Ukulinganisa uxinano oluqhubekayo sisiseko sezixhobo zokubeka esweni inkqubo yokucoca ioyile, ingakumbi kwimeko yokucoca ioyile nge-hydroisomerization kunye nenkqubo yokukhupha igumming ephucukileyo ekucoceni ioyile. Kwezi meko, ukukwazi ukuqokelela idatha yoxinano oluchanekileyo, olusebenza ngexesha langempela luchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukusebenza kakuhle kokucoca, ukuhambelana kwemveliso, kunye nolawulo lwe-viscosity kwiimveliso yeoyile yokuthambisa.
Iindlela zanamhlanje zokucoca ioyile emhlophe, ngakumbi i-hydroisomerization dewaxing, zixhomekeke kwiinkqubo zokuguqula i-catalytic ezifuna ukwenziwa ngcono kwenkqubo ekucoceni ioyile. Oku kubandakanya ulawulo olusondeleyo lwee-hydrocarbon compositions ukuze kufezekiswe amanqaku ancitshisiweyo okuthululwa ngelixa kugcinwa okanye kuphuculwa i-viscosity index, ebaluleke kakhulu kwimveliso yeoyile yokuthambisa efanelekileyo. Itekhnoloji yokulinganisa uxinano oluqhubekayo ivumela ukubonwa ngokukhawuleza kwanoma yiluphi utshintsho lwe-compositional, njengoko ukuphambuka okuncinci kuxinano kudla ngokubonisa utshintsho kwi-viscosity okanye uphawu lokususwa kokungcola okungaphelelanga—zombini ii-metrics ezibalulekileyo kwimveliso yeeoyile zokuthambisa eziphezulu.
Umzekelo, iimitha zoxinano olungaphakathi—ezifana nezo zenziwe yiLonnmeter—zisebenzisa iisensors eziphambili ezifana ne-acoustic, i-tuning fork, kunye ne-cantilever-based technologies. Ezi zixhobo zokujonga inkqubo ngexesha langempela zikhupha ukufundwa koxinano olunobuthathaka kakhulu ngqo kwimithombo yenkqubo. Xa zidityaniswe kwi-hydroisomerization dewaxing kunye ne-degumming stages, zivumela abaqhubi ukuba bachonge kwaye balungise ukuphambuka ngoko nangoko, bexhasa ulawulo oluthe ngqo kokubini ubumsulwa bemveliso kunye ne-viscosity. Oku kunciphisa umngcipheko weeoyile ezingezizo ezifikelela kwiinkqubo ezisezantsi okanye ukugcinwa kwemveliso yokugqibela.
Ukuzenzekela kwenkqubo okuqhutywa kukujongwa koxinano oluqhubekayo kwandisa impembelelo yayo ekwenzeni ngcono inkqubo ekucocweni kweoyile ngokuxhasa ulawulo oluchanekileyo lwee-catalysts ze-dewaxing ze-hydroisomerization. Ukukhetha kwe-Catalyst kunye nokusebenza kwayo kuxhomekeke ekuchongweni ngokukhawuleza kotshintsho lwesigaba kunye notshintsho lwesakhiwo, olubonakaliswa yidatha yoxinano. Eli nqanaba lolwazi livumela ukwandiswa okuqinileyo kwe-catalyst, ukususwa kokungcola okusebenzayo ngakumbi ekucocweni kweoyile, kunye nolawulo oluphuculweyo ngexesha lokuphuculwa kwe-viscosity index—nganye isisiseko solawulo lomgangatho weoyile yokuthambisa.
Iingenelo ziyabonakala: izinzwa zoxinano olungaphakathi zivumela ukufunyanwa rhoqo kweenkcukacha zemveliso, ziphucula ukuphinda-phinda kwemveliso ibe yi-batch kwaye zinciphise amathuba okulungiswa kwemveliso okubizayo. Iimpendulo ezikhawulezayo—ezilinganiswa ngemizuzwana endaweni yeeyure—ziyongeza okanye kwezinye iimeko zithatha indawo yovavanyo lwelabhoratri olucothayo nolunzima.
Usetyenziso lweOyile emhlophe
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Nangona kunjalo, kuvela imingeni emininzi ekuphunyezweni kwetekhnoloji yokulinganisa uxinano oluqhubekayo phakathi kobunzima bokwenziwa ngcono kwenkqubo yokunyibilikisa i-hydrocarbon yanamhlanje. Umqobo omkhulu kukwahluka kwe-feedstock. Iindawo zokucoca zidla ngokutshintsha phakathi kwemithombo eyahlukeneyo engcolileyo, nganye ibonakalisa izinto ezizodwa kunye nemithwalo yokungcola. Izinzwa ezikwi-inline kufuneka zihlale ziqinile, zilinganiswe ngokuchanekileyo, kwaye zikwazi ukubonelela ngeziphumo eziphindaphindwayo nokuba kukho ukwahluka kwe-matrix.
Ukuguquguquka kobushushu kunye noxinzelelo kuvelisa omnye umngeni obalulekileyo. Utshintsho lunokubangela ukushukuma kwenzwa okanye impazamo yokulinganisa—ichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukuhambelana kwemveliso kwiioyile zokuthambisa. Izisombululo zanamhlanje ziquka ii-algorithms zokunciphisa ubushushu kunye noxinzelelo ezifakwe kwi-hardware, ezifana nokulungiswa okusekwe kwi-bilinear interpolation, okunciphisa kakhulu impazamo yokulinganisa, kunye nezikhokelo zokufunda koomatshini ezihlawulela ngokuhambelanayo i-process hysteresis. Eli nqanaba liphezulu lokuhlawula liqinisekisa idatha ethembekileyo yexesha langempela nangona iimeko zenkqubo zitshintsha.
