Ii-resin ze-epoxy zibalulekile kwiimeko ezininzi zoshishino, ukusuka ekuvelisweni kwezinto ezidityanisiweyo ukuya ekuphuhlisweni kwee-adhesives ezikhethekileyo. Phakathi kweempawu ezisisiseko ezichaza ezi resin, i-viscosity ivela njengophawu oluphambili—olunempembelelo enkulu kwiinkqubo zazo zokwenza, iindlela zokusetyenziswa, kunye nokusebenza kokugqibela kweemveliso zokugqibela.
Inkqubo yokuVelisa i-Epoxy Resin
1.1 Amanyathelo Aphambili Okuvelisa
Ukuveliswa kwee-epoxy resins yinkqubo yokwenziwa kweekhemikhali enamanqanaba amaninzi. Eyona nto iphambili kule nkqubo kukulawula ngokuchanekileyo iimeko zokusabela ukuguqula izinto eziluhlaza zibe zii-liquid resins ezineempawu ezithile ze-physicochemical. Inkqubo eqhelekileyo yokuvelisa ibhetshi iqala ngokuthengwa nokuxuba izinto eziluhlaza, ngokuyintloko i-bisphenol A (BPA), i-epichlorohydrin (ECH), i-sodium hydroxide (NaOH), kunye nezinyibilikisi ezifana ne-isopropanol (IPA) kunye namanzi anyibilikisiweyo. Ezi zithako zixutywa kwitanki yokuxuba ngaphambi kokuxuba ngomlinganiselo ochanekileyo ngaphambi kokuba zidluliselwe kwi-reactor ukuze kwenziwe i-polymerization reaction.
Inkqubo yokwenziwa ngokubanzi yenziwa ngamanyathelo amabini ukuqinisekisa ukuguqulwa okuphezulu kunye nokuhambelana kwemveliso. Kwi-reactor yokuqala,i-sodium hydroxideyongezwa njenge-catalyst, kwaye impendulo iqhubeka malunga ne-58 ℃ ukufikelela kwi-80% yokuguqulwa. Emva koko imveliso idluliselwa kwi-reactor yesibini, apho i-sodium hydroxide eseleyo yongezwa khona ukuze kugqitywe ukuguqulwa, nto leyo evelisa i-epoxy resin yokugqibela engamanzi. Emva kwe-polymerization, kwenziwa uthotho lwamanyathelo anzima emva kokucubungula. Oku kuquka ukuxutywa kwe-sodium chloride (NaCl) byproduct ngamanzi acocekileyo ukwenza umaleko we-brine, owahlulwe kwi-resin-rich organic phase kusetyenziswa i-conductivity okanye i-turbidity probes. Umaleko we-resin ocociweyo emva koko ucutshungulwa ngakumbi nge-thin-film evaporators okanye iikholamu ze-distillation ukuze kubuyiselwe i-epichlorohydrin engaphezulu, nto leyo ephumela kwimveliso yokugqibela, ecocekileyo ye-epoxy resin engamanzi.
1.2 Uthelekiso lweBatch vs. Iinkqubo zeMveliso eQhubekayo
Kwimveliso ye-epoxy resin, zombini iimodeli ze-batch kunye ne-continuous production zinezibonelelo kunye neengxaki ezahlukeneyo, nto leyo ekhokelela kwiiyantlukwano ezibalulekileyo kwiimfuno zazo zokulawula i-viscosity. Ukucubungula i-batch kubandakanya ukondla izinto eziluhlaza kwi-reactor kwii-batches ezahlukeneyo, apho zifumana ulandelelwano lwee-chemical reactions kunye notshintshiselwano lobushushu. Le ndlela idla ngokusetyenziswa kwimveliso encinci, iifomyula ezenziwe ngokwezifiso, okanye iimveliso ezinokwahluka okuphezulu, okubonelela ngokuguquguquka ukuvelisa ii-resin ezikhethekileyo ezineempawu ezithile. Nangona kunjalo, imveliso ye-batch inxulunyaniswa nemijikelo yemveliso emide kunye nomgangatho wemveliso ongaguqukiyo ngenxa yokuphathwa ngesandla, ukwahluka kwezinto eziluhlaza, kunye nokuguquguquka kwenkqubo. Yiyo kanye loo nto iinjineli zemveliso kunye neenkqubo zihlala zichonga "ukuhambelana okungalunganga kwe-batch-to-batch" njengomngeni ophambili.
