Intshayelelo: Indima yeMethanol kwiCoalbed Methane Extract
Ukukhupha i-coalbed methane (CBM)imele utshintsho olubalulekileyo oluya kwimithombo yamandla acocekileyo, apho igesi ye-methane ifunyanwa ngqo kwimixokelelwane yamalahle. I-CBM ivelele ngeprofayili yayo yokukhupha ukungcola okuphantsi xa kuthelekiswa namafutha emvelo efosili, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ibe yeyona nto iphambili kwimizamo yokuvelisa amandla azinzileyo. Njengoko abachaphazelekayo kwimizi-mveliso beqinisa ukugxila kwabo kwi-CBM, iinkqubo zokukhupha ezilungelelanisiweyo kunye nolawulo lwamanzi oluqinileyo lwe-CBM oluveliswe kakuhle luye lwabaluleka.
Inkqubo yokukhupha i-CBM ijongene nemingeni eqhubekayo evela emanzini aveliswa ngexesha lokubuyiswa kwegesi. La manzi atyebile kwiiminerali ezinyibilikisiweyo kunye neekhompawundi zendalo, kwaye phantsi kweemeko ezithile zoxinzelelo oluphezulu, ubushushu obuphantsi ezidibana nazo kwiindawo zokungenisa amanzi kunye nemibhobho yokuqokelela, ikhuthaza ukwakheka kwee-hydrate zegesi. Ii-hydrate zeMethane zithintela imigca yokuhamba kwamanzi ebalulekileyo, zinciphisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwaye zibeka emngciphekweni ukuthembeka kwezixhobo. I-Methanol, eyaziswa njenge-thermodynamic hydrate inhibitor, idlala indima ebalulekileyo ngokutshintsha ukulingana kweekhemikhali kunye nokuthintela i-hydrate nucleation, ngakumbi ngexesha lokubanda okanye ukumba nzulu apho iimeko zobushushu zivumela ukukhula kwe-hydrate.
I-Coalbed Methane
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Ulawulo lwedosi ye-Methanol ekutsalweni kwe-CBM lufuna ulawulo olucokisekileyo. Ukunciphisa idosi kunokuvumela ukuba kubekho ii-hydrate, ngelixa ukugqithisa idosi kunyusa iindleko zokusebenza kunye nempembelelo yokusingqongileyo. Ukubeka iliso kuxinano lwe-methanol emanzini emveliso kubalulekile: kuxhasa ukusetyenziswa kakuhle kwe-methanol, kunciphisa ilahleko, kwaye kuqinisekisa ukuqinisekiswa kokuhamba kwamanzi rhoqo ngaphakathi kweziseko ze-CBM. Iindlela zokulinganisa uxinano lwe-methanol ezichanekileyo—ezifana nokulinganisa uxinano lwe-methanol kwindawo kusetyenziswa ii-analyzers eziphambili kunye neemitha zoxinano ezilinganisiweyo ezifana nezo zenziwe yiLonnmeter—zenza ukuba kuqokelelwe idatha ngexesha langempela ngaphakathi kwimibhobho kunye neentloko zemithombo, kuqinisekisa ukulungiswa okukhawulezileyo kokusebenza. Oku kuvumela abaqhubi basentsimini ukuba baphucule igalelo le-methanol ngokweemeko zemveliso zangoku, balungelelanise izisombululo zolawulo lwamanzi e-CBM kwaye banciphise iingozi zokhuseleko kunye nomonakalo wokugqwala.
Ukongeza ekukhuthazeni ukusebenza kakuhle kokukhupha amanzi, iindlela ezichanekileyo zokubeka esweni uxinano lwe-methanol zikhusela kwimiphumo emibi ye-methanol egqithisileyo kwimilambo yamanzi eveliswayo, njengobuthi kwindalo esingqongileyo kunye nokungaphumeleli kokuthobela imithetho. Ukulinganisa imitha yoxinano lwe-methanol ngoko ke asilonyathelo lobuchwephesha nje kuphela kodwa luphawu olusisiseko lolawulo lwamanzi oluveliswe kakuhle lwe-CBM kunye nonyango lwamanzi oluveliswe yi-coalbed methane. Ngamafutshane, indima epheleleyo ye-methanol kwi-CBM yokukhupha amanzi ixhomekeke kwidatha yoxinano eqhubekayo nethembekileyo ukulungelelanisa ukhuseleko lokusebenza, ukuthintela i-hydrate, kunye nolawulo lokusingqongileyo.
Iziseko zokuveliswa kweMethane eCoalbed kunye namanzi avelisiweyo
Isishwankathelo seCoalbed Methane Extract
Ukukhupha i-methane ecoliweyo (CBM) kujolisa kwigesi ye-methane efunxwayo kwiindawo zangaphakathi zee-seams zamalahle. Ngokungafaniyo negesi ekhululekileyo kwiindawo zokugcina amanzi eziqhelekileyo, i-CBM ibanjwa ngaphakathi kwi-matrix yamalahle ngokusebenzisa i-adsorption ebonakalayo neyekhemikhali. Imveliso iqala ngokunciphisa uxinzelelo lwe-hydrostatic, oluqhele ukwenziwa ngokupompa amanzi okwenziwa—okwaziwa ngokuba kukususa amanzi. Ukunciphisa uxinzelelo kubuyisela ukulingana kwe-adsorption, okubangela ukuba i-methane ifunxwe kwiindawo zamalahle.
Ukunyibilika kuqhubeka ngamanqanaba: iimolekyuli zemethane ziyafuduka ukusuka kumphezulu wamalahle angaphakathi ngokusebenzisa iinethiwekhi zee-micro- kunye nee-macro-pores, ukwaphuka, kunye nee-natural cleats. I-coal matrix igcina i-methane ngenxa yendawo yayo enkulu yangaphakathi kunye nokungangeni kwamanzi okuphantsi. Ukukhupha amanzi kuyaqhubeka njengoko ukususwa kwamanzi kunciphisa uxinzelelo, oko kuphucula ukukhululwa kwe-methane kancinci kancinci.
