Coi-ntinuousgUkulinganiswa kwe-uar gum viscosity kwenza kube lula ukujonga ngokuchanekileyo utshintsho lwe-viscosity oluhambelana noxinzelelo. Imodeli ye-rheological eqikelelweyo inceda ekumiseleni uxinzelelo oluthile olufunekayo kuluhlu lwe-viscosity olufunekayo, olubalulekileyo ekwenzeni ngcono uyilo lwetanki yokuxuba kunye nokuqinisekisa i-rheology yolwelo oluqhekekayo rhoqo. Olu lwalamano lwe-linear concentration-viscosity lunceda iinjineli ekumiseleni i-viscosities elawulwayo kwiimfuno ezahlukeneyo zokusebenza.
Ukuqonda iGuar Gum kwiHydraulic Fracturing Fluids
Indima yeGuar Gum njenge-Thickener
Iipolymers zendalo ezifana ne-guar gum zibalulekile ekuqhekezeni ulwelo ngenxa yokukwazi kwazo ukwandisa kakhulu i-viscosity, nto leyo ebalulekileyo ekumisweni nasekuthuthweni kwe-proppant ngokufanelekileyo. Ivela kwiimbotyi ze-guar, isakhiwo se-polysaccharide se-guar gum siyakhawuleza ukufunxa amanzi ukuze senze izisombululo eziqinileyo—ezibalulekileyo ekuthwaleni isanti okanye ezinye ii-proppants nzulu kwiimfanta zamatye ngexesha lokuqhekezwa kwe-hydraulic.
Iindlela zokuxinana nokuzinza:
- Iimolekyuli zeGuar gum ziyagxadazela kwaye zande emanzini, nto leyo ekhokelela ekwandeni kokungqubana phakathi kweemolekyuli kunye nobukhulu bolwelo. Olu xinano luphezulu lunciphisa isantya sokumiswa kwepropant kwi-hydraulic fracturing fluids, nto leyo ebangela ukumiswa okungcono kunye nokubekwa kweepropant.
- Ii-agents ezidibanisayo ezifana ne-boric acid, i-organoboron, okanye i-organozirconium ziyayiphucula ngakumbi i-viscosity. Umzekelo, ii-organozirconium-crosslinked hydroxypropyl guar (HPG) fluids zigcina ngaphezulu kwe-89.7% ye-viscosity yazo yokuqala kwi-120 °C phantsi kobushushu obuphezulu, ziphumelela kakhulu kwiinkqubo zesiqhelo kwaye zinika amandla okuthwala i-proppant aqinileyo kwii-fracturing fluids.
- Ukwanda koxinano lwe-crosslink, olufezekiswa ngokuphakamisa uxinano lwe-thickener, luqinisa isakhiwo sejeli kwaye luvumela uzinzo oluphezulu, nokuba kwiimeko ezinzima zedama.
Ukwakheka kwejeli ngokukhawuleza kweGuar gum kwenza ukuba kuyilo lwetanki yokuxuba ulwelo oluqhekekayo oluphuculweyo. Nangona kunjalo, inovelwano kuhlaselo lwe-shear kunye neentsholongwane; ngoko ke, ukulungiswa ngononophelo kunye nezongezo ezifanelekileyo kuyafuneka ukuze kuqhubeke ukusebenza.
Umgubo weGuar Gum
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Iimpawu Eziphambili Eziphathelele Imisebenzi Yokuqhekeka Kwamaqhekeza
Uzinzo lobushushu
Ulwelo lwegum kufuneka lugcine iprofayili yalo ye-viscosity kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu e-reservoir. Igum yegum engatshintshwanga iqala ukonakala ngaphezu kwe-160°C, nto leyo ekhokelela ekulahlekelweni yi-viscosity kunye nokuncipha kokumiswa kwe-proppant. Utshintsho lweekhemikhali—ezifana ne-sulfonation ene-sodium 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropylsulfonate—luphucula ukunyamezela kobushushu, luvumela ulwelo ukuba lugcine i-viscosity engaphezulu kwe-200 mPa·s kwi-180°C kangangeeyure ezimbini (shear 170 s⁻¹).
Ii-Crosslinkers zibalulekile ekuzinzeni kobushushu:
- Ii-Organozirconium crosslinkers zibonisa ukugcinwa okuphezulu kwe-viscosity kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu xa kuthelekiswa neenkqubo ze-borate.
- Iijeli ezidityanisiweyo zeBorate zisebenza ngaphantsi kwe-100°C kodwa zilahlekelwa ngamandla ngokukhawuleza ngaphezu kwalo mgangatho, ingakumbi xa zinomlinganiselo ophantsi we-biopolymer.
Izongezo ze-hybrid kunye ne-chemical-modified guar derivatives zityhala imida yee-reservoirs ezinzulu kakhulu, ziqinisekisa ukuqhekeka kolwelo kunye nolawulo lwe-viscosity kuluhlu olubanzi lobushushu.
Ukumelana nokuhluza
Ukumelana nokuhluzwa kubalulekile ekuthinteleni ukulahleka kolwelo kwiindawo ezivumela ukungenwa kwamanzi amaninzi. Ii-Guar gum fluids, ingakumbi ezo zidibene nee-nanoparticles ezifana ne-nano-ZrO₂ (i-zirconium dioxide), zibonisa ukumiswa kwesanti okuphuculweyo kunye nokulahleka kokucoca okuncitshisiweyo. Umzekelo, ukongezwa kwe-0.4% nano-ZrO₂ kunciphisa kakhulu ukuhlala kwe-proppant, kugcina amasuntswana exhonywe phantsi kweemeko ezizinzileyo neziphezulu.
I-Guar gum iphumelela kakhulu kwiipolymers zokwenziwa xa isetyenziswa ekuthinteleni ukucheba nokuhluza, ingakumbi kwiindawo ezinobushushu obuphezulu nezinosawoti ophezulu. Nangona kunjalo, umngeni wezinto ezisele emva kokuqhekeka kwejeli usaqhubeka kwaye kufuneka ulawulwe ukuze kuphuculwe ukuhanjiswa kwereservoir.
Ukufakwa kwezongezo ezifana ne-thermodynamic hydrate inhibitors (THIs)—i-methanol kunye ne-PEG-200—kunokuphucula ngakumbi ukusebenza kokungahluzi, ingakumbi kwiindawo ezithwala i-hydrate. Olu phuculo lwenza kube lula ukubuyiswa kwegesi ngcono kwaye lunegalelo ekusebenzeni kakuhle kwetanki yokuxuba ulwelo lokuqhekeka.
Iziphumo Zokuthintela Udongwe
Ukuthintela udongwe kuthintela ukudumba nokufuduka kodongwe, kunciphisa umonakalo wokwakheka ngexesha lokuqhekeka kwe-hydraulic. Ulwelo lwe-Guar gum lufezekisa uzinzo lodongwe ngoku:
- Ukuqina okuphuculweyo kunye nokumiswa kwepropant, okunciphisa intshukumo yepropant enokubangela ukuba udongwe lungazinzi.
- Ukufunxwa ngqo kwiindawo ezimanzi ze-shale, nto leyo enokuthintela ukufuduka kwamasuntswana odongwe.
Ii-guar derivatives eziguquliweyo—ezifana ne-anionic guar egxunyekwe kwi-maleic anhydride—zinciphisa umxholo onganyibilikiyo emanzini, zinciphisa umonakalo wokwakheka kwaye ziphucula uzinzo lodongwe. Ii-fluorinated hydrophobic cationic guar gum variants kunye ne-polyacrylamide-guar copolymers zonyusa ukufunxwa, zibonelela ngokumelana nobushushu okuphuculweyo kunye nokusebenzisana okuzinzileyo kolwelo nodongwe.
