Ulawulo olusebenzayo lolwelo lokuqhekeka lubalulekile ekukhuliseni ukukhutshwa kwe-methane ebekwe ngamalahle. Ukulinganiswa kwe-viscosity ngexesha langempela kujongana nale mingeni ngokubonelela ngempendulo ekhawulezileyo malunga nokwakheka kolwelo lokuqhekeka ngexesha lokusebenza. Ama-reservoirs e-Coalbed methane (CBM), achazwa kukungena okuphantsi kunye nezakhiwo ezincinci, afuna ulawulo oluchanekileyo lweempawu zolwelo lokuqhekeka ukuze kufezekiswe impumelelo yokuqhekeka kwe-hydraulic kunye nokubuyiswa kwe-methane efanelekileyo.
Imingeni yokusebenza isaqhubeka, ingakumbi ukuqhekeka kwejeli okungaphelelanga, ukuqhekeka kolwelo olungasebenzi kakuhle, kunye nokutsalwa kwemethane engaphantsi komgangatho. Ukuqhekeka kwejeli okungaphelelanga kubangela ukugcinwa kweentsalela zepolymer kwimixokelelwane yamalahle, okuthintela kakhulu ukuhamba kwemethane kunye nokunciphisa amazinga okubuyela kwimeko yesiqhelo. Ukuqhekeka kolwelo olungasebenzi kakuhle lwe-hydraulic fracturing kwandisa umonakalo wokungena kwamanzi, kunciphisa ngakumbi ukusebenza kakuhle kokukhupha kunye nokwandisa amaxesha okucoca imingxuma. Ezi ngxaki zidibeneyo zinciphisa imveliso yegesi kwaye zinyusa iindleko zokusebenza.
Ukuqonda ukuQokelelwa kweMethane eCoalbed
Yintoni iCoalbed Methane?
I-Coalbed methane (CBM) luhlobo lwegesi yendalo ekhoyo ikakhulu efunxwa kwiindawo zangaphakathi zamalahle kwaye ezinye zikhona kwinethiwekhi yokuqhekeka komthungo wamalahle. Ngokungafaniyo negesi yendalo eqhelekileyo, eqokelelana kwiindawo ezinamatye anemingxuma, i-CBM ibanjwe ngaphakathi kwi-matrix yamalahle ngenxa yeempawu ezikhethekileyo ze-micropore yamalahle kunye nommandla wayo omkhulu wangaphakathi. I-Methane ibanjwe ngamandla okufunxwa, okwenza ukukhululwa kwayo kuxhomekeke kutshintsho loxinzelelo kwindawo yokugcina amanzi kunye neenkqubo zokufunxwa kwamalahle ngaphakathi kwe-seams yamalahle.
Ii-CBM reservoirs zinemingeni eyahlukileyo xa kuthelekiswa nokutsalwa kwegesi okuqhelekileyo. Ulwakhiwo lwe-tworous media media yamalahle—ukuqhekeka kwendalo (ii-cleats) kunye nee-micropores—kuthetha ukuba ukuvuleka kwegesi kulawulwa kakhulu kukuqhawuka kwe-fracture, ngelixa ukugcinwa kwegesi kulawulwa yindawo engaphezulu kwe-matrix yamalahle. Amanqanaba okutsalwa kwegesi anokutshintshatshintsha kakhulu ngenxa yeendawo zoxinzelelo eziguquguqukayo kunye nokungafani kwe-geological. Ukudumba kwe-matrix yamalahle, ingakumbi ngexesha lokufakwa kwe-CO₂ ukuze kuphuculwe ukubuyiswa (i-CO₂-ECBM), kunokunciphisa ububanzi bokuqhekeka kwegesi kunye nokuvuleka okuphantsi, kunciphisa ukuhamba kwegesi kodwa ngamanye amaxesha kuphucula ukutsalwa kwegesi ngeendlela zokutsalwa kwegesi ezikhuphisanayo. Ukuthambekela kwamalahle ekuguqukeni ngokukhawuleza phantsi koxinzelelo kunye nokuthambekela ekungazinzini kwe-wellbore kuyenza ibe nzima ngakumbi imisebenzi yemveliso kwaye kufuna iindlela ezenzelwe ukukhuthaza kunye nolawulo lokuhamba kwe-reservoir.
Ukufakwa koMphunga kwi-Heavy Oil Thermal Recovery
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Yintoni iMethane yeCoal Bed?
Ukubaluleka koFracturing Fluids kwimisebenzi yeCBM
Ulwelo lokuqhekeka lubalulekile ekutsalweni kwe-CBM, ingakumbi xa kujongwa isidingo sokuvula imithungo yamalahle engangeni kakhulu kwaye kube lula ukukhululwa nokufuduka kwe-methane efakwe emanzini. Imisebenzi ephambili yale mithombo ibandakanya:
- Ukudala nokwandisa ukwaphuka ukuphucula unxibelelwano phakathi kwe-matrix yamalahle kunye nomthombo wemveliso.