Ukususa igum kunye nokususa igum, njengamanyathelo abalulekileyo kwiindlela eziphambili zokususa igum kunye nenkqubo yokususa igum nge-hydroisomerization, zibonakaliswa kukuhlala kunye kweenxalenye zeekhemikhali ezinxulumeneyo. Ubunzima obusebenzayo busekuhlukaniseni ezi nxalenye ukuze kuvavanywe ukusebenza kokususwa kokungcola ekucoceni ioyile. Ukulinganisa uxinano oluqhubekayo, xa kusetyenziswa izixhobo ezinesisombululo esiphezulu, kunceda ekwahlukaniseni utshintsho oluncinci kuxinano oluhambelana neewaxes ezingaguqukiyo xa kuthelekiswa neemveliso ezifunwayo ze-isomerized. Ukufunyanwa kwangoko kwezi mahluko zincinci kuxhasa ukulungiswa kwenkqubo esebenzayo, ukugcina ukuphuculwa kokusebenza kokucoca kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuveliswa kweoyile yokuthambisa efanelekileyo.
Ngamafutshane, ngokuhlanganisa itekhnoloji yokulinganisa uxinano oluqhubekayo kuzo zonke iindlela eziphambili zokucoca ioyile emhlophe, iindawo zokucoca zinokufezekisa ukuhambelana okuphuculweyo kwemveliso, ulawulo oluphuculweyo lwe-viscosity, kunye nokuqinisekiswa kokususwa kokungcola okuthembekileyo. Nangona kukho imingeni efana nokwahluka okuntsonkothileyo kwe-feedstock kunye nokungazinzi kokusingqongileyo, isizukulwana esitsha seenzwa ezikwi-inline—eziboniswe zizixhobo zeLonnmeter—sinikezela ngokuchanekileyo kunye nokuthembeka okufunekayo ekujongeni inkqubo kwinqanaba elilandelayo kunye nokusebenza ngokuzenzekelayo kwenkqubo yokucoca ioyile.
Amanyathelo aPhambili ekuSuseni i-Hydroisomerization kunye neMpembelelo yawo
Inkqubo yokucoca nge-hydroisomerization yindlela ephucukileyo yokucoca ioyile emhlophe eguqula iiparafini eziqhelekileyo—iihydrocarbon ezinde, ezithe tye—zibe zii-isomers zazo ezinamasebe. Olu tshintsho lubalulekile ekunciphiseni i-pour point kunye ne-cloud point, okuvumela ukuveliswa kweeoyile ezisisiseko ezikwaziyo ukusebenza kumaqondo obushushu aphantsi. Ngokwendlela esebenzayo, iiparafini eziqhelekileyo ziyaqina kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu, zidala iikristale zewax eziphazamisa ukuhamba kweoyile. Ngokusebenzisa i-hydroisomerization, ezi molekyuli zihlengahlengiswa zibe zii-isoparaffins, ezihlala zimanzi kumaqondo obushushu apho iiparafini eziqhelekileyo zinokubangela ukwakheka kwewax. Olu hlengahlengiso lweemolekyuli lubalulekile ekwenzeni iioyile ezisisiseko zeQela lesiBini nelesiThathu, ezifunekayo kwiindlela zokuvelisa ioyile ezikumgangatho ophezulu kwaye zikhonza izicelo ezifuna iimoto kunye nemizi-mveliso.
Ukucoca nge-hydroisomerization kusetyenziswa kakhulu ii-catalysts ezisebenzayo ezimbini. Ezi catalysts ziquka iindawo zesinyithi, ezifana ne-nickel okanye iplatinum, ukuze kube lula ukufakelwa kwe-hydrogenation kunye nokususwa kwe-hydrogenation, kunye neendawo ze-asidi—ezihlala zikwi-zeolite supports—ukuze kusetyenziswe i-isomerization kunye ne-hydrocracking ekhethiweyo. Uyilo lwe-Catalyst luphambili ekuphuculeni inkqubo ekucoceni ioyile: umzekelo, ii-supports ezisekelwe kwi-zeolite ezifana ne-ZSM-22 okanye i-MTT zinokukhethwa kwiitshaneli zazo ezikhetha imo, ezikhokela ukuguqulwa kwee-n-paraffins ngokuchanekileyo okuphawulekayo. I-topology yezi supports inefuthe ekukhetheni ngokulawula ukuba zeziphi izakhiwo ze-molecular ezithandwa kakhulu—ii-pores ezimxinwa zikhuthaza ukwakheka kwe-isomer enamasebe, ngelixa ii-pores ezibanzi zinokunyusa i-hydrocracking kwaye zenze iinxalenye zemveliso ezilula. Ibhalansi yomsebenzi we-metal-to-acid, kunye noyilo lwe-pore olulungiselelweyo, ibalulekile ekugcineni ukusebenza kakuhle kokucocwa okuphezulu ngelixa kwandiswa isivuno se-low-pour-point, ii-lubricating oils ezifanelekileyo.
Uphawu olucacileyo lwe-hydroisomerization dewaxing yimpembelelo yayo ngqo kwi-consistency yemveliso kwi-oyile zokuthambisa. I-Viscosity index—i-metric ephambili yokusebenza kweoyile—iyaphucuka njengoko i-molecular branching isanda kuba ii-isomers ezinamagatsha ziyamelana nokutyeba kumaqondo obushushu aphantsi kwaye zinciphe kumaqondo aphezulu. Ngenxa yoko, ii-oyile ezigqityiweyo zibonisa ukuba ziyaqikelelwa.ulawulo lwe-viscositykuzo zonke iindawo zokusebenza. Oku kuthembeka kubalulekile ekukhuselekeni kwenjini kunye nobomi boomatshini, nto leyo eqinisekisa utshintsho oluvela kwi-dewaxing endala esekelwe kwi-solvent ukuya kwi-hydroisomerization kwiindawo ezininzi zokucocisa izinto zanamhlanje.