Kwiindawo zokugcina amanzi ezininzi, ukusetyenziswa kwe-hydroxyl group-bearing THIs (umz.,i-methanol, PEG-200) inceda ukugcina iipropati zolwelo lokuqhekeka, inceda ngokungathanga ngqo ukuzinza kodongwe kwaye inyuse amazinga emveliso iyonke.
Ngokudibanisa utshintsho oluphambili lweekhemikhali kunye nezongezo ezijoliswe kuzo, ulwelo lwanamhlanje lwe-guar gum-based fracturing lubonelela nge-viscosity ephuculweyo, ukumelana nokuhluzwa, kunye nolawulo lodongwe, oluxhasa ukuthuthwa kwe-propant efanelekileyo kunye nomonakalo omncinci wokwakheka.
Iziseko zeGuar Gum Viscosity kunye neConcentration Dynamics
Ulwalamano: I-Guar Gum Viscosity vs Ukugxila
I-Guar gum viscosity ibonisa ulwalamano oluthe ngqo, oluhlala luhambelana noxinzelelo lwayo kwizisombululo zamanzi. Njengoko uxinzelelo lwe-guar gum lusanda, i-viscosity yesisombululo iyakhula, nto leyo ephucula amandla olwelo okumisa nokuthutha ii-proppants kwimisebenzi yokuqhekeka kwe-hydraulic. Umzekelo, ulwelo olune-guar gum concentrations ukusuka kwi-0.2% ukuya kwi-0.6% (w/w) lunokulungiswa ukuze lufane ne-nectar okanye ubusi obufana nobumanzi, obusebenza kakuhle kwi-proppant suspension kwiindawo zokugcina amanzi eziphantsi neziphezulu.
Uxinzelelo olufanelekileyo lwe-guar gum lulinganisa i-viscosity ukuze i-proppant ibe namandla okuthwala kunye nokumpompa. Uxinzelelo oluphantsi kakhulu lubeka emngciphekweni wokuhla kwe-proppant ngokukhawuleza kunye nobubanzi bokuqhekeka obuncitshisiweyo; uxinano olugqithisileyo lunokuthintela ukuhamba kwaye lunyuse iindleko zokusebenza. Umzekelo, umthwalo we-0.5 wt% guar gum kwi-hydrogels wonyusa iipropati zokuqina kwe-shear malunga ne-40%. Nangona kunjalo, kwi-0.75 wt%, ukuthembeka kwenethiwekhi kuyawohloka, kunciphisa ukumiswa kwe-proppant kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kokuthutha.
Impembelelo yeScary Rate kunye neThemperetsha kwiViscosity
Izisombululo zeGuar gum zibonisa indlela ecacileyo yokunciphisa ukucheba: i-viscosity iyancipha njengoko isantya sokucheba sisanda. Olu phawu lubalulekile ekuqhekekeni kwe-hydraulic, okuvumela ukupompa okusebenzayo ngexesha leemeko eziphezulu zokucheba kunye nokuthwala i-propant eqinileyo kwisantya esiphantsi sokuhamba. Umzekelo, ngexesha lokufaka ngokukhawuleza, i-viscosity ye-guar gum iyehla, iququzelela ukuhamba kolwelo ngemibhobho kunye nokuqhekeka. Njengoko ukuhamba kuhamba kancinci kwiinethiwekhi zokuqhekeka, i-viscosity iyabuya, igcina ukumiswa kwe-propant kunye nokunciphisa isantya sokuzinza.
Ubushushu bukwachaphazela kakhulu ukuqhekeka kolwelo. Njengoko ubushushu bunyuka, ii-polymers ze-guar gum zifumana ukuwohloka kobushushu, ukuncipha kokuthamba kunye nokuthamba. Uhlalutyo lobushushu lubonisa ukuba i-sulfonated guar gum imelana nokulahleka kwe-viscosity ngcono kuneefom ezingatshintshwanga, igcina ukuqina kwesakhiwo kunye nomthamo wokuthwala i-proppant kumaqondo obushushu afikelela kwi-90–100°C. Nangona kunjalo, kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu e-reservoir angaphezu kweli nqanaba, uninzi lwee-guar gum ezahlukeneyo (kubandakanya i-hydroxypropyl guar okanye i-HPG) zibonisa ukuthotywa kokuthamba kunye nokuzinza, zifuna utshintsho okanye amaqhinga okongeza.
Uxinzelelo lwetyuwa kunye nomxholo we-ionic kulwelo olusisiseko (umz., amanzi olwandle) zichaphazela ngakumbi ukuzinza kobushushu kunye nokuncipha kwe-shear. Ubuninzi betyuwa, ngakumbi xa kukho ii-cation ezininzi, bunokunciphisa kakhulu ukudumba kunye ne-viscosity, nto leyo echaphazela ukusebenza kakuhle kothutho lwe-proppant.
Impembelelo yokuguqulwa kweGuar Gum
Ukuguqulwa kweekhemikhali zeguar gum kuvumela ukulungiswa kakuhle kwe-viscosity, ukunyibilika, kunye nokumelana nobushushu, okuphucula ukusebenza kolwelo oluqhekekayo. I-Sulfonation—ukungenisa amaqela e-sulfonate kwi-guar gum—inyusa ukunyibilika kwamanzi kwaye ivelisa ukunyuka kwe-33% kwi-viscosity, okuqinisekiswa yi-IR, DSC, TGA, kunye nohlalutyo lwezinto ezisisiseko. I-Sulfonated guar gum igcina i-viscosity kunye nozinzo nakwiindawo ezinetyuwa okanye ze-alkaline, iphumelela ngaphezu kwe-gum engatshintshwanga kwiimeko ezinzima zokugcinwa kwamanzi.
I-Hydroxypropylation (HPG) ikwaphakamisa i-viscosity kwaye iphucula ukunyibilika, ngakumbi kulwelo olunamandla aphezulu e-ionic. Iijeli ze-HPG zibonisa i-viscosity ephezulu kunye nokuthamba phakathi kwe-pH 7 kunye ne-12.5, zitshintshela kwiimpawu zeNewtonian kuphela kwi-pH >13. Kumanzi olwandle, i-HPG kunye ne-guar gum zigcina i-viscosity engcono kunezinye ii-gum eziguquliweyo ezifana ne-carboxymethyl guar (CMG), nto leyo ephucula ukufaneleka kwazo kwimisebenzi yolwandle kunye ne-saline.
Ukudibanisa i-crosslinking, okudla ngokwenziwa ngee-arhente ezifana ne-boric acid, i-organoboron, okanye i-organozirconium, yenye indlela yokuqinisa ulwakhiwo lwenethiwekhi ye-guar gum. Ukwanda koxinano lwe-crosslinking kwandisa amandla e-gel kunye ne-viscosity, okubaluleke kakhulu kwi-proppant suspension kubushushu obuphezulu kunye namazinga okucheba. Ukukhetha i-arhente efanelekileyo yokudibanisa i-crosslinking kunye noxinzelelo kuxhomekeke kubushushu obuthile be-reservoir kunye neemeko zokuhamba. Iimodeli zokuqikelela zivumela iinjineli ukuba zilinganise zombini imithwalo ye-thickener kunye ne-cross-linker yokulungelelanisa i-fracturing fluid rheology kunye nolawulo lwe-viscosity.
