Inkqubo ye-cumene ilawula imveliso ye-phenol-acetone yehlabathi, kodwa iimpendulo zayo ezintsonkothileyo kunye namanyathelo okunyibilikisa afuna ukujongwa ngokuchanekileyo ngexesha langempela. Ukulinganiswa koxinano oluphakathi akunakuxoxiswana ngako apha: ilandelela ngoko nangoko ukwakheka kolwelo kwimijelo yolwahlulo olungcolileyo, ukucocwa kwe-acetone, kunye namanqanaba okucoca i-phenol, ivumela ukubonwa ngokukhawuleza kotshintsho lokungcola okanye ukungaqheleki kwenkqubo. Olu lwazi lukhokela ngokuthe ngqo utshintsho lweeparameter zokunyibilikisa, luqinisekisa ukuba ubunyulu bemveliso buhlangabezana nemigangatho yemizi-mveliso, kwaye lunciphisa iingozi zokhuseleko ezifana nokucola kwe-tower okanye ukubola kwe-hydroperoxide okungazinziyo—ukugcwalisa umsantsa ongenakulungiswa yisampuli engaxhunyiwe kwi-intanethi, kunye nokulibaziseka kwayo kunye neengozi zokutyibilika.
Isishwankathelo seNkqubo yeCumene yokuveliswa kwePhenol kunye neAcetone
Inkqubo yokuvelisa i-cumene, eyaziwa ngokuba yinkqubo ye-Hock, yindlela ephambili yemizi-mveliso yokwenza i-phenol kunye ne-acetone evela kwi-benzene kunye ne-propylene. Inezigaba ezintathu eziphambili: i-alkylation ye-benzene ukwenza i-cumene, i-oxidation ye-cumene kwi-cumene hydroperoxide, kunye nokubola kwe-acid-catalyzed yale hydroperoxide ukuvelisa i-phenol kunye ne-acetone.
Ekuqaleni, i-benzene isabela kunye ne-propylene phantsi kweemeko ze-asidi—ezidla ngokusebenzisa ii-catalysts ze-zeolite zanamhlanje—ukuze zenze i-cumene. Ukukhetha kubalulekile kweli nqanaba; iiparameter zenkqubo ezifana nobushushu kunye ne-benzene-to-propylene ratios zilawulwa ngokuqinileyo ukuze kuthintelwe i-polyalkylation engafunekiyo. Ukukhetha okuphezulu kwee-catalysts zanamhlanje kunciphisa inkunkuma kwaye kunciphisa impembelelo yokusingqongileyo, into ephambili ekuqwalaselweni kwimeko-bume yanamhlanje yokulawula.
Isityalo saseCumene
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Ukunyibilika kwe-cumene kwenziwa ngomoya, kuvelisa i-cumene hydroperoxide ngokusebenzisa i-radical chain reaction. Le intermediate ibalulekile kwinkqubo kodwa ingenisa iingozi ezinkulu zokusebenza. I-Cumene hydroperoxide ithambekele ekuboleni kwe-exothermic kunye nokunokuqhushumba phantsi kolawulo lobushushu obungaphantsi komgangatho, ngaloo ndlela ifuna ukhuseleko oluqinileyo lobunjineli kuzo zonke iindawo zokugcina kunye nezokuphendulwa.
Emva koko i-hydroperoxide idlula kwi-acid-catalyzed cleavage—ehlala incediswa yi-sulfuric acid—ekhokelela ekuvelisweni ngaxeshanye kwe-phenol kunye ne-acetone kumlinganiselo we-molar omiselweyo we-1:1. Lo mlinganiselo uchaza i-economic symbiosis yale nkqubo, njengoko ukuguquguquka kwemfuno okanye ixabiso lemarike lemveliso enye kuchaphazela ukusebenza komnye. I-Phenol kunye ne-acetone ziveliswa kunye kwizigidi zeetoni ngonyaka, kunye nenkqubo ye-cumene ebalelwa malunga ne-95% yemveliso ye-phenol yehlabathi ukusukela ngo-2023. Iimveliso ezingezizo, ezifana ne-alpha-methylstyrene, ziphinda zisetyenziswe kwakhona kwinkqubo, nto leyo ephucula ngakumbi ukusebenza kakuhle kwezinto.
Ukukhethwa kwe-cumene hydroperoxide njengeyona nto iphambili phakathi kwayo kubumba zombini i-process chemistry kunye neziseko. Ukubola kwayo okulawulwayo kubalulekile kwimveliso ephezulu kunye nokuthembeka kwenkqubo. Ii-catalysts zokubola kwe-Hydroperoxide kunye noyilo lwe-reactor olulungisiweyo ziye zaphucula amazinga okuguqulwa ngelixa zicinezela iimpendulo ezinobungozi. Ukusebenza kweekholamu zokucocwa kwe-crude kunye neeyunithi zokucoca i-acetone kubonisa ngakumbi ubuchule beendlela zokucocwa kwe-industrial ezidityaniswe ngezantsi kwe-primary reaction loop. Ezi zahlulo zilawulwa luyilo oluqinileyo lweekholamu zokucocwa kwe-distillation kunye namaqhinga okusebenza ukuxhasa iinkqubo zokucocwa kwe-ketone ezihlangabezana nemigaqo yenqanaba lemveliso.
Inkqubo ye-cumene inemingeni emininzi yokusebenza kunye nokhuseleko eyahlukileyo kwikhemistri yayo. Phakathi kwezi kukho ulawulo oluchanekileyo lweempendulo eziguqukayo, ukuthintela ukuqokelelwa kwe-hydroperoxide, kunye nokuthintela ukukhutshwa okutshayo okanye okunobuthi ngaphakathi kwemida yokusingqongileyo ehambelanayo. Ukufakelwa kwemizi-mveliso kufuna ii-reactors ezikhethekileyo, ukujonga okuphambili, kunye neenkqubo ezingxamisekileyo ngenxa yendalo enobungozi ye-cumene hydroperoxide kunye nokutsha okuphezulu kwemilambo yenkqubo. Nokuba kukho uyilo lwanamhlanje lokuqinisa nokulawula, iprofayili yomngcipheko ifuna ukujongwa okuqhubekayo, uqeqesho lwabaqhubi, kunye nohlalutyo olupheleleyo lokhuseleko lwenkqubo.
Nangona uphando oluqhubekayo malunga neendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuvelisa i-phenol, ubuchule benkqubo ye-cumene bokuvelisa i-phenol kunye ne-acetone ecocekileyo kakhulu kunye neenkqubo ezihlanganisiweyo zokucoca kunye nokubuyisela i-acetone buqinisekisa indima yayo njengomgangatho weshishini. Ukusebenzisana kwayo kwemarike, ikhemistri, kunye nobunjineli beenkqubo kubumba imarike yehlabathi ye-phenol kunye ne-acetone ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje.