Ubungqina basentsimini bubonisa ukuba imveliso ye-methane ixhomekeke kwizinto ezahlukeneyo: umxholo wokuqala wegesi yomthungo, isikhundla samalahle (i-sub-bituminous kunye ne-bituminous seams zihlala zivelisa igesi eninzi), ukuguquka kokungena kwamanzi, kunye nokwakheka kwamalahle. Izifundo zokulandelela i-laboratory zingahlula igalelo kwiidama ze-methane ezikhululekileyo nezifunxiweyo, zinceda ulawulo lwedama. I-nanopore imaging ephucukileyo ityhila indlela amandla okubopha igesi kunye ne-desorption kinetics ezahluka ngayo kwiidama zamalahle ezahlukeneyo.
Iimodeli zamva nje ezinemibhobho emibini zibamba iindlela zokufuduka kwegesi: i-methane ihamba ukusuka kumalahle anemibhobho emincinci iye kwiimfucumfucu ezidibeneyo, ezisebenza njengee-conduits eziphambili zokuhamba ukuya kwimithombo yemveliso. Imodeli ye-hydro-mechanical ibonisa ukuba uxinzelelo olubangelwa kukufunxa—ukudumba okanye ukuncipha okubangelwa kukufunxa okanye ukufunxa—luchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukufunxa, luchaphazela amazinga okufunxa.
Ukususwa kwamanzi akupheleli nje ekuvumeleni ukutsalwa kwegesi kodwa kubangele utshintsho kuxinzelelo lwe-capillary, kutshintsha iindlela zokuhamba kwegesi. Indawo engqongileyo eyinkimbinkimbi yezigaba ezininzi (amanzi, i-methane, ngamanye amaxesha i-CO₂) ifuna ulawulo lwamanzi oluchanekileyo lwe-CBM oluveliswe kakuhle, njengoko ikhemistri yamanzi ngokwayo inokukhawulezisa okanye ibambezele ukukhululwa kwe-methane kuxhomekeke kumxholo we-ionic kunye nowe-organic. Ukusasazwa nge-matrix yamalahle kulawula amanyathelo okunciphisa isantya, ukusuka ekutsalweni komphezulu ukuya kwiinkqubo zokusasazwa kweemolekyuli kwiindawo eziphantsi kakhulu zokungena kwamanzi.
Amanzi aqhelekileyo e-CBM avelisa amanzi aneempawu ezahlukeneyo zeekhemikhali. Adla ngokuquka izinto ezinyibilikisiweyo ezisemgangathweni ukuya kweziphezulu (TDS), uluhlu lwee-ion (Na⁺, K⁺, Cl⁻, HCO₃⁻), kwaye ngamanye amaxesha izinto ezingcolisayo eziphilayo. Ubungakanani bamanzi kunye nokwakheka kwawo kuyahluka ngokwenqanaba lamalahle kunye nokwakheka kwawo, okuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo iimfuno zonyango lwamanzi oluvela kwimveliso ye-CBM esezantsi.
Ukubaluleka kokusetyenziswa kweMethanol kwiinkqubo zeCBM
I-Methanol iyinxalenye ebalulekileyo kwimisebenzi ye-CBM njenge-hydrate inhibitor kunye ne-antifreeze agent. Amanzi avelisiweyo, adla ngokugcwala yi-methane, abeka umngcipheko wokwakheka kwe-hydrate phantsi koxinzelelo kunye nokutshintsha kobushushu, okukhokelela ekuvalekeni kwemithombo yamanzi, imibhobho, kunye nezixhobo zomphezulu. I-Methanol yehlisa ubushushu bokwakheka kwe-hydrate, iqinisekisa ukuhamba okungapheliyo kwiimeko zokusebenza eziguquguqukayo.
Indima ye-Methanol yokulwa nokuqandisa ibaluleke ngokulinganayo; ii-CBM wells zihlala zisebenza kwiindawo apho amanzi avelisiweyo anokuqandisa khona, aqhekeze izixhobo okanye amise imveliso. Ulawulo oluchanekileyo lwedosi ye-methanol ekukhutshweni kwe-CBM lukhusela ukuthembeka kwenkqubo. Ukugqithisa idosi kutshabalalisa izixhobo kwaye kwenza kube nzima ukulawula amanzi angaphantsi kwamanzi, ngelixa ukungabi nadosi ngokwaneleyo kunyusa umngcipheko wee-hydrate plugs okanye ukwakheka komkhenkce.
Izisombululo ezisebenzayo zolawulo lwamanzi ze-CBM zixhomekeke kumlinganiselo othembekileyo woxinano lwe-methanol kwindawo ethile. Ukwazi ukuxinana kwe-methanol ngexesha langempela emanzini avelisiweyo kunceda ukuphucula ukusetyenziswa kwe-inhibitor, ukunciphisa iindleko zeekhemikhali, kunye nokuthobela imigaqo yokusingqongileyo. Iimitha zoxinano oluphakathi—ezifana nezo zenziwe yiLonnmeter—zibonelela ngeendlela zokujonga uxinano lwe-methanol oluqhubekayo, oluthe ngqo, oluxhasa idosi echanekileyo kunye nokhuseleko lwenkqubo.
Ukubambelela ekusebenzeni kufuna ukulinganiswa okuqinileyo kwemitha yoxinano lwe-methanol. Ukulinganiswa rhoqo kuqinisekisa ukuchaneka kokulinganisa, kuxhasa ukulandeleka, kunye nokugcina ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho. Iindlela zokulinganisa uxinano ziqala kwiinzwa zezinto ezingcangcazelayo ukuya kwii-analyzer ze-ultrasonic kwaye ziye zaba zizixhobo eziqhelekileyo kwimisebenzi yanamhlanje yokukhupha i-CBM.
Ngamafutshane, ukusetyenziswa kwe-methanol njengesithinteli kunye ne-antifreeze yinto engenakwahlulwahlulwa ekutsalweni kwe-methane ebotshelelwe ngamalahle, edibanisa ngokuthe ngqo iimpawu zamanzi eziveliswayo kunye nemigaqo yomthamo, ukuthembeka kwenkqubo, kunye nezixhobo zokulinganisa ezifana neemitha zoxinano oluphakathi.
Imingeni kuLawulo lweMethanol kuManzi aVeliswe kakuhle eCBM
Ulawulo lweMithamo yeMethanol kunye noBunzima bokuSebenza
Ulawulo lwedosi ye-methanol kumanzi aveliswe kakuhle e-coalbed methane (CBM) luzaliswe yimingeni echaphazela ukusebenza kunye nokhuseleko. Uxinzelelo lwe-methanol olufanelekileyo lunokuba nzima ukulufikelela ngenxa yokuguquguquka kokuhamba kwamanzi kunye nobushushu kwiinkqubo zemveliso ye-CBM. Ezi zinto zitshintshayo zichaphazela zombini ukwakheka kwamanzi avelisiweyo kunye nesantya ekufuneka i-methanol ifakwe ngaso ukuthintela ukwakheka kwe-hydrate kunye nokugqwala.