Imingeni kunye nezisombululo zoLawulo lweViscosity yeXesha langempela kwizicelo zeShishini
Ukoyisa Ukulinganisa Nokuxuba Ubunzima
Ukucutshungulwa kwezisombululo ze-guar gum kwimizi-mveliso kujongana nemingeni eqhubekayo ekulinganisweni kwe-viscometer ngexesha langempela. Ukungcoliswa kwe-sensor kuqhelekile ngenxa yokuthambekela kwe-guar gum ekwenzeni iintsalela kumphezulu we-viscometer. Ukungcoliswa kuphazamisa ukuchaneka kwaye kubangele ukushukuma; umzekelo, ukwakheka kwe-polymer kunokufihla utshintsho lokwenyani lwe-viscometer, okukhokelela ekufundweni okungathembekanga. Amaqhinga okunciphisa anamhlanje aquka ukugqunywa okuhlanganisiweyo, okufana neefilimu ze-CNT-PEG-hydrogel, ezigxotha iidipozithi zezinto eziphilayo kwaye zigcine uvakalelo lwe-sensor phantsi kweemeko ezingcolisayo. Abakhuthazi be-turbulence abaprintiweyo nge-3D, ababekwe kwiitanki zokuxuba, benza i-turbulence yendawo kwiindawo ze-sensor, benciphisa kakhulu ukwakheka kweentsalela kwaye bandise ukuchaneka kokusebenza. Ii-sensors ezidibeneyo ze-RFID-IC ziphucula ngakumbi ukujonga, zinciphisa ukugcinwa ngelixa zisebenza kulwelo olunzima, nangona ezi nazo zifuna iiprotokholi eziqinileyo zokulwa nongcoliseko ukuze zithembeke ixesha elide.
Iimeko zetanki eziguquguqukayo, ezifana namazinga okucheba ulwelo angaguqukiyo, amaqondo obushushu atshintshatshintshayo, kunye nokusasazwa kwezinto ezingalinganiyo, nazo zichaphazela ulawulo lwe-viscosity. Umzekelo, ukuxuba iitanki ngaphandle kwe-geometry elungisiweyo kunokushiya ii-guar gum aggregates ezingaxutywanga, zivelise ii-spikes ze-viscosity zasekuhlaleni kunye nokufuma okungaphelelanga. Ukulungisa uyilo lwetanki—ngokusebenzisa ii-baffles kunye nee-high-shear mixers—kukhuthaza ukusasazeka okufanayo kwaye kuqinisekisa ukulinganiswa okuchanekileyo ngexesha langempela. Ukulinganiswa kwe-gauge kuhlala kubalulekile; ukulinganiswa rhoqo kwendawo kusetyenziswa imigangatho elandelekayo kunceda ukulwa nokushukuma kwe-sensor kunye nokulahleka kokusebenza kwimijikelo emide yokusebenza.
Amaqhinga okuQinisa okuHlangeneyo kwiinkqubo ezinkulu
Ukufezekisa i-viscometer ehambelanayo yezisombululo ze-guar gum kuzo zonke iinkqubo zokuxuba ezinkulu kufuna iinkqubo zolawulo ezidibeneyo nezizenzekelayo. Ii-viscometer ezikwi-line ezidityaniswe ne-PLC-based (programmable logic controller) process automation zivumela ukulungiswa kwesantya sokuxuba, i-additive dosing, kunye nobushushu. Iiframework ze-IIoT (Industrial Internet of Things) zivumela ukubanjwa kwedatha okuqhubekayo, ukujonga ngexesha langempela, kunye nesenzo sokuqikelela—iimodeli zokufunda koomatshini ziqikelela ukuphambuka kwaye zenze uhlengahlengiso ngaphambi kokuba i-viscometer ilahleke ngaphandle kweenkcukacha.
Iinkqubo ezizenzekelayo zinciphisa kakhulu ukuguquguquka kwebhetshi. Izifundo zamva nje zibonisa ukuba ukuguquguquka kwe-viscosity kwehla ukuya kuthi ga kwi-97% kwaye inkunkuma yezinto ezibonakalayo yehla nge-3.5% xa ulawulo lwexesha langempela lukhona. Umthamo ozenzekelayo wee-agents ezidibanisayo-kuquka i-boric acid, i-organoboron, kunye ne-organozirconium-kunye nolawulo lobushushu oluchanekileyo, unikezela ukusebenza okuphindaphindiweyo kwe-rheological kulwelo oluthwala i-proppant. Uvavanyo kwi-guar gum mixing ye-food-grade lubonisa ukuba iimodeli eziqhutywa yi-IIoT zidlula iindlela zomsebenzisi wesandla, nto leyo ekhokelela ekumisweni kwe-proppant ngokuchanekileyo ngakumbi kunye nesantya esincitshisiweyo sokumiswa, okubalulekileyo ekusebenzeni kakuhle kwe-hydraulic fracturing.
Amaqhinga okunciphisa ngakumbi ukwahluka kwe-batch-to-batch aquka ukukhetha ngononophelo kunye nokulinganisa izongezo ezidibanisayo kunye nokuzinzisa. Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-thermodynamic hydrate inhibitors (THIs) ezifana ne-methanol okanye i-PEG-200 kuphucula ukugcinwa kwe-viscosity kunye nokuthembeka kwejeli, ingakumbi phantsi kweemeko zobushushu obuphezulu kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, ukugxila kwazo kufuneka kuphuculwe—umthamo ogqithisileyo unyusa ukuncitshiswa kwe-shear kwaye wonakalise amandla okuthwala i-proppant, okufuna ulungelelwaniso olucokisekileyo kunye nee-agents eziphambili zokutyeba.
Ukusombulula iingxaki: Ukujongana neempawu zolwelo ezingachazwanga
Xa ukuqhekeka kolwelo olune-viscosity kungaphandle kwemida yokusebenza, amanyathelo aliqela okusombulula iingxaki ayimfuneko. Ukufuma okungaphelelanga kunye nokusasazeka kakubi kwe-guar gum kukhokelela ekwakhekeni kwamaqhuqhuva, okubangela ukufundwa kwe-viscosity okungaguqukiyo kunye nokuncipha kokumiswa kwe-proppant. Ukuxuba i-guar gum kwangaphambili kunye nee-agents ezidibanisayo okanye ukusasaza iipowders kwiinkampani ezingezizo zamanzi ezifana ne-glycol kunokuthintela ukuhlangana kunye nokukhuthaza ukulungiswa kwesisombululo esifanayo. Iindlela zokongeza ngokukhawuleza nangezigaba ziyathandwa ukuze kuthintelwe ukunyuka kwe-viscosity ngequbuliso; le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuxubana ngokupheleleyo kwaye inciphisa ukwakheka kwe-sediment kwiitanki zokuxuba ulwelo olune-hydraulic fracturing.
Ukuqinisekiswa komgangatho kuxhomekeke ekulandeleni unxibelelwano phakathi kwezongezo kunye nokubeka esweni ukubola okubangelwa kubushushu okanye ukucheba. Iindlela zeMicroscopic kunye ne-spectroscopic (SEM, FTIR) zibonisa ukwakheka kwentsalela kunye nokuqhekeka kwejeli, okubonisa iingxaki zokwenziwa. Uhlengahlengiso lunokufuna ukutshintsha ii-agents ezidibanisayo—iinkqubo ze-organozirconium, umzekelo, zihlala zigcina ngaphezulu kwe-89% ye-viscosity yokuqala phantsi kweemeko eziqatha (>120°C, i-shear ephezulu), efanelekileyo kwii-reservoir fluids ezinzulu kakhulu. Xa usebenzisa iziqinisi ezifana ne-methanol kunye ne-PEG-200, uxinano kufuneka lulungiswe ngokuchanekileyo; amanqanaba aphantsi azinzise, kodwa ukugqithisa kunokunciphisa i-viscosity kwaye kuphazamise amandla okuthwala i-proppant.