Ngokwahlukileyo koko, imveliso eqhubekayo isebenza ngokuhamba rhoqo kwezinto kunye neemveliso ngokusebenzisa uthotho lwee-reactors ezidibeneyo, iimpompo, kunye nezitshintshi zobushushu. Le modeli ikhethwa kakhulu kwimveliso enkulu kunye neemveliso ezifunwa kakhulu, ezisemgangathweni, ezibonelela ngokusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso kunye nokuhambelana okukhulu kwemveliso ngenxa yeenkqubo zolawulo ezenzekelayo ezinciphisa utshintsho lwenkqubo. Nangona kunjalo, iinkqubo eziqhubekayo zifuna utyalo-mali lokuqala oluphezulu kunye neenkqubo zolawulo ezintsonkothileyo ukuze kugcinwe uzinzo.
Umahluko osisiseko phakathi kwezi ndlela zimbini uchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ixabisoukujonga i-viscosity emgceni. Kwimveliso yebhetshi, idatha ye-viscosity yexesha langempela ibalulekile ukuhlawula ukungangqinelani okubangelwa kukungenelela ngesandla kunye nokuguquguquka kwenkqubo, okuvumela abaqhubi ukuba benze uhlengahlengiso oluqhutywa yidatha kunokuxhomekeka kumava kuphela.IUkubeka iliso kwi-n-line viscosity ngokusisiseko kuguqula ukujonga umgangatho osabelayo, emva kokuveliswa ube yinkqubo yokwenza izinto ngexesha langempela.
1.3 Indima Ebalulekileyo Yokuxinana
Ukuqina kuchazwa njengokumelana kolwelo nokuhamba kwamanzi, okanye umlinganiselo walo wokungqubana kwangaphakathi. Kwi-liquid epoxy resins, i-viscosity ayisiyo iparameter ebonakalayo eyodwa kodwa sisalathisi esiphambili esidibene ngokuthe ngqo nenkqubela phambili yempendulo ye-polymerization, ubunzima be-molecular, inqanaba lokudibanisa, kunye nokusebenza kwemveliso yokugqibela.
Ngexesha le-synthesis reaction, utshintsho kwii-viscosity ye-epoxy resinkubonakalisa ngokuthe ngqo ukukhula kweetsheyini zeemolekyuli kunye nenkqubo yokudibanisa. Ekuqaleni, njengoko ubushushu bunyuka, i-viscosity ye-epoxy resin iyancipha ngenxa yokwanda kwamandla e-kinetic emolekyuli. Nangona kunjalo, njengoko impendulo ye-polymerization iqala kwaye inethiwekhi edibeneyo enamacala amathathu iyenzeka, i-viscosity iyanda kakhulu de izinto ziphile ngokupheleleyo. Ngokujonga rhoqo i-viscosity, iinjineli zinokulandela ngempumelelo inkqubela yempendulo kwaye zichonge ngokuchanekileyo isiphelo sempendulo. Oku akuthinteli nje kuphela izinto ukuba ziqine ngaphakathi kwi-reactor, eya kufuna ukususwa ngesandla okubizayo nokuthatha ixesha, kodwa ikwaqinisekisa ukuba imveliso yokugqibela ihlangabezana nobunzima bayo beemolekyuli kunye neenkcukacha zokusebenza.
Ngaphezu koko, i-viscosity inefuthe ngqo kwiindlela ezisetyenziswa ngayo ngezantsi kunye nendlela esebenza ngayo. Umzekelo, kwiindlela zokugquma, zokuncamathisela, kunye nezicelo zokubumba, i-viscosity ilawula indlela i-resin esebenza ngayo ngokwe-rheological, ukusasazeka kwayo, kunye nokukwazi kwayo ukukhupha amaqamza omoya avalelekileyo. Ii-resins ezine-viscosity ephantsi zenza kube lula ukususwa kwamaqamza kwaye zinokuzalisa izikhewu ezincinci, nto leyo ezenze zilungele ukusetyenziswa kwe-deep-pour. Ii-resins ezine-viscosity ephezulu, ngokwahlukileyo, zineempawu ezingatyibilikiyo okanye ezingatyibilikiyo, nto leyo ezenze zilungele iindawo ezithe nkqo okanye ukusetyenziswa kwe-sealing.