Abaqhubi bajongene notshintsho olukhawulezileyo kumanqanaba okuhamba kwamanzi, oluvela kutshintsho kuxinzelelo lwedama okanye ukusebenza kwezixhobo okwethutyana. Xa ukuhamba kwamanzi kusanda, umngcipheko wokwakheka kwe-hydrate uyanda ngaphandle kokuba ukufakwa kwe-methanol kulungiswa ngokukhawuleza. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ukuhla okungalindelekanga kokuhamba kwamanzi kunciphisa idosi efunekayo, kodwa ngaphandle kwempendulo yexesha langempela, abaqhubi basengozini yokusebenzisa i-methanol ngokugqithisileyo, nto leyo ekhokelela kwinkcitho kunye neendleko ezingeyomfuneko.
Ukutshintshatshintsha kobushushu, kokubini ngexesha lonyaka kunye nokusebenza, kwenza kube nzima ngakumbi icebo lokulinganisa. Ubushushu obuphantsi obujikeleze umhlaba kunye nobophantsi komhlaba kwandisa umngcipheko wokwakheka kwe-hydrate, nto leyo efuna ubuninzi be-methanol. Ukungaphumeleli ukujonga nokulungelelanisa i-dosing ngenxa yoku kutshintshatshintsha kunokubangela iziganeko ezinzulu, ezifana nokuvaleka kwentloko yemithombo kunye nemibhobho okanye iziganeko zokubola.
I-methanol engafakwanga idosi ngokwaneleyo ibeka iziseko zophuhliso kwindawo yokugcina amanzi ukuze ivaleke kwaye ikhawulezise ukugqwala, nto leyo enokuphazamisa ukuhamba kwegesi kwaye ibangele ixesha lokungasebenzi elibizayo. I-methanol engaphezulu ayichithi nje kuphela izixhobo zeekhemikhali kwaye yonyusa iindleko zokusebenza, kodwa ikwanyusa neenkxalabo zokusingqongileyo kunye nokhuseleko. I-methanol engaphezulu emanzini aveliswayo inokubangela ungcoliseko lwamanzi amdaka, ukwanda komngcipheko womlilo kwindawo, kunye nokuhlolwa okungqongqo kwemithetho kubasebenzi be-CBM. Iiarhente zomthetho zinyanzelisa ngokungqongqo imigaqo yokuphatha i-methanol ngenxa yobuthi bayo, ukutsha kwayo, kunye nokuqina kwayo.
Imiba ngeNdlela yokulinganisa ubuninzi beMethanol yendabuko
Ukulinganiswa koxinano lwe-methanol yendabuko emanzini aveliswe kakuhle e-CBM kudla ngokwenziwa ngokuthatha iisampulu kunye nohlalutyo lwelebhu olulandelayo ngaphandle kwendawo. Le ndlela yesandla ingenisa ukulibaziseka kokusebenza, okungahambelaniyo nohlobo oluguquguqukayo lokukhupha i-CBM, apho ukuhamba kwamanzi kunye neemeko zobushushu zitshintsha rhoqo. Ukulinda iziphumo zelebhu kuthintela ukulungiswa kwangoko kwedosi ye-methanol kwaye kwandisa umngcipheko weempazamo zokusebenza kunye nokwaphulwa komthetho.
Uqikelelo loxinano oluqhutywa ngesandla—kusetyenziswa iisampuli zamaxesha athile kunye neetshathi zokuguqulwa—luxhomekeke kwimpazamo yomntu kunye nexesha lokulibaziseka, nto leyo evelisa ukufundwa okungachanekanga okulahlekisa amazinga okujova i-methanol. Ezi ndlela zixhomekeke kwimilinganiselo okanye kwimilinganiselo yamachaphaza, esenokungabonisi utshintsho lwexesha langempela kulwakhiwo lwamanzi okanye kwiimeko zendalo. Iimpazamo kuqikelelo loxinano zinokukhokelela ngokuthe ngqo kwiimpazamo zokulinganisa, zikhulise umngcipheko wezoqoqosho, wendalo, kunye nokhuseleko.
Ukunqongophala kokuthatha iisampulu kunye nohlalutyo lwesandla kugxininisa imfuneko yetekhnoloji yokulinganisa eqinileyo, yexesha langempela, kunye neyokulinganisa ngaphakathi. Ukubeka iliso elisebenzayo loxinano lwe-methanol kufuneka kusebenze ngokuqhubekayo, kulungelelaniswe nokutshintsha ngokukhawuleza kwendlela yokusebenza kwenkqubo. Iinkqubo ezixhomekeke kwisampulu ezihlala zihleli zishiya abaqhubi bengaboni utshintsho lomzuzu ngomzuzu, nto leyo ethintela amandla abo okulawula idosi ngokuchanekileyo ngokuhambelana neendlela ezilungileyo zolawulo lwamanzi ze-CBM.
Izisombululo zanamhlanje, ezifana neemitha zoxinano lwe-Lonnmeter, zigxile kuphela kwizixhobo zokulinganisa uxinano lwe-methanol ngexesha langempela—ngaphandle kwesoftware yangaphandle okanye iimpawu zokudibanisa inkqubo. Ezi zihlaziyi zoxinano kunye neemitha zibonelela ngokufundwa okuqhubekayo, okungaphakathi ngqo kumgca wokuhamba, kunciphisa kakhulu ukubambezeleka kwaye kupheliswe ukungachaneki okuxhaphakileyo kwiindlela ezenziwe ngesandla. Zilinganiswe ngokukodwa kuluhlu lolwakhiwo olulindelekileyo kwimithombo ye-CBM, ezi zixhobo ziphucula ulawulo lokulinganisa kunye nokuthobela, zibonelela ngesisombululo sobuchwephesha esilungiselelwe iinyani zokusebenza kokukhupha i-methane ebolileyo kunye nonyango lwamanzi okuvelisa.
