Ulawulo olusebenzayo loxinzelelo lwe-cyanide ekhululekileyo kwinkqubo yokukhupha i-cyanide yegolide lufuna ukulinganiswa ngexesha langempela ngaphakathi kweesekethe zokukhupha i-leaching. Ii-inline analyzers, ezibekwe ngqo ngaphakathi kwemibhobho okanye kwiitanki ze-slurry, zihlala zilandelela uxinano lwe-cyanide ekhululekileyo, i-residual cyanide, kunye ne-WAD cyanide. Ezi zixhobo zisusa ukulibaziseka kwesampulu ngesandla, zinciphisa umngcipheko wempazamo yomqhubi, kwaye zibonelela ngedatha yenkqubo rhoqo emva kwemizuzu emi-3-10, zixhasa ukwenziwa kwezigqibo ngokukhawuleza kwiindawo zezityalo eziguqukayo.
Iziseko zokuNyulwa kweCyanide ukuze kuNyulwe iGolide
Ukutsalwa kwegolide nge-cyanide yeyona nto ibalulekileyo ekubuyiselweni kwegolide nge-hydrometallurgical, okuvumela ukutsalwa kwi-ore ezikumgangatho ophantsi nezintsonkothileyo. Kule nkqubo, igolide iguqulwa kwimo yayo yesinyithi ibe yi-complex enyibilikayo, rhoqo ngokusebenzisa i-sodium cyanide (NaCN) phantsi kweemeko ze-alkaline enamandla. I-response ebalulekileyo yekhemikhali ibandakanya igolide, ii-ion ze-cyanide, kunye ne-oxygen yemolekyuli, nto leyo ekhokelela ekwakhiweni kwe-stable gold cyanide complex [Au(CN)_2]^–—isitshixo sempendulo ekutsalweni kwegolide kwimizi-mveliso:
4 Au + 8 CN⁻ + O₂ + 2 H₂O → 4 [Au(CN)₂]⁻ + 4 OH⁻
Ukugcina uxinano olwaneleyo lwe-cyanide, ioksijini eyaneleyo enyibilikisiweyo, kunye ne-alkaline pH (ngesiqhelo >10) kubalulekile ekuncediseni ukunyibilika kunye nokuphathwa ngokukhuselekileyo, njengoko iimeko ze-alkaline zithintela ukwakheka kwegesi ye-hydrogen cyanide enetyhefu. I-leaching kinetics ichaphazeleka kakhulu yile parameters, kunye noxinano lwe-pulp kunye nobukhulu be-particle - izinto eziguquguqukayo ezihlala zilungiswa kwimisebenzi yezityalo kwaye zibhekiswa kuphando oluphambili lwe-cyanidation yegolide. Ukongeza, i-ore mineralogy kunye nobukho bokungcola, njengee-ion ze-copper, kunokunciphisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo ngokukhuphisana ne-cyanide kunye nokwenza ii-complexes ezingafunekiyo ezonyusa ukusetyenziswa kwe-reagent kunye namazinga aphantsi okubuyisa igolide.
Ukubeka esweni kwi-intanethi i-Cyanide kunye neGolide kwisisombululo sokuntywila iGolide
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Inkqubo yokukhuhla i-cyanide yegolide ayifaniswanga ngokulula kokusebenza, ukusebenza kakuhle kweendleko, kunye neziphumo zokukhupha kwiintlobo ezininzi ze-ore. Inkqubela phambili yakutshanje ibandakanya imodeli ye-thermodynamic kunye ne-kinetic ukuqikelela indlela yokuziphatha kwe-leach, ukuphucula uxinano lwe-cyanide olukhululekileyo, kunye nokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-reagent engaphezulu ngokuhlaziywa koxinano lwe-pulp leaching kunye nokulinganiswa kobuninzi be-leachate yegolide. Imitha yoxinano lwe-ultrasonic ye-Lonnmeter yokulinganisa i-cyanide ikwanegalelo ekubekweni kweliso loxinano lwe-cyanide oluchanekileyo nolwexesha langempela kwimisebenzi yemigodi, iququzelela ulawulo oluchanekileyo lweemeko ze-leach kunye nokunciphisa inkcitho.
Nangona ukutsalwa kwe-cyanide ukuze kufunyanwe igolide kuphambili kwindlela yokusebenza kwemizi-mveliso, iindlela zokutsalwa kwegolide ezingenayo i-cyanide ziyathandwa ngenxa yokwanda kwenkxalabo yokusingqongileyo kunye nemithetho. Iindlela ezahlukeneyo zobuchwepheshe ezifana ne-thiosulfate kunye ne-hypobromite leaching zibonelela ngezinye iindlela zokutsalwa kwegolide ezinobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo kwaye zibonise iziphumo zokufumana igolide ezikhuphisanayo kwizifundo zelebhu kunye nezityalo zovavanyo. Umzekelo, inkqubo yeDundee Sustainable Technologies isebenzisa i-sodium hypobromite ukuthatha indawo ye-cyanide, ifezekisa ukutsalwa kwegolide ngokukhawuleza kwaye isuse iingozi zonyango kunye nokulahlwa kwe-cyanide leachate. Nangona kunjalo, ukuphunyezwa kwinqanaba elithile kucelwe ziimeko ezibandakanya iindleko, ukuhlanganiswa kwenkqubo, kunye nokuhambelana ngqo ne-ore.
Ukukhethwa kwenkqubo phakathi kweendlela ezingenayo i-cyanide kunye ne-cyanide kuxhomekeke kwibhalansi yokubuyiswa kwegolide kwi-cyanide leachate, ukwenzeka kobuchwepheshe, iindleko zokusebenza, impembelelo yokusingqongileyo, kunye nokuthotyelwa kwemithetho. I-Cyanide leaching iseyeyona ndlela ikhethwayo kwimisebenzi emininzi yokumba ngenxa ye-leaching kinetics eqikelelweyo kwi-cyanidation yegolide kunye nemingcipheko elawulekayo yokusingqongileyo xa idibene neenkqubo zokubeka esweni i-cyanide concentration eqinileyo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ubuchwepheshe be-cyanide leaching obuphambili kunye nezinye iindlela ezinobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo zibonelela ngeendlela ezibalulekileyo kwimigodi ejongene nemiba yelayisenisi yoluntu, iintlobo ze-ore ezintsonkothileyo, okanye iindawo ezingqongqo zomthetho. Ukurhweba kwendlela nganye kufuna uvavanyo olucokisekileyo lwe-free and residual cyanide concentration kwi-leachate yegolide, ubuninzi be-pulp, ukwakheka kwe-leachate, kunye nemida ethile kwindawo ethile.
I-Chemistry kunye neendlela zokuphendula kwi-Gold Cyanide Leaching
I-Stoichiometry yokunyibilika kweGolide: Igolide, iCyanide, kunye nokusebenzisana kweOksijini
Inkqubo yokukhuhla i-gold cyanide ilawulwa yi-stoichiometry echazwe yi-Elsner Equation:
4 Au + 8 CN⁻ + O₂ + 2 H₂O → 4 [Au(CN)₂]⁻ + 4 OH⁻
Le mpendulo igxininisa iindima eziphambili zegolide yesinyithi, ii-ion ze-cyanide ezikhululekileyo (CN⁻), kunye ne-oxygen yemolekyuli. I-mole nganye ye-oxygen ivumela ukunyibilika kwee-moles ezine zegolide, apho i-cyanide yenza i-dicyanoaurate complex ezinzileyo ([Au(CN)₂]⁻). Kufuneka kubekho i-cyanide kunye ne-oxygen eyaneleyo ukuze kukhutshwe igolide ngokufanelekileyo kusetyenziswa i-cyanide leaching.