Iimpawu zolwelo ezingapheliyo ezingaphandle kwengcaciso zifuna impendulo yexesha langempela evela kwiisensa ezikwi-intanethi kunye nolawulo lwenkqubo oluqhutywa yidatha. Ukulinganisa kunye neenkqubo zokucoca, kunye nokugcinwa kwangaphambili, kusombulula ukungangqinelani okuqhubekayo kunye nokwandisa ukuthembeka kokulinganisa i-viscosity, ukuphucula ngokuthe ngqo uyilo lwetanki yokuxuba, i-fracturing fluid rheology, kunye nokumiswa kwe-proppant yexesha elide kwizicelo ze-hydraulic fracturing.
ukumiswa kwesanti enoxinzelelo oluphezulu kunye nomthamo wokufunxwa kweguar gum
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IiViscometers ezizenzekelayo ezikwi-intanethi
Kwizicelo zokuqhekeka kwe-hydraulic,ii-viscometer ezikwi-intanethiezifakwe ngqo ngaphakathi kwimibhobho yetanki yokuxuba zibonelela ngedatha ye-viscometer eqhubekayo. Iindlela eziphambili—kuquka ii-viscometers ezisekelwe ekufundeni koomatshini kunye ne-viscometers zombono wekhompyutha—ziqikelela i-viscometer ye-zero-shear evela kwi-fluid imaging okanye impendulo eguquguqukayo, equka ukusuka kwi-dilute ukuya kwi-slurries ene-viscous kakhulu. Ezi nkqubo zinokudityaniswa kulawulo lwenkqubo oluzenzekelayo, zinciphise ukungenelela ngesandla.
Umzekelo:
- Ii-viscometers ezisekelwe kumbono wekhompyutha zenza uqikelelo lwe-viscosity luzenzekele ngokuhlaziya indlela olusebenza ngayo ulwelo kwi-vial eguqulweyo okanye kwisixhobo sokuhamba kwamanzi, zibonelela ngeziphumo ngokukhawuleza kwi-automation elandelayo okanye kwi-feedback loops.
Ukubeka iliso kwiGuar Gum Concentration ngexesha langempela
Ukugcina uxinaniso lweguar gum oluhlala luhleli ngexesha lokuxuba kunciphisa ukuguquguquka kwebhetshi kwaye kuxhasa ukusebenza okuthembekileyo kolwelo lokuqhekeka. Iitekhnoloji zokujonga uxinaniso ngexesha langempela ziquka:
Itekhnoloji ye-SLIM (iiRoss Solids/i-Liquid Injection Manifold):I-SLIM ifaka umgubo weguar gum ngaphantsi komphezulu wolwelo, iwudibanisa ngoko nangoko nolwelo ngokuxuba okucothayo. Olu yilo lunciphisa ukuhlangana kunye nokulahleka kwe-viscosity ngenxa yokuxuba kakhulu, okuvumela ulawulo oluchanekileyo loxinzelelo kwinqanaba ngalinye.
Non-Nui-clear Sli-urry Dii-ensi-ityMi-eter:Iimitha zoxinano ezifakwe kwiitanki zokuxuba zijonga iipropati zombane kunye notshintsho loxinano njengoko i-guar gum yongezwa kwaye isasazwa, okuvumela ukulandelela okuqhubekayo koxinzelelo kunye nesenzo sokulungisa ngokukhawuleza.
Umfanekiso we-Ultrasonic odityaniswe neRheometry (“Rheo-ultrasound”):Le ndlela iphucukileyo ibamba imifanekiso ye-ultra-fast ultrasonic (ukuya kuthi ga kwi-10,000 frames/sec) kunye nedatha ye-rheometric viscosity. Ivumela ukujonga ngaxeshanye uxinano lwendawo, amazinga okucheba, kunye nokungazinzi, okubalulekileyo ekuchongeni ukuxubana okungalinganiyo kunye notshintsho olukhawulezayo lwe-viscous kwizisombululo ze-guar gum.
Imizekelo:
- Izinzwa zokumelana nombane ziyabalumkisa abaqhubi ukuba ukongezwa komgubo kubangela ukuphambuka koxinzelelo, nto leyo evumela ukulungiswa ngokukhawuleza.
- Iinkqubo ze-Rheo-ultrasound zijonga izinto ezixubayo, ziphawula ukuhlangana kwendawo okanye ukusasazwa okungaphelelanga okunokuphazamisa umgangatho wolwelo oluqhekekayo.
Izixhobo Zokubeka Iliso Ezisebenzayo Neziqhelekileyo
Iindlela ezifana neIi-viscometer zoshishino ezikwi-Lonnmeterzibonelela ngeendlela ezisebenzayo nezithembekileyo zokulinganisa i-viscosity kwiindawo zemveliso. Ezi zixhobo zifanelekile ukujonga rhoqo ngexesha lokuxuba, ukuba inkqubo ihlala ngaphakathi kweeparameters ezichaziweyo.
IiProtokholi zoQinisekiso loMgangatho kunye noHlanganiso
Iinkqubo zokulinganisa ukuxinana okuqhubekayo kunye noxinzelelo kufuneka ziqinisekiswe ukuze zithembeke kwaye zichaneke:
- Iinkqubo zoLungiso:Ukulinganiswa rhoqo ngokwemigangatho eyaziwayo kuqinisekisa ukuchaneka kunye nokuhambelana kwenzwa.
- Ukuqinisekiswa kokufunda koomatshini:Ii-viscometers ezisekelwe ekuboneni ngekhompyutha zifumana uqeqesho lwenethiwekhi ye-neural kunye nokulinganisa ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kuzo zonke iindawo ezahlukeneyo zoxinzelelo lwe-guar gum kunye ne-fluid viscosities.
- Ukuhlanganiswa kweQA ngexesha langempela:Ukuhlanganiswa neenkqubo zokulawula iinkqubo kuvumela ukuthambekela, ukufunyanwa kweempazamo, kunye nokuphendula ngokukhawuleza kwiimpazamo, okuxhasa umgangatho wemveliso kunye nokuthobela imithetho.
Ngamafutshane, ukukwazi ukujonga i-guar gum viscosity kunye noxinzelelo rhoqo kuxhomekeke ekukhetheni nasekudibaniseni ubuchwepheshe obufanelekileyo. Ii-viscometers ezijikelezayo, ii-sensors eziphambili ezikwi-line, iteknoloji yokuxuba i-SLIM, kunye ne-rheo-ultrasound zibonelela ngomqolo weemvakalelo, ngelixa izixhobo ezisebenzayo kunye neeprotokholi ze-QA eziqinileyo ziqinisekisa ukusebenza okuthembekileyo kuzo zonke iinkqubo zokuxuba imboni.
