa kokugcinwa kunye nolawulo lwenkqubo kwezi zikhululo. Iimitha zokuhamba kobunzima beCoriolis, eziqatshelwa ngokuchaneka kwazo okuphezulu kwiindawo zokuhamba kwe-cryogenic, zilinganisa ngokuthe ngqo izinga lokuhamba kobunzima—inzuzo enkulu kuneemitha ze-volumetric zemveli. Ezi zixhobo zihlala zithembekile kwiimeko zokugcwalisa i-LNG ngamandla, kubushushu obuphantsi, kunye noxinzelelo oluguquguqukayo, zixhasa zombini utshintshiselwano lwezorhwebo kunye nolawulo lukarhulumente.
Iinkqubo zanamhlanje zokulinganisa ezihlanganisiweyo ngoku zixhotyiswe ngezixhobo zokuxilonga ezifakwe ngaphakathi, okuvumela ukuzijonga rhoqo ii-flowmeters kunye nezinye izixhobo ezibalulekileyo zenkqubo. Ukusilela, ukutyibilika, okanye ukuphambuka kokulinganisa kuchongwa ngoko nangoko. Ngenxa yoko, abaqhubi banokugcina imilinganiselo elandelekayo neqinisekisiweyo, ukuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa ngokupheleleyo kwemigangatho yokudluliselwa kokugcinwa kwe-LNG yamazwe ngamazwe. Oku kubaluleke kakhulu kwizikhululo zokugcwalisa ipetroli apho nokuphambuka okuncinci kunokuguqulela kumahluko amakhulu emali okanye izohlwayo zomthetho.
Ukuzenzekelayo kuhambelana ngokuqinileyo nokulinganisa kunye nolawulo kunye neenkqubo zokugcina. Umzekelo, idatha yokuhamba kobunzima obuphilayo efunyenwe kwiCoriolis flowmeters itya ngqo kwiilophu zokulawula ezizenzekelayo ezilungisa iivalvu zenkqubo, zilawule igesi ebilayo, okanye ziqalise amanyathelo okulungisa ukuba kufunyenwe ukungaqheleki kokusebenza. Ukungeniswa kweemitha zoxinano oluphakathi, njengalezo zenziwe yiLonnmeter, kuphucula ngakumbi ukucaca kwenkqubo. Ezi mitha, kunye neesensa ze-viscosity ezingaphakathi, zinceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba ilitha nganye okanye ikhilogram ye-LNG ibalwe ngokuchanekileyo kwinqanaba ngalinye—ukusuka kwindawo yokugcina kunye nokudluliselwa ukuya ekukhutshweni kokugqibela.
Umfanekiso 1 ongezantsi ubonisa isikhululo sokuzalisa i-LNG esidibeneyo apho iinqanawa zokugcina, imibhobho ye-cryogenic, umlinganiselo wokuhamba kobunzima, kunye nohlalutyo lwenkqubo ziqhagamshelwe ngeqonga eliphakathi lenkqubo yokuzenzekela.
Iinkqubo zokulinganisa ukugcinwa kombane zisebenzisa indibaniselwano yokuhamba kobunzima beCoriolis, ukulinganiswa koxinano, kunye nohlalutyo oludibeneyo ukuze kunikezelwe iziphumo eziqinisekisiweyo. Zimelana neemeko ezinzima zokuqhekeka, ziqinisekisa ukuba ukuphuma kwe-LNG—okurekhodwe ngeekhilogram okanye iitoni—kuhlala kuchanekile kwaye kungaphazanyiswa ngamaqabane orhwebo kunye nabalawuli. Lilonke, ukudibana kwendawo yokugcina amandla abandayo, ukuhamba kobuninzi kunye nezixhobo zokulinganisa uxinano, kunye nohlalutyo oluzenzekelayo lwenza umqolo wemisebenzi yokuzalisa i-LNG ethembekileyo, esebenzayo, nehambelanayo.
