Ukulinganisa ngokuchanekileyo ukuhamba kwe-HFO kubaluleke kakhulu. Kwizikhululo zamandla ezisebenzisa ioyile enzima, ukulinganisa ukuhamba kweoyile okuthembekileyo kuqinisekisa ulawulo lokutsha kunye nokulinganisela kwamandla, ukunciphisa inkunkuma kunye nokusebenza kakuhle. Kwinkqubo yokuhlawula urhwebo lweoyile, ukufundwa kobunzima obuchanekileyo kunye nomthamo kuxhasa yonke intengiselwano yemali phakathi kwabathengi nabathengisi. Ukungafani, nokuba kuncinci, kunokuba nefuthe elikhulu kwezemali ngenxa yobuninzi obukhulu obubandakanyekayo. Imisebenzi yaselwandle, edla ngokuxhomekeka kwi-HFO ekuqhubeni nasekuncediseni amandla, ixhomekeke ekulinganisweni ngokuchanekileyo ukugcina ukuthotyelwa, ukuphucula ukusebenza kwenjini, kunye nokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni emnyama—ingxaki enkulu yokusingqongileyo. Ekufudumaleni kwemizi-mveliso, ukuhamba rhoqo kunye nokulinganisa ukutya kukhusela izixhobo kwaye kuvumela ukufakwa kobushushu okuqikelelweyo, ukukhusela umgangatho wemveliso kunye nokhuseleko lwabasebenzi.
Isikhululo samandla esisebenzisa ioyile
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Ukulinganiswa kokuhamba kweoyile yepetroli enzima
Ioyile ye-heavy fuel (HFO) yimveliso yepetroleum esekelwe kwintsalela eneempawu ezicacileyo: i-viscosity ephezulu kakhulu, uxinano oluphezulu, umxholo ophezulu wesalfure, kunye nobunzima beekhemikhali. Olu hlobo lweoyile luveliswa kwiinxalenye ezisezantsi ngexesha lokucocwa kweoyile eluhlaza. I-viscosity ye-HFO iphezulu kakhulu kunee-fuel ezikhaphukhaphu, kwaye iipropati zayo zokuhamba zisabela ngokukhawuleza kubushushu—ziba ziqinile phantse kubushushu begumbi kodwa zimanzi ngokwaneleyo ukupompa nokutsha xa zishushu ngokufanelekileyo. Ukuphathwa kwayo kuyinkimbinkimbi ngakumbi kukuthambekela kokwenza i-emulsions ezinzileyo, i-sedimentation ebalulekileyo, kunye nokuba khona kwee-particles ezinganyibilikiyo kunye ne-asphaltenes. Ezi mpawu zichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukugcinwa, ukudluliselwa, kunye nokulinganiswa ngokuchanekileyo kweoyile ye-fuel enzima, ngakumbi kwiindawo ezifuna kakhulu.
Ukulinganisa ukuhamba kobunzima—kusetyenziswa ubuchwepheshe obufana neemitha zeCoriolis—kuye kwaba ngumgangatho wegolide we-HFO kuba ibangela ukuguquguqukaubushushukwayeuxinanoezichaphazela ukuhamba komthamo. Nangona kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa kwemitha yokuhamba kakuhle kufuna ulwazi oluchanekileyo malunga noxinano kunye ne-viscosity ye-HFO kumaqondo obushushu enkqubo, okuhlala kufezekiswa ngokusebenzisa i-inline density kunye ne-viscosity metres ezivela kubaboneleli abakhethekileyo abanjengoLonnmeter.
Ukugcinwa kwe-HFO kudla ngokubandakanya iitanki ezisilinda okanye ezingxande ezifakelwe iinkqubo zokufudumeza ukuthintela ukuqina nokuphucula ukuhamba kwamanzi. Ezi tanki zokugcina ioyile enzima zenzelwe ulawulo lwedaka, ukuthintela ubushushu, kunye nokukhupha amanzi ngendlela elawulwayo. Inkqubo yokugcina kufuneka ikhusele idaka, oku kukuhlala kwe-asphaltenes, izinto ezingaphiliyo, kunye nezinye izinto ezincinci. Idaka linokuvingca imigca yokuphuma kwamanzi, linciphise umthamo wetanki, kwaye libangele ingxaki yokwakheka kwedaka ezantsi kwetanki. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, oku kusongela ukuthembeka kokusebenza kunye nokuchaneka komlinganiselo wokuhamba kwamanzi osezantsi.
Nje ukuba ioyile iphume kwindawo yokugcina, ingena kwinethiwekhi yemibhobho eshushu, iimpompo zokudlulisa, kunye neeyunithi zokucoca—nganye ineemfuno ezizodwa zokulwa nokungcola kunye nokungavali. Ubuninzi be-viscosity kunye nomxholo we-asphaltene we-HFO bubangela ukuthambekela okucacileyo kokungcolisa: ukwakheka kwediphozithi eludongeni lwemibhobho, kwiimpompo, nangaphakathi kweemitha ngokwazo. Ungcolisi lunciphisa ububanzi bemibhobho obusebenzayo, lutshintsha iiprofayili zokuhamba kwamanzi, lunyusa ukulahleka koxinzelelo, kwaye lunokucima izixhobo zokulinganisa. Kwimitha, nokuba ifilimu encinci yentsalela ye-HFO inokukhetha ukufundwa, nto leyo egxininisa ukubaluleka kokugcinwa rhoqo kwemitha yokuhamba kweoyile enzima kunye nokulinganiswa. Ngaphandle koku, iimpazamo zinokuhamba ngokukhawuleza, zonakalise ulawulo lwenkqubo kunye nokuchaneka korhwebo.