- Ukuthutha iipropants (amasuntswana aqinileyo) nzulu kwiimfanta ukuze kugcinwe iindlela zokuhamba kwegesi zivulekile xa uxinzelelo lukhutshiwe.
- Ukutshintsha iindawo zoxinzelelo lwengingqi ukuze kuphuculwe i-fracture geometry kunye nokwandisa i-methane vintage.
Iimpawu eziphambili ze-fracturing fluids zokuvuselela i-CBM ngempumelelo zezi:
- Ukuqaqamba: Iphezulu ngokwaneleyo ukuba ixhonywe kwaye ithwale ipropant, kodwa kufuneka iqhekeke ngokukhawuleza ukuze i-flowback isebenze kakuhle kwaye ibuyise ulwelo lwe-hydraulic fracturing. I-viscosity ilawula indlela ii-propant ezithunyelwa ngayo kwaye ichaphazela i-flowback fluid viscosity, ichaphazela ukumiselwa kwe-endpoint yokwaphuka kwejeli kunye nexesha lomjikelo wokubuyisela.
- Uthutho oluPhambili: Ukukwazi ukugcina iipropants zixhonyiwe nokuqinisekisa ukuba indawo yazo iyafana kubalulekile, ingakumbi kwii-seams zamalahle ezinokubangela iifines okanye iipatheni zokuqhekeka ezingacwangciswanga. Ubuchwepheshe obutsha bolwelo, obufana nee-high viscosity friction reducer fluids (HVFRs) kunye nee-hydrophobic polymer/surfactant composites, zenzelwe ukuphucula uthutho lwepropants nokuphucula imveliso ye-methane phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo zamanzi.
- Uzinzo lweGel: Ulwelo olusekelwe kwijeli—kuquka iintlobo zejeli ye-silica—kufuneka luhlale luzinzile phantsi kobushushu obuqhelekileyo bereservoir kunye netyuwa, luxhathise ukuqhekeka kwangaphambi kwexesha de kugqitywe ukuvuselelwa. Ukwenziwa ngcono kwenkqubo yokuqhekeka kwejeli kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwe-gel breaker kwi-fracturing fluids kubalulekile ekulawuleni ukubuya kwamanzi ekukhutshweni kwe-coalbed methane kunye nokuthintela ukuqhekeka kwejeli okungaphelelanga, okunokuthintela ukubuyiselwa kolwelo kunye nokonakalise ukungena kwamanzi kwireservoir.
Kwenziwa izinto ezintsha ngeekhemikhali eziqhekeza ijeli ukulawula ngokuchanekileyo ixesha kunye nobungakanani bokuqhekeka kwejeli, ukuvumela abaqhubi ukuba baphucule umthamo we-gel breaker, baphucule ukubuyiswa kolwelo lwe-hydraulic fracturing, kwaye banciphise umngcipheko wokonakala kokwakheka. Ukujonga phambili okufana novavanyo lwe-viscosity ngexesha langempela kuya kuba yinto eqhelekileyo yokulungisa iiparameter zokusebenza ngexesha, ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kakuhle kolwelo lwe-fracturing kuyo yonke inkqubo ye-coalbed methane hydraulic fracturing.
Ulwelo lwe-hydraulic fracturing luyaqhubeka nokukhula kwimisebenzi ye-CBM, luqhutywa yimfuno yokubekwa kakuhle kwe-proppant, ukuqhekeka kwejeli okuthembekileyo, kunye nokukhutshwa kwe-methane eninzi kwi-seams yamalahle eyinkimbinkimbi ngokwesakhiwo.
Ukuqhekeka kweGel: Iingcamango kunye namanqaku oLawulo oluPhambili
Yintoni iGel Break kunye neGel Breaking Endpoint?
Ukuqhekeka kwejeli kubhekisa ekuwohlokeni kweejeli zepolymer ezisetyenziswa ekuqhekekeni kolwelo ngexesha lokukhupha i-methane ebotshelelweyo. Ezi jeli, zibalulekile ekuxhomeni ii-proppants kunye nokulawula ukuxinana kolwelo, kufuneka zitshintshe ukusuka kwijeli ene-viscosity ephezulu ukuya kulwelo olune-viscosity ephantsi ukuze kubuyelwe kakuhle.indawo yokuphela yokuphula ijelingumzuzu apho i-viscosity yehla ngaphantsi komda othile, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba ijeli ayisaphazamisi intshukumo yolwelo kwindawo yokugcina amanzi kwaye inokuveliswa ngokulula ukusuka ekubunjweni kwayo.