Ukulinganiswa kobuninzi be-Methanol kwindawo ethile: Imigaqo kunye neeTekhnoloji
Imigaqo Ephambili Yokubeka Iliso Kuxinano LweMethanol
Ukulinganiswa koxinano lwe-Methanol kumanzi akhiwe kakuhle e-coalbed methane (CBM) kusebenzisa iipropati ezibonakalayo ze-methanol namanzi. I-Methanol ayixinene kangako kunamanzi—malunga ne-0.7918 g/cm³ kuma-20°C xa kuthelekiswa ne-0.9982 g/cm³ yamanzi kubushushu obufanayo. Xa i-methanol ifakwa njenge-antifreeze okanye i-hydrate inhibitor ekutsalweni kwe-CBM, uxinzelelo lwayo kumanzi avelisiweyo lunokufunyanwa kutshintsho loxinano ngokuchasene neereferensi zamanzi acocekileyo.
Ukufundwa koxinano kuphenjelelwa ziimpawu ezithile zamanzi avelisiweyo yi-CBM. Amanqanaba aphezulu e-total dissolved solids (TDS), izinto eziphilayo, kunye nee-trace hydrocarbons zihlala zinzima ukulinganisa okulula. Umzekelo, ubukho betyuwa buyandisa uxinano lwamanzi, ngelixa i-residual methanol yehlisa uxinano lulonke. Ukulinganiswa ngokuchanekileyo kwe-methanol ngoko ke kufuna ukulungiswa kotshintsho loxinano olusisiseko ngenxa yeetyuwa ezinyibilikisiweyo kunye nezinto eziphilayo.
Iitekhnoloji zokulinganisa uxinano lwe-Methanol kwindawo ethile
Ukubeka iliso kwi-real-time in-situ methanol density kwiinkqubo zamanzi ze-CBM kusebenzisa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezixhobo:
Ii-Densitometers zeThubhu eVibrating:
Ezi zixhobo ezikwimigca ethe tyaba, ezifana nezo zivela eLonnmeter, zisebenzisa i-U-tube engcangcazelayo. Utshintsho lwe-oscillation frequency ngokusekelwe kubunzima bolwelo ngaphakathi kwityhubhu—okukhona ulwelo luxineneyo, kokukhona luncipha. Lo mgaqo uvelisa imilinganiselo ekhawulezileyo nechanekileyo efanelekileyo yokujonga ngokuqhubekekayo uxinano lwe-methanol kwimijelo yamanzi eveliswayo. Izinzwa zobushushu kunye noxinzelelo zihlala zidityaniswa ukuze kulungiswe ngexesha langempela.
Iimitha zoxinano lwe-Ultrasonic:
Iimitha ze-ultrasonic zimisela uxinano lolwelo ngesantya sokusasazeka kwamaza e-ultrasonic kwindawo ephakathi. Njengoko i-methanol itshintsha ukucinezeleka kunye nesantya se-acoustic emanzini, ii-sensors ze-ultrasonic zinokubonelela ngokufundwa koxinano oluqinileyo, olungangeniyo, nokuba kumanzi e-CBM anetyuwa eninzi. Ezi zixhobo azichaphazeleki kakhulu zizinto eziqinileyo ezixhonyiweyo kwaye zivumela ukufakwa kwi-intanethi.
Izinzwa zoBuninzi bokuKhanya:
Iindlela zokujonga zilinganisa uxinano ngokungathanga ngqo ngokujonga utshintsho lwe-refractive index njengoko uxinano lwe-methanol lutshintsha. Kumanzi avelisiweyo, le ndlela ichaphazeleka yi-turbidity kunye nongcoliseko lombala kodwa inika iziphumo ezikhawulezayo kwimithombo yenkqubo ecocekileyo okanye ehluziweyo. Ukulinganisa kuyadingeka ukuze kulinganiswe i-methanol elandelekayo, ingakumbi kwiisampuli ezityebileyo kwi-matrix.
Itekhnoloji nganye inika ulwazi oluchanekileyo ngexesha langempela lokulawula idosi ye-methanol ekukhutshweni kwe-CBM. Iimitha zeetyhubhu ezingcangcazelayo zibalasele ngokuchaneka nangesantya; iimitha ze-ultrasonic zisingatha ungcoliseko olunzima kunye nobutyuwa ngcono; izinzwa ze-optical zibonelela ngokufundwa okukhawulezayo kodwa zifuna amanzi acacileyo enkqubo.
Iigrafu zokulinganisa iisampulu kunye neegrafu zeempazamo zibalulekile ekuqondeni indlela esebenza ngayo izixhobo phantsi kweemeko zamanzi ze-CBM ezahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, iimitha zeetyhubhu ezingcangcazelayo zihlala zibonelela ngokuchaneka kwe-±0.001 g/cm³, ngelixa ukusebenza kweemitha ze-ultrasonic kunokwahluka ngokwamandla e-ionic kunye nobushushu.
Iikhrayitheriya zokukhetha iiMeter zoxinano lweMethanol kwizicelo zeCBM
Ukukhetha imitha yoxinano lwe-methanol efanelekileyo yolawulo lwamanzi oluveliswe kakuhle lwe-CBM kufuna ukuqwalaselwa ngononophelo:
- Ukuchaneka koMlinganiselo:Imitha kufuneka yahlule ngokuthembekileyo utshintsho oluncinci lwe-methanol phakathi kwemilinganiselo yamanzi enzima. Ukuchaneka okuphezulu kuthetha ukuba inkqubo ingcono kwaye ithotyelwe ngokufanelekileyo.
- Ixesha Lokuphendula:Impendulo ekhawulezayo yenzwa ivumela uhlengahlengiso lwexesha langempela lwedosi ye-methanol kwi-CBM extraction, nto leyo enciphisa umngcipheko wokwakheka kwe-hydrate.
- Ukuhambelana kweekhemikhali:Izixhobo kufuneka zimelane nokugqwala yi-methanol, iityuwa ezinyibilikisiweyo, kunye nezinto eziphilayo ezinokubakho emanzini avelisiweyo. Izinto ezimanzi kufuneka zingabi namanzi asisiseko kunye ne-methanol.
- Iimfuno zoLondolozo:Izixhobo kufuneka zixhase ukucocwa okulula kunye nexesha elincinci lokungasebenzi. Iimitha zetyhubhu ezingcangcazelayo zaseLonnmeter zineendlela zokuzicoca ngokwazo kunye nolwakhiwo oluqinileyo lokusasazwa kwentsimi ende.