Abaqhubi basebenzisa amaqhinga aliqela okulwa nokungcola kunye nokungavali. Iinkqubo zokufudumeza—ezidla ngokulandelela umphunga okanye ukufudumeza ngombane—zigcina ioyile ingaphezulu kobushushu obubalulekileyo, zinciphisa ukuxinana kwaye zithintele ukuhamba kancinci kwemida apho inkunkuma ihlala khona. Izihluzi ezingaphakathi kunye nezihluzi zithintela iinxalenye ngaphambi kokuba ioyile ifikelele kwizixhobo ezibuthathaka. Imijikelo yokucoca iitanki kunye nokuhluzwa kwemigca ecaleni kugcina amanqanaba enkunkuma ejongiwe. Iindawo ezidibana ne-HFO ngamanye amaxesha ziphathwa nge-polymer okanye i-synthetic coating ukunciphisa ukunamathela kunye nokwenza kube lula ukucoca. Iinkqubo zokukrwela okanye zokufaka iingulube zisetyenziswa kwimibhobho yokususa iidiphozithi ngamandla.
Umngcipheko wokungcoliswa kwendalo kunye nokungcola kubonakala kakhulu kwiitanki, isihluzi, kunye necandelo lemitha yokuhamba kwamanzi. Ukunciphisa, uyilo lwenkqubo lubandakanya ulwakhiwo (iitanki ezityibilikayo ezantsi, ukushukuma), inkqubo (ulondolozo olucwangcisiweyo), kunye namanyathelo okubeka izixhobo (ukubeka iliso rhoqo nge-viscosity/density).
Ngamafutshane, ukulinganisa ioyile enzima akuyonto nje yokulinganisa ukuhamba kwamanzi—yinkqubo edibeneyo efuna uhlengahlengiso lwangempela kwimingeni eyahlukileyo yeempawu zomzimba ze-HFO. Iimfuneko zokusebenza zeendlela zokulwa nokungcola kunye nokuthintela ukuvaleka azinakwahlulwa ekufuneni ukulinganisa ukuhamba kwamanzi enzima okuchanekileyo, okuthembekileyo, kunye noqoqosho, okunempembelelo ngqo kwimveliso yamandla, ukuthobela okusingqongileyo, urhwebo, kunye nokhuseleko lwenkqubo. Ukulinganisa ngokuchanekileyo kusetyenziswa iimitha zokuhamba kwamanzi ezinzima zeoyile enzima ezisebenza kakuhle, ezixhaswa zizixhobo ezifana ne-Lonnmeter inline density kunye ne-viscosity metres, yeyona nto iphambili ekuhlangabezaneni nale mingeni.
Iiteknoloji eziphambili kwiMilinganiselo yeOyile enzima
Iimitha zokuhamba kobunzima beCoriolis zokulinganisa ukuhamba kobunzima ngokuthe ngqo
Iimitha zokuhamba kobunzima beCoriolisisebenza ngokubangela ukungcangcazela kwityhubhu enye okanye ezingaphezulu apho ioyile enzima idlula khona. Njengoko ioyile idlula, i-inertia evela kubunzima obuhambayo ibangela utshintsho lwesigaba olulinganiswayo, oluhambelana nesantya sokuhamba kobunzima. Le ndlela ivelisa ngokuthe ngqo ukuhamba kobunzima, uxinano, kunye namaxabiso obushushu, isusa imfuneko yokulungiswa kwevolumu yobushushu okanye uxinzelelo, ezibalulekileyo xa kusingathwa uluhlu lweeklasi zeoyile enzima (HFO) kunye nokwakheka. Umgaqo wokulinganisa ngokuthe ngqo wenza kube lula kakhulu ukufakwa kwemitha yokuhamba kweoyile enzima kunye nemisebenzi yokulinganisa, kulungelelanise inkqubo yokulinganisa imitha yokuhamba kweoyile enzima kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kwenkqubo yokuhlawula urhwebo lweoyile.
Iimitha zeCoriolis zibonelela ngeenzuzo ezahlukeneyo zokulinganisa ukuhamba kweoyile kwiimeko ezifuna kakhulu, ezinje ngolawulo lweetanki zokugcina ioyile enzima, ukuveliswa kombane, kunyeindawo yokuhlala elwandleUkuchaneka kwazo kuhlala kuphezulu nokuba kukho ukuguquguquka koxinano lwe-HFO, ubushushu, okanyeukuxinana. Njengoko kungekho zinto zishukumayo ezidibana nolwelo, iimitha zeCoriolis ziqinile ngokwemvelo, azigugi ngenxa yeenxalenye ezirhabaxa eziqhelekileyo kwioyile enzima, kwaye zinciphisa kakhulu iimfuno zokugcinwa kwemitha yokuhamba kweoyile enzima. Ukwehla koxinzelelo kwezi mitha kuncinci xa kuthelekiswa neendlela ezininzi zokulinganisa oomatshini. Ukungabikho kwezixhobo zangaphakathi zoomatshini kuzenza zigugiswe ngakumbi kukungcoliswa—ingxaki ebalulekileyo ekulinganiseni ukuhamba kweoyile enzima—kunciphisa kakhulu iindlela zokulwa nokungcoliswa kweemitha zokuhamba okanye izisombululo zokulwa nokuvaleka kweemitha zeoyile.