Ukulinganiswa koxinano oluqhubekayoItekhnoloji idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekugcineni uzinzo lwenkqubo kunye nokufana kwepropathi ngokubeka esweni inkqubo ngexesha langempela. Izixhobo ezifana neemitha zoxinano lwe-capacitive okanye i-radiometric, kuquka ezo zenziwe yiLonnmeter, zibonelela ngemilinganiselo ehlawulelwa bubushushu ngqo kwimigca yenkqubo. Ezi zixhobo zibona utshintsho oluncinci kuxinano lwemveliso—isalathisi esiphambili sotshintsho lweemolekyuli ezenzeka ngaphakathi kwe-reactor kwaye, ngokwandisa, uzinzo lwamanqaku okuthulula kunye namafu kunye ne-viscosity index. Umzekelo, abaqhubi banokulungisa ubushushu, uxinzelelo lwe-hydrogen, okanye ukuhamba kwe-feedstock ngokuphendula kwezi zibalo zoxinano, balungise ngoko nangoko umahluko kumgangatho ongcolileyo, ukuwohloka komsebenzi we-catalyst, okanye ukungeniswa okungafunekiyo kokungcola kweoyile. Olu jikelezo lwempendulo oluqhubekayo luqinisekisa ukuba iiparameter zenkqubo zihlala ngaphakathi kweefestile ezifanelekileyo, ngaloo ndlela zikhusela zombini iinkcukacha zemveliso kunye nokusebenza kakuhle.
Ngokwenyani, impembelelo yeparameters zenkqubo—ezifana nobushushu bereactor, ukwakheka kwe-catalyst, kunye nomlinganiselo we-hydrogen-to-oil—inokubonwa kusetyenziswa iitshathi zolawulo lwenkqubo ezihambelana nokufundwa koxinano ukuya kwiziphumo ze-pour point kunye ne-viscosity (jonga uMfanekiso 1). Inkqubo ezinzileyo iya kubonisa iindlela ezithe tyaba zoxinano ngaphakathi kwemida yolawulo emiselweyo, ngelixa ii-spikes okanye ii-drifts zihambelana nohambo lomgangatho wemveliso, oluhlala lulandeleka kutshintsho kwi-feedstock okanye utshintsho ekusebenzeni kwe-catalyst. Idatha yexesha langempela enikezelwa kumlinganiselo woxinano oluphakathi ivumela ukungenelela ngokukhawuleza, ukugcina imveliso ngaphakathi kwemigangatho efanelekileyo yokuvelisa ioyile yokuthambisa kunye nokunciphisa ivolumu engaqhelekanga—into ebalulekileyo ekulawuleni iindleko kunye nokuthotyelwa kwemithetho.
Ngokudibanisa ikhemistri yokukhetha ekhethiweyo kunye nezixhobo eziphambili zokujonga inkqubo yokucocwa kweoyile, iinkqubo zangoku ze-hydroisomerization yeoyile emhlophe zifikelela kumanqanaba aphezulu okungqinelana, ukusebenza kakuhle, kunye nomgangatho wemveliso. Ezi nkqubela phambili zixhasa ukuveliswa kweeoyile ezisisiseko kunye neethambisi ezineempawu ezilawulwa ngokuqinileyo zokuhamba komoya obandayo, ukungcola okuncinci, kunye ne-viscosity indices ephuculweyo—ezi zinto ziphambili kwimveliso yeoyile yokuthambisa efanelekileyo kunye nokuthembeka kokusetyenziswa kokugqibela.
Ukudibanisa i-Degumming kunye ne-Dewaxing ukuze kuphuculwe ukusebenza kwe-Refining
Ukususa i-gum kunye nokususwa kokungcola
Ukususa igum kubalulekile kumhlopheukucocwa kweoyileiindlela. Ijolise ekususweni kwee-phospholipids kunye nezinye izinto ezingcolileyo ezisebenzisa amanzi, ukuba azijongwanga, zibeka emngciphekweni uzinzo lweoyile kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo esezantsi. Ukususa igumming ngamanzi kusebenzisa amanzi okanye ii-asidi ukufumisa nokwahlula ii-phospholipids, ngelixa ukususa igumming okomileyo okanye okune-enzyme kusebenzisa ii-cocktails ze-enzyme eziyilwe ukuze zonakalise ii-phospholipids ngokukhetha, zifezekise ukusebenza kakuhle kokususa kufutshane ne-99% ngamaxesha okuphendula ande. Ezi ndlela ziphambili zokususa igumming azinciphisi nje kuphela umxholo we-phosphorus uwonke ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezimiselweyo kodwa zikwaphucula isivuno seoyile ngokugcina izinto zendalo eziluncedo kunye nokunciphisa ukulahleka kweoyile engathathi cala.
Inkqubo yokususa i-gum esebenzayo ekucoceni ioyile ifuna ulawulo oluchanekileyo, njengoko umahluko kwimilo yeoyile eluhlaza okanye iiparameter zempendulo unokutshintsha umxholo wokungcola kwaye uchaphazele amanyathelo alandelayo okucoca. Itekhnoloji yokulinganisa uxinano oluqhubekayo, njengeemitha zoxinano olungaphakathi kwiLonnmeter, inika ulwazi ngexesha langempela malunga notshintsho lwenkqubo. Ngokubamba impendulo kwangoko malunga noxinano lomxube, abaqhubi banokuvavanya ngokukhawuleza ukwahlukana kwesigaba kunye nomthwalo wokungcola. Le ndlela iqhutywa yidatha ivumela ukulungiswa kwamazinga okongezwa kwamanzi, i-asidi, okanye i-enzyme, igcina iimeko ezifanelekileyo zokususwa kokungcola. Isiphumo sisiseko sokucoca esizinzileyo, ukuguquguquka kwenkqubo okuncitshisiweyo, kunye nokuhanjiswa rhoqo kweoyile ngaphakathi kwemida engqongqo yokungcola.