Indima ye-Oxygen njengeCatalyst; Impembelelo yeNqanaba le-Oxygen enyibilikisiweyo kwi-Leach Kinetics
Ioksijini isebenza njenge-oxidant ebalulekileyo enceda ukunyibilika kwegolide kodwa ayisetyenziswa ngendlela yokubalasela—ithatha inxaxheba kwi-stoichiometrically kodwa idla ngokunciphisa izinga lokusabela kwiinkqubo zoshishino. I-kinetics ye-gold leaching, ingakumbi kulawulo lwe-pulp leaching concentration, ixhomekeke kakhulu kuxinzelelo lwe-oxygen enyibilikisiweyo (DO). Xa i-cyanide ekhululekileyo ininzi, ukunqongophala kweoksijini kunciphisa ngokuthe ngqo amazinga okunyibilika.
Umzekelo, ioksijini enyibilikisiweyo kancinci inciphisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-leach nokuba i-cyanide ininzi, ngelixa i-DO egqithisileyo ngokusebenzisa umoya ophuculweyo, ukushukuma, okanye ukongezwa kwe-oxygen nanobubble kunokuphucula kakhulu i-kinetics kunye nokubuyiselwa kwegolide. Idatha yelebhu kunye nesayithi ibonisa ukuba ukulinganiswa kwe-oksijini eninzi kunokugqithisa i-oksijini ekhoyo kumphezulu wegolide ngenxa yokumelana nokuthutha kwi-pulp; i-DO yokwenyani kwiindawo zokusabela idla ngokuba phantsi, nto leyo egxininisa ngakumbi imfuneko yeendlela eziphambili zokulawula i-oksijini kunye nokusasazwa kwayo.
Impembelelo yeemeko ze-Alkaline (Uhlengahlengiso lwe-pH) kuKhuseleko kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo
Ukutsalwa kweCyanide ukuze kufunyanwe igolide kufuneka kwenzeke kwiimeko ze-alkaline enamandla, ngesiqhelo i-pH 10–11.5. Olu luhlu lwe-pH luzinzisa i-cyanide ngokukhuthaza ubukho beentlobo ze-CN⁻ zasimahla kunye nokuthintela ukwakheka kwegesi ye-hydrogen cyanide eguquguqukayo (HCN), ephuma kwi-pH engaphantsi kwe-9.3 kwaye ibeka umngcipheko wetyhefu obukhali.
I-pH idla ngokulungiswa kusetyenziswa i-sodium hydroxide (NaOH), i-sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃), okanye ilayimu (Ca(OH)₂), ngokukhetha okuphenjelelwa luhlobo lwe-ore kunye noqoqosho lokusebenza. Ukusetyenziswa kwelayimu, ngakumbi ngaphezulu kwe-pH 11, kunokulibazisa izinga lokunyibilika kwegolide—isiphumo esibangelwa kukutshintsha kwempendulo ye-interfacial endaweni yokunyibilika kweoksijini. I-pH ephezulu kakhulu enelayimu inxulunyaniswa nokusebenza okuphantsi kwe-leach, ngakumbi xa kukho i-arsenic okanye ezinye izinto ezingcolileyo, ngenxa yokutshintsha kwe-kinetics yomphezulu okanye yeekhemikhali.
Ukuze kugcinwe inkqubo ye-cyanidation yegolide ikhuselekile kwaye isebenza kakuhle, amaziko egolide anamhlanje asebenzisa ukujonga i-pH kunye ne-cyanide concentration ngokweteknoloji ye-inline sensor. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba le nkqubo ihlala ngaphakathi kwefestile efanelekileyo ye-alkaline, igcina i-cyanide yamahhala izinzile, kwaye ithintele ukwakheka kwe-HCN eyingozi ngelixa ikwanciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-cyanide kunye nokunyibilika kokungcola okungafunekiyo.
Ukubaluleka kweentlobo zeCyanide: iCyanide yamahhala vs. iResidual Cyanide Concentration ngaphakathi kwenkqubo
Kuhlalutyo loxinzelelo lwe-pulp leaching, ayizizo zonke i-cyanide enyibilikisiweyo ezifumaneka ngokulinganayo kwi-gold leaching. Le nkqubo yahlula phakathi kwe-cyanide ekhululekileyo kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-cyanide ezisele (ezintsonkothileyo).
- I-cyanide yasimahla(isimbuku se-CN⁻ ekhoyo, kwaye, kwi-pH ephantsi, i-HCN) sisixhobo esisebenzayo esivumela ukunyibilika kwegolide ngokuthe ngqo.
- I-cyanide eseleyoyenziwe zii-complexes ze-metal-cyanide (umz., nge-copper, i-iron, okanye i-zinc). Ezi ntlobo azifumaneki kangako ekunyibilikiseni igolide, zinyusa ukusetyenziswa kwe-cyanide, kwaye zezona zinto ziphambili ekunyangweni nasekulahlweni kwe-cyanide leachate ngenxa yeengxaki zetyhefu.
Ulawulo oluchanekileyo lwamanqanaba e-cyanide akhululekileyo lubalulekile ukuze kuphuculwe isivuno sokukhupha igolide kwaye kuncitshiswe ilahleko ye-cyanide. Iindlela zokulinganisa uxinano lwe-cyanide olukhululekileyo olukwi-inline, kuquka nezixhobo eziphambili ezifana ne-Lonnmeter ultrasonic concentration meter yokulinganisa i-cyanide, zenza kube lula ukulungelelanisa izongezo ze-reagent ngexesha langempela. Oku kugcina ukusebenza kakuhle kwaye kunciphisa uxinano lwe-cyanide olusele lusele ukuya kumanqanaba afanelekileyo.
I-cyanide eseleyo eninzi inokubonisa iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga (umz., ukusetyenziswa kwesinyithi esisisiseko), ulawulo olungasebenzi kakuhle lwenkqubo, okanye imfuneko yekhemistri ye-leach eyenzelwe wena—ingakumbi xa utshintshela kwiindlela zokukhupha igolide ezinobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo okanye iindlela zokukhupha igolide ezingenayo i-cyanide. Ukufunyanwa kwegolide yanamhlanje kwiinkqubo zokukhupha i-cyanide kusebenzisa ukujonga okuqhubekayo kwe-cyanide njengenxalenye yetekhnoloji yokukhupha i-cyanide ephucukileyo ukuqhuba ukusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo, ukhuseleko, kunye nokuthobela okusingqongileyo.
Izinto Ezibalulekileyo Ezichaphazela Inkqubo Yokukhuhla Igolide NgeCyanide
Iimpawu ze-ore kunye nokulungiswa kwayo
Ukusebenza kakuhle kokukhupha i-cyanide yegolide kuxhomekeke kakhulu kwi-mineralology ye-ore, ubungakanani be-particle yegolide, kunye nonyango lwangaphambi konyango. Ii-ore ezinegolide ezivalelwe kwiiminerali ze-sulfide, ingakumbi i-pyrite, zaziwa njenge-refractory kwaye zibonisa amazinga aphantsi okukhupha ngaphandle kokuba zilungiswe ngokufanelekileyo. Umzekelo, ii-concentrate ezityebileyo ze-pyrite zifuna amanqanaba aphezulu e-cyanide, kodwa oku kunyusa ukusetyenziswa kwe-reagent kunye neendleko zokusingqongileyo ngaphandle kokuqinisekisa ukubuyiswa kwegolide ngokulinganayo. Ukwanda kweentsimbi ezisisiseko ezifana ne-copper, i-zinc, okanye i-iron kukhuphisana negolide nge-cyanide, okubangela ukusetyenziswa okungeyomfuneko kwaye kwenze iileya ze-passivation kwigolide, okuthintela ukunyibilika.