Enyanisweni, iimitha zeCoriolis zisetyenziswa kwiindawo eziphambili zekhonkco lokubonelela ngeoyile enzima. Umzekelo, zisetyenziselwa imisebenzi yokudlulisa ipetroli ye-bunker kwiinqanawa zaselwandle, ukuqinisekisa ukuhlawuliswa ngokuchanekileyo kunye nokuthobela iimfuno zokubeka iliso kwimithetho yokulawula ipetroli. Kwizikhululo zamandla ezisebenzisa ioyile enzima, ezi mitha zilandelela ukusetyenziswa kokubini kwiindlela zokugcina ukuya kwibhoyila kunye nemigca yokujikeleza kwangaphakathi, okuvumela ulawulo oluphuculweyo lokutsha kunye nolawulo olungcono lokukhupha umbane. Amandla eteknoloji yeCoriolis okubonelela ngedatha ethembekileyo, ephindaphindwayo, nelandelekayo abalulekile kwimisebenzi yokulayisha iinqanawa, ukudluliselwa kokugcinwa, kunye nokuthobela imithetho—zonke ezi zinto zifuna ukuqinisekiswa komlinganiselo okungenakuthelekiswa nanto.
Ukuphucula Ukulinganisa Kwiimeko Ezinzima
Ubunjineli bokuThembeka kwiinkqubo zeoyile yepetroli enzima
Kwizixhobo zokulinganisa ukuhamba kweoyile yepetroli enzima, ukuthembeka kuxhomekeke ekukhethweni kwezinto eziqinileyo kunye nokwakhiwa kwazo okwenzelwe ukumelana neemeko ezinzima. I-aluminium inokukhethwa kwiindawo ezinoxinzelelo oluphantsi, ezingangcolisiyo ngenxa yokumelana kwayo nokugqwala okuncinci nokuphakathi. Isinyithi esitshisiweyo sibonelela ngamandla kunye nokumelana nokugqwala, kodwa isengozini yokugqwala okune-asidi okufumaneka rhoqo kwiimveliso zokutsha kweoyile enzima. Intsimbi engatyiwayo ikhethwa kwiindawo ezininzi zokulinganisa ukuhamba kweoyile enzima, ngenxa yokuxhathisa kwayo kuhlaselo lweekhemikhali kunye nolwe-abrasive, ngakumbi iiklasi ezifana ne-316L kunye nentsimbi engatyiwayo ephindwe kabini ephatha iindawo ezinesalfure kunye ne-oxygen eninzi.
Izinto zangaphakathi zemitha zingasebenzisa ii-liner ezingezizo zesinyithi okanye ii-coating—i-PTFE, i-PFA, okanye i-polyurethane—ukuze zixhathise ukugqwala kunye nokungcola. Ngelixa i-PTFE inika uzinzo olukhethekileyo lweekhemikhali, i-polyurethane igqwesile ekumelaneni nokurhawuzelelwa, okubaluleke kakhulu kwiinkqubo ezinee-oyile ezigcwele iinxalenye. Ezi zinto zivavanyelwa uvavanyo lokulinganisa kwihlabathi lokwenyani, zibeka emngciphekweni amaqondo obushushu ahlukeneyo, imijikelo yoxinzelelo, kunye noluhlu olupheleleyo lweekhemistri ze-HFO, zixhasa ukuqina komjikelo wobomi kunye noqoqosho lokugcinwa.
Uyilo lweemitha zokuhamba kweoyile yepetroli enzima eqhineneyo lugxininisa kwiindawo ezivulekileyo zangaphakathi ukuze kuncitshiswe ukwehla koxinzelelo kunye nomngcipheko wokuvaleka. Iimitha zeLonnmeter ezingaphakathi koxinano kunye ne-viscosity zakhiwe ukuze zisebenze ngaphandle kweendawo ezishukumayo, zinciphisa ukungcola koomatshini kwaye zixhasa ukuchaneka kwexesha elide nokuba phantsi kwemithwalo ephezulu ye-viscous, ii-particles eziphezulu.
Ukujongana nokungcoliswa kunye nokuvaleka, amaqhinga obunjineli aquka ukugqunywa okunganamatheliyo—njenge-PTFE okanye i-polysiloxane—kwiindawo zangaphakathi ukuthintela ukwakheka kwezinto eziphilayo nezingaphiliyo. Ezinye iindlela zoyilo ziquka iindlela zokuzilungisa, ezifana nokupholisha umphezulu okubangelwa kukuhamba kwamanzi okanye iindawo zokulungisa ezifikelelekayo ezibekelwe ukucocwa ngesandla. Izisombululo zokungavali zigxininisa iindlela ezilungelelanisiweyo kunye nokulula kwejometri, zinceda ekuchaseni ukuqokelelana kweesuntswana kwaye ziququzelele ukususwa okanye ukuhlamba rhoqo. Ukuhlanganiswa kweendlela zokuthintela ukungcola kwiimitha zokuhamba kwamanzi kuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukuthembeka kokusebenza kwaye kunciphisa ixesha lokungasebenzi, elibaluleke kakhulu kwiinkqubo zamandla ezisebenzisa ioyile enzima.
Izinto ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe xa kufakwa kunye nokuhlanganiswa
Ukuphucula ukulinganiswa kokuhamba kweoyile kwiinkqubo zeoyile yepetroli enzima kuqala ngobungakanani obuchanekileyo bemitha. Iimitha kufuneka zikhethwe ukuze zihambelane namazinga okuhamba kombane, i-viscosity, kunye neeparamitha zoxinzelelo ezifumaneka kwizicelo ezithile—ezifana nokudluliselwa kwi-tank yokugcina ioyile yepetroli enzima okanye ngaphakathi kwe-circulation loops kwisikhululo samandla esisebenzisa ioyile yepetroli enzima. Iimitha ezinkulu kakhulu zinengxaki yokuchaneka okonakeleyo xa ukuhamba kuphantsi, ngelixa iimitha ezincinci zibangela ukwehla koxinzelelo okukhulu.