Ukukhetha nokuFumana izisombululo zokulinganisa ukuhamba kobunzima
Ukukhetha isisombululo sokulinganisa ukuhamba kobunzima esifanelekileyo kwizicelo ze-LNG kuqala ngokuthelekisa ngokucacileyo ubuchwepheshe beCoriolis kunye ne-ultrasonic. Umahluko ophambili ngumgaqo wabo wokulinganisa. Ii-flowmeters zobunzima beCoriolis zilinganisa ukuhamba kobunzima ngokuthe ngqo ngokubona utshintsho lwesigaba olubangelwa kukuhamba kolwelo kwiityhubhu ezingcangcazelayo. Ii-flowmeters ze-Ultrasonic, ngokuchaseneyo, zimisela ukuhamba komthamo ngokusekelwe kumaxesha okudlula kwe-ultrasonic pulse; ukuhamba kobunzima emva koko kufumaneka ngokufaka i-factoring kwi-fluid density elinganisiweyo okanye eqikelelweyo.
Ukuchaneka kubalulekile ekudluliseleni i-LNG, njengoko nokuba umlinganiselo ongephi ungakhokelela kwiiyantlukwano ezinkulu zorhwebo. Ii-Coriolis mass flowmeters zibonelela ngokuchaneka kwangaphakathi okuhlala kufikelela kwi-±0.1% yesantya sokuhamba kobunzima bokwenyani, ezingachaphazeleki kukuguquguquka kokwakheka okanye ubushushu be-LNG. Ekubeni uxinano lwe-LNG lutshintsha ngeempawu zomzimba ezahlukeneyo, olu linganiso oluthe ngqo lobunzima lunceda ekunciphiseni iimpazamo zokuguqulwa ezikhoyo kwiindlela zobungakanani. Ii-Ultrasonic flowmeters, nangona zikwazi ukuchaneka kwe-±0.2% volumetric kwiimeko ezifanelekileyo, zixhomekeke ekulinganisweni koxinano lwangaphandle okanye uqikelelo, zizisa impazamo enokubakho ukuba iipropati ze-LNG zitshintsha ngokungalindelekanga ngexesha lokudluliselwa. Oku kwenza izixhobo zeCoriolis zikhethwe ekudluliseleni i-conservation echanekileyo kakhulu, ngakumbi kwizicelo apho kufuneka i-direct mass metering kwaye ubungakanani bomgca buncinci ukuya kophakathi.
Iimfuneko zokufakelwa kunye nokusebenza zibonelela ngokwahluka okungakumbi. Iimitha zeCoriolis zifuna inkxaso eqinileyo yoomatshini kunye nokufakelwa kobushushu okusebenzayo ngenxa yobunzima bazo kunye novakalelo kwi-thermal cycling—izinto eziqwalaselwayo eziqina phantsi kokuphathwa kwe-cryogenic LNG. Zizisa ukwehla okukhulu koxinzelelo njengoko ububanzi bepayipi bunyuka, zinciphisa ukusebenza kwazo kwiipayipi ezinkulu. Iimitha ze-Ultrasonic, ngokoyilo, zibonelela ngokulahleka okuncinci koxinzelelo, zilinganisa kakuhle kwiipayipi ezinkulu ukuya kuthi ga kwi-intshi ezingamashumi amane anesibhozo, kwaye zibonelela ngeendlela ezilula zokulungisa ngenxa yoqwalaselo olungangeneleliyo okanye olubambekayo. Ukungabikho kwazo kwiindawo ezihambayo kunye nenkonzo ethe ngqo emgceni kukwanomtsalane kubaqhubi be-LNG abalawula iinethiwekhi ezinkulu ze-cryogenic.
Iinkcukacha zobugcisa eziphambili kufuneka zivavanywe kuzo zombini ezi teknoloji:
Ukuchaneka:Iimitha zeCoriolis zibonelela ngokuchaneka okuphezulu kokuhamba kobunzima, okufuneka rhoqo ekudlulisweni kokugqibela kokugcinwa. Iiyunithi ze-Ultrasonic zibonelela ngokuchaneka okuphawulekayo kokuhamba komthamo kodwa zifuna imbuyekezo engqongqo yotshintsho lokwakheka xa zisetyenziselwa ukubala ubunzima.
Ukulinganisa:Zombini ezi ntlobo zeemitha zifuna iindlela ezichanekileyo zokulinganisa. Kwinkonzo ye-cryogenic LNG, oku kubandakanya ukuphindaphinda iimeko zokusebenza ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kokulinganisa kuyo yonke imijikelo yobushushu kunye noxinzelelo.