- Ukuhlanganiswa neeNkqubo zokuZenzekelayo:Unxibelelwano olungenamthungo neenkqubo zolawulo lwezityalo luphucula ukubanjwa kwedatha kunye nolawulo lwenkqubo. Iimitha ezikwimigca zihlala zibonelela ngemveliso ehambelana neenkqubo zokuzenzekelayo kwemizi-mveliso, nto leyo eququzelela ulawulo lwedosi ye-methanol ezenzekelayo.
Iinkqubo zokulinganisa zibalulekile, ingakumbi kwiindawo ezinobushushu obutshintshatshintshayo, uxinzelelo, okanye ityuwa. Ukulinganiswa kwemitha yoxinano lwe-Methanol kufuneka kusebenzise iisampulu zamanzi asentsimini okanye imigangatho ehambelana ne-matrix ukuqinisekisa iziphumo ezithembekileyo kuyo yonke imijikelo yokusebenza. I-methanol density analyzer ekhethiweyo kufuneka ihambelane nezisombululo zolawulo lwamanzi ze-CBM, ixhase imisebenzi eqhelekileyo kunye nengxelo yomthetho.
Itshathi eneenkcukacha—efana ne-matrix yokuthelekisa—inceda ekuboniseni ukufaneleka kobuchwepheshe kwiindlela ezithile zamanzi ze-CBM, amanqanaba obushushu, kunye neemfuno zokwenza izinto ngokuzenzekelayo.
Ngamafutshane, isisombululo sokulinganisa uxinano lwe-methanol esifanelekileyo sixhomekeke ekuqondeni imingeni yamanzi eveliswayo, ukulungelelanisa iimpawu zesenzi kunye neemfuno zesicelo, kunye nokuqinisekisa ukulinganiswa okuqinileyo kunye nokuhlanganiswa kokuthembeka kwenkqubo ye-CBM.
Ukusetyenziswa kunye nokuphuculwa kokuBekwa kweliso kobuninzi beMethanol
Ukubeka esweni ngexesha langempela kunye noLawulo lweNkqubo
Ukulinganiswa koxinano lwe-methanol kwindawo ethile kubalulekile kulawulo olusebenzayo lwedosi ye-methanol ekutsalweni kwe-methane ebotshelelweyo. Ngokusebenzisa izixhobo zokubeka esweni ngokuqhubekayo - ezifana neemitha zoxinano ezikwi-inline ezivela kubasebenzi beLonnmeter - banokufikelela kwidosi ezenzekelayo, eguquguqukayo ngokusekelwe kufundo oluchanekileyo loxinano. Olu dibaniso lwedatha neenkqubo zolawulo kwindawo ethile luvumela impendulo ekhawulezileyo kunye nohlengahlengiso lwenkqubo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba uxinano lwe-methanol luhlala lukwizinga elifanelekileyo lokuthintela i-hydrate okanye ukuthintela ukugqwala.
Kwimisebenzi yemithombo ye-CBM, ukugcina amanqanaba e-methanol ekujoliswe kuwo kubalulekile ukunciphisa ukwakheka kwe-hydrate nokuqinisekisa ukuthuthwa kwegesi okukhuselekileyo nokusebenzayo. Ingxelo yoxinano lwexesha langempela evela kubahlalutyi abakwindawo ithunyelwa ngqo kwiimpompo zokulinganisa ngokuzenzekelayo, okuvumela ulawulo oluguquguqukayo kunye nokunciphisa ukungenelela ngesandla. Le nkqubo ye-closed-loop ixhasa ukusetyenziswa kweekhemikhali rhoqo nangona ukuhamba kwegesi namanzi kutshintshatshintsha, ibopha ngokuthe ngqo ukusetyenziswa kwe-methanol kwimfuno yenkqubo yokwenyani endaweni yoqikelelo okanye isampuli yelebhu rhoqo. Ukubeka esweni rhoqo uxinano lwe-methanol kuxhasa amaqhinga okulinganisa ngokuzenzekelayo, ukuqinisekisa ukuthintela i-hydrate ngokufanelekileyo kunye nokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kweekhemikhali.
Isiphumo kukuphuculwa kokusebenza kakuhle kunye nokuncipha okukhulu kokusetyenziswa kwe-methanol. Iingxelo zasentsimini zibonisa ukuba iinkqubo zolawulo ezidibeneyo, ezikhokelwa ziinzwa, zinciphise amazinga okufakwa kwe-methanol ngaphezulu kwama-20%, ngelixa zigcina okanye ziphucula imigangatho yolawulo lwe-hydrate.
Ukuqinisekisa Ukulinganiswa Okuchanekileyo kwiMatriki Yamanzi Anzima
Amanzi okuvelisa i-methane ecoliweyo ayinkimbinkimbi, adla ngokuqulatha umxube wezinto eziqinileyo ezinyibilikisiweyo, izinto eziphilayo eziguquguqukayo, kunye nemithwalo yeekhemikhali eguquguqukayo. Ezi meko zibeka iindlela zokubeka esweni uxinano lwe-methanol ekuphazamisekeni nasekuhambeni komlinganiselo. Izixhobo ezifana ne-vibrating tube densitometers zibonakalise ukuchaneka okuphezulu kunye nokuthembeka kwezi meko zinzima xa kuthelekiswa ne-titration yendabuko yelabhoratri okanye i-periodic spot sampling.
Ukuze kugcinwe ukuchaneka kokulinganisa, ukulinganiswa rhoqo kweemitha zoxinano lwangaphakathi kubalulekile. Ukulinganiswa kufuneka kuthathele ingqalelo iziphumo ze-matrix ezifana namandla e-ionic, ityuwa, kunye nokutshintsha kobushushu okuhlangatyezwana namanzi aveliswe kakuhle yi-CBM. Ukusebenzisa imigangatho yokulinganisa eqinisekisiweyo kunye nokuhlolwa rhoqo kwe-zero-point kunokunciphisa ukushukuma kwe-sensor kunye nokungcola, kwandise ixesha elide lezixhobo zokulinganisa. Abaqhubi kufuneka badibanise iishedyuli zokugcinwa kwangaphambili, kubandakanya ukucoca i-sensor kunye nokulungiswa kwakhona okuhambelana neengcebiso zomenzi. Umzekelo, iirekhodi zokusebenza kunye nokuqinisekiswa kwendawo ngokuchasene neesampuli zesalathiso kuqinisekisa ukuthembeka okuqhubekayo kokufundwa, ngakumbi kwiindawo eziqinileyo okanye eziguquguqukayo zekhemistri.