Iindlela ezilungileyo zokufakela imitha yokuhamba kweoyile enzima zifuna ingqalelo enzulu kuxinzelelo kunye nokunyamezela ubushushu. Uninzi lwezicelo ze-HFO zisebenza kuxinzelelo oluphantsi ukuya koluphakathi kunye nobushushu obuphezulu ukugcina ukuhamba kweoyile kuzinzile. Iimitha zeLonnmeter zingabekwa kufutshane netanki yokugcina ioyile enzima okanye kwiindawo ezibalulekileyo zomgca, nto leyo enciphisa iimfuno ezinde zokuhamba ngokuthe tye ngenxa yeempawu zazo eziphambili zokulungisa ukuhamba kweoyile. Oku kunika ukuguquguquka kokufakelwa nakwiindawo ezithintelweyo.
Iiparamitha eziphambili zokufakelwa kwemitha yokuhamba kweoyile ethembekileyo ziquka ukuphazamiseka okuncinci okuvela kwiimpompo kunye neevalvu, iiprofayili zokuhamba ezizinzileyo, kunye nokujonga okufanelekileyo ukuthintela ukungalungelelani okuthe tye okanye okuthe nkqo okunokubangela impazamo yokulinganisa. Ukubekwa kufanele kuthande iindawo ezinokufikelela ngokuthe ngqo kwinkonzo yexesha elithile, kubalulekile kulondolozo lwemitha yokuhamba kweoyile yepetroli enzima kunye neenkqubo zokulinganisa. Ukuziqhelanisa nemida ethile yenkqubo kuxhaswa ziindlela zokulinganisa ubungakanani bemitha kunye nokuhambisa, okuvumela ukuhlanganiswa kokubini kwi-retrofit kunye nokufakelwa okutsha.
Ukulinganiswa ngokuchanekileyo kobunzima beoyile enzima kuxhomekeke kumgangatho wofakelo—ubungakanani bemitha eqinileyo, ukubekwa ngokufanelekileyo kufutshane neetanki zokubonelela, kunye nesibonelelo sokufikelela kulondolozo. Olu lungelelwaniso phakathi kobunjineli kunye nofakelo lwenza kube lula ukuchaneka ngexesha lenkqubo yokuhlawula urhwebo lweoyile kunye nokulinganiswa kokuhamba kweoyile okuqhubekayo, nokuba phantsi kweemeko ezinzima zentsimi.
Ukuchaneka, uLondolozo, kunye neziphumo zokuHlaziywa koRhwebo
Ukufikelela ekuchanekeni okuphezulu nasekuphindaphindeni kokulinganisa ukuhamba kweoyile yepetroli enzima kubalulekile ekufikeleleni kwisivumelwano sorhwebo lweoyile ecacileyo nethembekileyo. Kwizicelo ezifana neetanki zokugcina ioyile yepetroli enzima kunye nezikhululo zamandla ezisebenzisa ioyile yepetroli enzima, ukuchaneka okungqongqo kuqinisekisa ukuthengiselana okuhambelanayo nokukhuselwayo.
Ukulinganisa kungundoqo wobunyani bokulinganisa. Nasiphi na imitha yokuhamba kweoyile enzima—ingakumbi ezo zisebenza phantsi kokudluliselwa kogcino—inkqubo yokulinganisa ibandakanya uthelekiso nemigangatho yesalathiso elandelekayo. Iindlela zihlala zisebenzisa iimitha eziphambili okanye iitanki zokuvavanya, kwaye kufuneka zenziwe phantsi kweemeko ezilawulwayo eziphinda ngokusondeleyo iinyani zokusebenza, kubandakanya uxinzelelo, ubushushu, kunye nokwakheka kolwelo. Ukuphambuka, nokuba kuncinci, kunokubangela iingxabano ezinkulu zemali nezomthetho ngexesha lokusonjululwa korhwebo lwepetroli. Ukulinganisa kufuneka kubhalwe phantsi kwaye kulandelelwe kwimigangatho yesizwe okanye yehlabathi, kunye nokulungiswa kwakhona rhoqo okufunekayo ukuze kuthotyelwe ngokuqhubekayo. Iimitha ezisetyenziselwa ukulinganisa ukuhamba kobunzima ngokuthe ngqo, ezifana nezo zidibene neemitha ze-Lonnmeter inline density kunye ne-viscosity, zifuna ukuqinisekiswa ngokuchasene neenkqubo eziqinisekisiweyo ezivunyiweyo yi-OIML R117 yamva nje okanye imigangatho efanayo ye-metrological ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kokulungiswa korhwebo.
Imbuyekezo yobushushu kunye ne-viscosity iyimfuneko kwiinkqubo zokulinganisa ioyile yepetroli enzima. I-viscosity ephezulu kunye novakalelo kutshintsho lobushushu oluphawulwa yioyile yepetroli enzima zibeka imingeni eyahlukileyo. I-inline compensation, eyenziwa ngee-integrated sensors (zobuninzi kunye ne-viscosity), kunye nokulungiswa kwedatha ngexesha langempela, ijongana nezi zinto ziguquguqukayo—ukunciphisa ukushukuma okunokuthi kuthintele ukulinganiswa kokuhamba kobunzima. Umzekelo, ukudibanisa i-Lonnmeter inline density meter kunye ne-heavy fuel oil flow meter kwenza ukulungiswa kobunzima ngexesha langempela; ukuyidibanisa ne-inline viscosity meter kuvumela ukulungiswa okuchanekileyo kwe-viscosity. Izisombululo zokulinganisa ezidibeneyo zibalulekile ekulinganisweni kokuhamba kobunzima ngokuthe ngqo kwizicwangciso zokudlulisa ezinobungozi obukhulu.