Ukuthembeka:Iimitha zeCoriolis zaziwa ngokusebenza kakuhle kwiintlobo ngeentlobo ze-LNG kunye noxinzelelo. Iimitha ze-Ultrasonic, nangona zingamelani nokuguguleka koomatshini, kufuneka zihlolwe rhoqo ukuze zibone ukuba isignali iyawohloka ngenxa yokufuma okanye ii-transducers ezibuthathaka.
Uxilongo:Imisebenzi yokuxilongwa ephucukileyo iyafumaneka kuzo zombini iindidi zeemitha. Iimitha zeCoriolis zisenokungazijongi ngokwazo uzinzo kunye nempilo yetyhubhu, ngelixa izixhobo ze-ultrasonic zilandelela amandla esignali, ukuthembeka kwendlela ye-acoustic, kunye nokungahambi kakuhle kweprofayili yokuhamba.
Ukuguquguquka koHlanganiso:Zombini ezi ntlobo zinokuchazwa ngeziphumo zonxibelelwano ezisemgangathweni ukuze zidityaniswe neenkqubo zolawulo lwebhodi yenqanawa okanye isiphelo sendlela. Nangona kunjalo, imida yoyilo kunye nofakelo—njengobunzima bemitha, iimfuno zendawo, okanye iimfuno zobushushu—zinokuchaphazela ukufaneleka kweziseko zolawulo lwepetroli ezidala.
Inkqubo yokufumana i-Coriolis mass flowmeter ye-LNG, efana nokudluliselwa kwe-high-throughput storage transfer kwizikhululo zokugcwalisa i-LNG, ifuna indlela ecwangcisiweyo. Khangela abavelisi kunye nababoneleli be-Coriolis mass flowmeter abanerekhodi eqinisekisiweyo kwi-LNG okanye kwezinye izicelo ze-cryogenic fluid. Vavanya ipotifoliyo yabo ukuze ufumane iireferensi ezithile kwitekhnoloji yokugcwalisa i-LNG, uqinisekise ukuthotyelwa kweenkqubo ezifanelekileyo zokudlulisa i-storage, kunye nokukwazi okuqhubekayo kwenkxaso yobugcisa. Ukuhlolwa kobunzima bokuvelisa kwabo, izibonelelo zokulinganisa inkonzo ye-cryogenic, kunye nokuphendula kwiimfuno zenkonzo yasentsimini kubalulekile kwimpumelelo yokusebenza kwexesha elide.
Ekukhetheni nasekufanelekeni komboneleli, beka phambili ukuthembeka okubonakalayo kofakelo kwiitheminali ze-LNG, amaxwebhu acacileyo kwidatha yokusebenza kumaqondo obushushu aphantsi, kunye nenkonzo eqinileyo emva kokuthengisa. Ukuthembeka komboneleli wakho kuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukuthembeka kokulinganisa kunye nempumelelo yemisebenzi yokudluliselwa kokugcinwa kwe-LNG. Qinisekisa ukuba unerekhodi yokusebenza egqwesileyo kunye nokuziqhelanisa nobuchwepheshe ukuqinisekisa ukuba izixhobo zakho zokulinganisa zigcina umlinganiselo wokuhamba kobunzima obuthembekileyo kulo lonke ixesha lobomi besiseko sakho se-LNG.
Ukwandisa iingenelo: iingenelo zokusebenza kunye nokusingqongileyo
Ukusebenzisa izixhobo zokulinganisa ukuhamba kobunzima ngokuchaneka okuphezulu, ngakumbi ii-Coriolis mass flowmeters, kunika iingenelo ezibonakalayo zokusebenza kunye nokusingqongileyo kwizikhululo zokuzalisa i-LNG, imitha yokudlulisa i-LNG, kunye nokuphathwa kwe-cryogenic fuel. Ezi nzuzo zivela ekuhambeni kobunzima ngokuchanekileyo, uxinano, kunye nokulinganisa ubushushu, okuvumela ulawulo lwenkqubo oluphuculweyo kunye nokubalwa kokukhutshwa komoya okuthembekileyo.