Ukufikelela kwindawo echanekileyo yokuqhekeka kwejeli kwi-hydraulic fracturing flowback kubalulekile. Indawo echanekileyo yokuqhekeka kwejeli iqinisekisa ukubuyiswa kolwelo lokuqhekeka ngokukhawuleza nangokucokisekileyo, kunciphisa umonakalo wokwakheka, kwaye kwandisa isivuno semethane. Umzekelo, iinkqubo zokuqhekeka kwejeli ezikhutshiweyo eziphucukileyo—ezifana ne-mesoporous SiO₂ nanoparticles okanye ii-bio-enzyme breakers—zivumela abaqhubi ukuba balawule ixesha kunye nokuphelela kwenkqubo yokuqhekeka kwejeli, belungisa i-viscosity curve ukuze ihambelane neemeko ze-reservoir kunye neemfuno zokusebenza. Izilingo zasentsimini zibonisa ukuba ukujonga i-viscosity ngexesha langempela kunye nokukhululwa kwe-breaker ngobulumko kuhambelana nokusebenza okuphuculweyo kwe-flowback kunye namazinga okukhupha i-methane.
Iziphumo zokuqhekeka kwejeli engaphelelanga
Ukuqhekeka kwejeli okungaphelelanga kushiya iipolymers eziseleyo okanye iziqwenga zejeli ngaphakathi kwidama lamalahle kunye nenethiwekhi yokuqhekeka. Ezi ntsalela zinokuvala izithuba zemingxuma, zinciphise ukungena kwamanzi kwidama, kwaye ziphazamise ukutsalwa kwemethane. Umonakalo obangelwa kukwakheka kwayo uthintela intshukumo yegesi, ubangele isivuno esiphantsi kwaye uthintele ukubuyiswa kolwelo oluqhekeka nge-hydraulic ngokufanelekileyo.
Ngaphezu koko, ukuqhekeka okungaphelelanga kwandisa ukugcinwa kwamanzi kumthungo wamalahle. La manzi agqithisileyo avala imijelo yokuhamba kwegesi kwaye anciphise ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-flowback hydraulic fracturing. Umzekelo, izifundo zokuthelekisa zibonisa ukuba ulwelo olutsha olusekwe kwi-hydrophobic polymer/surfactant lufezekisa ukuqhekeka kwejeli okupheleleyo kwaye lushiya intsalela encinci kuneenkqubo eziqhelekileyo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubuyiselweni okuphezulu kwe-methane ebotshelelwe ngamalahle. Ukungenelela okufana nonyango lwe-asidi emva kokuqhekeka kubonakalisiwe ukubuyisela ukuvuleka, kodwa ukuthintela kuhlala kungcono ngokuphucula inkqubo yokuqhekeka kwejeli ngokufanelekileyo.
Ukuphucula idosi yeGel Breaker
Ukuphucula uxinaniso lwe-gel breaker kubalulekile ekuqhekekeni kwe-gel fluid. Injongo kukusebenzisa izongezo ezaneleyo zeekhemikhali ze-gel breaker—ezifana nee-bio-enzymes, ii-oxidants zemveli, okanye ii-nanoparticle-encapsulated breakers—ukuze zonakalise i-gel ngaphandle kokushiya iikhemikhali ezigqithisileyo kwindawo yokugcina amanzi. Ukugqithisa umthamo kunokukhokelela ekulahlekelweni yi-viscosity ngaphambi kwexesha ngexesha lokubekwa kwe-proppant, ngelixa ukungabi namthamo uneleyo kubangela ukuqhekeka kwe-gel engaphelelanga kunye nokuqokelelana kweentsalela.
Iindlela zokulinganisa eziphucukileyo zisebenzisa iinkqubo zokwaphula ezifakwe kwiikhaphu okanye iifomyula ze-enzyme ezibangelwa bubushushu ukulinganisela ixesha lokunciphisa ijeli. Umzekelo, i-sulfamic acid efakwe kwiikhaphu kwi-urea-formaldehyde resin ivumela ukukhululwa kwe-breaker kancinci kancinci okufanelekileyo kwiifomyula zobushushu obuphezulu, ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-viscosity iyawa kuphela xa i-flowback iqala. Izixhobo zokujonga i-viscosity ngexesha langempela zibonelela ngempendulo enceda ekulungiseni ukusebenza kwe-gel breaker kwiifluid zokuqhekeka, zixhasa ukungenelela kwangoko ukuba iprofayili ye-viscosity iyaphambuka kwisicwangciso sokusebenza.