Ukuphinda-phinda kubaluleke ngokulinganayo; kuchaza amandla emitha yokuvelisa iziphumo ezifanayo phantsi kweemeko ezifanayo. Ukwakhiwa kwemitha yemodyuli kunye nokulungiswa okuncinci kuphucula ukuphinda-phinda, okuvumela ukulinganiswa okuchanekileyo kwendawo. Oku kubaluleke kakhulu ekulinganisweni kokuhamba kweoyile enkulu kunye nokulinganisa ioyile enzima apho ukuphazamiseka kwenkqubo kubiza kakhulu.
Isatifikethi, ukuqinisekiswa, kunye nokuthobela imithetho kudibene kakhulu nokuthembeka kwenkqubo yokuhlawula urhwebo lwepetroli. Imigangatho eyaziwayo kwihlabathi liphela efana ne-OIML R117 ifuna iimitha zokuhamba ukuze zivavanyelwe ngokungqongqo, kuvavanywe ukuchaneka, kunye nokuqinisekiswa kwakhona rhoqo. Ukunamathela kwiindlela ezinjalo kukhusela inkqubo yorhwebo kwaye kubonelela ngereferensi echanekileyo xa kukho iingxabano.
Ioyile enzima yepetroli ibangela umngcipheko oqhubekayo wokungcola kunye nokuvaleka kwemitha yokuhamba, nto leyo eyonakalisa ukuchaneka kunye nobude bemitha. Ulondolozo oluthintelweyo luyafuneka. Iimpawu ezinje ngokwakhiwa kwemitha yemodyuli kunye neendibano ezincinci ezihlengahlengiswayo zixhasa ukucocwa okulula kunye nokutshintshwa kweendawo. Iindlela zokuqinisekisa indawo-ezivumela ukujonga ukulinganiswa ngaphandle kokuqhaqha-zinciphisa ixesha lokungasebenzi, zigcina amaxesha okulinganisa imitha yokuhamba kweoyile enzima exineneyo kwaye ethembekileyo.
Ukucwangcisa nokubeka esweni iinkqubo, kuquka iindlela zokulwa nokungcola kunye nezisombululo zokulwa nokuvalwa, kuyimfuneko. Oku kubandakanya izixhobo zokuqikelela, ezinje ngokujonga ukwehla koxinzelelo ukuze kufunyanwe ukungcola kwangethuba, kunye nokuhlolwa rhoqo ngokubonakalayo. Kubasebenzisi bezityalo zamandla ezisebenzisa ioyile enzima, izilumkiso ezizenzekelayo ezisekelwe kuxilongo lwedijithali zinokubonisa imijikelo yokucoca efunekayo, zivumele ukungenelela ngaphambi kokulahleka okuchanekileyo okanye ixesha lokungasebenzi elingacwangciswanga. Amaqhinga okucoca kwindawo, ahlengahlengisiweyo kwiimpawu zeoyile kunye namazinga okuhamba, anciphisa ngakumbi ukungenelela okucwangcisiweyo.
Izikhokelo zokufakela imitha yokuhamba kweoyile zigxininisa ukubaluleka kokufakwa kwedatha epheleleyo kunye nokubekwa esweni kwedijithali okukhuselekileyo. Iilog zedijithali ezithembekileyo zixhasa inqanaba ngalinye lokuxazululwa korhwebo lwepetroli. Iinkqubo zanamhlanje zibandakanya iinkqubo zonxibelelwano ezikhuselekileyo, ukugcinwa kwedatha efihliweyo, kunye nokufikelela ngemvume ukukhusela ukuthembeka kwedatha yorhwebo. Iilog zeziganeko ezineenkcukacha, iindlela zokuhlolwa, kunye nezatifikethi ze-elektroniki zokulinganisa zisetyenziselwa ukuhlangabezana neembopheleleko zorhwebo kunye nolawulo. Ukubeka esweni inkqubo rhoqo kwizinto ezingaqhelekanga kunye nobuthathaka be-cyber kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuphicothwa kunye nokuthintela ukuphazamiseka kwedatha kuyo yonke inkqubo yokulinganisa ukuhamba kweoyile.
Kunye, ukucokiseka kobuchwephesha—ngokusebenzisa ukulinganisa ngokuchanekileyo, ukubuyisela ubushushu kunye nokuxinana, iindlela ezikhuselekileyo zedijithali, kunye nokugcinwa okuqinileyo—kwakha isiseko sokulinganisa ioyile enzima ngokuchanekileyo, okuphindaphindwayo, kunye nokuthobela imithetho kwiindawo zorhwebo.
Ukuhlanganiswa neeNkqubo zeZityalo kunye namaQonga eDijithali
Ukuhlanganiswa kweZityalo kwiZityalo zamandla ezisebenzisa ioyile enzima
Iimitha zokuhamba kweoyile enzima (i-HFO) zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwimisebenzi yesikhululo samandla esisebenzisa ioyile enzima ukuze kulinganiswe ngokuchanekileyo ukuhamba kweoyile, ukulinganiswa kobunzima, kunye nolawulo. Ukudibanisa ezi mitha—ezifana noxinano oluphakathi kunye neemitha ze-viscosity ezivelaILonnmeter—kwiDistributed Control Systems (DCS) okanye kwiProgrammable Logic Controllers (PLC) kufuna amaqhinga aqinileyo aqinisekisa ukujonga okwenyani ngexesha langempela kunye nokulawulwa ngokuchanekileyo kokulinganisa ioyile enzima.