Ukunciphisa Ukukhutshwa Kwegesi kunye Nokulahlekelwa
Iimitha zokuhamba kobunzima beCoriolis ezichanekileyo kakhulu zibonakalise ukuba zibalulekile ekunciphiseni ukukhutshwa komoya kunye nokulahleka kwemveliso kulo lonke uthotho lokubonelela nge-LNG. Ukungaqiniseki kwazo okwandisiweyo kokulinganisa—okudla ngokuba phantsi njenge-0.50% kwizicelo ze-LNG—kuthetha ukuba igesi engabalwanga kangako ngexesha lokudluliselwa, ukulayisha, kunye nokufaka ipetroli. Ngokulinganisa ngokuchanekileyo utshintsho olulinganayo lwe-microflow kunye nokufumanisa utshintsho oluncinci lobunzima, ezi zixhobo zixhasa ukuchongwa ngokukhawuleza kokuvuza, zisuse ilahleko ezingabonwanga, kwaye zinciphise umda wempazamo kwiingxelo zokukhutshwa komoya. Olu buchule lubalulekile ekulawuleni igesi ebilayo (i-BOG): idatha echanekileyo yokuhamba komoya inceda abaqhubi ukubamba, ukulinganisa, kunye nokwenza imali nge-BOG endaweni yokuyikhupha, ukunciphisa ngokuthe ngqo ukukhutshwa kwegesi eluhlaza kunye nokuphucula ukubalwa kwekhabhoni.
Ukwanda kweNzuzo kunye nokuZinza
Ukulinganisa okulungiselelweyo kuchaphazela inzuzo ngokuqinisekisa ukuba ikhilogram nganye ye-LNG ilandelwa ngokuchanekileyo ngexesha lokudluliselwa nokuthengiswa, ukunciphisa iingxabano zemali, kunye nokuxhasa urhwebo olufanelekileyo. Kwiteknoloji yokugcwalisa i-LNG kunye neenkqubo zokugcwalisa i-cryogenic, iinkqubo zokulinganisa ukugcinwa ezithembekileyo ezisekelwe kwiCoriolis okanye umlinganiselo wokuhamba kwe-ultrasonic ophambili zibonelela ngeziphumo ezinokulandeleka nezinokuphicothwa. Olu lawulo luqinileyo kwimpahla aluxhasi nje kuphela ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho kodwa lukwavumela abaqhubi ukuba babone ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwaye baphucule isivuno senkqubo.
Uzinzo luphuculiwe: umlinganiselo wokuhamba kobunzima obuphambili unciphisa inkunkuma kulo lonke ixesha lobomi bepetroli, unciphisa ukukhutshwa kwe-methane ebalekayo kunye ne-CO₂, kwaye kwenza kube lula ukunika ingxelo ethembekileyo kwizakhelo zokuzithandela nezolawulo. Ukukwazi ukujonga uxinano kunye ne-viscosity ngexesha langempela (ngezixhobo ezifana ne-inline density kunye ne-viscosity metres ezivela eLonnmeter) kwandisa ukuqonda kwenkqubo, okuvumela uhlengahlengiso oluya kwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwamandla kunye nokunciphisa impembelelo yokusingqongileyo.
Ukuchaneka Okuphezulu: Iingenelo Ezithe Ngqo
Ukuchaneka okuphezulu kokulinganisa kukhokelela ngokuthe ngqo ekusebenzeni kakuhle kwenkqubo kunye nomgangatho ophantsi wokusingqongileyo. Ukuphathwa kwamafutha acwebezelayo kunye nokudluliselwa kokugcinwa kwe-LNG, iimitha zeCoriolis zanamhlanje azifuni ukuqhutywa kwepayipi ngokuthe ngqo kunye nemida yokufakelwa kwesibambo, ukuqinisekisa ukuchaneka nokuba kwiindawo ezincinci, ezifakelwe ngokutsha. Ngokulungiswa okuqinileyo kunye nokuqinisekiswa okulandelekayo, ukungaqiniseki kokulinganisa kuncitshiswa—nokuba phantsi koxinzelelo lobushushu obuphantsi, uxinzelelo oluphezulu, okanye ukwakheka kwegesi okwahlukeneyo.