Indlela kunye noLawulo lokubola kweCumene Hydroperoxide
IiKinetics kunye neendlela zokubola kobushushu
I-Cumene hydroperoxide (CHP) ingundoqo kwinkqubo yokuvelisa i-phenol-acetone. Ukubola kwayo kuxhasa ukuguqulwa kwe-cumene ibe yi-phenol kunye ne-acetone, iikhemikhali ezimbini zoshishino ezifunwa kakhulu. Indlela yokubola iqala ngokuqhekeka kwe-homolytic kwe-O-O bond kwi-CHP, ivelisa ii-cumyloxy radicals. Ezi radicals zikhawuleza zidlule kwi-β-scission, zivelise i-acetone kunye ne-phenol, iimveliso ezicetywayo zenkqubo ye-cumene.
Ii-kinetics ze-reaction ziyinkimbinkimbi kwaye ziyahluka kwindlela elula yokwenza i-first order. Ii-calorimetry ze-scanning ezihlukeneyo (i-DSC) kunye neemodeli ze-kinetic ezihlanganisiweyo (i-Flynn-Wall-Ozawa kunye ne-Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose) zityhila amandla aphakathi okusebenza angama-~122 kJ/mol, kunye ne-reaction order ekufutshane ne-0.5, ebonisa inkqubo ye-mixed-order. Indlela ibandakanya ii-chain reactions ezibandakanya i-cumyl peroxy kunye ne-cumyloxy radicals, ezinokusabela ngakumbi ukuvelisa iimveliso ezifana ne-acetophenone, i-α-methylstyrene, kunye ne-methane.
Iimeko zokusebenza, kuquka ubushushu, uxinzelelo, kunye noxinzelelo lwe-CHP, zibumba ukukhethwa kunye nokuveliswa kwemveliso ye-acetone kunye ne-phenol. Amaqondo obushushu aphezulu akhawulezisa ukuqaliswa okunamandla, okwandisa izinga lokuguqulwa ngokubanzi kodwa anokunciphisa ukukhethwa ngokukhetha iimpendulo ezichaseneyo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, uxinzelelo oluphakathi kunye noxinzelelo oluphezulu lwe-CHP lukhuthaza ukwakheka kwe-phenol kunye ne-acetone ngelixa kunciphisa ukuveliswa kwemveliso. Ukuqina kwenkqubo—ukusebenzisa ulawulo oluchanekileyo lobushushu—kusahlala kuyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokwenziwa kwe-phenol kunye ne-acetone ekhuselekileyo, enemveliso ephezulu, kunye nokubeka esweni ngexesha langempela ngeemitha zoxinano olungaphakathi, ezifana nezo ziveliswe yiLonnmeter, ukubonelela ngempendulo yenkqubo ethembekileyo kuyo yonke inkqubo yokwenziwa kwe-cumene.
IiCatalysts kunye nokuzinza kweekhemikhali
Ukubola kwe-catalytic kubonakalisa ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokhuseleko lwenkqubo ye-cumene. Ii-catalysts ezisisiseko ezifana ne-sodium hydroxide (NaOH) zinciphisa kakhulu ubushushu bokubola kokuqala kunye namandla okusebenza kwe-CHP, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuguqulweni okukhawulezayo kodwa kwanokwanda komngcipheko weempendulo ezibalekayo. Izinto ezine-asidi, kuquka i-sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄), nazo ziyakhawulezisa ukubola, nangona ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo ze-mechanistic, zihlala zitshintsha ubomi obuqhelekileyo kwaye zichaphazela umxube wemveliso kunye nokuxhaphaka kwemveliso elandela yona.
Ukukhethwa kwe-catalyst kuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo amazinga okuguqulwa, ukunciphisa iimveliso eziphumayo, kunye nokhuseleko lokusebenza. Kwimveliso ye-phenol kunye ne-acetone, izixa ezilawulwayo ze-NaOH zihlala zikhethwa kushishino, njengoko zikhuthaza ngokufanelekileyo ukubola kwe-CHP kwaye zenze kube lula ukukhetha okuphezulu kwiimveliso ezifunwayo. Nangona kunjalo, i-catalyst egqithisileyo inokukhuthaza ukusasazeka kwetyathanga elingalawulwayo, inyuse umngcipheko wokubaleka kobushushu kunye nokwakheka kwemveliso enokuba yingozi, njenge-α-methylstyrene kunye ne-acetophenone. Ukulinganisa i-catalyst ekhuselekileyo nehambelanayo, kunye nohlalutyo lwenkqubo oluchanekileyo, ke ngoko kubaluleke kakhulu ekubolekeni kwe-cumene hydroperoxide.
Ulawulo loKhuseleko ekuHlaziyweni
I-CHP ayizinzanga ngokobushushu kwaye ibeka umngcipheko omkhulu ngexesha lokuphathwa nokubola. Oku kuquka ukuba inokubangela ukusabela ngokukhawuleza kwe-exothermic, ukuthambekela ekubalekeni kwe-catalytic, kunye nobuthathaka kungcoliseko kunye neendawo ezishushu zasekuhlaleni. Ukuba ayilawulwa, ukubola kwe-CHP kunokukhokelela ekuqokeleleni koxinzelelo, ukuqhekeka kwezixhobo, kunye nokukhutshwa komoya okuyingozi.
Ukugcina uzinzo lwenkqubo kuxhomekeke kwiindlela ezininzi eziphambili. Izixhobo zokubeka esweni ezikwi-inline, ezifana neemitha zoxinano lwe-Lonnmeter, zibonelela ngeenkcukacha zexesha langempela kwiiprofayili zoxinzelelo kunye nemeko yobushushu benkqubo, ukuqinisekisa ukufunyanwa ngexesha elifanelekileyo kweemeko ezingaqhelekanga. Iinkqubo zenkqubo ezivaliweyo zithintela ukuvezwa kunye nongcoliseko. Ulawulo olucokisekileyo lwamaqondo obushushu okugcina i-CHP, ukusetyenziswa kwe-inert atmospheres (njenge-nitrogen), kunye nokuphepha i-catalyst overdose kunciphisa amathuba okusabela okubalekayo. Uvavanyo lwe-calorimetric predictive (ukusebenzisa i-adiabatic calorimetry) lusetyenziswa kakhulu ukuqikelela ukuqala kokubola phantsi kweemeko ezithile zenkqubo kunye nokulinganisa iinkqubo zongxamiseko.