Inkqubo yokudibanisa iqala ngokufanisa isiphumo sesignali yemitha kunye neemodyuli zokufaka zeqonga le-DCS okanye le-PLC. Kwi-analog interface, eli shishini lixhomekeke kakhulu kwisignali ye-4–20 mA ngenxa yamandla ayo ngokuchasene nengxolo yombane kunye nokufaneleka kwayo kwi-cable runs ende. Iinketho zedijithali ziquka iiprotokholi ezifana neModbus, i-HART, kunye ne-pulse outputs, ezibonelela ngenzuzo yokuthwala idatha yokuxilonga kunye nedatha eguquguqukayo emininzi kwiinkqubo zolawulo.
Ukuze kulinganiswe ukuhamba kobunzima ngokuthe ngqo, iingcingo ezivela kwi-Lonnmeter density kunye ne-viscosity metres ziqhagamshela kumakhadi okufaka alungiselelwe kwi-DCS/PLC, rhoqo ngokusebenzisa ii-signal conditioners ukuze kubekho umgangatho wedatha ofanelekileyo. Inkqubo yolawulo lwesityalo kufuneka emva koko itolike la maxabiso, iququzelele ukulinganiswa kokuhamba kweoyile, ukuveliswa kwe-alamu, kunye nempendulo yenkqubo ngexesha langempela. Ngokwenyani, iinkqubo zinokudibana nomaleko we-Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA), onokusebenza njengomlamli wokudibanisa idatha, ukujonga kude, okanye ukugcina ixesha elide. Olu lwakhiwo aluxhasi kuphela ulawulo lokusebenza kwinqanaba lesityalo kodwa londla ukulandelela amafutha, ukuthobela imithetho, kunye nenkqubo yokuhlawula urhwebo lwepetroli ngedatha ephindaphindayo, enesitampu sexesha.
Ukuxilongwa kunye nokuthembeka konxibelelwano kugcinwa ngokusebenzisa imigangatho yonxibelelwano evulekileyo neyimodyuli. Iiprotokholi zedijithali ezifana ne-IEC 62056 (DLMS/COSEM) zisetyenziswa ngakumbi ekuveliseni umbane, zivumela ukudluliselwa okukhuselekileyo, ukuthegiwa kwemithombo yokulinganisa ngeekhowudi ze-OBIS, kunye nokutshintshiselana kwedatha efihliweyo ehlangabezana nemiyalelo yophicotho-zincwadi kunye nokuthobela umthetho.
Umzekelo: Isityalo esisebenza nge-HFO esidibanisa iimitha zoxinano lwe-Lonnmeter kunye ne-DCS yaso ekhoyo siya kudibanisa imveliso ye-analog yemitha nganye ye-4–20 mA kumakhadi okufaka e-DCS. Isoftware ye-DCS iya kulungiselelwa ukucubungula ezi zifundo, ivelise iindlela zexesha langempela, ii-alamu zokufunda okungaqhelekanga, kwaye inike ingxelo eqhubekayo yokulawula amazinga okuhamba kwepetroli, ukuqinisekisa ukutsha okuzinzileyo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwepetroli. Uxwebhu lokudibanisa luchaza yonke indawo yokutshintshiselana kwedatha kwaye luqinisekisa ukuchaneka kunye nokuthembeka ngokusebenza kunye novavanyo olucwangcisiweyo.
Ukudibanisa kukwadlulela nakwiinkqubo zemali: amaqonga okudluliselwa kokugcinwa kunye nokuhlawula axhomekeke ekudlulisweni kwedatha yemitha ngokuchanekileyo, okungenakuphazamiseka. Oku kubandakanya ukuloga idatha ngokukhuselekileyo okuhambelana nemigangatho yoshishino yeendlela zokuhlolwa kweenkcukacha kunye nengxelo yemithetho. Kwezi meko, ukukwazi ukugcina ukuthembeka kwedatha, ukuthintela ukuphazamiseka, kunye nokuvumela ukufunyanwa ngokukhawuleza kweerekhodi zokuhamba kwemali kuye kwaba yinto ephambili kwimisebenzi kunye nokusombulula iingxabano.
Ukuqinisekisa Ikamva Ngeemitha Eziguquguqukayo Neziguquguqukayo
Ukwahluka kweentlobo ngeentlobo zeoyile enzima, kuquka imixube egcinwe kwiitanki ezinkulu zokugcina ioyile enzima, kufuna ukuba iimitha zokuhamba zivumelane notshintsho kudidi lweoyile, i-viscosity, kunye noxinano. Iimitha zoxinano oluphakathi kunye ne-viscosity ezivela eLonnmeter zenzelwe ukuhambelana ngokubanzi, okuvumela ukulinganiswa ngokuchanekileyo kuzo zonke iintlobo zeoyile enzima ezifumaneka kwizityalo zamandla zanamhlanje.
Ukukhusela ezi mitha kwixesha elizayo kuxhomekeke kwimigaqo emibini: ukuphuculwa kunye nokuguquguquka. Izixhobo zokulinganisa ziyilwe ngezinto eziziimodyuli, okwenza kube lula ukutshintsha okanye ukuphucula izinzwa, iibhodi ze-elektroniki, okanye izixhobo zonxibelelwano njengoko iimfuno zokusebenza zitshintsha. Le ndlela yemodyuli ikwaxhasa ukugcinwa ngokukhawuleza kwaye inciphisa ixesha lokungasebenzi kwezityalo ngexesha lokutshintshwa okanye ukuphuculwa, okubaluleke kakhulu kwiimeko zenkqubo eqhubekayo njengezityalo zamandla ezisebenzisa ioyile enzima.