Imizekelo evela kwizifundo zakutshanje zovavanyo igxininisa iingenelo: Xa idosi ye-breaker ifaniswe ne-fracturing fluid viscosity kunye nobushushu be-reservoir, abaqhubi bafumene i-fracturing fluid flowback ekhawulezayo, banciphisa iikhemikhali eziseleyo, kwaye baphucula isivuno se-methane. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iiprotokholi zedosi eziqhelekileyo zihlala zibangela ukulibaziseka okanye i-flowback engaphelelanga, nto leyo egxininisa ukubaluleka kwedatha yexesha langempela kunye noxinzelelo lwe-breaker olulungiselelwe iindlela ze-coalbed methane hydraulic fracturing.
Ukujongwa kokuqhekeka kolwelo olune-Fracturing Viscosity: Iindlela kunye neeTekhnoloji
Iindlela zokulinganisa ukuqhekeka kolwelo
Ukukhupha i-methane ebekwe kwi-coalbed yanamhlanje kuxhomekeke ekulawuleni ngokuchanekileyo i-fracturing fluid viscosity.I-viscometry ekwi-intanethikunye neetekhnoloji zesensor zexesha langempela zivumela abaqhubi bentsimi ukuba balandelele i-viscosity ngokuqhubekayo ngexesha lokuphuma kwe-hydraulic fracturing. Iinketho ezibalulekileyo ziqukaLonnmei-terI-Viscometer ekwi-Line, eyenzelwe iimeko ezinzima zentsimi kwaye ihlangabezana nemigangatho ye-API yovavanyo lwe-viscosity. Ukuqina kwayo kuhambelana nokusebenza kwe-CBM enoxinzelelo oluphezulu, kwaye ivumela ukubekwa esweni okuqhubekayo kwiitanki zokuxuba okanye iipompo zokujova.
Iindlela zemveli zelebhu, ezifana nee-viscometer ezijikelezayo, ziquka ukuqokelela iisampulu kunye nokulinganisa i-viscosity nge-torque efunekayo ukuze kujikeleziswe i-spindle ngesantya esingaguqukiyo.ulwelo olungelulo ulwelo lwaseNewtonianIxhaphakile kwiindlela zokuqhekeka kwe-hydraulic ze-CBM, iindlela zokujikeleza kwelebhu zibonelela ngokuchanekileyo okuphezulu kodwa ziyacotha, zizisa ukubambezeleka kwesampulu, kwaye zihlala zisilela ukubamba utshintsho oluguquguqukayo lwe-viscosity ngexesha langempela. Iindlela ezisekwe kwi-Ultraviolet kunye ne-computer-vision zokulinganisa i-viscosity ziye zavela kuhlalutyo oluphezulu kodwa zisaxhomekeke kakhulu kwilebhu.
Ii-viscometers ezingcangcazelayo, njengeentlobo ze-vibrating-rod, zilinganisa ngokuthe ngqo i-viscosity ebaleni ngokubona i-vibrational damping okanye i-resonance change. Ezi ndlela zivumela uvavanyo olukhawulezileyo noluqhubekayo ngexesha le-flowback hydraulic fracturing.
Ukubeka esweni ngexesha langempela xa kuthelekiswa neSampuli eqhelekileyo
Ukubeka iliso kwi-viscometer ngexesha langempela kunika abaqhubi ingxelo ekhawulezileyo ngezigqibo ezibalulekileyo zolawulo lwenkqubo. Ii-viscometer ezikwi-inline kunye neenkqubo ze-sensor zibonelela ngokufundwa okuzenzakalelayo, okuqhubekayo ngaphandle kokulibaziseka okunxulunyaniswa nokuqokelelwa kwesampuli kunye nohlalutyo lwelebhu. Olu hlobo lokuphendula lubalulekile ekulawuleni ukuhamba kwakhona kokukhupha i-methane e-coalbed, njengoko ukufunyanwa kwangethuba kokuqhekeka kwejeli okungaphelelanga kwenza uhlengahlengiso olukhawulezileyo lwedosi ye-gel breaker kunye nokwenza ngcono inkqubo. Umzekelo, izongezo ze-gel breaker ezikhutshwayo rhoqo, ezifana ne-paraffin-coated silica nanoparticles, zifuna ixesha lokusebenza kwazo ngokuncipha kwe-viscometer, okunokwenzeka kuphela ngedatha yexesha langempela. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iisampulu zelebhu azinakubona utshintsho olukhawulezileyo, ukulibazisa amanyathelo okulungisa kunye nokubeka emngciphekweni ukubuyiswa kolwelo lwe-hydraulic fracturing olungasebenzi kakuhle.