Iiminerali ezibambisayo ngaphambi kokuba zisetyenziswe njengekhabhoni yendalo, kunye neeminerali ze-gangue ezifunxa ii-complexes zegolide, zinciphisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo. Ke ngoko, ukuchazwa ngokupheleleyo kweeminerali ngaphambi kokuba kuyilo lwenkqubo kubalulekile ukuchonga iintlobo ezinengxaki kunye nobudlelwane bazo bokubumba. Ukuphuculwa kokukhuhla kubandakanya ukuchonga ukuba igolide ikhutshelwa ngaphandle na—ifumaneka ukuze ikhuliswe ngokuthe ngqo—okanye igqunywe kwaye ifuna unyango lwangaphambi kokuba isetyenzwe.
Ukusasazwa kobungakanani bamasuntswana kunefuthe ngqo kwi-leaching kinetics kwi-cyanidation yegolide. Ukusila okucolekileyo kuphucula ukubonakala komphezulu, kunyusa amazinga okubuyela kwimeko yesiqhelo, kodwa kudlule ubungakanani obufanelekileyo, ukusila okugqithisileyo kunciphisa ukusebenza kakuhle ngokwenza i-slimes ethintela ukudluliselwa kobunzima kwaye kunokunyusa ilahleko. Izifundo zibonise ukuba, kwii-ore ezininzi, ukwandisa umlinganiselo wegolide ekhululekileyo kwi-grind ethile kufezekisa ukufikeleleka okungcono kwe-cyanide kunye nokuveliswa kwemizi-mveliso. Ukusila okucolekileyo kakhulu kuluncedo kwigolide egqunywe kakhulu kodwa kunokubangela ukusetyenziswa kakhulu kwe-reagent okanye i-agglomeration.
Iindlela zangaphambi konyango zikhethwa ngokweentlobo ze-ore. Unyango lwangaphambi konyango ngokugaya okucolekileyo kakhulu lunyusa kakhulu ukufikeleleka kwegolide ehlanganisiweyo. Unyango lweekhemikhali olufana nokutsalwa kwe-alkaline okanye i-acidic luqhekeza i-sulfide matrices eyingozi. Unyango olushushu, olufana nokutsalwa, luguqula i-sulfides ibe yi-oxides, nto leyo eyenza igolide ikwazi ukutsalwa lula. Ukufaka i-lime ngaphambi kokufaka i-lime ngaphambi kokukhupha i-lime kuyayigcina i-pH kwaye kuthintele ukwakheka kweentlobo ezinyibilikayo nezisabelayo. Umzekelo, ukutsalwa kwe-oxidative kwi-alkaline kunye ne-oxidative yezigaba ezibini kunokunyusa kakhulu ukubuyiselwa kwe-ore ye-Carlin-type refractory. Kwi-tailings yaseMzantsi Afrika echasayo, indibaniselwano yonyango lwangaphambi konyango lwe-mechanical kunye ne-chemical iphucula amazinga okukhupha igolide ngaphezu kwale ndlela yodwa.
Iimeko zokuFundisa ngokuSebenza
Ukuphucula Uxinaniso lweCyanide
Uxinzelelo lweCyanide kwisisombululo kufuneka lulawulwe kakuhle. Ukungabikho kwe-cyanide ekhululekileyo kuyacothisa ukunyibilika, ngelixa ukugqithisa kongeza iindleko kunye nomthwalo wokusingqongileyo ngaphandle kokunyusa ukubuyiswa kwegolide. Izifundo zetyala zichonga malunga ne-600 ppm njengenqanaba elifanelekileyo lee-ore ezithile, zixhasa ukunyibilika ngokupheleleyo kodwa zinciphisa inkcitho. Ukubeka iliso rhoqo koxinzelelo lweCyanide kunye nokulinganisa ngokuzenzekelayo—kusetyenziswa izixhobo ezifana ne-Lonnmeter ultrasonic concentration meter—kuvumela ukongezwa kwe-reagent elungisiweyo kakuhle ehambelana neemfuno ze-ore kwaye izinzise iindleko zokusebenza.
Ubuninzi bokuxinwa kweLeachate kunye nePulp Leaching
Uxinano lwepulp—umlinganiselo we-solid-to-liquid—udlala indima ebalulekileyo ekudlulisweni kobunzima kunye nokubuyiselwa kwegolide. Uxinano oluphantsi lwepulp luphucula ukutsalwa kwegolide ngenxa yokwanda kokuhamba kwesisombululo kunye nokufikelela kwi-reagent kodwa kwandisa iindleko zokuphatha amanzi kunye ne-reagent. Uxinano oluphezulu lunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-reagent kodwa lubeka emngciphekweni wokutsalwa okungaphelelanga ngenxa yokudluliselwa kobunzima okungekho mgangathweni. Uhlalutyo loxinzelelo lwe-pulp leaching kunye nokulinganiswa koxinano lwe-leachate yegolide kuyimfuneko ukuze kuphuculwe inkqubo.
Ukuphazamiseka kunye noLawulo lobushushu
Ukuxukuxa okufanelekileyo kubalulekile ekuxhomeni amasuntswana kunye nokukhuthaza unxibelelwano olusebenzayo phakathi kwe-cyanide enyibilikisiweyo kunye negolide. Amanqanaba aphezulu okuxukuxa adla ngokunyusa ukusebenza kakuhle kokuxukuxa, ngakumbi kwi-ore ezithambekele ekuncipheni okanye ekuhlanganisweni kwamasuntswana. Nangona kunjalo, ukuxukuxa okugqithisileyo kunokukhokelela ekulahlekelweni ngokomzimba okanye kwiimpendulo ezingafunekiyo ze-oxygenation. Ngokufanayo, ukunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu kukhawulezisa ukunyibilika kwegolide, kodwa amaqondo obushushu okusebenza kufuneka alinganiswe—amaqondo obushushu aphezulu akhawulezisa amazinga okusabela kodwa akwakhuthaza ukulahleka kwe-cyanide ngokuwohloka okanye ukubola.
Ulawulo lweXesha lokuFundisa
Ixesha lokukhuhla kufuneka libe lide ngokwaneleyo ukugqiba ukunyibilika kodwa libe lifutshane ngokwaneleyo ukuphucula ukusebenza kunye nokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-cyanide. Izifundo zibonisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwee-agents ezixutyiweyo zokukhuhla iikhemikhali kunokunciphisa ixesha elifunekayo lokunxibelelana kakhulu ngelixa kuphucula ukubuyiselwa kwimeko yesiqhelo. Amaxesha amafutshane okukhuhla kunye nokusebenza kweekhemikhali okusebenzayo anciphisa iimfuno ze-reagent, iindleko zokusebenza, kunye nemingcipheko yokusingqongileyo. Ulawulo olupheleleyo kwixesha lokukhuhla kubalulekile ukuze kuhambelane nokusetyenziswa kwe-reagent kunye ne-kinetics yokukhupha kwiintlobo ezithile ze-ore.
Ukuhlanganiswa ngononophelo kokuchazwa kwe-ore, ukukhethwa kwangaphambi konyango, ulawulo loxinano lwe-pulp, ukujonga rhoqo uxinano lwe-cyanide, kunye nokulungiswa kweeparameter zokusebenza kuxhasa ukutsalwa kwegolide kwanamhlanje nokusebenzayo kusetyenziswa i-cyanide leaching.