Iindlela Zanamhlanje Zokususa I-Waxing kunye Nokuphuculwa Kwazo
Kwiindlela zokuvelisa ioyile etyiwayo neyokuthambisa, ukucofa ioyile kubalulekile ekunciphiseni amanqaku okuthulula nokuqinisekisa iimpawu zeoyile ezinqwenelekayo kumaqondo obushushu aphantsi. Inkqubo yokucofa ioyile etyheli nge-hydroisomerization, esekelwe ekuguqulweni kwe-catalytic kweeparafini ezithe tye zibe yi-isomers ezinamasebe, ithatha indawo yeendlela ezindala ezisekwe kwi-solvent ekusebenzeni kakuhle nasekukhetheni. Ukucofa ioyile etyheli nge-hydroisomerization—ngokuqhelekileyo ii-zeolites ezifakwe isinyithi, ezikhetha imilo—kwenza kube lula ukunciphisa ioyile esisiseko ngelixa kugcinwa amaqhezu e-oyile axabisekileyo kwaye kuphucula i-viscosity index, uphawu oluphambili lomgangatho weoyile.
Ukwenziwa ngcono kwezi nkqubo kuxhomekeke kwizixhobo zokubeka esweni ngexesha langempela. Uxinano olungaphakathi kunye neemitha ze-viscosity, ezifana nezo zivela eLonnmeter, zibonelela ngempendulo yenkqubo kwangoko ngexesha lokucoca nge-dewaxing. Izixhobo zokubeka esweni inkqubo rhoqo zokucoca ioyile zivumela ulawulo oluqinileyo ekusebenziseni i-solvent, ii-gradients zokupholisa, kunye namanqanaba okucoca. Le mpendulo kwangoko ivumela ukulungiswa okuguquguqukayo, ukunciphisa umxholo we-wax ngaphandle kokuqhekeka kakhulu okanye ukulahleka kweoyile. Umzekelo, njengoko i-wax crystallization iqhubeka, ukwanda okuphawulekayo koxinano lwe-slurry kubangela uhlengahlengiso ekuhambeni kwe-solvent okanye amazinga okucoca, ukuqinisekisa ukususwa kwe-wax ngokufanelekileyo kunye nokukhuselwa kweenkcukacha zemveliso ezifunwayo. Kwimveliso ye-oyile yokuthambisa, ulawulo lwenkqubo oluzinzileyo luxhasa i-viscosity ehambelanayo, ebalulekileyo ekungqineni kwemveliso kunye nemveliso ye-oyile yokuthambisa efanelekileyo.
Iindlela ezidibeneyo—ukudibanisa i-degumming ephucukileyo kunye ne-catalytic dewaxing yanamhlanje—ngoku zibalulekile ekuphuculeni ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nolawulo oluthembekileyo lomgangatho we-oyile yokuthambisa. Ukusebenzisana kokususa ukungcola ngokuchanekileyo kunye ne-dewaxing eyenziwe ngcono akuphuculi kuphela ukuphuculwa komgangatho wokucoca kodwa kukwagcina ukulahleka okuphantsi kwemveliso kunye nomgangatho wemveliso ophindaphindwayo. Zidibene nezixhobo zokujonga inkqubo ngexesha langempela, ezi ndlela zokucoca ioyile emhlophe ziqinisekisa ukuba iimfuno zeemarike zokuthambisa ezityiwayo kunye nezemizi-mveliso ziyahlangatyezwa ngokuthembekileyo.
Izixhobo Zokujonga Inkqubo Ezisemgangathweni Kwimveliso Yeoyile Yokuthambisa
Imveliso yeoyile yokuthambisa yanamhlanje ifuna ulawulo olungenamkhethe kuzo zonke izigaba, ingakumbi njengoko iinkcukacha zemveliso ziqina kwaye iithagethi zokusebenza kakuhle ziphakama. Izixhobo ezibalulekileyo zokujonga inkqubo ngoku ziquka iimitha zoxinano oluphakathi, ii-viscometer ezingaphakathi, kunye nezinzwa zobushushu ezichanekileyo—ezihlala zidityaniswa ngqo kwimithombo yenkqubo ukuze kufunyanwe idatha engenamthungo, ngexesha langempela. Ezi zixhobo zenza umqolo we-automation yenkqubo eqinileyo, evumela ukulungiswa ngokuchanekileyo kunye nokuqinisekiswa komgangatho wemveliso kwangoko xa kuvela ukuphambuka.