Ke ngoko, ukulinganiswa kwe-viscosity kunika ulwazi olusisiseko malunga nothotho lonke lwemveliso ye-epoxy resin. Ngokusebenzisa ukujonga i-viscosity ngexesha langempela, inkqubo yonke yemveliso inokuxilongwa kwaye iphuculwe ngexesha langempela.
2. Iiteknoloji zokubeka iliso kwi-Viscosity: Uhlalutyo oluQhathaniswayo
2.1 Imigaqo Yokusebenza KweeViscometer Ezikwi-Intanethi
2.1.1 IiViscometers ezingcangcazelayo
Ii-viscometer ezingcangcazelayoziye zaba lukhetho oluphambili lokujonga inkqubo emgceni ngenxa yoyilo lwazo oluqinileyo kunye nemigaqo yokusebenza. Isiseko sale teknoloji sisitho senzwa esiqinileyo esishukuma kulwelo. Njengoko isenzwa idlula kulwelo, ilahlekelwa ngamandla ngenxa yokumelana okunamandla kolwelo. Ngokulinganisa ngokuchanekileyo oku kuchithwa kwamandla, inkqubo idibanisa ukufundwa kunye nokuxinana kolwelo.
Inzuzo ephambili yee-viscometers ezingcangcazelayo kukusebenza kwazo okucheba kakhulu, okwenza ukufundwa kwazo kungabi namvakalelo kubungakanani bombhobho, izinga lokuhamba, okanye ukungcangcazela kwangaphandle, okuqinisekisa ukulinganiswa okuphindaphindwayo nokuthembekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba kwii-non-Newtonian fluids ezifana nee-epoxy resins, i-viscometer iyatshintsha ngesantya sokucheba. Ngenxa yoko, ukusebenza kwe-viscometer engcangcazelayo ephezulu kunokuvelisa i-viscometer eyahlukileyo kunoko kulinganiswa yi-viscometer yelebhu engcangcazelayo ephantsi, njenge-viscometer ejikelezayo okanye indebe yokugeleza. Lo mahluko awuthethi ukuba awuchanekanga; endaweni yoko, ubonakalisa indlela yokwenyani ye-rheological yolwelo phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo. Ixabiso eliphambili le-viscometer ekwi-line kukukwazi kwayo ukulandelelautshintsho oluhambelanayokwi-viscosity, kungekhona nje ukulinganisa ixabiso elipheleleyo elivela kuvavanyo lwelebhu.
2.1.2 IiViscometer ezijikelezayo
Ii-viscometers ezijikelezayo zimisela i-viscometers ngokulinganisa i-torque efunekayo ukuze kujikeleziswe i-spindle okanye i-bob ngaphakathi kolwelo. Le teknoloji isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiindawo zelebhu nakwiindawo zoshishino. Amandla akhethekileyo ee-viscometers ezijikelezayo kukukwazi kwazo ukulinganisa i-viscometers ngamanqanaba ahlukeneyo okucheba ngokulungelelanisa isantya sokujikeleza. Oku kubaluleke kakhulu kwii-non-Newtonian fluids, njengee-epoxy formulations ezininzi, ezine-viscometers ezingaguqukiyo kwaye zinokutshintsha ngoxinzelelo lwe-shear olusetyenzisiweyo.
2.1.3 Ii-Capillary Viscometers
Ii-viscometer ze-capillary zilinganisa i-viscometer ngokubeka ixesha elithathayo ukuze ulwelo luhambe ngetyhubhu enobubanzi obaziwayo phantsi kwempembelelo yomxhuzulane okanye uxinzelelo lwangaphandle. Le ndlela ichaneke kakhulu kwaye ilandeleka ngokwemigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe, okwenza ukuba ibe yinto ephambili kwiilabhoratri zolawulo lomgangatho, ngakumbi kwii-Newtonian fluids ezibonakalayo. Nangona kunjalo, le ndlela inzima, ifuna ulawulo oluqinileyo lobushushu kunye nokucoca rhoqo. Uhlobo lwayo olungaphandle kwe-intanethi lwenza ukuba ingafanelekanga ukujonga inkqubo ngexesha langempela, ngokuqhubekayo kwindawo yemveliso.