Iiteknoloji zokulinganisa ukubekwa esweni okuqhubekayo kwiitanki zokuxuba
Imigaqo yokulinganisa i-Viscosity
Uvavanyo oluqhubekayo lwe-viscometer kwiitanki zokuxuba lubalulekile ekulawuleni i-rheology ye-guar gum-based fracturing fluids. Ii-viscometer ezikwi-line zifakelwe kakhulu kwiinkqubo zoshishino ukuze zinike idatha yexesha langempela kwi-viscometer ye-guar gum. Ezi sensors zisebenza ngqo ngaphakathi kwendlela yokuhamba, zisusa imfuneko yokuthathwa kwesampulu ngesandla kwaye ngaloo ndlela zinciphisa ukulibaziseka kwimpendulo.
Viibrai-tionalii-viscometerZilawula umlinganiselo wolwelo olungelulo olweNewtonian ngenxa yokukwazi kwazo ukubamba iimpendulo zolwelo oluguquguqukayo. Izixhobo ezifana ne-inline process viscometer zenzelwe ukufakwa kwi-in-line kwaye zibonelela ngokufundwa okuqhubekayo okufanelekileyo kwiingxinano eziguquguqukayo kunye ne-viscosities, njengoko kudityaniswe nokulungiselela ulwelo lwe-hydraulic fracturing. Le ndlela igqwesa kwizisombululo ze-guar gum ngenxa yokuziphatha kwazo kokunciphisa uboya kunye nobubanzi be-viscosity, ukuqinisekisa ukufunyanwa kwedatha okuqinileyo kunye nokuthembeka kwenkqubo.
Uvavanyo Lokugxila Oluqhubekayo
Ukufezekisa ukusebenza kakuhle kolwelo lokuqhekeka kwe-fracturing kufuna ulawulo oluchanekileyo loxinzelelo lwe-guar gum. Oku kufezekiswa kusetyenziswa iinkqubo zokulinganisa uxinzelelo oluqhubekayo ezifanaI-ACOMP (Ukubeka esweni okuqhubekekayo kwi-intanethi kwe-Polymerization ngokuzenzekelayo)ubuchule. I-ACOMP isebenzisa indibaniselwano yeepompo ezisezantsi, ii-mixers, kunye nee-downstream optical detectors ukuhambisa iiprofayili zoxinzelelo ngexesha langempela kunye nokufundwa kwe-viscosity yangaphakathi njengoko izisombululo ze-polymer zilungiswa kwiitanki ezinkulu zokuxuba.
Ukuthatha isampuli esebenzayo kwiindawo zokuxuba eziguquguqukayo kubandakanya ukumodela kwenkqubo yolandelelwano lwesithathu ukutolika ukuguquguquka koxinzelelo ngexesha langempela. Uhlalutyo lwempendulo yokuphindaphinda luqinisekisa ulwalamano oluchanekileyo phakathi kweemodeli zethiyori kunye nedatha yovavanyo, lubonelela ngengqiqo esebenzisekayo yokulungiselela isisombululo se-guar gum rhoqo. Ezi teknoloji zifanelekile ngokukodwa ekuqinisekisweni koxinzelelo ngokukhawuleza, ukulinganisa idosi, kunye nokunciphisa ukuguquguquka kwebhetshi ukuya kwibhetshi.
Ukuhlanganiswa neenkqubo zokulinganisa ezizenzekelayoiphucula ngakumbi ulawulo loxinzelelo.imitha yoxinano lwe-ultrasonicifakwe ngqo etankini okanye kwipayipi, inika ingxelo eqhubekayo; iimpompo ezizenzekelayo zilungisa amazinga okulinganisa ngokwedatha ye-sensor ephilayo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-guar gum viscosity vs concentration ihambelana ne-target fracturing fluid rheology. Olu manyano lunciphisa ukungenelela kwabantu kwaye luvumela isenzo sokulungisa ngokukhawuleza kwiibhetshi ezingezizo ii-specs.
Iziphumo zezongezo kunye notshintsho lweenkqubo kwi-Guar Gum Viscosity
Ukuguqulwa kweSulfonation
I-Sulfonation ingenisa amaqela e-sulfonate kwi-guar gum, nto leyo ephucula kakhulu i-viscosity kunye nokunyibilika kwezisombululo ze-guar gum ezisetyenziswa kwi-hydraulic fracturing. Iimeko ezifanelekileyo zokusabela zifuna ulawulo oluchanekileyo lobushushu, ixesha, kunye noxinzelelo lwe-reagent. Umzekelo, ukusebenzisa i-sodium 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropylsulfonate kuma-26°C, kunye nexesha lokuphendula leeyure ezi-2, i-1.0%I-NaOH, kunye ne-0.5% ye-sulfonate nge-guar gum mass, ikhokelela ekwandeni kwe-33% kwi-viscosity ebonakalayo kunye nokunciphisa umxholo onganyibilikiyo emanzini nge-0.42%. Olu tshintsho luphucula amandla okuthwala i-proppant kulwelo lwe-fracturing kwaye luxhasa uzinzo olukhulu lobushushu kunye nokucoca.
Iindlela ezizezinye zokususa i-sulfonation—ezifana nokususa i-sulphur trioxide–1,4-dioxane complex kwi-60°C kangangeeyure ezingama-2.9, kusetyenziswa i-3.1 mL chlorosulfonic acid—zikwabonisa i-viscosity ephuculweyo kunye ne-insoluble fractions ephantsi. Olu phuculo lunciphisa intsalela kwiitanki zokuxuba ulwelo lwe-hydraulic fracturing, lunciphisa umngcipheko wokuvaleka kwaye luququzelele ukubuya okungcono. Uhlalutyo lwe-FTIR, i-DSC, kunye ne-elemental luqinisekisa olu tshintsho lwesakhiwo, kunye nokutshintshwa okuphambili kwindawo ye-C-6. Umgangatho wokutshintshwa kunye nobunzima obuphantsi be-molecular bubangela ukunyibilika okungcono, umsebenzi we-antioxidant, kunye nokuphuculwa kwe-viscosity okusebenzayo—iiparameter ezibalulekileyo ze-rheology yolwelo lwe-fracturing olusebenzayo kunye nolawulo lwe-viscosity.
Iiarhente zokudibanisa kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kweFomulation
I-Guar gum viscosity kwi-fracturing fluids inceda kakhulu ekufakweni kwee-agents ezidibanisa i-cross-linking. I-Organozirconium kunye ne-borate-based cross-linkers zezona zixhaphakileyo:
Ii-Cross-linkers ze-Organozirconium:Zithandwa kakhulu kwiindawo zokugcina amanzi ezinobushushu obuphezulu, ii-organozirconium agents zonyusa uzinzo lobushushu lwee-guar gels. Kwi-120°C kunye ne-170 s⁻¹ shear, i-hydroxypropyl guar gum edityaniswe ne-organozirconium igcina ngaphezulu kwe-89.7% ye-viscosity yayo yokuqala. I-SEM imaging ibonisa izakhiwo zenethiwekhi ezixineneyo ezinemilinganiselo emithathu ezinobukhulu beepore ezingaphantsi kwe-12 μm, ezixhasa ukumiswa kwe-proppant okuphuculweyo kunye nesantya sokunciphisa i-proppant setting kwi-hydraulic fracturing.
IiBorate Cross-linkers:I-boric acid yendabuko kunye nee-organoboron cross-linkers zibonisa ukusebenza kakuhle kumaqondo obushushu aphakathi. Ukusebenza kunokuphuculwa ngokusebenzisa izongezo ezifana ne-polyethyleneimine (PEI) okanye i-nanocellulose. Umzekelo, ii-nanocellulose-boron crosslinkers zigcina i-residual viscosity engaphezulu kwe-50 mPa·s kwi-110°C imizuzu engama-60 phantsi koxinzelelo oluphezulu, nto leyo ebonisa ubushushu obuqinileyo kunye nokumelana netyuwa. I-hydrogen bonding evela kwi-nanocellulose inceda ekugcineni iipropati ze-viscoelastic ezifunekayo kumandla okuthwala i-proppant kwi-fracturing fluids.