Impembelelo ekusebenzeni kakuhle kwemveliso kunye nokhuseleko
Ukubeka iliso kuxinano lwe-methanol oluphuculweyo kunempembelelo ecacileyo kwizisombululo zolawulo lwamanzi ze-CBM. Ulawulo lwedosi oluzenzekelayo oluqhutywa yidatha yexesha langempela lunciphisa ngokuthe ngqo inkcitho ye-methanol kunye nokukhutshwa kwayo okungeyomfuneko kwindalo. Ukufakwa kwedosi ye-methanol engachanekanga kunokukhokelela kwiindleko zokusebenza ezinyukileyo kunye neengozi ezinkulu kwindalo.
Iinkqubo zokulinganisa ngexesha langempela kunye neenkqubo zokulinganisa eziguquguqukayo zinciphisa amathuba okusebenzisa inaliti egqithisileyo, zinceda abaqhubi ukuba bahlale ngaphakathi kwemida yokukhupha amanzi ngelixa befezekisa ukuthintela i-hydrate ekujoliswe kuyo. Ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kweekhemikhali okugqithisileyo kuthetha ukonga iindleko kunye nempembelelo encinci kwindalo esingqongileyo evela ekulahlweni kweekhemikhali.
Ukulinganiswa okuphuculweyo kwandisa ubomi bezixhobo kwimisebenzi ye-CBM. Amanqanaba e-methanol achanekileyo rhoqo anciphisa ukwakheka kwe-hydrate kunye neziganeko zokubola kwimibhobho nakwiiyunithi zokucubungula ezisezantsi, okunciphisa amaxesha okonakala kunye nokugcinwa okungacwangciswanga. Ixesha lokungasebenzi ngenxa yokuvaleka kwe-hydrate okanye umonakalo obangelwa kukubola liyancitshiswa, nto leyo ekhokelela kwiishedyuli zemveliso ezizinzileyo.
Ukubeka esweni ngokuchanekileyo uxinano lwe-methanol kuphucula ukhuseleko. Abaqhubi bachaphazeleka kumngcipheko omncinci wokuphathwa kweekhemikhali, njengoko iinkqubo ezizenzekelayo zinciphisa iinkqubo zokuxuba ngesandla kunye nokufaka inaliti. Idatha yasentsimini iqinisekisa ukuvalwa okuncinci kweemeko ezingxamisekileyo kunye neziganeko kwiindawo ezisebenzisa umlinganiselo woxinano wexesha langempela kunye neenkqubo zedosi ezizenzekelayo.
Ngamafutshane, ukusetyenziswa kunye nokuphuculwa kokubeka esweni uxinano lwe-methanol kwindawo ethile - ingakumbi ukusebenzisa iimitha zoxinano eziqinileyo ezivela eLonnmeter - zisisiseko sonyango lwamanzi oluzinzileyo, olusebenzayo, nolukhuselekileyo lokuveliswa kwe-methane ngamalahle.
Isishwankathelo sokuthelekisa: Iindlela zokulinganisa ezikwindawo ethile xa kuthelekiswa nezemveli
Imisebenzi yanamhlanje yokukhupha i-methane efakwe kwi-coalbed methane ixhomekeke kumlinganiselo ochanekileyo woxinano lwe-methanol ukuze kulawulwe idosi ngokuchanekileyo kunye nolawulo lwamanzi oluvelisiweyo. Ii-densitometers zetyhubhu ezingcangcazelayo ezikwindawo ethile, ezifana nezo zenziwe yiLonnmeter, zahluke kwiindlela eziqhelekileyo ezisekelwe ngesandla kunye nelebhu ngeendlela ezininzi ezibalulekileyo. Ukuqonda la mahluko kubalulekile ekuphuculeni ulawulo lwamanzi oluveliswe kakuhle lwe-CBM kunye nonyango lwamanzi oluveliswe kakuhle lwe-methane efakwe kwi-coalbed.
Iitekhnoloji zokulinganisa ngaphakathi zixhomekeke ekufumaneni idatha rhoqo, ngexesha langempela ngaphakathi kwenkqubo. Umzekelo, i-vibrating tube densitometer, iva uxinano ngokujonga utshintsho lwemvamisa yeprobe enomfanekiso we-U njengoko ulwelo lwenkqubo luhamba kuyo. Ezi zihlaziyi ze-inline zihlanganiswe ngokuthe ngqo kwimigca yokukhupha i-CBM, zivumela impendulo ekhawulezayo yolawulo lwedosi ye-methanol kunye nokunciphisa ukulibaziseka kwexesha phakathi kokuthatha iisampulu kunye nesiphumo. Imilinganiselo yokusebenza evela kuncwadi lwakutshanje lwe-CBM ibonisa ukuba i-in-situ densitometers ifumana ukuchaneka ngokuthembekileyo ngaphakathi kwe-±0.0005 g/cm³ xa kuthelekiswa namaxabiso ereferensi elebhu kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo zokusebenza. Nangona ukutyibilika okuncinci kunokwenzeka ngenxa yokungcola okanye ukungcola kwenkqubo, iindlela zokulinganisa—ezenziwa nyanga zonke okanye emva kotshintsho olukhulu lokusebenza—zinokulungisa uninzi lokuphambuka kwaye zigcine ingqibelelo yokulinganisa.
Iindlela zemveli zokusebenzisa ngesandla, kuquka uhlalutyo lwe-pycnometry kunye ne-hydrometer, zibonelela ngokuchanekileyo okuphezulu phantsi kweemeko zelebhu ezilawulwa ngokuqinileyo, zihlala zigcina ukungaqiniseki kungaphantsi kwe-±0.0001 g/cm³. Ezi ndlela zahlula isampuli kwizinto eziguquguqukayo zokusingqongileyo, zinciphisa ukuphazamiseka kobushushu, uxinzelelo, okanye uthuli lwamalahle olufakwe ngaphakathi. Nangona kunjalo, ukuthatha isampuli ngesandla kunomngcipheko wokungcola, ukuguguleka kobushushu ngexesha lokuthuthwa, kunye neempazamo zomntu. Kwakhona kunomsebenzi omninzi kwaye kuthatha ixesha elininzi, kwazisa ukulibaziseka kwaye kufuna ubuchule obukhethekileyo. Iindlela zelebhu ngesandla zihlala ziyindlela efanelekileyo yokunika ingxelo yolawulo kunye nophando lwesayensi, apho kufuneka ukuchaneka okuphezulu kunye nokulandeleka.