2.1.4 Iiteknoloji Ezisakhasayo
Ngaphaya kweendlela eziqhelekileyo, ezinye iindlela zobuchwepheshe ziyahlolwa kwizicelo ezikhethekileyo. Iisensa ze-Ultrasonic, umzekelo, zisetyenziselwe ukujonga i-polymer viscosity ngexesha langempela kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu. Ukongeza, iisensa ze-piezoresistive ziyaphandwa ukuze zijonge ukunxibelelana okunqamlezileyo kunye nokuphilisa kwi-epoxy resins ngendlela engangeneleliyo.
2.2 Uthelekiso lweTekhnoloji yeViscometer
Itheyibhile engezantsi inika uhlalutyo oluthelekisayo lwetekhnoloji eziphambili ze-viscometer ezikwi-intanethi ukunceda iinjineli zenze isigqibo esisekelwe kwiimfuno zazo ezithile zenkqubo yokwenziwa kwe-epoxy resin.
Itheyibhile 1: Uthelekiso lweeTekhnoloji zeViscometer ezikwi-In-line
| Uphawu | IiViscometers ezingcangcazelayo | IiViscometers ezijikelezayo | IiViscometer zeCapillary |
| Umgaqo-nkqubo Wokusebenza | Ilinganisa ukuchithwa kwamandla kwiprobe engcangcazelayo | Ilinganisa i-torque efunekayo ukuze kujikelezwe i-spindle | Ilinganisa ixesha lokuhamba kolwelo ngetyhubhu ye-capillary |
| Uluhlu lwe-Viscosity | Uluhlu olubanzi, ukusuka kwi-viscosities ephantsi ukuya phezulu | Uluhlu olubanzi, lufuna ukutshintsha iispindle okanye isantya | Ilungele uluhlu oluthile lwe-viscosity; ifuna ukukhetha ityhubhu ngokusekelwe kwisampulu |
| Izinga lokucheba | Izinga eliphezulu lokucheba | Izinga lokucheba eliguquguqukayo, linokuhlaziya indlela yokuziphatha kwe-rheological | Izinga lokucheba eliphantsi, ikakhulu kwii-Newtonian fluids |
| Uvakalelo kwiNqanaba lokuhamba kwamanzi | Ayinamvakalelo, ingasetyenziswa nakweyiphi na isantya sokuhamba kwamanzi | Ibuthathaka, ifuna iimeko ezihlala zihleli okanye ezingashukumiyo | Ibuthathaka, ikakhulu xa isetyenziswa ekulinganiseni ngaphandle komgca |
| Ukufakwa kunye nokugcinwa | Iguquguqukayo, kulula ukuyifaka, ulondolozo oluncinci | Intsonkothile kakhulu; ifuna ukuntywiliselwa ngokupheleleyo kwe-spindle; ingadinga ukucocwa rhoqo | Inzima, isetyenziswa kwiilabhoratri ezingasebenziyo kwi-intanethi; ifuna iinkqubo ezingqongqo zokucoca |
| Ukuqina | Iqinile, ifanelekile kwiindawo zoshishino ezinzima | Iphakathi; i-spindle kunye neebheringi zinokuguguleka | Ibuthathaka, edla ngokwenziwa ngeglasi |
| Isicelo esiqhelekileyo | Ukubeka iliso kwinkqubo emgceni, ukufunyanwa kwesiphelo sempendulo | Ulawulo lomgangatho welebhu, uhlalutyo lwe-rheological lwee-non-Newtonian fluids | Ulawulo lomgangatho olungasebenziyo kwi-intanethi, uvavanyo oluqhelekileyo lwesatifikethi |
3. Ukusasazwa kweqhinga kunye nokuphuculwa
3.1 Ukuchonga Amanqaku Aphambili Okulinganisa
Ukuphucula ukusetyenziswa kokubeka esweni i-viscosity emgceni kuxhomekeke ekukhetheni amanqaku abalulekileyo kuhambo lwemveliso olubonelela ngengqiqo yenkqubo ebaluleke kakhulu.