Iindlela zokulinganisa nokulawula ukugxila okungaphakathi
Izisombululo zokubeka iliso zanamhlanje
Iindlela zokulinganisa uxinano lwe-cyanide yasimahla ziquka izinzwa ze-amperometric kunye neempendulo zokutshintshiselana kwe-ligand, ezivumela ukulinganiswa okuthe ngqo nokuchanekileyo okufanelekileyo kuhlalutyo loxinano lwe-pulp leaching kunye nokuhamba kwe-gold leachate. Iiparameter eziphambili ezifana ne-free cyanide kunye ne-WAD cyanide kufuneka zilinganiswe ukuze kulawulwe inkqubo kunye nokuthotyelwa kokusingqongileyo, njengoko imida yemithetho ngoku ifuna ukulandelwa okusondeleyo koxinano lwe-residual cyanide kwi-gold leachate. Izixhobo ezingaphakathi, ezifakwe kwiindawo ezicwangcisiweyo kwisekethe, zivumela ulawulo oluchanekileyo lwe-cyanide dosing kwaye zinike isilumkiso kwangethuba malunga nokuphambuka kwenkqubo.
Izixhobo zokulinganisa i-Ultrasonic, ezifanekiswe yiLonnmeter Ultrasonic Concentration Meter, zisetyenziselwa ukujonga ngaphakathi i-cyanide kunye ne-pulp density kwi-leaching circuits. Le mitha isebenzisa imigaqo yokudlulisa i-ultrasonic ukumisela utshintsho kwisisombululo soxinano oluhambelana ne-cyanide kunye ne-gold leachate concentrations. Ukulinganisa ngokuthe ngqo kwenza abaqhubi bakwazi ukuvavanya ngoko nangoko ukusebenza kakuhle kokukhupha igolide, balungise iiparamitha zomoya kunye nokunyakaza, kwaye bagcine uzinzo lwenkqubo. Uyilo lweLonnmeter luxhasa ukuloga kwedatha ngexesha langempela, ngokuzenzekelayo kunye nokuhlanganiswa kwangoko neenkqubo zolawulo lwezityalo. Umzekelo, xa ujonga uxinano lwe-pulp, iLonnmeter inika ingxelo eqhubekayo, inciphisa isidingo sokulinganisa uxinano lwelabhoratri kwaye ivumela ukulungiswa ngokukhawuleza kokuhambelana kwe-pulp ukuze kuphuculwe i-leaching kinetics kunye nokubuyiselwa kwegolide.
Ngokwenyani, ezi zisombululo zanamhlanje zibonelela:
- Idatha ekhawulezileyo malunga ne-cyanide kunye nobuninzi, okuphucula ukuchaneka kwedosi.
- Ukuthobela ngcono ukukhutshwa kunye nokulawulwa kweentsalela zenkunkuma ngenxa yedatha ye-cyanide eseleyo enokuthi isebenze.
- Ukonga ukusebenza, njengoko ukulungiswa kwenkqubo kungenziwa ngaphandle kokulibaziseka.
Amaqhinga oLawulo lweNgxelo
Ulawulo lwenkqubo oluzenzekelayo lusebenzisa idatha yokulinganisa emgceni ukuze luqhubeke nokuphucula ukongezwa kwe-reagent, uxinano lwe-pulp, kunye nomoya kwi-extract yegolide kusetyenziswa i-cyanide leaching. Umgaqo ophambili kukuphendula—ukufundwa kwe-sensor ngexesha langempela kudluliselwa kwi-programmable logic controllers (PLC), ezithi emva koko zilungise ngokuzenzekelayo ukongezwa kwe-cyanide, ii-destruction reagents, kunye nezongezo ze-leaching. Oku kususa iimpazamo zokulinganisa ngesandla, kuqinisa ulawulo lwe-leaching kinetics, kwaye kunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-cyanide.
Amaqhinga okuphendula ngenkqubo aquka:
- Ingqiqo esekelwe kwimithetho, ebeka imida kunye namazinga okulinganisa ngokusekelwe kwimida yoxinzelelo lwe-cyanide esele imiselwe.
- Ukulungiswa okusekelwe kwimodeli, okutolika idatha ye-multi-sensor—i-cyanide, uxinano, i-pH, i-oxygen enyibilikisiweyo—ukwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle kokubuyisa igolide.
- Ukulinganisa okuqhubekekayo ngaphakathi kuvumela ukulinganiswa koxinano lwegolide ephumayo ukuxhasa ukulungiswa kokushukuma kunyeukufana kwe-slurry.
Amaqhinga okulawula impendulo ezenzekelayo anciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-cyanide, inkunkuma ye-reagent, kunye nokuguquguquka kokusebenza. Umzekelo, izifundo zemizekelo ezivela kwimisebenzi yorhwebo zibonisa ukwehla kokusetyenziswa kwe-cyanide ukuya kuthi ga kwi-21%, kunye nokubuyiselwa kwegolide okuhlala kuhleli okanye kuphucuka ngenxa yokwakheka kwe-leachate efanelekileyo kunye nolawulo olusebenzayo lwenkqubo. Ukubuyiselwa kwegolide kwi-leachate ye-cyanide kuzuza ngokuthe ngqo kwi-reagent dosing ezinzileyo, elawulwa kakuhle.
Iinkqubo zempendulo ezidibeneyo zikwaxhasa ezinye iindlela zokukhupha igolide ezinobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo ngokugcina ulawulo oluqinileyo kumanqanaba e-cyanide, ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa komoya, kunye nokwenza ngcono ukutshatyalaliswa okanyeiinkqubo zokubuyisela kwimeko yesiqheloUkulinganisa ngokuzenzekelayo okusekelwe kwiimilinganiselo ze-intanethi kudlula iindlela zokulinganisa ngesandla, ezicothayo kwaye zisengozini yokungangqinelani.
Ngamafutshane, iitekhnoloji eziphambili zokukhupha i-cyanide zidibanisa ukulinganisa okucwangcisiweyo—njengokoImitha yoXinzelelo lwe-Ultrasonic yeLonnmeter—ngolawulo lwempendulo oluzenzekelayo. Le ndlela iphucula onke amanqanaba, ukusuka kuhlalutyo loxinzelelo lwe-pulp leaching ukuya kunyango kunye nokulahla i-cyanide leachate, ukuqhuba ukusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo kunye nokuthobela imigangatho yokusingqongileyo kunye nokhuseleko.
Ukuphucula Inkqubo kunye noPhuculo lokuBuyisa
Idatha yokulinganisa ngexesha langempela yenza umqolo wokwenziwa ngcono kwenkqubo yokukhupha i-cyanide yegolide. Izixhobo ezikwimigca efana ne-Lonnmeter ultrasonic concentration meter zibonelela ngokufundwa okuchanekileyo nokuqhubekayo koxinzelelo lwe-cyanide yasimahla kunye noxinano lwe-leachate, zibonelela abaqhubi ngolwazi olufunekayo ukuze balungise iiparameter zokusebenza ngokuguquguqukayo. Oku kubandakanya ulawulo lwe-cyanide dosing oluzenzekelayo, olugcina iibhendi zoxinzelelo olujoliswe kuzo kwaye lunciphise ukuguquguquka kwenkqubo. Umzekelo, ukugcina i-cyanide yasimahla ngaphakathi kwe-±10% yeendawo ezimiselweyo kuqinisekisa i-leaching kinetics esebenzayo ngaphandle kokusetyenziswa kakhulu kwezixhobo okanye ukulahleka kwegolide, nokuba umgangatho we-ore okanye i-output iyatshintsha.