Uyilo lwenkqubo lubandakanya iinkqubo zokwahlula kunye nokukhupha umoya ukulawula ukunyuka koxinzelelo, ngelixa abalawuli bobushushu kunye nezitshixo zokuvala zinciphisa amandla okutshisa kakhulu. Iimpendulo zokubola zihlala zenziwa phantsi kokuhamba okuqhubekekayo okulawulwayo, ngaphakathi kwee-reactors ezenzelwe ukususa ubushushu ngokukhawuleza. La manyathelo aqinisekisa ukuba ukubola kobushushu be-CHP—okubalulekileyo kwimveliso ye-acetone kunye ne-phenol—kuhlala kusebenza kakuhle kwaye kukhuselekile kwinkqubo yenkqubo ebanzi ye-cumene.
Ukuphuculwa kweNkqubo kwiNkqubo yoMveliso yaseCumene
Ukuphucula isivuno kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwamandla
Ukuhlanganiswa kobushushu yindlela esisiseko kwinkqubo yokuvelisa i-cumene yokwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle kobushushu. Ngokubuyisela kwakhona nangokusebenzisa kwakhona amandla obushushu avela kwimithombo yobushushu obuphezulu, izityalo zinokufudumeza ukutya kwangaphambili, zinciphise ukusetyenziswa kwezinto zangaphandle, kwaye zinciphise iindleko zokusebenza. Amaqhinga okudibanisa ubushushu anempembelelo kakhulu adla ngokubandakanya uyilo kunye nokwenza ngcono iinethiwekhi zokutshintsha ubushushu (ii-HEN), ezikhokelwa luhlalutyo lwe-pinch ukuze kulungelelaniswe ii-composite curves ezishushu nezibandayo ukuze kufumaneke ubushushu obuphezulu obunokubufumana. Umzekelo, ukulungelelanisa imisebenzi yobushushu be-reboiler kunye ne-condenser ngaphakathi kwecandelo le-distillation kunye ne-preheat kunokugcina amandla amaninzi kwaye kuncitshiswe ukukhutshwa kwegesi ye-greenhouse eveliswa yimveliso yomphunga. Izifundo zangoku zeshishini zibike ukunciphisa umbane ukuya kuthi ga kwi-25%, kunye neenzuzo ezithe ngqo kwiindleko zamandla kunye nokuthobela indalo.
Esinye isixhobo esibalulekileyo sokwenza ngcono kukusetyenzwa kwakhona kokutya. Kwinkqubo ye-cumene, ukuguqulwa okupheleleyo kwe-benzene kunye ne-propylene akufane kwenzeke kwi-reactor pass enye. Ngokusebenzisa kwakhona i-benzene kunye ne-cumene ezingaphendulwanga, le nkqubo yonyusa ukuguqulwa okusebenzayo kwe-reactant kwaye isebenzisa izixhobo ze-catalyst ngokufanelekileyo. Le ndlela ayinciphisi nje kuphela ilahleko yezinto eziluhlaza kodwa ikwanegalelo kwisivuno esiphezulu sesityalo. Uyilo olusebenzayo lwe-recycle loop lujonga ukunciphisa ukuhla koxinzelelo, ukujonga ukwakheka ngexesha langempela, kunye nokulinganisela ukuhamba kwamanzi ngokuchanekileyo. Ulawulo oluphuculweyo lwe-recycle lukwanciphisa umngcipheko wokungcola kwe-catalyst kwaye lwandisa ubomi bomjikelo we-catalyst, kunciphisa iindleko zokungasebenzi kunye neendleko zokutshintshwa kwe-catalyst.
Izixhobo zohlalutyo loxinzelelo ezifana ne-Aspen Plus kunye ne-MATLAB zivumela uvavanyo oluneenkcukacha lwe-thermodynamic kwicandelo ngalinye lesityalo. Izifundo ziqinisekisa ukuba ilahleko ezinkulu zoxinzelelo loxinzelelo—kwaye ngaloo ndlela amandla okuphucula—zikwiiyunithi zokucoca nokwahlula ezishushu kakhulu. Ngoko ke, ukujoliswa kwezi candelo okuqhutywa bubuninzi, okuqhutywa kukulinganisa, kujoliswa phambili xa kufunwa ukuphucula ukuhamba kwamandla kunye nokunciphisa ukungaguquki kwisityalo sonke.
Ukusebenza kweKholamu yeReactor kunye neDistillation
Ukuphucula ubungakanani kunye noyilo lwe-reactor kubalulekile ukulinganisela iindleko zemali kunye nokusebenza kakuhle. Umthamo we-reactor, ixesha lokuhlala, kunye nomthwalo we-catalyst kufuneka ulungiswe ukuqinisekisa ukuguqulwa okuphezulu kwe-single-pass ngaphandle kokubeka emngciphekweni ukwehla koxinzelelo okanye ukusetyenziswa kakhulu kwezixhobo. Umzekelo, ukwandisa ububanzi be-reactor kunokunciphisa ukwehla koxinzelelo kodwa kunokubangela ukuxubana okungasebenzi kakuhle, ngelixa ii-reactor ezinde ziphucula ukuguqulwa ukuya kwinqanaba lokunciphisa imbuyekezo ngenxa yemida yokulingana kwe-reaction kunye nokwakheka kwemveliso engasemva.
Kwikholamu yokunyibilikisa esezantsi, ngakumbi ukunyibilikisa okuluhlaza, ukulungiswa kokusebenza komlinganiselo we-reflux, indawo yokutya, isithuba setreyi, kunye noxinzelelo lwekholamu kwenza ukuba ukwahlulwa okubukhali kwe-cumene kwi-benzene engaphendulwanga, i-polyisopropylbenzene, kunye nezinye iimveliso ezidibeneyo kusebenze. Uqwalaselo olusebenzayo lokunyibilikisa alunyusi nje kuphela ukubuyiswa kwe-cumene kodwa lunciphisa umthwalo kwi-reboilers kunye ne-condenser, nto leyo eguqulela ngokuthe ngqo ekunciphiseni iindleko zamandla. Ukusetyenziswa ngobuchule kweedrowa ezisecaleni okanye uyilo lwe-split-feed kunokuphucula ukwahlulwa phakathi kwezinto ezibila ngokusondeleyo ezifana ne-acetone kunye ne-cumene, kuxhasa ukuveliswa kwe-phenol ephezulu kunye ne-acetone efunekayo kwimarike ye-phenol kunye ne-acetone.