I-In-reactor okanye kwi-Reactor Outlet:Ngexesha lesigaba se-polymerization, i-viscosity yeyona nto ibonisa ukukhula kobunzima beemolekyuli kunye nenkqubela yokusabela. Ukufaka i-viscometer emgceni ngaphakathi kwe-reactor okanye kwindawo yayo yokuphuma kwenza kube lula ukubona i-endpoint ngexesha langempela. Oku akuqinisekisi nje kuphela ukuhambelana komgangatho we-batch kodwa kukwathintela ukusabela okubalekayo kwaye kuthintele ixesha elibi lokungasebenzi ngenxa ye-resin eqina ngaphakathi kwinqanawa.
Amanqanaba okucoca emva kokucubungula kunye nokucocwa:Emva kokwenziwa, i-epoxy resin iyahlanjwa, yahlulwe, kwaye iphelelwe ngamanzi emzimbeni. Ukulinganisa i-viscosity kwindawo yokuphuma kwezi zigaba, njengekholamu yokuhluza, kusebenza njengendawo ebalulekileyo yokujonga umgangatho.
Inkqubo yokuxuba nokunyanga emva kokuxuba:Kwiinkqubo ze-epoxy ezinamacandelo amabini, ukujonga i-viscosity yomxube wokugqibela kubalulekile. Ukubeka iliso kwi-line kweli nqanaba kuqinisekisa ukuba i-resin ineempawu ezifanelekileyo zokuhamba kwamanzi kwiindlela ezithile ezifana nokubumba okanye ukugalela, okunceda ukuthintela ukuvaleka kwamaqamza omoya kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuzaliswa ngokupheleleyo kwesikhunta.
3.2 Indlela yokukhetha iViscometer
Ukukhetha i-viscometer efanelekileyo emgceni sisigqibo esicwangcisiweyo esifuna uvavanyo olucokisekileyo lweempawu zezinto kunye nezinto ezichaphazela imeko-bume yenkqubo.
- Iimpawu zezinto ezibonakalayo:
Uluhlu lweViscosity kunye neRheology:Okokuqala, misela uluhlu olulindelekileyo lwe-epoxy resin kwindawo yokulinganisa. Ii-viscometers ezingcangcazelayo zihlala zifanelekile kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo ze-viscosities. Ukuba i-rheology yolwelo iyinto exhalabisayo (umz., ukuba ayisiyo-Newtonian), i-viscometer ejikelezayo inokuba lolona khetho lungcono lokufunda indlela yokuziphatha exhomekeke kwi-shear.
Ukubola kunye nokungcola:Iikhemikhali kunye neemveliso ezisetyenziswa kwimveliso ye-epoxy zinokuba ne-ecstasy. Ukongeza, i-resin inokuba nezihluzi okanye amaqamza omoya afakwe ngaphakathi. Ii-viscometer ezingcangcazelayo zilungele iimeko ezinjalo ngenxa yoyilo lwazo oluqinileyo kunye nokungaziva ukungcola.
Indawo yeNkqubo:
Ubushushu kunye noxinzelelo:Ubushushu bubuthathaka kakhulu kubushushu; utshintsho lwe-1∘C lunokutshintsha ubushushu nge-10%. I-viscometer ekhethiweyo kufuneka ikwazi ukubonelela ngemilinganiselo ethembekileyo nezinzileyo kwindawo enolawulo lobushushu oluchanekileyo. I-sensor kufuneka ikwazi ukumelana neemeko ezithile zoxinzelelo lwenkqubo.
Iintshukumo Zokuhamba Komoya:Isensor kufuneka ifakwe kwindawo apho ukuhamba kolwelo kufana kwaye akukho ndawo zokuma.
3.3 Ufakelo kunye nokubekwa ngokwasemzimbeni
Ukufakelwa ngokuchanekileyo komzimba kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuchaneka nokuthembeka kwedatha ye-viscometer ekwi-intanethi.
Indawo yoFakelo:Isensor kufuneka ifakwe kwindawo apho into yokuva ihlala iphantsi kwamanzi ngamaxesha onke. Kuphephe ukuyifaka kwiindawo eziphakamileyo kumbhobho apho iipokotho zomoya zinokuqokelelana khona, nto leyo enokuphazamisa ukulinganiswa.