Ukudibanisa i-cross-linking kwizisombululo ze-guar gum kukhokelela ekuphuculeni ukucheba kunye nokuthamba, zombini ezibalulekileyo ekupompeni nasekumisweni kwe-proppant. Ii-hydrogels ezidityaniswe ngeekhemikhali zibonisa ukubuyiselwa okunamandla kwe-thixotropic, oko kuthetha ukuba i-viscosity kunye nesakhiwo zibuyiselwa emva kokucheba okuphezulu—okubalulekileyo ngexesha lokufakwa kolwelo kunye nokucocwa kwimisebenzi yokuqhekeka kwe-hydraulic.
Impembelelo yokuthelekisa yeNkqubo ye-Non-Polymeric vs Polymeric Fluid
Iinkqubo zolwelo lwe-polymeric kunye non-polymeric zineeprofayili ezahlukeneyo ze-rheological, ezichaphazela kakhulu ukusebenza kakuhle kothutho lwe-proppant:
Iinkqubo zePolymeric:Ezi ziquka iipolymers zendalo (i-guar gum, i-hydroxypropyl guar) kunye neepolymers ezenziweyo. Iipolymers ze-polymeric zilungele ukunyibilika, inqanaba le-yield, kunye nokuthamba. Ii-copolymers ze-amphoteric eziphucukileyo (umz., i-ATP-I) zifezekisa ukugcinwa okungcono kwe-viscosity kunye nokuzinza kwe-rheological kwiindawo ezinobushushu obuphezulu kunye ne-salinity ephezulu xa kuthelekiswa neefomyula ze-polyanionic cellulose ezindala. Ukwanda kwe-viscosity kunye nokuthamba kuphucula ukumiswa kwe-proppant, kunciphisa isantya sokumisela, kunye nokwenza ngcono uyilo lwetanki yokuxuba ii-fracturing fluids. Nangona kunjalo, i-viscosity ephezulu inokuthintela ukuthuthwa kwe-proppant kwiindawo ezinomoya ophantsi ngaphandle kokuba zilinganiswe ngononophelo.
Iinkqubo ezingezizo ezePolymeric (ezisekelwe kwiSurfactant):Ezi zixhomekeke kwi-viscoelastic surfactants kuneenethiwekhi ze-polymer. Ulwelo olusekelwe kwi-surfactant lubonelela nge-residue ephantsi, i-flowback ekhawulezayo, kunye ne-proppant-carrier esebenzayo, ngakumbi kwiindawo zokugcina amanzi ezingaqhelekanga apho ukucocwa okungena-residue kubekwe phambili. Nangona ezi nkqubo zibonelela nge-viscosity encinci kunee-polymers, zisebenza kakuhle malunga nokumiswa kwe-proppant kwaye zinciphisa umngcipheko wokuvaleka kwiitanki zokuxuba ulwelo lwe-hydraulic fracturing.
Ukukhetha phakathi kolwelo lwe-polymeric kunye nolwe-non-polymeric fracturing kuxhomekeke kwibhalansi efunekayo phakathi kwe-viscosity, ukusebenza kakuhle kokucoca, impembelelo yokusingqongileyo, kunye neemfuno zokuthwala i-proppant. Iinkqubo ze-hybrid ezidibanisa ii-polymers kunye ne-viscoelastic surfactants ziyavela ukuze zisebenzise zombini i-viscosity ephezulu kunye nokubuyiselwa ngokukhawuleza kolwelo. Uvavanyo lwe-Rheological—kusetyenziswa i-linear oscillatory deformations kunye ne-flow sweep—lubonelela ngengqiqo malunga nokuziphatha kwe-thixotropic kunye ne-pseudoplastic, kunceda ekwenzeni ngcono ukwenziwa kweemeko ezithile zequla.
Amaqhinga Okuphucula Ukuqina Kolwelo kunye Nomthamo Wokuthwala Ipropant
Ukuziphatha kwe-Rheological kunye noThutho oluPhambili
Ukuphucula i-guar gum viscosity kubalulekile ekulawuleni isantya sokumiswa kwe-proppant kwi-hydraulic fracturing. I-fluid viscosity ephezulu inciphisa isantya apho amasuntswana e-proppant atshona khona, okwandisa amathuba okuthuthwa okusebenzayo nzulu kwinethiwekhi yokwaphuka. I-Crosslinking iphucula i-viscosity ngokudala izakhiwo ze-gel eziqinileyo; umzekelo, ii-organozirconium-crosslinked hydroxypropyl guar fluids zenza iinethiwekhi ezixineneyo ezinobukhulu bee-pore ezingaphantsi kwe-12 μm, eziphucula kakhulu ukumiswa kwaye zinciphise isantya sokumiswa xa kuthelekiswa neenkqubo ze-organoboron.
Ukugxila kwe-guar gum kuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo i-viscosity yezisombululo ze-guar gum. Njengoko uxinzelelo lwe-polymer lunyuka, kunjalo noxinano lwe-crosslinking kunye namandla e-gel, okunciphisa i-proppant sedimentation kwaye kwandisa indawo. Umzekelo: ukwandisa uxinzelelo lwe-crosslinker kulwelo lwe-HPG kunyusa ukugcinwa kwe-viscosity ngaphezulu kwe-89% ngexesha lokunciphisa ubushushu obuphezulu (120°C), okuqinisekisa amandla okuthwala i-proppant nakwiimeko ezinzima zedama.
IiProtokholi zoLungiso lweFomu
Amaqhinga aqhutywa yidatha ngoku avumela ulawulo lwexesha langempela lwe-fracturing fluid viscosity kunye noxinzelelo. Iimodeli zokufunda koomatshini—ihlathi elingacwangciswanga kunye nomthi wesigqibo—zixela kwangaphambili iiparameter ze-rheological ezifana nokufundwa kwe-viscometer ngoko nangoko, zithatha indawo yovavanyo lwelebhu olucothayo noluhlala luhleli. Ngokwenyani, iitanki zokuxuba ulwelo lwe-hydraulic fracturing zixhotyiswe ngeendlela ezihambelanayo kunye nee-piezoelectric sensors zilinganisa i-viscosity yezisombululo ze-guar gum njengoko iimpawu zolwelo zitshintsha, ngokulungiswa kweempazamo ngokubola kwemo ye-empirical.
Abaqhubi bajonga i-viscosity kunye noxinzelelo kwindawo, baze balungise idosi ye-guar gum, ii-crosslinkers, okanye ezinye izithambisi ezisekwe kwimpendulo ye-sensor ephilayo. Olu hlengahlengiso oluqhubekayo luqinisekisa ukuba i-fracturing fluid igcina i-fracturing fluid viscosity efanelekileyo yokumiswa kwe-proppant ngaphandle kwexesha lokungasebenzi. Umzekelo, ukulinganiswa kwe-viscosity yombhobho ngqo okufakwa kwiinkqubo zolawulo kuvumela ukulungiswa kwe-dynamic fluid, okugcina i-proppant suspension efanelekileyo njengoko i-reservoir okanye iiparameter zokusebenza zitshintsha.