Uhlengahlengiso olunamandla, oluqhutywa kukubeka esweni i-cyanide ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka, lukhuthaza ukuphendula ngokukhawuleza kulawulo lweesekethe ze-leach. Iinkqubo zokugcwalisa ezizenzekelayo, ezixhaswa yidatha yexesha langempela, zinciphisa umngcipheko wokusetyenziswa ngaphantsi kwedosi (okukhokelela ekuncipheni kwamazinga okukhupha igolide) kunye nokusetyenziswa kakhulu kwedosi (okunyusa iindleko ze-reagent kunye noxanduva lokusingqongileyo). Idatha evela kubahlalutyi abangaphakathi idibana kakuhle nohlalutyo loxinzelelo lwe-pulp leaching kunye nemisebenzi yokulinganisa uxinano, inika ulwazi ngesantya somxube, amazinga omoya, kunye nezinye izinto ezibalulekileyo ekukhutshweni kwegolide kusetyenziswa i-cyanide leaching.
Ukuphucula kuyanda ngezantsi: ukuhamba kwedatha edibeneyo kuxhasa ukufunxwa kwekhabhoni (CIP/CIL) kunye namanqanaba okufunxwa kwe-zinc, ukulungisa iimeko zenkqubo ngokusekelwe kubukho be-cyanide yangoku. Kwiinkqubo zokufunxwa kwekhabhoni, amanqanaba e-cyanide ajongwa ngokuchanekileyo aqinisekisa ukuba ikhabhoni esebenzayo ayifikeleli kugcwala kwangaphambi kwexesha okanye amathuba okubanjwa aphuthelwe, ngelixa ukuguqula i-pH kunye nokufakwa kwekhabhoni ngokusekelwe kwiiprofayili ze-leach zexesha langempela kunokunyusa ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-adsorption yegolide ngaphezulu kwe-98% kwii-ores ezintsonkothileyo. Kwi-zinc precipitation, ngakumbi kwi-feeds enomxholo wesinyithi osisiseko esiphezulu (njenge-zinc kunye nobhedu), ukugcina uxinano olufanelekileyo lwe-cyanide eseleyo kwi-leachate yegolide kuthintela ukusetyenziswa kakhulu kwe-zinc kunye neempendulo ezingalawulekiyo-ukuphucula ngokuthe ngqo amazinga okubuyisela.
Inkqubo ye-SART, esetyenziswa apho iziseko zesinyithi ziphazamisana kakhulu, ikwanceda ekulinganisweni kwe-cyanide edibeneyo. Ulawulo oluzenzekelayo malunga namanyathelo okufaka i-sulfidization kunye ne-acidification, olukhokelwa yidatha ye-cyanide yamahhala yexesha langempela, lufezekisa ukususwa okukhethiweyo kwe-zinc kunye ne-copper, okwenza kube lula ukuphinda kusetyenziswe isisombululo se-cyanide ukuze kuqhubeke ukuvuza. Oku kunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-cyanide iyonke, kwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle kokubuyiswa kwegolide kwi-cyanide leachate, kwaye kuxhasa ezinye iindlela zokukhupha igolide ezinobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo.
Ekunciphiseni ukusetyenziswa kwe-reagent, ukusebenzisana phakathi kokubeka esweni ngokukhawuleza koxinzelelo lwe-cyanide kunye nolawulo lwenkqubo akunakugqithiswa. Ngokuthintela ukongezwa kwe-cyanide engaphezulu, izityalo zinciphisa kakhulu iindleko kwaye zinciphise ukuveliswa kwenkunkuma enobungozi. Kwangaxeshanye, ukugcina idosi ye-cyanide ephantsi kangangoko kunokwenzeka kuthintela umngcipheko wokutsalwa kwenkunkuma okungaphelelanga okanye ukubanjwa kwegolide, okuqinisekisa isivuno esiphezulu sokubuyisela. Iinkqubo ezikwi-intanethi,Ngenxa yokunganyamezelani kwazo nokuphazamiseka okuvela kumanzi amdaka okanye ukuhamba okuguquguqukayo, zifanelekile kakhulu kule njongo—zinikezela ngedatha ethembekileyo nesebenzayo kuzo zonke izigaba zonyango kunye nokulahla i-cyanide leachate.
Imveliso yegolide efanelekileyo ifumaneka ngokuvumelanisa iiparamitha zegolide kunye neenkqubo zokubuyisela emva, zonke zixhaswa kukubeka esweni okuchanekileyo nokuqhubekayo. Uhlengahlengiso lwenkqubo olucwangcisiweyo, oluxhaswa yimilinganiselo yoxinzelelo lwe-cyanide kunye nobuninzi, lwenza inkqubo evaliweyo ekhulisa imbuyekezo ngelixa iqhubela phambili uzinzo kunye nokhuseleko ekutsaleni igolide nge-cyanide. Le ndlela ivumela imisebenzi ukuba isebenzise ubuchwepheshe obuphambili bokukhupha i-cyanide kwiindlela zokukhupha igolide zendabuko kunye nezingasebenzisi i-cyanide, iqhubeke nokwenza ngcono ukusebenza kakuhle, ukubuyisela, kunye nokuthobela imithetho ngenxa yeenkqubo zolawulo eziqinileyo eziqhutywa yidatha.
Inkqubo yoBuyiselo lweGolide
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Ulawulo lweNdalo kwiCyanide Gold Leaching
Ulawulo olusebenzayo lokusingqongileyo kwinkqubo yokukhuhla i-cyanide yegolide luxhomekeke ekucoceni ngokungqongqo, unyango, kunye nokuphathwa kwee-leachates ze-cyanide kunye neentsalela. Ubuchwepheshe kunye neenkqubo ziye zaphucuka ukuze kulungiswe i-cyanide eseleyo, kunciphisa iingozi zempilo kunye nezendalo.
Ukususwa kwetyhefu kwiCyanide Leachate, Unyango, kunye noLawulo lweeNtsalela
Iindlela zokususa ubuthi kwi-cyanide leachate zibeka phambili ukuqhekeka nokususwa kweentlobo ze-cyanide ezinobuthi. I-oxidation yeekhemikhali ihlala isemgangathweni, iguqula i-cyanide ekhululekileyo neyi-Weak Acid Dissociable (WAD) ibe ziifom ezikhuselekileyo ezifana ne-cyanate, engenabuthi kangako kwaye ibola ngokulula. Ukuhlanganiswa kwee-analyzers zenkqubo ezikwi-intanethi kunye neenkqubo ezenza kube lula ukujonga i-cyanide kuye kwatshintsha izityalo zaya kulawulo olusebenzayo, kunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwebuthi.
Ulawulo lwe-tailings luxhomekeke kwi-Tailings Storage Facilities (TSFs) ezicwangcisiweyo ezenzelwe ukugcina i-cyanide eseleyo. Iindlela ezilungileyo ziquka ukusetyenziswa kwee-double liners, iinkqubo zokuqokelela amanzi amdaka, kunye nokubeka esweni ibhalansi yamanzi rhoqo. Olu lawulo lobunjineli lunceda ekuthinteleni ukungena kwamanzi angaphantsi komhlaba kunye nongcoliseko lwamanzi angaphezulu komhlaba. Iiprotokholi zokusebenza kwe-TSF kwindawo ethile zihambelana nezinto eziguquguqukayo ezifana notshintsho lwemozulu kunye nemingcipheko yamanzi yengingqi, kunye nezikhokelo zokhuseleko ezichaza amanyathelo okukhusela i-biota yendawo kunye nemithombo yamanzi.