Amandla oLwelo:Ukubekwa kwesensor kufanele kuthintele iindawo ezimileyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba ulwelo luhamba rhoqo lujikeleze isensor. Kwimibhobho emikhulu, i-viscometer eneprobe ende yokufakelwa okanye ulwakhiwo olufakwe kwi-tee inokufuneka ukuqinisekisa ukuba iprobe ifikelela embindini wokuhamba, nto leyo enciphisa imiphumo yemida.
Izixhobo zokuFaka:Izixhobo ezahlukeneyo zokufakela, ezifana neeflanges, imisonto, okanye ii-reducing tees, ziyafumaneka ukuqinisekisa ukufakwa okufanelekileyo nokukhuselekileyo kwiinqanawa ezahlukeneyo zenkqubo kunye nemibhobho. Ulwandiso olungasebenziyo lungasetyenziselwa ukuvala iijakethi zokufudumeza okanye ii-pipe bends, ukubeka incam esebenzayo ye-sensor kumjelo wolwelo kunye nokunciphisa ivolumu engapheliyo.
4Ulawulo oluValekileyo kunye noHlolo oluNgqinileyo
4.1 Ukusuka ekuBekeni iliso ukuya ekuZenzekeleni: Iinkqubo zoLawulo oluValekileyo
Eyona njongo iphambili yokubeka esweni i-viscosity emgceni kukubonelela ngesiseko sokwenza izinto ngokuzenzekelayo kunye nokwenza ngcono. Inkqubo yolawulo oluvaliweyo isoloko ithelekisa ixabiso le-viscosity elilinganisiweyo ngokuchasene nendawo ekujoliswe kuyo kwaye ilungisa ngokuzenzekelayo iinguqu zenkqubo ukuze kupheliswe naluphi na uphambuko.
Ulawulo lwe-PID:Icebo lokulawula elivaliweyo nelisetyenziswa kakhulu yi-PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative) control. Isilawuli se-PID sibala kwaye silungise isiphumo solawulo (umz., ubushushu be-reactor okanye i-catalyst addition rate) ngokusekelwe kwimpazamo yangoku, ukuqokelelwa kweempazamo zangaphambili, kunye nesantya sotshintsho lwempazamo. Eli cebo lisebenza kakhulu ekulawuleni i-viscosity kuba ubushushu luguquko oluphambili oluchaphazela ixabiso lalo.
Ulawulo Oluphambili:Kwiinkqubo zokusabela ezintsonkothileyo, ezingezizo ezithe ngqo ezifana ne-epoxy polymerization, amaqhinga olawulo aphambili afana neModel Predictive Control (MPC) anikezela ngesisombululo esintsonkothileyo ngakumbi. I-MPC isebenzisa imodeli yezibalo ukuxela kwangaphambili indlela eza kusebenza ngayo inkqubo kwixesha elizayo ize emva koko ilungise igalelo lolawulo ukuze lihlangabezane neemeko ezahlukeneyo zenkqubo kunye nemida ngaxeshanye, nto leyo ekhokelela kulawulo olusebenzayo ngakumbi lwemveliso kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla.
4.2 Ukudibanisa idatha ye-Viscosity kwiinkqubo zezityalo
Ukuze kusebenze ulawulo oluvaliweyo, ii-viscometer ezikwi-intanethi kufuneka zidityaniswe ngokungenamthungo kwiinkqubo zolawulo lwezityalo ezikhoyo.
Uyilo lweNkqubo:Udibaniso oluqhelekileyo lubandakanya ukudibanisa i-viscometer kwi-Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) okanye kwi-Distributed Control System (DCS), apho ukuboniswa kwedatha kunye nolawulo kulawulwa yinkqubo ye-SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition). Olu lwakhiwo luqinisekisa ukuhamba kwedatha ngexesha langempela, okuzinzileyo, nokukhuselekileyo kwaye lubonelela abaqhubi nge-interface yomsebenzisi enobuchule.
Iinkqubo zoNxibelelwano:Iiprotokholi zonxibelelwano lwemizi-mveliso zibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukusebenzisana phakathi kwezixhobo ezivela kubavelisi abahlukeneyo.
Yakha inkqubo yokujonga i-viscosity eyilwe kakuhle ngoncedo lwee-viscometers ezikwi-line, nto leyo eyenza utshintsho kwindlela yokusombulula iingxaki oluya kwindlela yokuthintela umngcipheko. Qhagamshelana nathi ngoku!
Ixesha leposi: Sep-18-2025