Iimitha zoxinano oluphakathi, ezifana nezo zenziwe yiLonnmeter, zihlala zifakelwa kwiindawo ezibalulekileyo zenkqubo. Kwi-distillation ekrwada, idatha yoxinano oluphakathi ngexesha langempela iphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kokwahlulwahlulwa, ivumela abaqhubi ukuba bandise isivuno kwaye banciphise ukucubungula okugqithisileyo okanye okungaphantsi. Ngexesha lokukhupha kunye nokuxuba i-solvent, ukulinganisa uxinano kugcina amanqanaba emveliso ahambelanayo kwaye kuxhasa ukubonwa ngokukhawuleza kwezinto ezingasebenziyo. Ii-viscometer ezingaphakathi zongeza olunye umaleko wolawulo, zilinganisa ngokuthe ngqo i-viscosity—ipropati ephambili echaza indlela yokusetyenziswa kokugqibela kunye nokuqina kwe-lubricants. Izinzwa zobushushu, xa ziqhagamshelwe nezi zixhobo, zivumela ukubuyiselwa kotshintsho lwepropathi ebonakalayo ebangelwa bubushushu, ukuqinisekisa ukufundwa okunentsingiselo nokuthembekileyo phantsi kwazo zonke iimeko zokusebenza.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwezi zixhobo ziphambili kuvelisa inkqubo yempendulo evaliweyo. Umzekelo, njengoko umsinga weoyile ucutshungulwa ngokusebenzisa i-hydroisomerization dewaxing, ubuninzi obungaphakathi kunye nokufundwa kwe-viscosity kubonisa umsebenzi we-catalyst kwaye kutyhila inkqubela yotshintsho olufunekayo kwisakhiwo. Ukwehla ngequbuliso kobuninzi okanye utshintsho kwi-viscosity kubonisa ngokuthe ngqo utshintsho lwesigaba okanye utshintsho kwi-hydrocarbon composition, mhlawumbi oludibene notshintsho ekusebenzeni kwe-catalyst okanye kwimpumelelo yokungcola. Abaqhubi banokuphendula ngokulungiswa kwenkqubo kwangoko-ukulungisa amazinga okutya, amaqondo obushushu, okanye nokuhlaziya okanye ukutshintsha ii-catalysts ze-dewaxing-ngokusekelwe kuphela kwezi zimpawu zesensor.
Itekhnoloji yokulinganisa uxinano oluqhubekayo ibonakalise ukuba nefuthe elikhulu ekuphuculeni ukusebenza kakuhle kokucubungula kunye nokugcina ukuhambelana kwemveliso. Ukubeka iliso ngexesha langempela kuvumela impendulo ekhawulezileyo ngexesha lokususa i-gum, ukususa ukungcola, kunye nokudibanisa. Utshintsho olufihlakeleyo loxinano lunokubonisa ubukho beentsini ezisele okanye amanzi, okubangela ukwahlukana okungaphakathi okanye ukulungiswa kwenkqubo ngaphambi kokuba ukungcola kuchaphazele ubungakanani obukhulu bebhetshi. Ngokususa ukuxhomekeka kwisampulu esekwe kwilebhu rhoqo, ezi nkqubo zesensor zinciphisa kakhulu ixesha lokungasebenzi kwenkqubo, zinciphise ukuphazamiseka kokusebenza, kwaye zinciphise iingozi zeempazamo zabantu ezibonwa ngeendlela ezenziwe ngesandla.
Inkalo ebalulekileyo yezi nkqubo kukukwazi kwazo ukumelana nobunzima beemeko zokucocwa. Iimitha zoxinano oluphakathi zihlala zisebenzisa imigaqo ye-sensor eqinileyo—njengeendlela zokungcangcazela okanye zokufaka i-gamma—ezinyamezela uxinzelelo oluphezulu, ubushushu obuguquguqukayo, kunye neekhemikhali ezirhabaxa ezifunyanwa ngexesha lokucocwa kweoyile. Zisebenza ngaphandle kokugcinwa ixesha elide, inzuzo ebalulekileyo kwiindawo zemveliso ezisebenza imini nobusuku. Idatha evela kwezi zixhobo idibana ngokuthe ngqo neenkqubo zolawulo lwezityalo, ixhasa ulawulo lwenkqubo oluzenzekelayo kunye nokubeka esweni okuphakathi. Olu buchule lunciphisa isidingo sokungenelela ngesandla kwaye luxhasa ukujonga okukude, okubalulekileyo kwimisebenzi emikhulu enezixhobo ezisasaziweyo.
Xa zizonke, ukusetyenziswa kweemitha zoxinano oluphakathi, ii-viscometer, kunye nee-sensors zobushushu zenza isiseko semveliso yeoyile yokuthambisa ethembekileyo nefanelekileyo. Iziphumo zazo zedatha ezidibeneyo, zexesha langempela ziqhuba ukwenziwa ngcono kwenkqubo rhoqo, ukujoliswa kwinqanaba lemveliso ngokuzenzekelayo, kunye nokuchongwa kwangoko kokungcola okanye ukuphazamiseka kwenkqubo. Ekugqibeleni, ezi teknoloji zixhasa ukuhambelana kwemveliso okucociweyo, ziphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kokuthambisa, kwaye ziphucula ulawulo lomgangatho kuzo zonke izigaba zokwenziwa kweoyile yokuthambisa.
Amaqhinga okuphucula iinkqubo: Ukusuka ekuBekeni iliso ngexesha langempela ukuya kwiimveliso ezifanelekileyo
Ulawulo oluvaliweyo, oluvunyiweyo kukulinganisa okuqhubekayo, lubalulekile ekwenzeni ngcono inkqubo ekucoceni ioyile emhlophe kunye nokususa i-hydroisomerization dewaxing. Iimitha zoxinano oluphakathi ukusuka eLonnmeter zifakwa ngqo kwiipayipi okanye kwiireactor, zibonelela ngemithombo yedatha yexesha langempela kuxinano lolwelo. Le mpendulo ikhawulezileyo ibalulekile ekuhlengahlengisweni okuguquguqukayo kwamazinga okutya, idosi ye-catalyst, kunye nobushushu ngaphakathi kweeyunithi ezifana neereactor ze-hydroisomerization okanye iikholamu ze-solvent dewaxing. Abaqhubi kunye neenkqubo ezizenzekelayo banokugcina umsebenzi we-catalyst, bathintele iimpendulo ezingafunekiyo, kwaye baqinisekise ukuhamba okuzinzileyo kuyo yonke inkqubo, beqinisekisa isivuno esizinzileyo ngokungenelela okuncitshisiweyo ngesandla. Ukukwazi ukulungisa ezi zinto zisebenzayo kwandisa ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo kunye nokuhambelana kwemveliso, okubalulekileyo njengoko imigangatho yolawulo iqina kwaye iimfuno zemarike zitshintsha.