Iimitha zeLonnmeter zoxinano oluphakathi kunye ne-viscosity zidlala indima exhasayo, zibonelela ngedatha yepropati yolwelo ngexesha langempela ehambelana nedatha yokulinganisa isantya sokuhamba kobunzima. Le suite yokulinganisa epheleleyo ivumela abaqhubi ukuba bahlengahlengise iinkqubo ngexesha langempela ukugcina umgangatho wemveliso, ukwandisa ukukhutshwa kwayo, kunye nokuthobela imida yokuqinisa ukukhutshwa komoya.
Ngamafutshane, ukusebenzisa izixhobo zokulinganisa ukuhamba kobunzima obuchanekileyo kakhulu kuguqula imisebenzi ye-LNG, kuphucula inzuzo kunye nokuzinza ngokubeka esweni ngokuchanekileyo, ukuthintela ilahleko, kunye nokunciphisa ukukhutshwa komoya. Ukuhlanganiswa nokulinganisa uxinano kunye ne-viscosity kuqinisa ngakumbi iziphumo zokusingqongileyo kunye nokusebenza, ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zanamhlanje zolawulo lwe-LNG oluchanekileyo, olucacileyo, nolunoxanduva.
Imibuzo Ebuzwa Rhoqo (Ii-FAQ)
Ziziphi iingenelo eziphambili zokusebenzisa i-Coriolis mass flowmeter kwizicelo ze-LNG?
Iimitha zokuhamba kobunzima beCoriolis zibonelela ngomlinganiselo wokuhamba kobunzima ngqo, nto leyo ibalulekileyo ekudluliseleni ukugcinwa kwegesi yendalo enyibilikisiweyo (LNG), njengoko izivumelwano zihlala zisekelwe kubunzima endaweni yomthamo. Oku kususa iimpazamo ezivela kubuninzi be-LNG obuguquguqukayo kwaye kunciphisa isidingo sokuguqulwa komthamo ukuya kubunzima obunzima. Inzuzo yolu mlinganiselo ngqo kukuchaneka okuphezulu, okuhlala kungcono kune-±0.1%, okukhokelela kwizivumelwano zemali ezichanekileyo kunye nokucaca okuphuculweyo kwentengiselwano.
Ezi flowmeter zisebenza ngokuthembekileyo kumaqondo obushushu agqithisileyo kwaye ziqinile kwiimeko ezinzima zokusingqongileyo zobuchwepheshe bokugcwalisa i-LNG kunye nokuphathwa kwe-cryogenic fuel. Ngaphandle kwezixhobo zokuhamba ngoomatshini, iimitha zeCoriolis zifuna ulondolozo oluncinci, ukunciphisa ixesha lokungasebenzi kunye neendleko zizonke zobunini. Ukukwazi ukulinganisa ukuhamba kobunzima, uxinano, kunye nobushushu ngaxeshanye kuvumela ukubalwa kweeparamitha ezifana nomxholo wamandla kunye nexabiso le-calorific elicocekileyo, ngqo ngaphakathi kwe-flowmeter ngokwayo.
Enye inzuzo kukuzinza kwiimeko zenkqubo ezitshintshayo, ezifana noxinzelelo olutshintshayo, ubushushu, okanye ukubakho kwezigaba ezixutyiweyo zolwelo kunye nomphunga—ezixhaphakileyo kwizikhululo zokuzalisa i-LNG kunye neenkqubo zokuzalisa i-cryogenic. Iimitha zeCoriolis nazo ziyaqatshelwa ziibhodi ezilawulayo zamazwe ngamazwe ngokusebenza kwazo kwizicelo zokudluliselwa kokugcinwa.
Isebenza njani i-ultrasonic flowmeter kwimisebenzi yokugcwalisa i-cryogenic?