Iprofayili yamandla ekholamu yokunyibilikisa emeleyo iboniswe ngezantsi, igxininisa ukungena kwamandla kwi-reboiler kunye nokuphuma kwi-condenser, kunye nee-loops ezidibeneyo zokubuyisela ubushushu ecaleni ezinciphisa imfuno iyonke kwizixhobo eziphambili zokufudumeza nokupholisa.
Uyilo olutsha kwiReactor Design
Amaqhinga okuqinisa inkqubo yakutshanje aguqula iteknoloji ye-cumene reactor. Ukusetyenziswa kweenkqubo ze-microbubble kunye ne-miniaturized reactor kwandisa unxibelelwano phakathi kwe-reactants, kufezekisa ukudluliselwa kobunzima ngokukhawuleza kunye nokukhetha okuphezulu. Ezi fomathi ze-reactor ezingaqhelekanga zinokusebenza ngamaxesha aphantsi okuhlala ngelixa zigcina okanye zidlula iithagethi zokuguqula, ngaloo ndlela zinciphisa amandla afunekayo ngeyunithi nganye yemveliso eyenziweyo.
Ii-microbubble reactors zibonelela ngolawulo olukhulu phezu kokunyuka kobushushu kwaye zinciphise ukwakheka kweemveliso ezinzima ezinokutyhefa ii-catalysts okanye zenze kube nzima ukwahlukana kwe-downstream. Oku kuphucula ukhuseleko—ngokunciphisa iindawo ezishushu kunye nokunyuka koxinzelelo—kwaye kunciphisa umngcipheko wokusingqongileyo ngokunciphisa ukukhutshwa komoya, ubushushu obumdaka, kunye nokusetyenziswa kakhulu kwe-feedstock. Ukongeza, ii-miniaturized reactors zivumela uyilo lwezityalo oluzimeleyo, oluguquguqukayo, olufikelelekayo ukuze luhambelane neemfuno zemarike eziguquguqukayo zemveliso ye-phenol kunye ne-acetone.
Ezi zinto zintsha ziseka umlinganiselo omtsha wokusebenza kakuhle kweereactor kunye nokuzinza kwenkqubo kwi-cumene oxidation kunye ne-hydroperoxide decomposition, ziphucula ukuveliswa kwe-phenol-acetone kunye nokuhlangabezana nemigangatho yobumsulwa bemveliso efunekayo kwiindlela zokucoca i-acetone kunye neenkqubo zokucoca i-ketone.
Ngokusebenzisa la maqhinga okwenza ngcono inkqubo, abavelisi banokufikelela kwibhalansi ephezulu phakathi kokusebenza kakuhle kwamandla, ukuveliswa kwezityalo, iinjongo zococeko, kunye nokuzinza ngaphandle kokubeka emngciphekweni imigangatho yokhuseleko engqongqo yenkqubo ye-cumene.
Ukucutshungulwa okusezantsi: Ukwahlulwa kwePhenol kunye neAcetone
Ukwahlula i-phenol kunye ne-acetone emva kokubola kwe-cumene hydroperoxide kufuna ulandelelwano oluqinileyo lwamanyathelo okucocwa nokuhlanjululwa. Ulawulo olufanelekileyo lwamandla kunye nokubuyiswa kwemveliso lubumba uyilo lwenkqubo kunye neendlela zokusebenza kwimveliso enkulu ye-phenol kunye ne-acetone.
Ulandelelwano loKwahlulwa kweMveliso
Icandelo elisezantsi liqala ngokunyanga imveliso ye-reactor eluhlaza, equlethe i-phenol, i-acetone, amanzi, i-α-methylstyrene, i-cumene, i-benzene, kunye nezinye iimveliso ezincinci. Xa uphuma kwi-reactor, umxube uyasuswa kwaye ukwahlukana kwesigaba kwenziwa ukuba kukho amanzi amaninzi.
Ingqwalasela yokuqala yokwahlulahlula kukususwa kwe-acetone. Ngenxa yokuba i-acetone ibila kancinci (56 °C), ihlala inyibilikiswa ngaphezulu kwezinye iindawo ze-organic ezibila kakhulu. Oku kufezekiswa kwikholamu ye-distillation ekrwada, apho i-acetone, amanzi, kunye nokungcola kokukhanya kuhamba ngaphezulu, kwaye i-phenol ene-compounds ezinzima zihlala njengemveliso esezantsi. I-acetone engaphezulu isenokuba namanzi kunye neempawu zezinye iziphelo zokukhanya, ngoko ke inokomiswa kwaye icocwe emva koko—nge-azeotropic okanye i-extractive distillation ukuba kufuneka ubumsulwa obukhulu kakhulu—nangona i-distillation eqhelekileyo yanele kwimisebenzi emininzi yorhwebo.
Intsalela etyebileyo yephenol ihlanjululwa ngakumbi ngokulandelelana kweekholamu zokunyibilikisa. Eyokuqala isusa iziphelo zokukhanya ezifana ne-acetone eseleyo, i-benzene, kunye neegesi ezinyibilikisiweyo. Ikholamu elandelayo yephenol ibonelela ngokwahlulahlula okuphambili, ivelisa i-phenol ecocekileyo kwaye yahlukanise iimveliso ezibila kakhulu ezantsi kwikholamu. Kwiindlela ezininzi zoyilo, iimveliso ezixabisekileyo ezifana ne-α-methylstyrene nazo ziyafunyanwa ngokutsalwa ecaleni okanye amanyathelo alandelayo okunyibilikisa. Ezi kholamu zisebenza ngoxinzelelo olubaliweyo kunye neeshedyuli zobushushu ukuze kwandiswe ukusebenza kakuhle kokuhlukana kunye nokunciphisa ilahleko yemveliso.
Ikholamu yokunyibilikisa kunye nokusebenza kwekholamu yokunyibilikisa ekrwada
Iikholamu zokunyibilikisa zibalulekile ekucoceni i-acetone kunye ne-phenol. Uyilo kunye nokusebenza kwazo kuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ubunyulu, isivuno, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla kwinkqubo yokuvelisa i-cumene.
Ukususa i-acetone, ikholamu ye-distillation ekrwada kufuneka inikezele ngokusebenza kakuhle kokwahlulwahlulwa ngenxa yomahluko phakathi kwe-acetone kunye ne-phenol. Iikholamu ezinde ezineetreyi ezisebenzayo okanye ukupakisha okuphezulu kuyasetyenziswa. Ukuhlanganiswa kwamandla kubalulekile; ubushushu obuvela kumphunga ongaphezulu bunokufudumala kwangaphambili okanye bubuyiselwe kwiisekethe ze-reboiler, nto leyo enciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla apheleleyo njengoko kungqinwa zizifundo zokulinganisa inkqubo ezixela ukuncipha kwe-15% kukusetyenziswa kwamandla athile emva kokusebenzisa ukuhlanganiswa kobushushu kwizityalo ezinkulu ([Inkqubela phambili yoBunjineli beKhemikhali, 2022]).