Ulawulo olupheleleyo lwamanzi luyimfuneko, luquka ukusetyenziswa kwakhona kwamanzi, unyango ngaphambi kokuba akhutshwe, kunye nokucwangciswa kweemeko ezingxamisekileyo zokwaphulwa kwe-TSF. Izicwangciso zokulungiselela imeko engxamisekileyo ziquka idatha yokujonga inkqubo ngexesha langempela ukuze kukhawuleziswe impendulo ukuba kwenzeka ukuvuza okanye ukungaphumeleli.
Ukubeka esweni kunye nokunciphisa ukuxinana kweCyanide eseleyo
Ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho kufuna ukuba kubekwe esweni rhoqo, ngesisombululo esiphezulu, ukugxila kwe-cyanide eseleyo kwi-pulp leaching kunye ne-tailings wash. Ukulinganisa ukugxila ngexesha langempela kunye nobuchwepheshe obufana noImitha yoxinzelelo lwe-ultrasonic yeLonnmeterkunye nezixhobo zorhwebo ezisebenzisa i-ligand exchange amperometry zenza ukuba kuhlalutywe ngokuchanekileyo i-cyanide ekhululekileyo kunye neentlobo ze-WAD cyanide ngaphakathi kwemithombo yegolide ye-leachate.
Ezi nkqubo zixhasa:
- Ulawulo lwe-cyanide oluzenzekelayo, olunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-reagent engaphezulu ngelixa lukhusela ukusebenza kakuhle kokubuyisela igolide.
- Ukuhlanganiswa ngokuthe ngqo neenkqubo zokutshabalalisa i-cyanide, okunika amandla ulawulo oluqinileyo lwemigangatho yokukhupha kunye neemvume zokusingqongileyo.
- Ukudluliselwa kwedatha ekude kwimisebenzi yokwemba esasazwe, ukuphucula ukugubungela kwendawo kunye noxanduva lokusebenza.
Ukubeka iliso rhoqo kwimida yokufumanisa esezantsi njenge-10 ppb kuvumela abaqhubi ukuba bahlangabezane neemfuno ezingqongqo zokhuseleko lwesizwe nolwamazwe ngamazwe. Iinkqubo ezizenzekelayo zinciphisa iimpazamo zokuthatha iisampulu ngesandla, zifinyeze ii-loops zempendulo yedatha, kwaye zibonelela ngamaxesha athile okungenelela okulungisa kwiingxaki zenkqubo.
Ukunciphisa i-Ecological Footprint Ngelixa Kugcinwa Ukusebenza Kwenkqubo
Ukulinganisela ukubuyiswa kwegolide kwimpembelelo yokusingqongileyo kufuna okungaphezulu kokujonga rhoqo. Ubuchwepheshe obuphambili bokuphinda usebenzise i-cyanide buvumela ukusetyenziswa kwakhona kwe-cyanide kwinkqubo yokukhutshelwa kwegolide, kunciphisa ngokuthe ngqo imveliso yenkunkuma enetyhefu kunye neendleko zokusebenza, ngelixa kugcinwa amazinga okubuyiswa kwegolide ekujoliswe kuwo. Ukwamkelwa kwezi nkqubo kunciphisa umngcipheko wokusingqongileyo kwaye kulungelelanisa imisebenzi nemigangatho yokuzinza yehlabathi.
Kwangaxeshanye, iindawo zokwemba igolide ziya zizama ngakumbi iindlela zokukhupha igolide ezingenayo i-cyanide, kubandakanya i-thiosulfate, i-glycine, okanye iindlela zebhayoloji ezinobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo. Apho i-cyanide ingenakuphepheka, ukulinganiswa koxinano lwe-gold leachate kunye nohlalutyo oluchanekileyo lwe-pulp leaching concentration luxhasa ukusetyenziswa kwe-reagent efanelekileyo, ukunciphisa idosi efunekayo kunye nokunciphisa ubuthi be-tailings.
Iindlela ezintsha, ezinje ngokunciphisa ukugcada kunye nokwahlulwa kwemagnethi ekucutshungulweni kweentsalela zenkunkuma, zinciphisa ukuxhomekeka ngakumbi kwi-cyanide kwaye zivumela ukufunyanwa okubanzi kweentsimbi ezixabisekileyo kwimijelo yenkunkuma. Iindlela ezilungileyo zesiza zigxininisa uyilo oluqinileyo lweziko, ukuthotyelwa komthetho, kunye nokubandakanyeka koluntu ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa ngengozi kunye nokuqinisekisa ulawulo oluhambelanayo nolusekelwe kumngcipheko ebomini bam bonke.
Izifundo zeemeko ezivela kwiindawo ezifana neKenya ne-Australia zibonisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa rhoqo kwezi ndlela kunciphisa kakhulu iingozi zendalo ezinxulumene nokutsalwa kwe-cyanide, nokuba phantsi kweemeko ezinzima zomthetho okanye zokusebenza.
Ekugqibeleni, ulawulo lokusingqongileyo ekukhuculweni kwegolide nge-cyanide lufuna indibaniselwano yobuchwephesha ekususeni inkunkuma ephuma kwi-leachate, ukujonga ngokungqongqo uxinaniso, kunye neendlela ezilungileyo zoshishino zokulawula iintsalela kunye nolawulo lwenkqubo. Le ndlela idibeneyo iqinisekisa ukhuseleko loluntu kunye nolwendalo ngelixa iqinisekisa ukubuyiswa kwegolide ngokufanelekileyo.
Uyilo olutsha kwi-Cyanide-Free Gold Leaching
Iindlela ezintsha zokukhupha igolide ezingenayo i-cyanide ziya zithandwa njengoko ishishini lezemigodi lifuna ezinye iindlela ezikhuselekileyo nezizinzileyo kunenkqubo eqhelekileyo yokukhupha i-cyanide yegolide. Ezi teknoloji zijongana neenkxalabo ezingxamisekileyo malunga nongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, ukhuseleko lwabasebenzi, kunye nelayisenisi yoluntu, ngelixa zityhala imida yobuchwephesha yokubuyiselwa kwegolide.
Ukuntywila kweThiosulfate
Ukutsalwa kwe-thiosulfate kuye kwaba yinkqubo ehamba phambili engena-cyanide, evumela ukutsalwa kwegolide kwi-ore ezithintela ukutsalwa kwegolide yi-cyanide yendabuko. Amanqanaba okubuyiswa kwegolide anokufikelela kwi-87% kwii-concentrates ezintsonkothileyo, ezine-sulfide ephezulu—ingakumbi xa i-ammonia kunye ne-copper ions zikhona njengee-catalysts. Izongezo, ezifana ne-ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, zinyusa isivuno kunye nokusetyenziswa okuphantsi kwe-reagent, nto leyo enciphisa iindleko kunye nomgangatho wokusingqongileyo. Ukutsalwa kwe-copper-ammonia-thiosulfate lixiviant kuphucula ngakumbi ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-leaching, kuphucula amazinga okunyibilika kunye nomxholo we-oxygen, nto leyo ekhokelela ekutsalweni kwegolide okuphezulu malunga ne-4.74% xa kuthelekiswa neenkqubo ezingezizo ze-magnetized. Nangona kunjalo, ukutsalwa kwegolide kunokuhlala kulinganiselwe kwii-ore ezithile eziphindwe kabini apho igolide igqunywe kakhulu ziiminerali, nto leyo egxininisa ukubaluleka kwe-ore mineralogy ekukhetheni inkqubo.