Ii-ultrasonic flowmeters zilungele ukuhamba kwe-LNG okunamandla aphezulu, zigqwesa kwiimeko apho ukulahleka koxinzelelo oluphantsi kunye nokugcinwa okuncitshisiweyo kubalulekile. Ekubeni zisebenzisa amaza e-ultrasound ukulinganisa isantya sokuhamba, akukho kuxinana okanye ukuvaleka kumbhobho, okugcina ukuthembeka kwenkqubo kwiindawo ezi-cryogenic. Ukusebenza kuyahambelana kumazinga okuhamba ahlukeneyo, kwaye uyilo alunakumelana nokuguguleka kuba akukho zinto zishukumayo ezimanzi. Le teknoloji ikhethwayo yokujonga inkqubo eqhubekayo kunye nokulinganisa ukuhamba kokudluliselwa kokugcinwa, apho ukuqinisekiswa kokuthembeka kwedatha kunye nokuphindaphinda kubalulekile.
Enyanisweni, ii-ultrasonic flowmeters zixhasa ukulinganiswa kokugcinwa kwe-LNG ngokuphatha ububanzi obukhulu bepayipi kunye nemida encinci yokufakela, nto leyo eyenza ukuba zilungelelaniswe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zoyilo kunye neemeko zokulungiswa kwakhona kwizikhululo zokuzalisa i-LNG.
Isitishi sokuzalisa i-LNG singayilawula njani igesi ebilayo ngokufanelekileyo?
Ulawulo olufanelekileyo lwegesi ebilayo (i-BOG) lubalulekile ekusebenzeni koqoqosho kunye nokuthobela imiqathango yokusingqongileyo kwizikhululo zokuzalisa i-LNG. Amaqhinga aquka ukudibanisa iinkqubo zokuguqula i-BOG ezicinezela kwaye zisebenzise kwakhona igesi yendalo, endaweni yokuyikhupha okanye ukuyitshisa. Izixhobo zokulinganisa ukuhamba kobunzima obuchanekileyo, ezifana neCoriolis kunye ne-ultrasonic flowmeters, zibalulekile ukujonga ubungakanani be-BOG kunye nokulandelela ilahleko kuyo yonke inkqubo.
Ukusebenzisa umlinganiselo ochanekileyo wokuhamba kobunzima kuvumela ukubonwa ngokukhawuleza kokungasebenzi kakuhle okanye ukuvuza, nto leyo enceda ekunciphiseni ilahleko iyonke kunye nokukhutshwa kwegesi ezibangela ubushushu. Ulawulo oluzenzekelayo olusekelwe kwidatha yokulinganisa ngexesha langempela lunokubangela iimpendulo kwiimeko zokusebenza ezitshintshayo, lugcine ukukhutshwa komoya kunye nokulahleka kwemveliso kuncinci.
Yintoni endifanele ndiyiqwalasele xa ndikhetha umthengisi we-coriolis mass flowmeter okanye umzi-mveliso we-LNG?
Beka phambili abathengisi kunye nabavelisi be-coriolis mass flowmeter abanamava aqinisekisiweyo kwizicelo ze-cryogenic kunye ne-LNG. Kufuneka babonise ubuchule bobuchwephesha, iinkqubo zokulinganisa eziqinileyo, kunye nerekhodi yokuhambisa ii-mass flowmeters ngokuchanekileyo okuphezulu, uzinzo, kunye nokuphindaphinda phantsi kweemeko ezinzima. Vavanya ukuzimisela kwabo kunye nokukwazi kwabo ukubonelela ngenkxaso yobugcisa yokufakelwa, ukuhlanganiswa kwenkqubo, kunye nokuqinisekiswa okuqhubekayo kokulinganisa.
Qinisekisa ukuba iimitha zabo ziyahlangabezana nemigangatho efanelekileyo yolawulo kunye nemigangatho yoshishino yokudluliselwa kokugcinwa kwe-LNG. Kucetyiswa ukuba kuhlolwe iireferensi ezivela kwizikhululo zokuzalisa i-LNG malunga nokusebenza kunye nokuthembeka, kunye nokuqinisekisa amaxwebhu acacileyo kwisixhobo ngasinye.
Kutheni ukulinganiswa kokudluliselwa kokugcinwa kwabantu kubalulekile ekuzaliseni i-LNG?