Urhwebo phakathi kokulinganisa ngexesha langempela kwindawo kunye neendlela zelebhu ezenziwe ngesandla lucaca xa kujongwa iinjongo zokusebenza kwezisombululo zolawulo lwamanzi zeCBM. Ngelixa uhlalutyo lwelebhu luhlala lubalulekile kwiindlela zokulinganisa kunye nokuqinisekiswa kokuthobela imithetho, iimitha zoxinano lwendawo-ingakumbi ezo zisekelwe kubuchwepheshe beetyhubhu ezingcangcazelayo-zibonelela ngokuthembeka okungenakuthelekiswa nanto kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kweendleko zokujonga uxinano lwe-methanol rhoqo. Zivumela iinjineli zeenkqubo ukuba ziphendule ngokukhawuleza kutshintsho loxinano kwaye ziphucule ukusebenza ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka okubizayo okanye imijikelo yokuvavanya ngesandla. Ukuhlanganiswa neenkqubo zemveliso zeCBM kudla ngokuba lula, uninzi lwabahlalutyi abangaphakathi bafaka ububanzi bepayipi esemgangathweni kwaye banikezela ngemveliso yedijithali kwiinkqubo zolawulo lolawulo.
Izifundo ezininzi zokuthelekisa kwiincwadi ze-CBM zowama-2023 zigxininisa ukuba ukuncipha okuncinci kokuchaneka kokulinganisa okuvela kwiimonitha ezikwindawo ethile kungaphezulu kweenzuzo zokusebenza—kubandakanya impendulo ekhawulezileyo, iimfuno zabasebenzi ezinciphileyo, kunye neempazamo ezimbalwa zokuphatha. Xa zilinganiswe ngokufanelekileyo ngokuchasene nolwelo oluqinisekisiweyo lwamanzi e-methanol kwaye zigcinwe ngokweemfuno zomenzi, iimitha ezikwindawo ethile zigcina ukuchaneka okwaneleyo ukwanelisa iimfuno zolawulo lwedosi ye-methanol kwiinkqubo zokukhupha i-CBM kunye noninzi lweemeko zonyango lwamanzi okwenziwa kwe-methane ekwindawo ethile. Ukuqinisekiswa kwelebhu kuhlala kubalulekile ekulinganisweni nasekulinganisweni kwenqanaba lophando, ngelixa ukujonga ngexesha langempela kuqhuba ukusebenza kakuhle.
Ukukhethwa kweendlela zokubeka esweni uxinano lwe-methanol ekutsalweni kwe-methane ebotshelelweyo kubandakanya ukulinganisela ukuchaneka, ukuthembeka, ukulula kokusetyenziswa, kunye neendleko. Ubuchwepheshe obukwindawo, obuboniswe ngumgca weemveliso zeLonnmeter, bubonelela ngokudibanisa okufanelekileyo kokusebenza kunye nokufaneleka kokusebenza kwiizicelo ezininzi zentsimi ye-CBM, ngelixa iindlela zemveli zesandla ziqhubeka nokuxhasa iimfuno zokulinganisa kunye nophando.
Isiphelo
Ukulinganiswa koxinano lwe-methanol ngokuchanekileyo kubalulekile kulawulo lwamanzi olusebenzayo lwe-CBM oluveliswe kakuhle. I-Methanol isebenza njengekhemikhali yenkqubo kunye nesalathiso somgangatho wamanzi ngexesha lokukhupha i-methane ebotshelelwe ngamalahle. Ukungachaneki ekujongeni ukuxinana kwayo kunokubangela ukungathotyelwa kwemida engqongqo yemithetho, okukhokelela ekwandeni kweendleko zonyango lwamanzi, ukwaphulwa komthetho onokwenzeka kokusingqongileyo, kunye nokungasebenzi kakuhle kokusebenza.
Iiteknoloji zokulinganisa uxinano lwe-methanol ngexesha langempela, ezinje ngeemitha zoxinano ezikwi-inline eziyilwe yiLonnmeter, zibonelela ngeengenelo ezinkulu zokunyanga imveliso yamanzi e-coalbed methane. Ngokuhlala ujonga amanqanaba e-methanol, abaqhubi banokugcina ulawulo olufanelekileyo lwedosi ye-methanol ekutsalweni kwe-CBM, ukuphucula ngokuthe ngqo ukhuseleko lwenkqubo kunye nokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kweekhemikhali. Idatha ezenzekelayo, ekhawulezileyo inceda ekufumaneni ngokukhawuleza ukuvuza okanye ukukhutshwa okungacwangciswanga, ixhasa impendulo ekhawulezileyo kunye nokunciphisa iingozi zemvelo kunye nempilo.
Ukulinganiswa kweemitha zoxinano lwe-methanol kuhlala kusisiseko sokuchaneka kwezi zilinganiso. Izixhobo ezilinganiswe ngokufanelekileyo nezichanekileyo zibonelela ngegalelo elithembekileyo lokulawula inkqubo kunye nengxelo yolawulo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukubalwa kwebhalansi yobunzima kunye namaxwebhu okukhupha ukungcola kubonisa ngokuchanekileyo ubunyani bendawo. Ezi datha zikwaxhasa izigqibo malunga nokusetyenziswa kwakhona kwamanzi kwaye zazisa imeko yokusebenza kweenkqubo zokucoca kunye nokulahla, ezinobuthathaka kumxholo we-methanol.
Ukusasazwa kwee-in-situ methanol density analyzers kwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle, kunciphisa iisampulu ezenziwe ngesandla kunye nexesha lokungasebenzi kwelebhu, kwaye kwenza kube lula ukulungiswa kweenkqubo zonyango. Olu buchule lubaluleke kakhulu kwimimandla ejongene nemithombo yamanzi exineneyo okanye phantsi koxinzelelo oluphezulu lolawulo, apho nophuculo oluncinci kulawulo lwenkqubo luvelisa iingenelo ezibalulekileyo kwezoqoqosho kunye nokuthobela imithetho.