Imingeni yokusebenza ibandakanya ukwakheka kwe-azeotrope, ikakhulu phakathi kwe-acetone namanzi. Nangona oku kunokubangela ukwahlukana ngokupheleleyo, ukuguquguquka okuqhelekileyo kwizikali zoshishino kudla ngokuthanda ukulungiswa okuqhelekileyo. Ulawulo loxinzelelo lubalulekile ukuze kuthintelwe ukulahleka komphunga we-acetone kunye nokugcina amandla okuqhuba e-thermodynamic. Ulawulo oluchanekileyo lobushushu phezulu nasezantsi luqinisekisa ukuba izinto ezijoliswe kuzo ziyafezekiswa ngaphandle kokuwohloka kobushushu.
I-Phenol distillation ijongene nemida yayo. Iqondo eliphezulu lokubila kwe-Phenol kunye nokuchaphazeleka kwayo yi-oxidation kuthetha ukuba ii-internal zekholamu kufuneka zimelane nokugqwala, zihlala zisebenzisa ii-alloys ezikhethekileyo. Uxinzelelo lwekholamu luhlengahlengiswa ukuze lulinganisele iindleko zamandla kwaye lunciphise umngcipheko wokubola. Iimveliso ezichaphazeleka yi-thermal polymerization, ezifana ne-α-methylstyrene, zisuswa ngokukhawuleza kwaye zipholiswe ukuze kuthintelwe iimpembelelo ezingalindelekanga.
Ulawulo lweenkqubo oluntsonkothileyo kunye nezixhobo zokulinganisa ezikwimigca ethe tyaba—ezifana ne-Lonnmeter inline density kunye ne-viscosity metres—zisetyenziswa rhoqo ukulungisa ukusebenza kweekholamu, ukuqinisekisa ukuba iithagethi zococeko kunye nemilinganiselo yobunzima beekholamu ziyafezekiswa rhoqo.
Ukuhlanganiswa neHydroperoxide Decomposition kunye nokuBuyiselwa kweMveliso
Ukuhlanganiswa okungenamthungo kweeyunithi zokubola, zokwahlukanisa, kunye nezokucoca kubalulekile kwinkqubo ye-cumene. Ukungcola kwempendulo kuqhubekela ngqo ekuhlukanisweni okusezantsi. Ukudluliselwa ngokukhawuleza kunciphisa ii-side-reactions ezingafunekiyo okanye i-polymerization.
Inyathelo ngalinye lokwahlula lidityaniswe ngokuqinileyo nelilandelayo. I-acetone engaphezulu iyaxinwa ngokukhawuleza kwaye iqokelelwe ukuthintela ukulahleka okuguquguqukayo. I-phenol kunye nemithombo esecaleni yongezwa emva koko kumanyathelo azo okucoca. Apho iimveliso ezixabisekileyo ezifunyenweyo zifunyanwa, imijelo yazo yokuphuma itsalwa emva kohlalutyo oluneenkcukacha lwesigaba kunye nolwakhiwo.
Eyona nto iphambili kukuphepha ukungcoliswa phakathi kweziphelo zokukhanya (i-acetone/inxalenye yamanzi) kunye nezinto ezingcolisayo ezinzima (i-cumene engaphendulwanga, ii-tars). Oku kufezekiswa ngamanqanaba amaninzi okulingana komphunga-ulwelo ngaphakathi kweekholamu kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemijelo ye-reflux. Imibhobho kunye neenqanawa zenzelwe ukunciphisa ukubamba kunye nokujikeleza okufutshane.
Amanqanaba okubuyiselwa kwe-acetone kunye ne-phenol adlula i-97% kwizityalo ezilungisiweyo, kunye nokulahlekelwa ikakhulu kuxhomekeke kwimijelo yokucoca engenakuphepheka kunye nokuchithwa okuncinci. Amanzi amdaka aveliswa kuyo yonke le nkqubo, aqulethe izinto eziphilayo ezinyibilikisiweyo, agcinwa ngokwahlukeneyo aze athunyelwe kwiinkqubo zonyango eziphambili ukuze kuhlangatyezwane neemfuno zomthetho.
Ukuhlanganiswa okusebenzayo kuxhomekeke ekujongeni rhoqo izinto ezibalulekileyo: ubuninzi kunye nokufundwa kwe-viscosity kwiimitha ezikwimigca efana nezo zivela eLonnmeter kuqinisekisa umgangatho wesondlo kunye nobunyulu bemveliso ngexesha langempela, okuvumela ulawulo lwempendulo ukuze kubekho isivuno esiphezulu kunye nokhuseleko lokusebenza.
Uyilo lwenkqubo olusebenzayo kwimveliso ye-phenol-acetone luxhomekeke kulandelelwano oluqinileyo lokwahlulwahlulwa, ukucoca okwenziwa ngcono ngamandla, ukuhlanganiswa okusondeleyo kwempendulo kunye nokuhlanjululwa, kunye nokubeka esweni okuqhubekayo ngaphakathi, kuxhasa uqoqosho lwenkqubo kunye nomgangatho wemveliso.
Iindlela eziPhambili zokuCoca iAcetone
Ukucocwa kwe-acetone emva kokuveliswa kwe-phenol-acetone kunye ngenkqubo ye-cumene kubunjwa ziimfuno ezingqongqo zomgangatho wemveliso. Ukukhetha indlela efanelekileyo yokucoca i-acetone kuxhomekeke kwiimfuno zokucoca zesicelo sokugqibela, imida yokulawula, kunye neprofayili yokungcola eyenziwe ngexesha lokubola kwe-cumene hydroperoxide kunye neempendulo ezinyukayo.
Imigaqo ephambili yokucocwa kwe-acetone
I-acetone ekrwada evela kwi-cumene oxidation iqulethe amanzi amaninzi, i-phenol, i-α-methylstyrene, i-cumene, i-acetophenone, ii-carboxylic acids, i-aldehydes, kunye nezinye izinto eziphilayo ezineoksijini. Ukuhlanjululwa okuphantsi kujolisa kwezi zinto zingcolileyo ukuze zisuswe. Umqolo ucwangciswe ngokwezigaba:
- Iikholamu zokuqala zisusa ukungcola okunzima nokubila kakhulu—ngokuyintloko i-phenol, i-α-methylstyrene, i-acetophenone, kunye nezinto ezenza i-tar—ngokurhoxa ezantsi. Inxalenye ephakathi iqulethe i-acetone-water azeotrope, ngelixa iziphelo zokukhanya (njenge-cumene engaphendulwanga) zinokuhlulwahlulwa ngaphezulu kumacandelo alandelayo.