Ukulinganisa ukudluliselwa kwe-custody yintsika ephambili ekuzaliseni i-LNG, ukuqinisekisa ukuba iintengiselwano zemali phakathi komthengisi kunye nomthengi zichanekile kwaye zikhuselekile ngokomthetho. Ekubeni ixabiso le-LNG liphezulu, nokuba zincinci izinto ezingachanekanga zinokubangela impembelelo enkulu kwezoqoqosho. Ii-flowmeter ezifana nee-flowmeters ze-coriolis mass ezichanekileyo kakhulu kunye nee-ultrasonic flowmeters zibonelela ngedatha eqinisekisiweyo yokudluliselwa ngakunye, zinciphisa iingxabano kwaye ziqinisekisa ukuba isikhululo silandela imigaqo.
Ukulinganiswa ngokuchanekileyo kokudluliselwa kokugcinwa kuxhasa iirekhodi ezicacileyo neziphicothwayo, kunciphisa amathuba okuba kubekho iimpazamo okanye ubuqhetseba. Kubonelela ngesiqinisekiso sokuba onke amaqela ayafumana okanye anikezela ngesixa semveliso esivunyelwene ngaso.
Ukulinganiswa kokuhamba kobunzima kuphucula njani uzinzo lweenkqubo zokuzalisa i-LNG?
Ngokusebenzisa izixhobo zokulinganisa ukuhamba kobunzima obuphambili, izitishi zokugcwalisa i-LNG zinokunciphisa kakhulu inkunkuma yamandla ngokuphucula ukuzaliswa, ukugcinwa, kunye nokudluliselwa kwe-LNG. Ukubeka iliso ngokuchanekileyo nangexesha langempela kuqinisekisa ukuba ukudluliselwa ngakunye kwenziwa ngcono, kunciphisa ilahleko kunye nokukhutshwa komoya okubalekayo. Ukulinganisa ngokuchanekileyo kubalulekile ekuphathweni kakuhle kwe-cryogenic fuel; kuvumela abaqhubi ukuba balungise iinkqubo zokusebenza kakuhle kwaye bahambelane neethagethi zokukhutshwa komoya, ukuphucula uzinzo kulo lonke uthotho lwexabiso lwe-LNG.
Ukulinganiswa kobuninzi bokuhamba kwamanzi kukwavumela ukulandelelwa okungcono kokusetyenziswa kunye nelahleko, kuxhasa amanyathelo okuthobela imithetho kunye nokuphuculwa kokusebenza okujolise ekunciphiseni umngcipheko wokusingqongileyo.
Ngaba izixhobo zokulinganisa isantya sokuhamba kobunzima zithembekile phantsi kweemeko ezinzima kakhulu ezibangela ukurhawuzelelwa?
Izixhobo zokulinganisa isantya sokuhamba kobunzima beCoriolis kunye ne-ultrasonic zenzelwe ukusebenza phantsi kobushushu obufunekayo be-cryogenic kunye noxinzelelo olufumaneka kwizicelo ze-LNG. Izixhobo zokwakha kunye noyilo lwe-sensor zikhethwa ukuthintela ukuqhekeka kunye nokushukuma kokulinganisa kubushushu be-cryogenic.
Amandla okulinganisa rhoqo kunye nokuchonga anceda ukugcina ukuchaneka kunye nokuphindaphinda, nokuba kukho utshintsho lobushushu, ukungcangcazela, okanye iindlela zokuhamba ezahlukeneyo eziqhelekileyo kwiinkqubo ze-LNG. Ukuthembeka okuqinisekisiweyo kwitekhnoloji yokugcwalisa i-LNG, njengoko kubhaliwe kwiindawo ezinkulu zokusasazwa, kugxininisa indima yabo njengezisombululo ezikhethwayo zokulinganisa ukuhamba kobunzima kwiindawo ezixineneyo.
Iitshathi ezingezantsi zibonisa ukuchaneka komlinganiselo oqhelekileyo njengomsebenzi wobushushu kwiCoriolis nakwi-ultrasonic flowmeters kwizicelo ze-LNG:
Olu lungelelwaniso lubalulekile kulawulo lwenkqubo, ukulandelela ukukhutshwa komoya ongcolileyo, kunye nezivumelwano zemali kwicandelo le-cryogenic fuel.
Ixesha leposi: Disemba-23-2025