Ngaphezu koko, izongezo zeekhemikhali zokuqhekeza ijeli ezisekelwe kwi-enzyme kunye ne-CO₂-responsive zixhomekeke kwimpendulo ekhawulezileyo malunga neendlela ze-viscosity. Ukulinganisa i-viscosity okuqhubekayo kuxhasa idosi enamandla kunye nokusebenza, ukuphucula ukusebenza kwe-gel breaker kwi-fracturing fluids kunye nokuphucula ukusetyenziswa ngexesha leendlela ze-coalbed methane hydraulic fracturing.
Iingenelo eziphambili zokubeka esweni ngexesha langempela ziquka:
- Impendulo ekhawulezayo kutshintsho lwe-viscosity ngexesha lokuqhekeka kolwelo oluphumayo.
- Ukunciphisa inkunkuma yemveliso kunye nokuhambelana okungcono kwebhetshi.
- Ukuhlanganiswa ngokuthe ngqo kwiinkqubo zolawulo lwenkqubo kunye nokuthobela imithetho.
Iiparameter ezibalulekileyo zokulandelela
Eyona nto ibalulekileyo ekujongeni ulwelo lwe-hydraulic fracturing yi-flowback fluid viscosity. Ukulandelela le parameter ngexesha langempela kubonisa imeko esebenzayo yokuqhekeka kwejeli kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwe-breaker. Utshintsho olukhulu kwisignali ye-flowback fluid viscosity nokuba ukuqhekeka kwejeli kugqityiwe, kufuna ukuqinisekiswa kwendawo yokugqibela kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-breaker ngakumbi. Ukufunda komatshini kunye nokucubungula isignali okuphambili, okufana nokuqhekeka kwendlela ye-empirical, kucokisa ukuchaneka kwedatha nakwiimeko ezinzima zoshishino, kuqinisekisa ukuqonda okusebenzayo ngexesha lemisebenzi ye-fracturing.
Iiparamitha eziphambili zexesha langempela ziquka:
- Ubushushu bolwelo kunye noxinzelelo kwiindawo zokulinganisa.
- Izinga lokucheba ngaphakathi kwemigca yokuhamba kwamanzi.
- Ubukho bezinto ezingcolisayo nezingamaqhekeza ezichaphazela ukufundwa kwe-viscosity.
- Izinga kunye nokuhambelana kwe-viscosity kuyehla emva kokongeza i-breaker.
Xa i-viscosity yehla kakhulu, abaqhubi banokuqinisekisa ukuphuka kwejeli okusebenzayo kwaye banciphise idosi engeyomfuneko ye-breaker. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ukuphuka kwejeli okungaphelelanga kubangela i-viscosity ephezulu eqhubekayo, efuna isenzo sokulungisa ngokukhawuleza.
Ngamafutshane, ukujonga rhoqo i-flowback fluid viscosity kubonelela ngempendulo yexesha langempela yokwenza ngcono inkqubo yokuqhekeka kwejeli, kuxhasa ukuqinisekiswa kwe-endpoint yokuqhekeka kwejeli, kwaye kuxhasa ulawulo oluhambelanayo lokubuyiswa kolwelo lwe-hydraulic fracturing olusebenzayo ekutsalweni kwe-methane ebotshelelweyo ngamalahle.
Ukusetyenziswa kunye nokuhlanganiswa kwiCoalbed Methane Extract
Idatha yeViscosity yeXesha langempela yokuQinisekisa iGel Breaking Endpoint
Impendulo ekhawulezileyo ye-viscosity kwindawo yomthombo ivumela abaqhubi ukuba babone isiphelo esichanekileyo sokuqhekeka kwejeli kulwelo lokuqhekeka. Ii-viscometer ezikwi-inline zibamba utshintsho oluqhubekayo kwiipropati zolwelo kuyo yonke inkqubo yokuqhekeka kwe-hydraulic, ukuqinisekisa ukuba utshintsho oluvela kwi-gelled ukuya kwi-breaked fluid lulandelwa ngokuchanekileyo. Le ndlela ithintela iingozi ezinxulumene nokufakwa kwe-gel breaker ngaphambi kwexesha, okunokubangela ukuthuthwa kwe-proppant engaphelelanga kunye nokunciphisa ukuhamba kwe-fracture. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ukujonga ngexesha langempela kunciphisa ukulibaziseka kokuqhekeka kwejeli okunokuthintela ukubuyela umva, kubangele umonakalo wokwakheka, okanye kunyuse iindleko zeekhemikhali.