Ukunyibilikisa i-azeotropic kudla ngokuba yimfuneko ekuhlukaniseni imixube enzima ye-acetone namanzi, kusetyenziswa i-hydrocarbon entrainer ukuphazamisa ukwakheka kwe-azeotropic kunye nokunyusa ubumsulwa be-acetone. Apho ukungcola kunamaqondo okubila afanayo, ukunyibilikisa okuphumayo—kunye ne-glycols okanye izinyibilikisi ezenziwe ngokwezifiso—kusetyenziswa apha. Apha, isithako sitshintsha ukuguquguquka okuthelekisekayo, sinceda ukwahlulahlula okusebenzayo kwezinto eziphilayo ezinxulumene ngokusondeleyo kunye nokwandisa isivuno se-acetone.
Ngaphaya kokunyibilikisa, amanyathelo okuhlanjululwa kwe-adsorptive asusa i-phenol eseleyo kunye neekhompawundi ze-polar. I-carbon esebenzayo, i-silica gel, kunye ne-ion-exchange resins ziyaphumelela kule ndima phakathi okanye emva kwamanqanaba ekholamu. Apho kukho i-acidic organics, le nkqubo ingabandakanya ukunganyamezeli nge-caustic soda kulandele ukuhlanjwa ngamanzi ukuze kususwe iityuwa kunye nee-asidi ngaphambi kokuba kunyibilikiswe okokugqibela.
I-acetone ecocekileyo kakhulu (≥99.5 wt% kwiimfuno ezininzi zemizi-mveliso okanye zelebhu) idla ngokudlula kwinqanaba lokugqibela "lokupolisha" elidibanisa ukuhluzwa okucolekileyo kunye nokufunxwa okuphambili ukuqinisekisa ukuba iinkcukacha zamanzi (<0.3 wt%), i-phenol (<10 ppm), ii-aromatics ezinzima (<100 ppm), kunye nee-non-volatiles ezipheleleyo (<20 ppm) ziyafezekiswa. Oku kubalulekile kwi-electronics okanye kwi-pharmaceutical-grade acetone.
Ukuphucula kunye nokusombulula iingxaki kwi-Distillation
Ukusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo yokunyibilikisa i-acetone kuxhomekeke kuyilo oluchanekileyo lwekholamu yokunyibilikisa kunye nokusebenza okucwangcisiweyo. Iikholamu zokuqhekeza zinobukhulu kwaye zisebenza ukukhuthaza ukudluliselwa kobunzima okunamandla kunye nokwahlukana okufanelekileyo. Iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuphucula ubumsulwa kunye nesivuno:
- Iikholamu ezinde ezineetreyi ezininzi okanye ukupakisha okucwangcisiweyo kakuhle kuqinisekisa ukwahlukana okubukhali, ingakumbi apho iindawo zokubila ze-acetone-water okanye i-acetone-cumene zisondelelene khona.
- Ukuhlanganiswa kobushushu phakathi kwee-reboilers kunye nee-condenser (umz., ngokusebenzisa i-vapor recompression okanye ii-heat exchangers) kunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kwaye kuzinzisa amaqondo obushushu, okuxhasa ukwahlukana okuhlala kusenzeka.
- Ukulungiswa kakuhle komlinganiselo we-reflux kunye namazinga okurhoxiswa kwemveliso, okukhokelwa kukubekwa esweni koxinano kunye nokwakheka kwayo (ngezixhobo ezifana neemitha zoxinano ze-Lonnmeter), kwenza kube lula ukulungelelanisa ngokukhawuleza kunye nokujolisa imveliso ngokuchanekileyo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba yonke ibhetshi iyahlangabezana nemigangatho yobumsulwa obuqinileyo.
Iingxaki ezixhaphakileyo zokucocwa kwenkunkuma ziquka ukugcwala kweekholamu, ukugqwala, kunye nokwakheka kwamasalela:
Ukukhukula kwekholamu kwenzeka ukuba amazinga okuhamba kwamanzi aphezulu kakhulu—ulwelo lunyuka luye phezulu kunokuba luye ezantsi, nto leyo enciphisa kakhulu ukusebenza kakuhle kokwahlulwa. Ukulungisa oku kufuna ukunciphisa ukuphuma kwamanzi okanye ukulungisa umlinganiselo we-reflux. Ukufutha kuvela kwisantya esiphezulu somphunga okanye kubukho bezinto ezisebenza kumphezulu (umz., ii-tars okanye ii-phenol traces). Iiarhente ezilwa nokufutha, iprofayili yekholamu ngononophelo, kunye nokufakwa kweenkqubo zemijelo kunokunciphisa ukufutha okuqhubekayo.
Ukwakheka kwentsalela, okuhlala kubonakala kwiitreyi ezisezantsi okanye kwi-reboiler yeyunithi yokunyibilikisa, kuvela kwiimveliso ze-oligomerization okanye i-tar. Ukurhoxiswa rhoqo kwemveliso esezantsi, ukucoca rhoqo, kunye nokugcina iiprofayili zobushushu ngaphakathi kwemida kunciphisa ukwakheka kwe-tar kwaye kuqinisekisa ukuhlala ixesha elide kwekholamu.
Xa kwahlula i-azeotropes okanye ukulawula ukungcola okubilayo, iitreyi zesiqhelo zingatshintshwa ngezinto zokupakisha ezisebenzayo kakhulu. Iiprofayili zobushushu kunye noxinzelelo ecaleni kwekholamu zigcinwa ngaphakathi kweefestile eziqinileyo. Izixhobo ezizenzekelayo—ezifana nokulinganisa uxinano oluqhubekayo—zenza abaqhubi bakwazi ukuchonga ngokukhawuleza imveliso engaqhelekanga kwaye baphendule ngexesha langempela, oko kwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nemveliso.
Itshati elula ebonisa ukucocwa kwe-acetone enezigaba ezininzi kunye nokucocwa kwemveliso ye-phenol kunye ne-acetone (umzobo wakho usekelwe kwindlela eqhelekileyo yokusebenza)
Isiphumo esidibeneyo sezi ndlela ziphambili zokucoca i-acetone siqinisekisa ukuphathwa ngokukhuselekileyo kweemveliso ezingaphantsi kwemveliso ezivela kwinkqubo yokuvelisa i-cumene, ukuthotyelwa okuthembekileyo kwemigangatho yemarike ye-acetone kunye ne-phenol, kunye nokunciphisa impembelelo yokusingqongileyo.