Ukulinganisa okuqhubekayo kusetyenziswa i-inline density kunye ne-viscosity metres kuqinisekisa ukuba iipropati zemveliso zihlala ngaphakathi kweenkcukacha ezijoliswe kuzo. Kukho ulwalamano oluthe ngqo nolulungileyo phakathi koxinano kunye ne-kinematic viscosity kwiioyile zokuthambisa xa amaqondo obushushu okucubungula engaguquki. Ukubeka esweni ezi parameters ngexesha langempela kuvumela abavelisi ukuba bafikelele rhoqo kumanqanaba e-viscosity afunekayo, baphucule ukusebenza kokuhamba komoya obandayo, kwaye bagcine ukucaca—okubalulekileyo kwiioyile ezimhlophe ezisetyenziswa kwizithambiso, amayeza, kunye nokusetyenziswa kokutya. Umzekelo, ukuba idatha yoxinano ithambekele phezulu kuneemida ezimiselweyo, i-viscosity idla ngokunyuka nayo, inika imiqondiso kwinkqubo yokulungisa ubushushu okanye iimeko ze-catalyst ukubuyisela ukuhambelana kwemveliso. Olu hlobo lolawulo lwepropathi lukhusela ukungahambelani nokulahleka kwemveliso, ngelixa luphendula ngokukhawuleza kwiinguqu kumgangatho we-feedstock okanye ukuphazamiseka kokusebenza.
Ulungelelwaniso oluzenzekelayo kunye nolawulo olusekelwe kumlinganiselo woxinano oluqhubekayo kunye nobukhulu be-viscosity lukwaqinisekisa ukususwa kokungcola okuqinileyo, ngakumbi kujoliswe kwizinto ezifana nee-waxes kunye neentsini. Inkqubo yokukhupha i-gumming, ebalulekileyo ekususeni ii-phospholipids, kunye nenkqubo yokukhupha i-dewaxing, ejolise kwi-hydrocarbons ezinamaqondo aphezulu okunyibilika, zombini zixhamla kakhulu ekubekweni esweni okuqhubekayo. Ukususwa ngokufanelekileyo kwezi ngcola kuthintela ukwenziwa kweemveliso ezingazinzanga okanye ezimdaka kwaye kugcina ukusebenza kwe-catalyst esezantsi. Umzekelo, ukulandelwa koxinano olungenakuphazamiseka kwizigaba eziphambili zokucoca kuvumela ukuchongwa kokwahlulwa okungaphelelanga okanye ukungcola kwenkqubo, okubangela ukwenziwa kwakhona kokwenziwa ngcono kwangoko okunciphisa ixesha lokungasebenzi kwaye kuxhase ukuphuma kakuhle.
Okubalulekileyo kukuba, ukususwa kwe-wax kunye neentsini kunxulunyaniswa kakhulu nokusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo. Ukuqokelelwa kwezi zinto kunokukhokelela ekuhlanjululweni kwezixhobo rhoqo kunye nokucima i-catalyst, zombini ezo zinto zonyusa iindleko zokusebenza kunye nexesha lokungasebenzi. Ngokudibanisa izixhobo zokujonga inkqubo zeLonnmeter ngexesha langempela kwiiyunithi zokukhupha i-gum kunye ne-dewaxing, iifektri zokucoca zinokubona ukungcola ngaphambi kokuba zifikelele kumanqanaba anengxaki, zixhase ngokuthe ngqo ukuveliswa kweoyile yokuthambisa efanelekileyo kwaye zandise ubomi bokusebenza kwezixhobo ezixabisekileyo. Ukulinganiswa koxinano oluphakathi ngoko ke kuba lilitye lesiseko lokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle, ulawulo lokugqibela lomgangatho wemveliso, kunye nokufikelela ekunikezelweni rhoqo kweeoyile ukuhlangabezana nemigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe kunye neemfuno ezithile zemarike zokucaca kwemveliso, isalathisi se-viscosity, kunye neempawu zokuhamba okubandayo.
Ngokusebenzisa izixhobo zokubeka esweni ngexesha langempela, ingakumbi iimitha zoxinano oluphakathi, abacoci bafumana inzuzo enkulu kwi-automation, ukuphendula, kunye nemveliso efanelekileyo, ekugqibeleni beqinisekisa ukuba yonke ibhetshi iyahlangabezana neemfuno ngelixa benciphisa amandla, i-catalyst, kunye nokuchithwa kwezinto.
Ukuqinisekiswa koMgangatho kunye neeNzuzo zokuHlanganyelwa kweMveliso
Ukulinganisa uxinano oluqhubekayo nolwexesha langempela kuye kwaba yinto ebalulekileyo ekuqinisekiseni umgangatho kunye nokuhambelana kwemveliso kuyo yonke ioyile emhlophe kunye nemveliso yeoyile yokuthambisa. Iimitha zoxinano oluphakathi, ezifana nezo zivela eLonnmeter, zibonelela ngemithombo yedatha engaphazanyiswa, nto leyo evumela abaqhubi ukuba bavavanye ngokukhawuleza kwaye balungise iinkqubo. Amaxabiso oxinano olufanayo, alinganiswa kuyo yonke ibhetshi okanye kuyo yonke imveliso eqhubekayo, axhasa ngokuthe ngqo ukuhambelana kwebhetshi ukuya kwenye—imfuneko ephambili yeoyile yokuthambisa esemgangathweni ophezulu kunye neoyile emhlophe yodidi lwamayeza.