Izixhobo zokubona imilo yebhamuza ezisekwe kwi-optical sensor eziphambili ziqinisekisiwe ukuba zisetyenziswe kwimigodi ye-coalbed methane (CBM), zibonelela ngokubona indlela yokuhamba kwegesi-ulwelo echaphazeleka ngokuthe ngqo yi-fracturing fluid viscosity. Ezi zixhobo zidibana ngaphandle kwengxaki neziseko zophuhliso kwaye zibonelela ngengqiqo yokusebenza ebalulekileyo ekulawuleni i-dynamics yokuphuka kwejeli, ingakumbi kwiimeko zokuhamba kwe-multi-phase eziqhelekileyo zokukhupha i-CBM. Ngokusebenzisa iiprofayili ze-dynamic viscosity endaweni ye-static cutoff values, abaqhubi bafumana ulawulo oluphezulu kwi-endpoint yokuphuka kwejeli, ukunciphisa umngcipheko wokuphuka kwejeli engaphelelanga kunye nokungasebenzi kakuhle kwemveliso okunxulumene noko.
Uhlengahlengiso oluzenzekelayo lweGel Breaker Dosage
Impendulo yokuxinana ivumela ukulinganiswa ngokuzenzekelayo kwedosi yokuqhekeza ijeli kwindawo. Iinkqubo zolawulo ezikrelekrele, ezixhotyiswe ngabavavanyi bodaka abazenzekelayo kunye nee-sensor-integrated feedback loops, zilungisa izinga lokujova kweekhemikhali zokuqhekeza ngokuphendula ngqo kwidatha yepropathi yolwelo oluphilayo. Le ndlela iqhutywa yidatha ibalulekile ekwenzeni ngcono inkqubo yokuqhekeza ijeli kwiindlela zokuqhekeza ijeli nge-coalbed methane hydraulic.
Ii-gel breakers ezifakwe kwiikhaphu-kuquka i-urea-formaldehyde resin kunye ne-sulfamic acid variants-zenzelwe ukukhululwa okulawulwayo, zithintela ukunciphisa i-viscosity ngaphambi kwexesha naphantsi kweemeko zobushushu obuphezulu. Uvavanyo lwelabhoratri luqinisekisa umsebenzi wazo oqhubekayo kunye nokusebenza okuthembekileyo, zixhasa amaqhinga okulungisa ngokuzenzekelayo kwintsimi. Ii-Bio-enzyme-enhanced breakers ziphucula ngakumbi ukukhetha kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwedosi, ingakumbi xa ubushushu kunye neeprofayili ze-shear zitshintshatshintsha ngexesha lokuqhekeka kolwelo. Ezi mixtures ze-smart breaker zinciphisa i-viscosity ukuya ngaphantsi kwe-10 cP kwi-100 s⁻¹ shear rate, zinceda ngokuthe ngqo ukumiselwa kwe-endpoint yokwaphuka kwe-gel kunye nokwenza ngcono i-chemical additive additive.
Iingenelo ziquka ukukhululwa ngcono kwe-methane kwi-seams yamalahle, ukubuyiswa kolwelo oluqhekekayo olusebenzayo ngakumbi, kunye nokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kweekhemikhali ngokubanzi. Iinkqubo zokulinganisa i-breaker ezizenzekelayo zinciphisa umngcipheko wokungasebenzi kakuhle kunye nonyango olugqithisileyo, ziququzelela ulawulo olupheleleyo lwezongezo zeekhemikhali eziqhekekayo zejeli kunye nenkunkuma encinci.
Impembelelo ekusebenzeni kakuhle kweHydraulic Fracturing Flowback Efficiency
Ukubeka iliso kwiprofayili ye-viscosity ngexesha le-flowback hydraulic fracturing kubalulekile ekuqikeleleni nasekunciphiseni ubude be-flowback ekukhutsheni i-CBM. Iimodeli zohlalutyo ezisebenzisa idatha ye-viscosity yexesha langempela kunye ne-material balance equations zibonakalise ukubuyiselwa okuphuculweyo kolwelo lwe-fracturing, okubangela ukubuyela ngokukhawuleza kwimveliso yegesi. Abaqhubi basebenzisa le datha ukujolisa ngokuguquguqukayo kwindawo echanekileyo yokuqhekeka kwejeli kunye nokukhawulezisa i-flowback, ukunciphisa umngcipheko wokonakala kwexesha elide kunye nokwandisa imveliso ye-reservoir.
Ukulinganisa inethiwekhi yokuqhekeka kwe-fractal kunye nezifundo ze-tracer zibonisa ukuba ulawulo oluphendula kwi-viscosity luphucula ukugcinwa komthamo wokuqhekeka kwaye luthintela ukuvalwa kwangaphambi kwexesha. Uhlalutyo oluthelekisayo lwamaxesha okuqala kunye nawesibini okuphuma kwe-flowback lugxininisa indima yolawulo lwe-viscosity ekugcineni amazinga aphezulu emveliso kunye nokunciphisa ukubanjwa kolwelo ngaphakathi kwi-matrix yamalahle. Ngokudibanisa impendulo ye-tracer kunye nokubeka esweni i-viscosity ngexesha langempela, abaqhubi bafumana ubukrelekrele obusebenzayo bokuphucula okuqhubekayo kokulungiswa kwe-fracturing fluid flowback kwimigodi ye-CBM.