Iziphumo zokuphucula iShishini kunye nozinzo
Kwinkqubo yokuvelisa i-cumene, ukudibanisa ngokuqinileyo uyilo lwenkqubo, i-catalysis, kunye nokukhetha ukwahlula kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwezixhobo kubalulekile. Uyilo lwenkqubo oludibeneyo luququzelela ubunjineli bokusabela, iteknoloji yokwahlula, kunye nokubuyiselwa kwamandla ukuze kwandiswe isivuno kunye nokunciphisa inkunkuma kuwo onke amanqanaba okuvelisa i-phenol-acetone. Ngokusebenzisa iinkqubo ze-catalytic eziphambili, ezifana nee-catalysts ze-solid acid eziqinileyo (kubandakanya ii-zeolites kunye nee-heteropolyacids), abaqhubi bafumana ukukhetha okuphezulu ekuqhekekeni kwe-cumene hydroperoxide, okunciphisa ukwakheka kwemveliso efana ne-α-methylstyrene kunye ne-acetophenone. Oku kukhulisa ukukhetha akuphuculi nje kuphela isivuno senkqubo kodwa kuxhasa nokuzinza ngokusebenzisa imijelo yenkunkuma encitshisiweyo.
Xa ukhetha ii-catalysts zokubola kwe-hydroperoxide, ukuqina kwenkqubo kudlala indima ebalulekileyo. Umzekelo, iindlela ze-hybrid catalytic, ezidibanisa iimpawu ze-catalysis efanayo kunye neyahlukeneyo, ziyafumana amandla ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwazo kokusebenza kunye nobomi obude be-catalyst. Nangona kunjalo, uyilo lwe-catalyst kufuneka lulungelelanise umsebenzi ophezulu kunye nozinzo ngokuchasene nemiba efana nokucola kunye nokutyhefa ukungcola, ukuqinisekisa ukuguquguquka okuncinci kwe-catalyst kunye nomthwalo wokusingqongileyo ovela ekuchithweni kwe-catalyst. Uphuhliso oluqhubekayo lwe-catalyst luchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukusebenza kakuhle kwezixhobo, lunciphisa ukulahleka kwezinto eziluhlaza kunye nokunciphisa iimfuno zokusetyenziswa.
Ukudibanisa uyilo lwenkqubo, ingakumbi ngexesha lokucocwa kwe-acetone kunye nenkqubo yokucocwa kwe-acetone, kusabalulekile ekwenzeni ngcono imboni. Ukuphunyezwa koyilo lweekholamu zokucocwa eziphucukileyo—njengokwahlula iikholamu zodonga—kunye nokwahlula okusekelwe kwi-membrane okonga amandla kwenza imisebenzi engabizi kakhulu nehlala ixesha elide. Ukwahlula iikholamu zodonga, umzekelo, kwenza kube lula ukusebenza kweekholamu zokucocwa kwe-crude, okubangela ukonga amandla okuya kuthi ga kwi-25% kwiisetingi zendabuko zeekholamu ezininzi, ngelixa kukhulula nendawo yesityalo ebonakalayo. Ngaphezu koko, amaqhinga okudibanisa ubushushu antsonkothileyo, akhokelwa ziindlela ezifana nohlalutyo lwe-pinch, abonise ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa komphunga okugqitha i-20%, njengoko kungqinwa kuhlaziyo lwesiza sokuvelisa i-phenol kunye ne-acetone. La manyathelo aguqulela ekukhutshweni kwegesi ye-greenhouse ephantsi kunye nokunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kwimithombo yomphunga ephuma kwi-fossil-fuel.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwamanzi nobushushu kuphakamisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwezixhobo kwinkqubo yokunyibilikisa i-cumene kunye namanyathelo okwahlulahlula. Iinkqubo zokusebenzisa kwakhona i-cascade kunye neendawo zokucima ezibekwe ngokwesicwangciso zinokunciphisa ukuphuma kwamanzi amdaka ukuya kuthi ga kwi-40%, zijongane nomthamo kunye nobunzulu bokungcola kwamanzi amdaka. Oku kubaluleke kakhulu ekuthobeleni izikhokelo zomthetho eziguqukayo kwiimarike eziphambili ze-phenol kunye ne-acetone, apho imiqathango yokukhutshwa kwamanzi amdaka kunye nokukhutshwa kwekhabhoni iqina.
Iingqwalasela zomthetho kunye nokusingqongileyo zichanekile ngokukodwa kwimeko yokuveliswa kwe-phenol-acetone kunye kusetyenziswa inkqubo ye-cumene. Ulawulo olungqongqo kwi-intermediates eziyingozi—njenge-cumene hydroperoxide—lugunyazisa ulawulo oluchanekileyo lwenkqubo kunye nokubeka iliso lokhuseleko ngexesha langempela ngexesha lemisebenzi enobungozi obukhulu. Imithetho yokusingqongileyo, ingakumbi kwimimandla yaseMntla Melika naseYurophu, inyusa iimfuno zonyango lokungcola, ulawulo lokukhupha ukungcola, kunye nokuphinda kusetyenziswe i-solvent/heat. Amaqhinga okuthobela imithetho afakwe kuyilo lwenkqubo kwinqanaba lokuqala, oluhlala lubandakanya imilinganiselo yobunzima benkqubo kunye nohlalutyo lomjikelo wobomi olubumba ngokuthe ngqo uyilo lwesityalo kunye nokukhethwa kobuchwepheshe.
Ukubeka esweni ngexesha langempela kunye nokwenza ngcono inkqubo kubalulekile ekugcineni ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokunciphisa ukulahleka kwenkqubo okungenakuphepheka. Iimitha zoxinano oluphakathi kunye neemitha ze-viscosity ezivela eLonnmeter, umzekelo, zivumela ulawulo oluqhubekayo, olungaphakathi kwendawo lweeparamitha zokusabela kunye nokwahlukana kuyo yonke i-acetone kunye ne-phenol production train. Ngokulandela ngokuchanekileyo uxinano lwemveliso kunye nemveliso ephuma kuyo, abaqhubi banokulungisa iinguqu ezibalulekileyo-ezifana ne-reflux ratios, amachaphaza okusika kwi-distillation, kunye ne-catalyst dosing-ngaloo ndlela kunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kunye nokunciphisa umthamo wezinto ezingafunekiyo okanye inkunkuma.