Ekugqibeleni, izisombululo zolawulo lwamanzi ze-CBM ezisebenzayo zigxile kubuchule bokulinganisa nokulawula uxinano lwe-methanol ngokuchanekileyo. Ngokusebenzisa iindlela zokulinganisa uxinano lwe-methanol eziphucukileyo, ezihambelanayo, abaqhubi abafezekisi nje kuphela ukuthobela imithetho kodwa bakwandisa ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo kwaye banciphise iingozi zempilo, ukhuseleko, kunye nokusingqongileyo kulo lonke ixesha lokuphila kwamanzi e-CBM.
Imibuzo ebuzwa qho
Ibaluleke ngantoni i-methanol ekutsalweni kwe-coalbed methane (CBM)?
I-Methanol isebenza njengesithinteli se-hydrate esibalulekileyo kunye ne-antifreeze kwimisebenzi yokukhupha i-methane ebotshiweyo. Ukufakwa kwayo kuthintela ukwenziwa kweeplagi zomkhenkce kunye ne-methane hydrate kwimibhobho ye-CBM, enokubangela ukumiswa kwemveliso kunye neengozi zokhuseleko. Umthamo ochanekileyo we-methanol uqinisekisa ukuhamba rhoqo nokusebenzayo kwe-CBM ngelixa kukhusela ukuthembeka kwezixhobo kunye nokwandisa amazinga okukhupha. Le ndlela iye yaba yintloko yolawulo lwamanzi oluveliswe kakuhle lwe-CBM yanamhlanje kwaye ihambelana nezisombululo zolawulo lwamanzi ze-CBM ezithembekileyo.
Ukulinganiswa koxinano lwe-methanol kwindawo ethile kunceda njani ekusebenzeni kwemithombo ye-CBM?
Ukulinganiswa koxinano lwe-methanol kwindawo ethile kuvumela abaqhubi ukuba baqhubeke nokujonga uxinano lwe-methanol ngokuthe ngqo ngaphakathi komlambo wamanzi oveliswayo. Le datha yexesha langempela ixhasa uhlengahlengiso oluzenzekelayo kumazinga okufakwa kwe-methanol, inciphisa kakhulu ukuchithwa kweekhemikhali kwaye inciphise iindleko zokusebenza. Ngempendulo ekhawulezileyo, ukhuseleko lwenkqubo luyaphucuka njengoko iingozi zokusebenzisa idosi egqithisileyo okanye engaphantsi ziyancitshiswa, okugcina uthintelo olufanelekileyo lwe-hydrate kunye nokusebenza okubushelelezi kokukhupha i-methane ebolileyo.
Zeziphi iintlobo zeemitha zoxinano lwe-methanol ezifanelekileyo kumanzi aveliswe kakuhle e-CBM?
Iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokulinganisa uxinano lwe-methanol ziyasebenza xa zisetyenziswa kwiindawo zamanzi ezenziwe kakuhle ze-CBM. Ii-densitometers zeetyhubhu ezingcangcazelayo ziyathandwa ngenxa yokuchaneka kwazo kunye nokuphindaphindeka phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo zenkqubo. Iimitha zoxinano ezisekwe kwi-ultrasonic kunye ne-optical sensor nazo ziqhelekile, zixatyiswa ngenxa yokusebenza kwazo okuqinileyo kwiindawo ezine-solids ephezulu, amaqondo obushushu atshintshatshintshayo, kunye noxinzelelo oluguquguqukayo oluqhelekileyo kunyango lwamanzi oluveliswa yi-coalbed methane. I-Lonnmeter yenza iimitha zoxinano ezithembekileyo ezikwi-inline ezenzelwe ngokukodwa ezi meko zinzima zokusebenza.
Ulawulo oluchanekileyo lwedosi ye-methanol lunceda njani ukunciphisa impembelelo yokusingqongileyo?
Ukugcina ulawulo oluchanekileyo lwedosi ye-methanol kunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwe-inhibitor engaphezulu kwimijelo yamanzi, nto leyo ebangela inkxalabo ekhulayo kulawulo lokusingqongileyo. Iindlela zokubeka esweni uxinano lwe-methanol ngexesha langempela zenza kube nokwenzeka ukufanisa ukufakwa kweekhemikhali neemfuno zenkqubo yokwenyani, kuthintela ukukhutshwa kweekhemikhali okungeyomfuneko. Le ndlela inceda abavelisi be-CBM ukuba bathobele imigangatho yokukhutshwa, behlisa umngcipheko wendalo onxulunyaniswa nokuveliswa kwe-methane ebolileyo.
Ngaba ukujonga uxinano lwe-methanol kwindawo ethile kungadityaniswa neenkqubo zokwenza izinto ngokuzenzekelayo kwiinkalo ze-CBM?
Ewe, ii-analyzers zanamhlanje ze-inline methanol density ezifana nezo zivela eLonnmeter zinokudityaniswa ngokulula neenkqubo ze-automation yasentsimini. Oku kwenza ukuba ulawulo lwedosi ye-methanol olungenamthungo, oluvaliweyo olusekelwe kumaxabiso oxinano lwexesha langempela, lubekwe phakathi kwedatha yokuphucula ukujonga inkqubo kunye nokuphendula ngokukhawuleza. Ukuhlanganiswa kuxhasa ulawulo lwamanzi olusebenzayo nolunokwandiswa lwe-CBM oluveliswe kakuhle ngaphandle kokungenelela rhoqo komqhubi.
Zithini iimfuno zokulinganisa imitha yoxinano lwe-methanol kwizicelo ze-CBM?
Ukulinganiswa rhoqo kubalulekile ekusebenzeni kwemitha yoxinano lwe-methanol ethembekileyo. Kwiindawo zentsimi ye-CBM, izisombululo zesalathiso zemigangatho yoxinano eyaziwayo okanye yohlengahlengiso kwindawo zihlala zisetyenziswa. Ukulinganiswa rhoqo—okwenziwa ngokwemiyalelo yomenzi—kuqinisekisa ukuchaneka kokulinganisa, kuxhasa ukusetyenziswa kakuhle kweekhemikhali kunye nokuthotyelwa okuqhubekayo kwemigaqo yolawulo lwamanzi ye-CBM.
Ixesha leposi: Disemba-12-2025