Ukuhlanganiswa ne-CO₂ Fracturing kwi-Coalbed Methane
Ukusebenza kwe-CO₂ fracturing coalbed methane kuzisa imingeni eyahlukileyo ekulawuleni i-flowback fluid viscosity. Ukungeniswa kwe-CO₂-responsive surfactants kwenza kube lula ukulungelelanisa i-viscosity ngokukhawuleza, ngexesha langempela, kulungele utshintsho kwi-fluid composition kunye nobushushu be-reservoir ngexesha lokuvuselela. Izifundo zovavanyo zibonisa ukuba amazinga aphezulu e-surfactant kunye ne-CO₂ thickeners eziphambili zivelisa ukulingana okukhawulezayo kwi-viscosity, okuxhasa ukwanda kwe-fracture okusebenzayo ngakumbi kunye nokukhululwa kwegesi.
Iinkqubo ezintsha ze-wireline ze-elektroniki kunye neenkqubo ze-telemetry zibonelela ngempendulo ekhawulezileyo malunga neenxalenye zolwelo oluqhekekayo kunye nokusebenzisana kwazo ne-CO₂, okuvumela uhlengahlengiso oluguquguqukayo kwisakhiwo solwelo ngexesha lokugqitywa. Oku kuphucula ulawulo lwe-kinetics yokuqhekeka kwejeli kwaye kunciphisa ukuqhekeka kwejeli okungaphelelanga, ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukuvuselelwa kwequla kufezekisa iziphumo ezilungileyo.
Kwiimeko zokuqhekeka kwejeli ye-CO₂ foam, iifomyula zigcina i-viscosity engaphezulu kwama-50 mPa·s kwaye zinciphisa umonakalo ongundoqo ngaphantsi kwe-19%. Ukulungisa ixesha kunye nomthamo wezongezo zokuqhekeka kwejeli kubalulekile, njengoko ukwanda kwee-CO₂ fractions, amaqondo obushushu, kunye namazinga okucheba kutshintsha ngokukhawuleza indlela yokuziphatha kwe-rheological. Ukuhlanganiswa kwedatha ngexesha langempela, kunye nezongezo eziphendula ngobuchule, kuxhasa ulawulo lwenkqubo kunye nolawulo lokusingqongileyo ngokuphucula ukubuyiswa kolwelo lwe-hydraulic fracturing kunye nokunciphisa umonakalo wokwakheka.
Ukuhamba kwakhona kweHydraulic Fracturing kunye namanzi avelisweyo okususa i-CO2
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Ukuphucula Iziphumo zeNdalo kunye nezoQoqosho
Ukuncitshiswa kweMithwalo yoNyango lwaManzi olubuyela umva
Ukuqhekeka kwejeli yolwelo lwe-fracturing okwenziwa ngcono, okuvunyiweyo kukulinganiswa kwe-viscosity yexesha langempela kunye nedosi echanekileyo ye-gel breaker, kunciphisa kakhulu uxinano lwe-polymer eseleyo kwi-flowback fluids. Oku kwenza lula unyango lwamanzi asezantsi, njengoko iintsalela ezimbalwa zejeli ziguqulela ekubeni zingavaleki kangako kwi-filtration media kwaye kuncitshiswe imfuno yee-agents zonyango lweekhemikhali. Umzekelo, iinkqubo ezisekwe kwi-cavitation zisebenzisa i-microbubble collapse ukuze ziphazamise ngokufanelekileyo ukungcola kunye neejeli eziseleyo, okuvumela ukuphuma okukhulu kwizityalo zonyango kunye nokunciphisa ukungcola kwe-membrane okubonwa kwiinkqubo ze-reverse osmosis kunye ne-forward osmosis.
Ulwelo olucocayo olubuyela umva lukwanciphisa umngcipheko wokusingqongileyo, njengoko iijeli ezisele ezinciphileyo kunye neekhemikhali zithetha ukuba akukho mathuba maninzi okungcoliswa komhlaba namanzi kwiindawo zokulahla okanye zokusebenzisa kwakhona. Izifundo ziqinisekisa ukuba ukuqhekeka kwejeli ngokupheleleyo—ingakumbi ngee-bio-enzyme gel breakers—kubangela ubuthi obuphantsi, intsalela encinci, kunye nokuphuculwa kokuqhuba ukuqhekeka, okuxhasa ukubuyiselwa kwemethane ngempumelelo kunye nokuhlaziywa kwamanzi okulula ngaphandle kokunyuka kweendleko ezinkulu. Uvavanyo lwasentsimini kwi-Ordos Basin lubonisa ezi zibonelelo zokusingqongileyo kunye nokusebenza, zidibanisa ukuqhekeka kwejeli okucokisekileyo ngokuthe ngqo nokuphuculwa komgangatho wamanzi kunye nomthwalo ophantsi wolawulo kubasebenzi.