Ukusetyenziswa kweendlela zokunyibilikisa izinto zoshishino, ezixhaswa yidatha yesenzi yexesha langempela, kukwakhawulezisa ukusombulula iingxaki kunye nokuphendula kokuvala xa kukho iimeko ezingathandekiyo. Ngenxa yokuguquguquka okunciphileyo kwephulo ukuya kwiphulo kunye nokwanda kokuphindaphinda kwebhetshi, abaqhubi bayazigcina iindleko ngokuthe ngqo, banciphisa uluhlu lwezinto eziluhlaza, kwaye bambalwa ukwaphulwa komthetho wokusingqongileyo. Ngenxa yoko, ukwenziwa ngcono kwenkqubo ngexesha langempela, okukhuthazwa ziiteknoloji zokulinganisa ezichanekileyo, kuhlala kubalulekile kwimveliso ye-phenol kunye ne-acetone ekhuphisanayo, ehambelanayo, nezinzileyo.
Imibuzo Ebuzwa Rhoqo (Ii-FAQ)
Iyintoni inkqubo ye-cumene kwaye kutheni ibalulekile kwimveliso ye-phenol-acetone?
Inkqubo ye-cumene, eyaziwa ngokuba yinkqubo ye-Hock, yindlela yemizi-mveliso yokuvelisa i-phenol kunye ne-acetone ngokulandelana okudibeneyo. Iqala nge-alkylation, apho i-benzene isabela kunye ne-propylene ukuvelisa i-cumene isebenzisa ii-catalysts ze-acid eziqinileyo ezifana ne-zeolites okanye i-phosphoric acid. I-cumene emva koko i-oxidized ngomoya ukwenza i-cumene hydroperoxide. Le ndlela iphakathi idlula kwi-acid-catalyzed cleavage, ivelisa i-phenol kunye ne-acetone kwi-1:1 molar ratio echanekileyo. Le nkqubo ibalulekile kuba ilawula imveliso ye-phenol kunye ne-acetone yehlabathi, inikezela ngempumelelo ephezulu yesivuno kunye nokuhlanganiswa kwezixhobo. Malunga ne-95% ye-phenol yehlabathi iveliswa ngale nkqubo ukusukela ngo-2023, igxininisa ubunzulu bayo kwimizi-mveliso kunye noqoqosho.
Ukubola kwe-cumene hydroperoxide kuchaphazela njani ukhuseleko kunye nemveliso yenkqubo?
Ukubola kwe-cumene hydroperoxide kushushu kakhulu, kukhupha ubushushu obukhulu. Ukuba akulawulwa ngononophelo, kunokubangela ukuba kubekho ukufudumeza, ukuqhuma, okanye imililo—okubeka iimfuno ezingqongqo kuyilo lwenkqubo kunye noqeqesho lokusebenza. Ukukhethwa ngononophelo kwee-catalysts zokubola kwe-hydroperoxide kunye nolawulo oluqinileyo lweemeko zokusabela kubalulekile ekusebenzeni ngokukhuselekileyo. Ukubeka iliso kubushushu kunye nesantya sokusabela kuqinisekisa ukuba i-phenol kunye ne-acetone ziyahlala ziphezulu ngelixa kunciphisa ukwakheka kweemveliso ezishiyekileyo kunye nemingcipheko yokhuseleko. Eyona ndlela ilungileyo kushishino ibandakanya ukujonga inkqubo ngokuqhubekayo, ukucima ungxamiseko, kunye noyilo oluqinileyo lwe-reactor ukujongana ne-exothermicity kunye nokuthintela naluphi na uxinzelelo oluphezulu.
Idlala yiphi indima ikholamu ye-distillation eluhlaza kwinkqubo yokwenziwa kwe-cumene?
Ikholamu yokunyibilikisa i-crude yiyunithi ebalulekileyo emva kokuqhekeka kwe-hydroperoxide. Yahlula i-phenol, i-acetone, i-cumene engaphendulwanga, kunye neemveliso ezincinci. Ukusebenza kwekholamu yokunyibilikisa i-crude kuphucula ukubuyiswa kwemveliso, kunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla, kwaye kuvelisa imijelo etya ngqo kumanyathelo okuhlanjululwa kamva. Uyilo kunye nokusebenza kwekholamu yokunyibilikisa kufuneka kuthathele ingqalelo iindawo zokubila ezikufutshane zezinto ezahlukeneyo, ezifuna ukuchaneka kulawulo lobushushu kunye noxinzelelo. Ukungaphumeleli ekunyibilikiseni kunokubangela ilahleko yemveliso, ungcoliseko, okanye iindleko eziphezulu zeenkonzo.
Kutheni ukucocwa kwe-acetone kuyimfuneko kwimveliso ye-phenol-acetone?
I-acetone efunyenwe kwinkqubo ye-cumene iqulethe uluhlu lwezinto ezingcolisayo: iimveliso ze-side-reaction (ezifana ne-methyl isobutyl ketone, i-isopropanol), amanzi, kunye nee-organic acids ezenziwe ngexesha le-oxidation kunye ne-cleavage. Ukucoca okungqongqo kuyafuneka ukuze i-acetone ihlangabezane nemigangatho eqinileyo yemizi-mveliso yokusetyenziswa kwangaphambili kumayeza, izinyibilikisi, kunye neeplastiki. Iinkqubo zokucoca, ezifana nokwahlulahlula okuqinileyo ngeekholamu ze-distillation, zisusa ezi zinto zingcolisayo. I-acetone ecocekileyo ikwafumana ixabiso eliphezulu kwimarike, iqinisa isizathu soqoqosho sokucoca ngempumelelo.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwenkqubo kunye nokuveliswa kwezinto ezintsha ze-reactor kungayiphucula njani iprofayili yezoqoqosho kunye neyokusingqongileyo yenkqubo ye-cumene?
Ukuhlanganiswa kwenkqubo kusebenzisa amathuba okubuyisela ubushushu, ukuphinda kusetyenziswe izinto ezingaphendulwanga, kunye nokwenza kube lula ukusebenza kweeyunithi ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla. Umzekelo, ukudibanisa ukuthunyelwa kobushushu be-reaction okanye ukudibanisa ulandelelwano lwe-distillation kunokunciphisa iindleko zepetroli kunye neenkonzo. Ukwamkelwa kophuhliso olufana nee-microbubble reactors kubonakalise ukuphucula ukudluliselwa kobuninzi, ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-oxidation, kunye nokunciphisa ukwakheka kwemveliso yenkunkuma. Ezi zinto zintsha zidibanisa ukunciphisa umngcipheko wokusingqongileyo ngokunciphisa ukukhutshwa komoya kunye nokuveliswa kwamanzi amdaka, ngelixa zinciphisa iindleko zokucubungula ngokubanzi, zenza imveliso ye-phenol-acetone ibe nozinzo ngakumbi kwaye yomelele ngokwezoqoqosho.
Ixesha leposi: Disemba-19-2025