Ukucocwa kweGlycine
I-Glycine—i-amino acid yendalo, ebolayo—ikwasebenza njengesicoci esisebenzayo segolide. Iinkqubo zokucocwa kweGlycine zibonelela ngokukhetha okuphezulu kunye nobuthi obuphantsi, kunye namazinga okukhutshelwa kwegolide abhaliweyo adlula i-90% kwezinye ii-ore ezikumgangatho ophantsi kunye neentsalela xa ziphuculwe zizongezo ezifana nee-ion ze-copper kunye nonyango lwangaphambi konyango. Le teknoloji iyaziwa ngenxa yeprofayili yayo yokhuseleko oluphuculweyo kunye nomngcipheko omncinci kumhlaba nasemanzini, xa kuthelekiswa nokucocwa kwe-cyanide. Nangona kunjalo, ubunzima bokusebenza kunye neendleko ze-reagent, kunye neemfuno zokwenziwa ngcono kwe-ore, zinokubangela imiqobo yokwamkelwa. Izifundo zetyala lezemizi-mveliso e-Australia naseKhanada zibonisa zombini ukwenzeka kobuchwephesha kunye noqoqosho, kodwa ukuphunyezwa kuxhomekeke kuhlalutyo oluneenkcukacha loxinzelelo lwe-pulp leaching, ukujonga inkqubo eqinileyo, kunye nokuziqhelanisa nokutya okuthile kwemigodi.
Ukucocwa kweChloride kunye neHalogen
Iindlela zokukhuhla igolide ezisekelwe kwi-chloride kunye nezinye ii-halogens zibonelela ngezinye iindlela ezinomtsalane zee-ores ezingafunekiyo kunye nee-tailings ezindala, zijongana neemeko apho ukukhuhla i-cyanide ukuze kukhutshwe igolide kuvavanywa yi-mineral encapsulation okanye imida yokulawula. Ukukhuhla igolide nge-oxidants ezifana ne-sodium hypochlorite kunye ne-hydrochloric acid kunokuphucula ukubuyiswa kwegolide kwi-resistor tailings ngaphezulu kwama-40%. Ezi nkqubo zisebenza phantsi kweemeko ze-asidi kwaye zihambelana kakuhle nonyango lwangaphambi kokukhuhla igolide olufana ne-bio-oxidation okanye i-pressure oxidation ukuvula igolide engafikelelekiyo kwizakhiwo zezimbiwa eziphambili. Imingeni yokusebenza ibandakanya ukhuseleko lokuphathwa kwe-reagent kunye nolawulo lozinzo lweekhemikhali kuyo yonke inkqubo. Uvavanyo lomjikelo wobomi lubonisa amandla aphantsi okufudumala kwehlabathi xa kuthelekiswa nee-flowsheets ze-cyanide zendabuko, kodwa lukwagxininisa imfuneko yeenkqubo zokusebenza ezingqongqo.
Iindlela eziPhambili eziSekelwe kwiReagent
Uphando lwakutshanje lubonisa izinto ezintsha ezijolise ekukhupheni igolide ngokukhetha, ngokukhawuleza nangokufanelekileyo. Iinkqubo ezisekelwe kwi-sodium cyanate, xa ziveliswa nge-sodium hydroxide kunye ne-sodium ferrocyanide kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu, zibonisa amazinga okuphuma kwe-87.56% kwi-concentrates nangaphezulu kwe-90% kwi-e-waste recycling. Ukusebenza kunye nokukhetha kubangelwa yi-sodium isocyanate njengohlobo olusebenzayo. Inkqubo ye-CLEVR, esebenzisa i-sodium hypochlorite okanye i-hypobromite kwinkqubo evaliweyo, ene-asidi, ifumana isivuno segolide esingaphezulu kwe-95% kwiiyure ezimbalwa, xa kuthelekiswa neeyure ezingaphezu kwama-36 ze-cyanidation yakudala. Le ndlela ivelisa intsalela engasebenziyo kwaye isusa ngokupheleleyo ukungcola okuyingozi kunye namachibi amdaka, okwenza ukuba ibe nomtsalane kwiindawo apho unyango kunye nokulahla i-cyanide leachate kuyingxaki.
Indlela yokusebenzisa i-tandem chemical generation esebenzisa i-in situ hydroiodic acid inika uphuculo olongezelelekileyo lokunyibilikiswa kwegolide kwii-catalysts ezisetyenzisiweyo, ingakumbi imilambo yenkunkuma yemizi-mveliso, kunye nenkunkuma ye-reagent encitshisiweyo kunye nokuphila okuqinileyo kwezoqoqosho. Ezi ndlela zibonisa ukuba, ngeemeko eziphuculweyo kunye nolawulo lwenkqubo ngexesha langempela-njengokusebenzisa iindlela zokulinganisa uxinzelelo lwe-cyanide yamahhala kunye nokulinganisa okuphezulu koxinano lwegolide leachate-iindlela ezingenayo i-cyanide zinokukhuphisana okanye zidlule i-cyanide ekusebenzeni kakuhle kunye nokusebenza kokusingqongileyo.
Uhlalutyo lokuthelekisa
Ukusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo:Iinkqubo ezingenayo i-cyanide ezifana ne-thiosulfate enemagnethi kunye ne-hypochlorite leaching zibonisa i-kinetics yokukhupha kunye ne-venues ezisondela, okanye kwezinye iinkqubo ezidlula, ezo zenkqubo ye-gold cyanide leaching. Iinkqubo ze-glycine zikwabonelela nge-venues ezikhuphisanayo kwii-ores ezikhethiweyo.
Ukhuseleko:Iindlela ezingenayo i-cyanide zisusa phantse iingozi zetyhefu ezibangelwa kukuxinana kwe-cyanide eseleyo kwi-gold leachate. Iindawo zokusebenza ziyaphucuka, kwaye iprofayili yomngcipheko wokuphathwa kweekhemikhali iyancipha kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, ukhathalelo ngee-oxidants kunye nee-halogens luhlala lubalulekile.
Impembelelo kwiNdalo:Ukukhuhla okungena-cyanide kuvelisa inkunkuma engenabungozi kangako, kwenza kube lula ukunyanga nokulahlwa kwenkunkuma, kwaye kunciphisa iimpembelelo emanzini nasemhlabeni. Uvavanyo lomjikelo wobomi luqinisekisa ukuphucuka okukhulu kwiisekethe ze-cyanide, kunye neenkqubo zentsalela ezivaliweyo nezingenabungozi njengezona zibalaseleyo.
Ukukhetha ezinye iindlela zokusebenzisa igolide ukuze ikhuphe igolide ngendlela enobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo, ezihambelana neempawu ze-ore, ulawulo lwendawo, kunye nokulungelelaniswa kokusebenza. Izixhobo zokubeka esweni eziphambili, ezifana ne-Lonnmeter ultrasonic concentration meter yokulinganisa i-cyanide, zihlala zibalulekile kuzo zonke iindlela zenkqubo, ukuqinisekisa i-leaching kinetics echanekileyo kwi-cyanidation yegolide—nokuba i-cyanide ikhona okanye ayikho—kwaye ixhasa imisebenzi yokukhupha igolide eqinileyo neguquguqukayo.
Imibuzo ebuzwa qho
Ibaluleke ngantoni indlela yokulinganisa uxinano lwe-cyanide olukhululekileyo kwinkqubo yokutsalwa kwegolide kwi-cyanide?