Iziphumo ezihambelanayo kunye nezongezo zoDonga kunye noBushushu
Iziqinisi zodongwe kunye nezongezo zozinzo lobushushu zibalulekile ekugcineni i-guar gum viscosity kwiindawo ezinobutshaba ze-shale kunye neendawo ezinobushushu obuphezulu. Iziqinisi zodongwe—ezifana ne-sulfonated guar derivatives—zithintela ukudumba kunye nokufuduka kodongwe; oku kukhusela i-viscosity yezisombululo ze-guar gum ekulahlekelweni ngequbuliso ngokunciphisa ukusebenzisana neentlobo ze-ionic ekubunjweni. Isiqinisi esiqhelekileyo, i-sodium 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropylsulfonate–modified guar gum, ivelisa i-viscosities yangaphakathi efanelekileyo yokuqhekeka kwaye imelana nomxholo onganyibilikiyo emanzini, igcina ulwakhiwo lwejeli kunye nokumiswa okusebenzayo kwe-proppant nokuba kukwiindawo ezinodongwe oluninzi.
Iziqinisi zobushushu, kuquka ii-viscosifiers eziphambili ze-supramolecular kunye ne-thermodynamic hydrate inhibitors (umz.,i-methanol, PEG-200), ikhusela ekuqhekekeni kwe-viscosity engaphezulu kwe-160°C. Kwiinkqubo zolwelo olusekwe kwi-brine kunye nobushushu obuphezulu kakhulu, ezi zongezo zivumela ukugcinwa kwe-viscosity engaphezulu kwe-200 mPa·s phantsi kwe-180°C shear, ezidlula kakhulu ii-viscosifiers zegum zemveli.
Imizekelo ibandakanya:
- I-guar guar exutyiweyoukuze kukwazi ukumelana nodongwe kunye nobushushu.
- Ii-crosslinkers ze-Organozirconiumukuze kubekho uzinzo oluphezulu kakhulu kubushushu.
- I-PEG-200njenge-THI yokunyusa ukusebenza kolwelo kunye nokunciphisa intsalela.
Ezi protocols kunye neepakeji zokongeza zivumela abaqhubi ukuba baphucule uyilo lweetanki zokuxuba ukuze kuqhekezwe ulwelo kwaye balungiselele iindlela zokulinganisa i-guar gum viscosity ukuze kuqhubekeke ukuqhekezwa kunyeumlinganiselo woxinzeleloIsiphumo kukuba ipropant iyakwazi ukuthwala kakuhle kwaye isasazeka rhoqo, nokuba kukwiindawo ezingaphantsi komhlaba.
Ukudibanisa i-Guar Gum Viscosity kwi-Proppant Settling Velocity kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwe-fracturing
Ukuqonda ngobuchule kwiProppant Suspension
I-Guar gum viscosity idlala indima ethe ngqo ekulawuleni isantya sokumiswa kwe-proppant ngexesha lokuqhekeka kwe-hydraulic. Njengoko i-viscosity yezisombululo ze-guar gum isanda, amandla okutsala asebenza kwii-particles ze-proppant ayanda, nto leyo enciphisa kakhulu izinga lawo lokumiswa kwe-down. Ngokwenyani, ulwelo olune-guar gum concentration ephezulu kunye neempawu ezikhulayo ze-viscous-kuquka ezo ziguqulwe nge-polymer additives kunye ne-fibers-zibonelela ngomthamo ophuculweyo wokuthwala i-proppant, ovumela ii-particles ezixhonyiweyo ukuba zihlale zisasazwe ngokulinganayo kuyo yonke inethiwekhi yokuqhekeka endaweni yokuhlangana ezantsi.
Izifundo zelebhu zibonisa ukuba, xa kuthelekiswa nolwelo lweNewtonian, izisombululo zejeli ze-guar ezicothayo zibonisa isantya esiphantsi sokumisela i-proppant, esibangelwa kukwanda kwe-viscosity kunye nemiphumo ye-elastic. Umzekelo, ukuphinda kabini uxinano lwe-guar gum kunokunciphisa isantya sokumisela, kuqinisekisa ukuba i-proppant ihlala ixhonywe ixesha elide. Ukongezwa kweefayibha kuthintela ngakumbi ukutyibilika kwe-sedimentation ngokudala inethiwekhi efana ne-mesh, okukhuthaza ukubekwa kwe-proppant efanayo. Iimodeli ze-empirical kunye ne-coefficients ziye zaphuhliswa ukuze kuqikelelwe ezi ziphumo phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo zokuqhekeka kunye nolwelo, okuqinisekisa ukusebenzisana phakathi kwe-fluid rheology kunye ne-proppant suspension.
Kwizaphuko apho ububanzi bufana kakhulu nobubanzi bepropant, ukuvalelwa kwezaphuko kubangela ukubambezeleka ngakumbi, nto leyo eyandisa iingenelo zezisombululo ze-high-viscosity guar. Nangona kunjalo, i-viscosity egqithisileyo inokuthintela ukuhamba kolwelo, nto leyo enokunciphisa ubunzulu bokuhamba kwepropant ngempumelelo kwaye inyuse umngcipheko wokwakheka kwentsalela ebeka emngciphekweni ukuhanjiswa kwezaphuko.
Ukwandisa Ububanzi kunye nobude bokwaphuka
Ukulungelelanisa i-viscosity yezisombululo ze-guar gum kunempembelelo enkulu ekukhuleni kwe-fracture ngexesha lokuqhekeka kwe-hydraulic. Ii-high-viscosity fluids zivame ukuvelisa ii-fractures ezibanzi ngenxa yokukwazi kwazo ukumelana noxinzelelo lokuvala kunye nokusasaza ii-cracks kwilitye. Ii-simulations ze-computational fluid dynamics (CFD) kunye nokubeka esweni i-acoustic emission kuqinisekisa ukuba i-viscosity ephezulu ikhokelela kwi-geometries ye-fracture enzima ngakumbi kunye nobubanzi obuphuculweyo.
Nangona kunjalo, ukutshintshiselana phakathi kwe-viscosity kunye nobude bokwaphuka kufuneka kulawulwe ngononophelo. Ngelixa ukwaphuka okubanzi kunceda ukubeka i-proppant kunye nokuqhuba kakuhle, ulwelo oluxineneyo kakhulu lunokususa uxinzelelo ngokukhawuleza, luthintele uphuhliso lwee-fractures ezinde. Uthelekiso olubonakalayo lubonisa ukuba ukunciphisa i-viscosity ngaphakathi kwemida elawulwayo kuvumela ukungena okunzulu, okuvelisa ii-fractures ezinde eziphucula ukufikelela kwi-reservoir. Ke ngoko, i-viscosity kufuneka iphuculwe—hayi ukuba yenziwe ngcono—ngokusekelwe kuhlobo lwelitye, ubungakanani be-proppant, kunye necebo lokusebenza.
Ulwahlulo lwe-rheology yolwelo oluqhekekayo, kuquka ukucheba kunye neempawu ze-viscoelastic ezivela kutshintsho lwe-guar gum, lubumba ukwakheka kokuqala kokuqhekeka kunye neepateni zokukhula ezilandelayo. Uvavanyo lwasentsimini kwiindawo zokugcina iikhabhoni luqinisekisa ukuba ukulungisa uxinaniso lwe-guar gum, ukongeza iziqinisi zobushushu, okanye ukungenisa ezinye iindlela ezisekelwe kwi-surfactant kunokulungisa ukwanda kokuqhekeka, kwandisa ububanzi kunye nobude kuxhomekeke kwinjongo yokuvuselela.