Le datha yexesha langempela yenza umqolo wemveliso ehambelanayo. Ngexesha leendlela ezibalulekileyo zokucoca ioyile emhlophe—kuquka i-hydroisomerization dewaxing kunye nenkqubo yokususa ukungcola—uxinano kufuneka lulawulwe ngokuqinileyo ukuze luhlangabezane neemfuno. Umzekelo, ukuba ukuphambuka koxinano kufunyenwe ngexesha lokususa i-hydrocarbon dewaxing, abaqhubi banokulungisa ngoko nangoko uxinano lobushushu okanye lwe-catalyst, ukunceda ukuthintela i-viscosity engaqhelekanga okanye ukwakheka okungaphandle komgangatho. Oku kuxhasa ukuqinisekiswa kwemveliso ngokukhawuleza, kunciphisa umngcipheko wokurhoxiswa, kwaye kukhawulezise ukuthunyelwa ngokubonelela ngobungqina bexesha langempela bokuba iqashiso ngalinye lihambelana nemigangatho ebekiweyo ngexesha lokuveliswa kweoyile yokuthambisa efanelekileyo.
Ukulinganisa uxinano oluqhubekayo kukwaxhasa ulawulo lwe-viscosity kwizixhobo eziphambili zokujonga inkqubo yokucocwa kweoyile. Ngenxa yokuba i-viscosity kunye noxinano zidibene ngokuntsonkothileyo—ingakumbi emva kwamanyathelo aphambili afana nokususa i-dewaxing okanye ukususa i-gumming—ukubeka iliso rhoqo kuvumela ukulungiswa kwenkqubo ngendlela echanekileyo. Ukulinganisa ngexesha langempela kunciphisa ukuveliswa kwezinto ezingasebenziyo, kunciphisa ilahleko zesivuno ngenxa yokuxuba okanye ukusebenza kwakhona, kwaye kuxhasa ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho engqongqo kunye neemfuno zomsebenzisi wokugqibela zokulawula umgangatho weoyile kunye neoyile emhlophe.
Abaqhubi basebenzisa idatha yexesha langempela evela kwiimitha ezikwimigca ngexesha lokudluliselwa kwemveliso kunye nokuxuba ukuqinisekisa ukuba iimveliso ezihanjisiweyo okanye ezithunyelweyo ziyahlangabezana nemigangatho yemarike yesalathiso se-viscosity, umbala, kunye nobunyulu. Endaweni yokuxhomekeka kuhlalutyo lwelebhu oluqhubekayo, ukulinganisa okuqhubekayo ngezixhobo zeLonnmeter kunika ingxelo kwangoko. Umzekelo, xa uxinano lweoyile yokuthambisa luphakama ngaphandle kwefestile yenkqubo elindelekileyo—mhlawumbi ngenxa yokungalingani kwiikhatalyst ezisusa i-dewaxing okanye utshintsho olungalindelekanga lokutya—izenzo zokulungisa inkqubo ziyenzeka, ukuqinisekisa ukuba imveliso yokugqibela isoloko ilungele imarike.
Kwiindawo zokucocwa ngokuzenzekelayo nezanamhlanje, ukuhlanganiswa kokujonga uxinano kunye ne-viscosity kulawulo oluvaliweyo kwenza abacoci bakwazi ukulungisa iimeko ngokukhawuleza kwaye bagcine umgangatho wemveliso ohambelanayo. Ezi ndlela azikhulisi nje kuphela ukuqinisekiswa komgangatho, kodwa zikwaphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kokucocwa, zinciphisa ukungenelela ngesandla, kwaye zikhawulezise ukukhutshwa kweeoyile ezigqityiweyo kwimarike, zinceda ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zabathengi kunye nezomthetho ezitshintsha ngokukhawuleza zokucoceka nokusebenza.
Utshintsho oluya ekulinganisweni okuqhubekayo, okucwangcisiweyo ngoko ke lubalulekile ekuqhubekeni nokuphucula inkqubo, ukunciphisa imveliso engakhange icwangciswe, ukuxhasa ukususwa kokungcola ekucoceni ioyile, kunye nokubonelela ngokuhambelana kwemveliso kwiioyile zokuthambisa kunye neeoyile ezimhlophe ezifunwa ngamayeza, izinto zokuthambisa, kunye nezicelo zoshishino.
Imibuzo ebuzwa qho
Yintoni i-hydroisomerization dewaxing kwaye kutheni ibalulekile ekuthambiseni imveliso yeoyile?
Ukuxutywa kwe-hydroisomerization yinkqubo etshintsha iiparafini ezinde, ezithe tye (eziqhelekileyo) ezikhoyo kwiinxalenye zeoyile ene-wax. Ngokusebenzisa ukuguqulwa kwe-catalytic, ezi parafini ziguqulwa zibe yi-isoparaffins ezinamasebe. Oku kunciphisa kakhulu zombini iindawo zokuthulula kunye nelifu zeoyile ezisisiseko, ngaloo ndlela kuphucula ukufaneleka kwazo kwimveliso yeoyile yokuthambisa—ingakumbi kwiimveliso ekufuneka zisebenze ngokuthembekileyo kumaqondo obushushu aphantsi. Ukuxutywa kwe-dewaxing kubalulekile kuba kuvumela ukwenziwa kweeoyile zokuthambisa ezimelana nokuqina kwiindawo ezibandayo, zixhasa ukusebenza okuphezulu kunye nozinzo ngelixa zikhulisa isivuno kwaye zigcina iinkcukacha zemveliso ezifunekayo.