Ukulinganisa ngokuchanekileyo uxinaniso lwe-cyanide olukhululekileyo kubalulekile ekusebenzeni kakuhle kwenkqubo yokukhuhla i-cyanide yegolide. I-cyanide ekhululekileyo imele inxalenye esebenzayo yeekhemikhali ekhoyo ukwenza ii-complexes ze-gold-cyanide, okuvumela igolide ukuba inyibilike ibe sisisombululo sokukhupha. I-cyanide engonelanga ekhululekileyo inokuthintela izinga lokunyibilika kwegolide, inciphise isivuno siphela; i-cyanide egqithisileyo ikhokelela ekusetyenzisweni kwe-reagent echithayo kwaye inyusa umngcipheko wongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo kunye neendleko zenkqubo. Abahlalutyi be-intanethi abazenzekelayo, ngokuchaseneyo ne-titration ngesandla, banikezela ukujonga ngexesha langempela okuvumela ulawulo olunamandla lwe-cyanide dosing kwaye baxhasa ukuthotyelwa kwemigangatho engqongqo yokukhupha. Ezi ndlela zinciphisa inkunkuma yeekhemikhali kwaye ziqinisa ukhuseleko lokusebenza, njengoko kubonisiwe kwizifundo apho uxinaniso lwe-cyanide olukhululekileyo olumalunga ne-600 ppm luphucula ukubuyiswa kwegolide ngomthwalo oncitshisiweyo wokusingqongileyo.
Ubuninzi be-leachate buyichaphazela njani indlela esebenza ngayo i-gold cyanide leaching?
Uxinano lwe-Leachate (okanye i-pulp) luchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukudluliselwa kobunzima, ukuxubana, kunye nokufumaneka kwe-cyanide kunye ne-oxygen ukuze kunyibilike igolide. Uxinano olulawulwa kakuhle luphucula ukuvezwa kwamasuntswana egolide kwii-reagents kwaye luphucula i-leaching kinetics. Umzekelo, ukunciphisa uxinano lwe-pulp kunokunyusa ukubuyiselwa kwegolide ngokuncedisa ukushukuma kunye nokunxibelelana kwe-reagent, ngelixa uxinano oluphezulu kakhulu lunokuphazamisa ukuxubana kwaye lunyuse ukusetyenziswa kwe-cyanide. Ukulungisa uxinano lwe-pulp, kunye nezinto ezifana ne-pH kunye nobushushu, kunokunyusa kakhulu amazinga okukhupha igolide kwaye kunciphise ixesha lokukhupha, ingakumbi kwii-ore ezikumgangatho ophantsi. Uvavanyo lubonise ukuba ibhalansi efanelekileyo phakathi komlinganiselo we-solid-to-liquid kunye nee-agents ezixutyiweyo zokuncedisa ukukhupha i-cyanide zinokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-cyanide ngesiqingatha ngelixa ziphinda kabini ukusebenza kakuhle kwezinye iintlobo ze-ore.
Zithini iingenelo zokusebenzisa iLonnmeter Ultrasonic Concentration Meter ekujongeni uxinano lwe-pulp leaching?
I-Lonnmeter Ultrasonic Concentration Meter ivumela ukujonga ngokukhawuleza nangokungangenisi, uxinaniso lwe-pulp leachate. Uyilo lwayo lwe-clamp-on, olungelulo lwenyukliya, luthintela ukudibana ngqo ne-slurry eyingozi, lususa umngcipheko wokuvuza kwaye luphucule ukhuseleko, ngakumbi kwiindawo ezinobungozi. Esi sixhobo sinika ukuchaneka kokulinganisa ngaphakathi kwe-0.3% kwaye sidibana ngokungenamthungo neenkqubo zolawulo lwenkqubo ye-PLC/DCS ukuze kube nokuzisebenzela okuqhubekayo. Abaqhubi banokusebenzisa i-reagent kakuhle kwaye balungise idosi ngoko nangoko ukuze kugcinwe ukubuyiswa kwegolide okuzinzileyo. Ukwakhiwa kwe-meter okungenalondolozo kunye nezinto ezihlala ixesha elide, ezimelana nokubola zihambelana neemeko ezinzima zokumba kwaye zixhasa ukuthembeka kwexesha elide. Kwizicelo eziqala kwi-gold cyanide leaching ukuya kwimveliso yeglasi yamanzi, impendulo ye-Lonnmeter yexesha langempela iphucula uzinzo lwenkqubo, inciphisa inkunkuma, kwaye inegalelo ekuthotyelweni kwemithetho.
Ngaba igolide ingafunyanwa ngaphandle kokusebenzisa i-cyanide?
Ewe, kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokukhupha igolide ezingenayo i-cyanide. Iindlela ezisebenzisa i-thiosulfate, iinkqubo ze-chloride, i-glycine, i-trichloroisocyanuric acid, kunye nee-reagents ze-sodium cyanate zibonakalise amazinga okubuyisa igolide adla ngokudlula i-87–90%. Ezi ndlela azinatyhefu, zinokuphinda zisetyenziswe, kwaye zisebenza nakwi-ores kunye nenkunkuma ye-elektroniki. Ukwamkelwa kwazo kuxhomekeke kwi-ore mineralology, iindleko, ubunzima benkqubo, kunye nemigaqo yasekuhlaleni. Ukuphunyezwa kuyahluka: ezinye iiprojekthi, ezifana ne-REVIVE SSMB, zibonisa uzinzo oluphezulu kunye nokusebenza kakuhle, ngelixa ezinye zijongana nemingeni yokusebenza kunye noluntu. Ngelixa iindlela ezingenayo i-cyanide zibonelela ngeenzuzo zokusingqongileyo kwaye zihlangabezana nemigangatho yokhuseleko engqongqo, ukusebenza kwazo kwizinga lemizi-mveliso kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo iindleko ze-reagent kunye nokuhambelana neziseko ezikhoyo.
Kutheni kubalulekile ukulawula uxinano lwe-cyanide eseleyo ngexesha nasemva kwenkqubo yokutsalwa kwegolide?
Ukulawula ukuxinana kwe-cyanide eseleyo kubalulekile ekukhuselekeni kwendalo kunye nokhuseleko lwabantu. I-cyanide eseleyo kwi-leachate ibeka umngcipheko omkhulu wetyhefu kwaye kufuneka ilawulwe ukuze kuhlangatyezwane nemigaqo yokukhupha imveliso yamazwe ngamazwe. Iindlela ezifana ne-oxidation yamakhemikhali, ukubola kwe-biogradation ngee-microbes ezikhethekileyo, ukufunxwa kwe-carbon esebenzayo, kunye ne-photocatalysis ziyasetyenziswa ukunciphisa amanqanaba e-cyanide ngaphambi kokukhululwa kokungcola. Ulawulo olufanelekileyo ngexesha lokufunxwa kwandisa ukubuyiswa kwegolide kwaye kunciphisa ubungakanani be-cyanide eseleyo, kunciphisa iimfuno zonyango olusezantsi. Ukungathobeli imithetho kukhokelela ekungcolisweni kunye neengozi zempilo ezinokubakho kubantu abakufutshane kunye neendawo eziphilayo. Ulawulo lwe-cyanide olunoxanduva luhambelana neendlela ezilungileyo zokulinganisela inzuzo yezoqoqosho kunye nolawulo lwendalo kwaye luxhasa ilayisenisi yoluntu yokusebenza kwemigodi.
Ixesha leposi: Novemba-26-2025