Ukuhlanganiswa neeParameters zokusebenza zeDownhole
I-Guar gum viscosity kufuneka ilawulwe ngexesha langempela njengoko ubushushu bomngxuma kunye noxinzelelo kutshintshatshintsha ngexesha lokuqhekeka kwe-hydraulic. Ubushushu obuphezulu kubunzulu bunokunciphisa i-viscosity yee-guar gum fluids, kunciphisa amandla azo okumiswa kwe-proppant. Ukusetyenziswa kwee-crosslinkers, iziqinisi zobushushu, kunye nezongezo eziphambili-ezifana ne-thermodynamic hydrate inhibitors-zinceda ukugcina i-viscosity efanelekileyo, ingakumbi kwiindawo zokugcina ubushushu obuphezulu.
Inkqubela phambili yakutshanje kwiindlela zokulinganisa i-viscosity, kubandakanya i-pipe viscometry kunye ne-regression modeling, ivumela abaqhubi ukuba bajonge kwaye balungise i-fracturing fluid viscosity ngokuguquguqukayo. Umzekelo, iitanki zokuxuba i-hydraulic fracturing fluid zidibanisa ii-sensors zexesha langempela ukulandelela utshintsho lwe-viscosity kwaye ngokuzenzekelayo zithatha i-guar gum eyongezelelweyo okanye izibambisi njengoko kufuneka, ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-proppant ithwala amandla ahambelanayo.
Abanye abaqhubi bongeza okanye batshintshe i-guar gum ngee-high-viscosity friction reducers (ii-HVFR) okanye ii-synthetic polymers ukuze kuphuculwe uzinzo lobushushu kunye nokunciphisa umngcipheko we-residue. Ezi nkqubo ze-fluid ezizezinye zibonisa ukusebenza kakuhle kokujiya kunye nokumelana nokubola kwe-shear, zigcina i-viscosity ephezulu yokumiswa kwe-proppant naphantsi kweemeko ezinzima kakhulu ze-downhole.
Iiparameter zokusebenza ezifana nobukhulu bepropant, uxinaniso, isantya sokuhamba kolwelo, kunye nejometri yokuqhekeka zidityaniswe namaqhinga okulawula i-viscosity. Ukuphucula ezi zinto ziguquguqukayo kuqinisekisa ukuba ulwelo lokuqhekeka lunokugcina ukuthuthwa kwepropant phezu kobude nobubanzi bokuqhekeka obufunekayo, kunciphisa umngcipheko wokuvaleka, ukujika, okanye ukugquma okungaphelelanga. Ukulungelelaniswa kwe-viscosity akugcini nje ngokugcina ukuhanjiswa kwe-fracture kodwa kukwaphucula ukuhamba kwe-hydrocarbon kwindawo evuselelweyo.
Imibuzo Ebuzwa Rhoqo (Ii-FAQ)
Umbuzo 1: Uxinzelelo lwe-guar gum luyichaphazela njani i-viscosity yayo kwi-fracturing fluids?
I-Guar gum viscosity iyanda xa uxinaniso luphezulu, nto leyo ephucula ngokuthe ngqo amandla okuthwala i-propant yolwelo. Idatha yelebhu iqinisekisa ukuba uxinaniso olumalunga ne-40 pptg lubonelela nge-viscosity ezinzileyo, i-fracture opening index engcono, kunye ne-residue encinci kune-concentrations ephezulu, ilinganisela ukusebenza kunye neendleko. Ityuwa egqithisileyo okanye ii-ion ezininzi emanzini zinokuthintela ukudumba kwe-guar gum, ukunciphisa i-viscosity kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwe-fracturing.
Umbuzo 2: Yintoni indima yetanki yokuxuba ekugcineni umgangatho wesisombululo segum?
Itanki yokuxuba ulwelo oluqhekeka nge-hydraulic ivumela ukusasazeka ngokulinganayo kwe-guar gum, ithintele amaqhuma kunye nokungahambelani. Kukhethwa abaxubi abaphezulu, njengoko benciphisa ixesha lokuxuba, beqhekeza ii-polymer agglomerates, kwaye beqinisekisa ukuba i-viscosity iyafana kuyo yonke isisombululo. Izixhobo zokulinganisa eziqhubekayo zexesha langempela kwiitanki zokuxuba zinceda ukugcina uxinano olufunekayo lwe-guar gum kunye nomgangatho wolwelo ngokubanzi, okuvumela ukulungiswa kwangoko ukuba iipropati ziyaphambuka kumaxabiso ekujoliswe kuwo.
Umbuzo 3: I-fracturing fluid viscosity iyichaphazela njani isantya sokulungisa i-proppant?
Ukuqhekeka kolwelo yimbangela ephambili emisela ukuba amasuntswana e-proppant ahlala ngokukhawuleza kangakanani. Ukuqhekeka okuphezulu kucothisa isantya sokuhlala, kugcina i-proppant imile ixesha elide kwaye ivumela ukungena nzulu kwi-fracture. Iimodeli zezibalo ziqinisekisa ukuba ulwelo olune-viscosity eyongeziweyo luphucula uthutho oluthe tyaba, luphucula i-bank geometry, kwaye lukhuthaza ukubekwa kwe-proppant ngendlela efanayo. Nangona kunjalo, kukho urhwebo: ukuqhekeka okuphezulu kakhulu kunokunciphisa ubude bokuqhekeka, ngoko ke ukuqhekeka okuphezulu kufuneka kukhethwe kwiimeko ezithile ze-reservoir.
Q4: Zeziphi izongezo ezichaphazela i-viscosity yezisombululo ze-guar gum?
Ukuguqulwa kwe-sulfonation ye-guar gum kuphucula i-viscosity kunye nozinzo. Izongezo ezifana ne-boric acid, i-organoboron, kunye ne-organozirconium cross-linkers zonyusa kakhulu ukugcinwa kwe-viscosity kunye nozinzo lobushushu, ingakumbi phantsi kweemeko ezinzima eziqhelekileyo kwimisebenzi ye-oilfield. Isiphumo sixhomekeke kuxinzelelo lwe-additives: amanqanaba aphezulu e-cross-linker avelisa i-viscosity enkulu kodwa anokuchaphazela ukuguquguquka kokusebenza kunye neendleko. Ityuwa kunye nomxholo we-ionic kwisisombululo nazo zidlala indima, njengoko i-salinity ephezulu (ingakumbi ii-cations ezininzi) inokunciphisa i-viscosity ngokunciphisa ukudumba kwe-polymer.
Umbuzo 5: Ngaba i-viscosity yolwelo ingalinganiswa kwaye ilawulwe rhoqo ngexesha lemisebenzi yokuqhekeka?
Ewe, ukulinganiswa kwe-viscometer okuqhubekayo kufezekiswa kusetyenziswa ii-viscometer ezikwi-intanethi kunye neenkqubo zokujonga ugxininiso oluzenzekelayo. Ii-viscometer zepayipi kunye nee-sensors zexesha langempela ezidityaniswe nee-algorithms eziphambili zivumela abaqhubi ukuba balandele, balungise, kwaye balungise i-viscometer yolwelo lokuqhekeka ngokukhawuleza. Ezi nkqubo zinokubuyisela ingxolo ye-sensor kunye neemeko ezitshintshayo zendalo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekusebenzeni ngcono kwe-proppant-carrier kunye neziphumo ze-hydraulic fracturing eziphuculweyo. Iinkqubo zolawulo ezikrelekrele zikwavumela ukulungiswa ngokukhawuleza kwiinguqu kumgangatho wamanzi okanye amazinga okukhupha.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Novemba-05-2025