Ukulinganiswa koxinano oluqhubekayo kuphucula njani ukusebenza kakuhle kokucoca kwimveliso yeoyile emhlophe?
Itekhnoloji yokulinganisa uxinano oluqhubekayo yenza ukujonga ngexesha langempela uxinano lolwelo ngaphakathi kwemigca yenkqubo. Ngokunika impendulo ekhawulezileyo neqhubekayo, abaqhubi banokulungisa ngokukhawuleza iimeko zokusebenza ukuze kulawulwe inkqubo efanelekileyo. Oku kukhokelela ekuhambelaneni okungcono komgangatho wemveliso, ukusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo kwezixhobo, kunye nempendulo ekhawulezileyo xa kuvela ukuphambuka—njengokutshintsha ukwakheka kwe-feedstock okanye ungcoliseko olungengozi. Ukususwa kwesampulu ngesandla kwandisa ukwenziwa kwaye kunciphisa ixesha lokungasebenzi, kuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle ekucoceni ioyile emhlophe. Iinkqubo ezixhotyiswe ngeemitha zoxinano olungaphakathi, ezifana nezo zenziwe yiLonnmeter, zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekufezekiseni ezi ziphumo ngokuqinisekisa iiprofayili zoxinano oluchanekileyo, oluzenzekelayo kuzo zonke izigaba zokucoca. Ukulandelela uxinano oluphakathi ngexesha langempela kunceda ekuxubeni, ekwahlukaniseni, nasekudluliseleni imveliso, ukunciphisa iziganeko ezingakhange zichazwe kwaye kuphucule uzinzo lwemveliso.
Kutheni ulawulo lwe-viscosity lubalulekile ekuvelisweni kweeoyile zokuthambisa ezikumgangatho ophezulu?
Ukuqina kuchaza indlela esebenza ngayo i-flow kunye namandla efilimu ekhuselayo yeoyile yokuthambisa. Ukugcina ukuqina okuchanekileyo nokujoliswe kuko kuqinisekisa ukuba ioyile iya kubonelela ngokugcoba okufunekayo phantsi kwamaqondo obushushu ahlukeneyo kunye noxinzelelo loomatshini. Ukuba ukuqina kuyawa, ukugcoba kunokungaphumeleli, okubangela umonakalo kwizixhobo; ukuba kuyanda kakhulu, ukulahleka kwamandla kwenzeka kwaye ukuhamba kungasebenzi kakuhle. Ukubeka iliso rhoqo kukuqina kwenza ukuba kulungiswe inkqubo ngoko nangoko, kunceda abavelisi ukuba bathobele imigangatho engqongqo kwaye banikezele ngokugcoba okusebenzayo rhoqo. Iimitha ze-viscosity ezikwi-inline ezibonelelwa yiLonnmeter zivumela ukulandelelwa kunye nokulungiswa ngexesha langempela, zixhasa ulawulo lomgangatho kunye nokuhambelana namanqanaba okusebenza kweshishini.
Idlala yiphi indima i-degumming kumgangatho opheleleyo weeoyile ezimhlophe ezicociweyo?
Ukususa igumming linyathelo elisisiseko lokucoca ioyile emhlophe, elijolise kwi-phospholipids kunye nee-ion zesinyithi ezinokuphazamisa ukucaca kweoyile, uzinzo, kunye nobomi obude. Ukuba azinyangwa, ezi ngcola zikhuthaza ukuwohloka kwaye ziphazamise ioyile, zithomalalise ukucutshungulwa okusezantsi kunye nokusebenza kokusetyenziswa kokugqibela. Iindlela ezifana namanzi, i-asidi, okanye ukususa igumming nge-enzyme zisusa ezi ngcola, nto leyo ekhokelela kwiimveliso ezingenambala nezizinzileyo. Uhlalutyo oluchanekileyo, olusebenza ngexesha langempela—olufezekisiweyo ngezixhobo zanamhlanje zokujonga inkqubo—luqinisekisa ukusebenza kakuhle kokususa igumming kwaye luqinisekisa ukuba ungcola aluqhubeki kumanqanaba okucoca kamva.
Izixhobo zokubeka esweni inkqubo zinegalelo njani ekususweni kokungcola ekucocweni kweoyile?
Izixhobo zanamhlanje zokujonga inkqubo—kuquka iimitha zoxinano olungaphakathi kunye neemitha zoxinzelelo—zenza ukuba umlinganiselo okhawulezileyo, ongaphazamisiyo wokungcola okufana ne-waxes kunye neentsini zikwazi ukulinganisa ukungcola okufana ne-wax kunye neentsini njengoko zitshintsha kuyo yonke inkqubo yokucocwa kweoyile. Ezi zixhobo zibonelela ngempendulo ekhawulezileyo ebalulekileyo ekugcineni iimeko ezifanelekileyo zenkqubo kunye nokususa ukungcola ngokukhawuleza ngaphambi kokuba kuchaphazele umgangatho wokugqibela wemveliso. Ngokudibanisa izixhobo ezinjalo, abacoci banokufikelela ekususweni kokungcola okusebenzayo ngaphandle kokuphazamisa imveliso, nto leyo ekhokelela kwimigangatho ephezulu rhoqo kunye nemveliso ezinzileyo. Izisombululo zokulinganisa ezingaphakathi zeLonnmeter zibalulekile ekulandeleni ukungcola ngexesha langempela kwaye zongeza ixabiso elibalulekileyo ekuphuculeni inkqubo kunye nokuqinisekiswa kwemveliso yokugqibela efanelekileyo.
Ixesha leposi: Disemba-15-2025