Umzekelo, njengoko kuqaliswa ukuxubana kwamafutha amatsha aneempawu ezahlukeneyo ze-rheological, iimodyuli zemitha zinokutshintshwa okanye zilinganiswe kwakhona—zikhokelwa sisikhokelo sokufaka imitha yokuhamba kweoyile—ukugcina umlinganiselo ochanekileyo wokuhamba kweoyile kunye nomlinganiselo wokuhamba kobunzima ngaphandle kokutshintshwa kwenkqubo epheleleyo. Ukongeza, iindlela zokulwa nokungcola kweemitha zokuhamba kunye nezisombululo ezichasene nokuvaleka zinceda ukugcina ukufundwa okuchanekileyo kunye nokunciphisa amaxesha okugcinwa kwemitha yokuhamba kweoyile enzima, nangona iimeko zenkqubo zitshintsha.
Iinkqubo zokulinganisa imitha zenzelwe ukuba zibe lula, zivumela abaqhubi ukuba basebenzise iinkqubo zokulinganisa imitha yokuhamba kweoyile enzima ngokukhawuleza xa imijikelo yokulungisa ifuna uhlengahlengiso. Zonke iinguqu kunye notshintsho lwemodyuli zibhalwe phantsi, ukuqinisekisa ukulandelelwa komthetho kunye nokuthotyelwa kwesivumelwano sorhwebo ngexesha lokudluliselwa kokugcinwa kwepetroli.
Indlela eya ekulinganisweni kweoyile yepetroli enzima ethembekileyo namhlanje ifuna ukuhlanganiswa okuqinileyo kweenkqubo zokulinganisa kunye nokuzisebenzela kwezityalo kunye namaqonga edijithali, axhaswa ziiprotokholi kunye noyilo lwehardware oluvulekileyo, olunemodyuli, kwaye oluyilelwe ukuguquka kunye nokusebenza kwezityalo kunye neemfuno zomthetho.
Imibuzo Ebuzwa Rhoqo (Ii-FAQ)
Yintoni eyenza imitha yokuhamba kweoyile enzima ifaneleke kwizicelo zokuhlawula urhwebo lwepetroli?
Imitha yokuhamba kweoyile enzima eyenzelwe ukudluliselwa kokugcinwa kunye nokulungiswa kwezorhwebo kufuneka ifikelele kwimigangatho yokuchaneka okungqongqo, ngokuqhelekileyo kunye nokungaqiniseki kokulinganisa okungaphantsi kwe-0.1%. Oku kubalulekile kuba nokuba ukuphambuka okuncinci kunokubangela ukungangqinelani okukhulu kwezemali xa kuphathwa umthamo omkhulu weoyile. Imitha yokuhamba kweoyile enzima efanelekileyo inika umlinganiselo othe ngqo wokuhamba kobunzima, iqinile ngokuchasene ne-viscosity kunye nobushushu obutshintshatshintshayo, kwaye igcina ingqibelelo yokulinganisa kuyo yonke imijikelo yokusetyenziswa okuphezulu. Ukuthobela imithetho kubaluleke kakhulu; iimitha kufuneka zivumele iirekhodi ezilandelekayo, ezinokuphicothwa kwaye zihambelane nemigangatho efana naleyo ichazwe kwi-IMO's MARPOL Annex VI kunye nezikhokelo ze-UNECE. Ukuchaneka, ukulandeleka, kunye nokuthembeka kunciphisa iingxabano zentengiselwano kwaye kukhusela onke amaqela esivumelwano kwinkqubo yokulungiswa kwezorhwebo lweoyile enzima. Kwiinkqubo zokulinganisa ioyile enzima, iimitha zokuhamba kobunzima beCoriolis zamkelwe ngokubanzi njengomgangatho wesalathiso kuba zilinganisa ngokuthe ngqo ubunzima, endaweni yokubuqonda ngokufundwa kwevolumu, zivumela uxinano oluguquguqukayo kunye nobushushu beeoyile ezinzima.
Iimpawu zokulwa nokungcola kunye nezokuxinga zingakuphucula njani ukuthembeka kokulinganisa kwiinkqubo zeoyile yepetroli enzima?
Ubuninzi be-viscosity kunye nokungcola kweoyile enamandla kukhokelela ekwakhekeni nasekuvalekeni kwiinkqubo zokulinganisa ukuhamba. Iindlela ezikhethekileyo zokulwa nokungcola kwiimitha zokuhamba ziquka ukusebenzisa iingubo zangaphakathi ezinganamatheliyo, iijiyometri ze-sensor ezingenamthungo ezinciphisa iindawo ezifileyo, kunye neendlela zokuhamba ezinciphisa umthamo wokubamba. Izixhobo zokwakha zikhethwa ngenxa yokungasebenzi kakuhle kweekhemikhali kunye nokuguda; intsimbi engatyiwayo ixhaphakile ngenxa yokumelana kwayo nokunamathela. Imisebenzi yokuzicoca kwiindlela zokulinganisa—ezifana neetyhubhu zokuhamba ezingcangcazelayo—inceda ekulahleni iidipozithi ezinamathelayo. Ezi teknoloji zidibanisa ukuzinzisa ukusebenza kweemitha zokuhamba kweoyile enzima, ukuqinisekisa ukulinganiswa ngokuchanekileyo kokuhamba kweoyile kunye nokunciphisa ubuninzi bokugcinwa kunye nexesha lokungasebenzi kwenkqubo elingalindelekanga.
Kutheni umlinganiselo wokuhamba kobunzima ngqo ukhethwa kuneendlela zevolumu kwioyile enzima?
Ukulinganisa ukuhamba kobunzima ngokuthe ngqo, njengoko kubonelelwe ziimitha zeCoriolis, kubalulekile ekulinganiseni ukuhamba kweoyile okuthembekileyo ngenxa yobuninzi obuguquguqukayo beoyile yepetroli enzima kunye nobushushu. Iimitha zevolumetric, ezifana neturbine okanye iintlobo zokufuduka ezilungileyo, zilinganisa izinga lokuhamba ngobuninzi bomzimba kwaye zifuna ukulungiswa kobuninzi ukuze kuqikelelwe ukuhamba kobunzima—oku kwazisa imithombo eyongezelelweyo yeempazamo kuba ubuninzi beoyile yepetroli enzima buhlala butshintsha ngokweekhemikhali, imbali yokuthintela, kunye nobushushu bokusebenza. Iimitha zokuhamba kobunzima beCoriolis zibamba ngokuthe ngqo izinga lokuhamba kobunzima bokwenyani kwaye, kwangaxeshanye, zibike ixabiso lobunzima bokwenyani kunye nobushushu, konke ngexesha langempela. Olu buchule lususa ukungachaneki kokuguqulwa kwaye lubonelela ngesiseko sokulinganisa esihambelana nemigangatho yesivumelwano semarike, ngakumbi kwinkqubo yokuhlawula urhwebo lweoyile, apho ubunzima—hayi ubungakanani—buhlala buchaza ukugcinwa.
Zeziphi izinto zokufakela ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe kwimitha yokuhamba kweoyile enzima kwinkqubo yetanki yokugcina?
Iindlela zokufakela iimitha zokuhamba kweoyile yepetroli enzima kwiindawo zokugcina iitanki zichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukuchaneka kunye nobude bemitha. Ukukhethwa kobukhulu bemitha kufuneka kuhambelane noluhlu lokuhamba olulindelekileyo, kuthintelwe ukuwohloka kokusebenza ekuthwaleni umthwalo ongaphantsi okanye ukugqithisa kakhulu. Ukubekwa kwayo kubalulekile; imitha kufuneka ifakwe kwindawo apho ukuhamba kuphuhliswe ngokupheleleyo—kude neempompo ezikufutshane, iigophe, okanye iivalvu, ezinokubangela ukuphazamiseka kokuhamba. Kwiitanki zokugcina ioyile yepetroli enzima, ukulawula ubushushu beoyile ngokuthintela okanye iitrasi zokufudumeza kuthintela iimpazamo zokulinganisa ezinxulumene ne-viscosity kwaye kuthintelwe iindawo ezibandayo ezinokukhuthaza ukuvaleka.
Ulwalathiso oluchanekileyo, njengokuqinisekisa ukuhamba phezulu kwezinye iidizayini zeCoriolis, kuthintela ukuvalelwa kwamaqamza egesi. Ukumisa umhlaba kunye nokwahlulwa kombane kunciphisa izinto zokulinganisa ezibangelwa kukuphazamiseka kwe-electromagnetic. Isikhokelo sokufakelwa kwemitha yokuhamba kweoyile kwiinkqubo zetanki yokugcina sicebisa inkxaso eqinileyo kwiimitha ezingaphakathi kunye nezifakwe kwi-flange, njengoko ukungcangcazela okuvela kwimisebenzi yetanki kunokuphembelela ukufundwa ukuba akuthintelwanga okanye kuqiniswe ngokufanelekileyo. Onke amanyathelo okufakela kufuneka abhalwe phantsi ukuze kulandelelwe kwaye kuthotyelwe.
Zeziphi izinto zokulinganisa ezicetyiswayo zokuphatha iindawo zeoyile enzima erhabaxa okanye erhabaxa?
Iimitha zokuhamba zeoyile enzima zakhiwe ngezinto ezimelana nokugqwala ukuqinisekisa ubomi obude benkonzo kwiindawo ezinoburhalarhume beekhemikhali. Iintsimbi ezingatyiwayo, ngakumbi ii-duplex kunye nee-super-duplex grades (ezifana ne-2205 kunye ne-2507), zibonelela ngomxube wamandla oomatshini kunye nokumelana nokugqwala, ezifanelekileyo kwiioyile eziqulethe ii-chloride, isalfure, kunye namanzi. Ii-alloys ezikhethekileyo ze-nickel high, kuquka i-Alloy 625 kunye ne-C-276, zikhethwa ukuba zisetyenziswe kwi-crude "emuncu" okanye xa kulindeleke ukuba kuvezwe kwi-hydrogen sulfide kunye ne-carbon dioxide. Kwizicelo ezineengcolisi ezirhabaxa, ezifana nee-catalyst fines ezivela kwi-residual fuels, izinto zangaphakathi eziqinileyo okanye ii-ceramic okanye i-polymeric coatings ezizimeleyo ziluncedo. Isinyithi esigqunyiweyo singasetyenziswa kwiindawo ezingabangeli ngqwabalala kodwa sinokufuna ukuhlolwa rhoqo. Ukukhetha izinto kufuneka kubonise uhlalutyo olucokisekileyo lwe-chemistry yeoyile, ubushushu, kunye noxinzelelo ukuqinisekisa ukuba imitha imelana nokugqwala kunye nokugqwala kulo lonke ixesha lokusebenza kwayo.
Ixesha leposi: Disemba-23-2025