Ukonga Iindleko Zokusebenza kunye Nokuphucula Izixhobo
Ukuqhekeka kwejeli yolwelo lokuqhekeka ngokufanelekileyo kunciphisa ixesha elifunekayo lokuqhekeka kwe-hydraulic flowback kwi-coalbed methane extraction. Ngokumisela ngokuchanekileyo isiphelo sokuqhekeka kwejeli kunye nokwenza ngcono idosi yokuqhekeza ijeli, abaqhubi banciphisa zombini umthamo wolwelo lokuqhekeka olufuna unyango kunye nexesha elipheleleyo ekufuneka lihlale kwimodi yokuqhekeka emva kokuqhekeka. Oku kuncipha kwexesha lokuqhekeka kukhokelela ekongeni amanzi kakhulu kwaye kunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kweekhemikhali kunyango, kunciphisa iindleko zokusebenza zizonke.
Iindlela eziphambili—ezifana nee-SiO₂ nanoparticle gel breakers ezikhutshwa rhoqo kunye nezisombululo ze-bio-enzyme—ziphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kokuqhekeka kwejeli kwiiprofayili ezahlukeneyo zobushushu, ziqinisekisa ukuwohloka kwentsalela ngokukhawuleza nangokucokisekileyo. Ngenxa yoko, ukubuyiswa kolwelo kuba ngokukhawuleza nangokucocekileyo, kunciphisa ixesha lokungasebenzi kwaye kuphucula ukusasazwa kwezixhobo. Ukwanda kokususwa kwemethane kwilahle kubonwa ngenxa yokuvaleka okuncinci kwemingxuma, okuqhuba amazinga aphezulu emveliso yegesi yokuqala. Izifundo zamalahle zase-Illinois ziqinisekisa ukuba intsalela yejeli inokuphazamisa ukutsalwa kwemethane kunye ne-CO₂, nto leyo egxininisa ukubaluleka kokuqhekeka kwejeli ngokupheleleyo ukuze kwenziwe ngcono imveliso.
Abaqhubi abasebenzisa ukujonga i-viscosity ngexesha langempela babonakalise ulawulo oluphuculweyo lolwelo lokuqhekeka, nto leyo eguqulela ngokuthe ngqo ekusetyenzisweni ngcono kwezixhobo. Utyalo-mali oluphambili kwiindlela eziphambili zokwaphula ijeli kunye netekhnoloji yokujonga ngexesha langempela zibonelela ngokonga uqoqosho ngokunciphisa iindleko zokucoca, ukunciphisa umonakalo wokwakheka, kunye nemveliso enamandla yegesi eqhubekayo. Ezi zinto zintsha ngoku ziphambili kubaqhubi abafuna ukunciphisa iimpembelelo zokusingqongileyo kunye nokwandisa imbuyekezo yezoqoqosho kwimisebenzi yokuqhekeka kwe-hydraulic methane eboshiweyo.
Amaqhinga aPhambili okuphumeza ukuBekwa kweliso kweViscosity ngexesha langempela
Ukukhethwa kwezixhobo kunye nokubekwa kwazo
Ukukhetha izinzwa ze-viscosity ezifanelekileyo zokukhupha i-methane ebotshelelwe ngamalahle kufuna ukuqwalaselwa ngononophelo kwemigangatho eliqela:
- Uluhlu Lokulinganisa:Iisensors kufuneka zilungele uluhlu olupheleleyo lwe-fracturing fluid viscosities, kuquka notshintsho ngexesha lokuqhekeka kwejeli kunye nokubuya kwe-flowback.
- Ixesha Lokuphendula:Iisensa eziphendula ngokukhawuleza ziyimfuneko ekulandeleni utshintsho olukhawulezileyo kwi-rheology yolwelo oluqhekekayo, ingakumbi ngexesha lokufakwa kweekhemikhali ezongeziweyo kunye neziganeko zokubuyela umva. Ingxelo yexesha langempela ixhasa izigqibo malunga nokwenza ngcono idosi ye-gel breaker kwaye imisela ngokuchanekileyo iindawo zokuphela kwe-gel breaking.
- Ukuhambelana:Iisensors kufuneka zikwazi ukumelana nohlaselo lweekhemikhali oluvela kwizithako zeekhemikhali eziqhekeza ijeli, ulwelo olusekwe kwi-CO2, kunye nemixube ye-proppant erhabaxa. Izinto kufuneka zimelane neemeko ezinzima neziguquguqukayo ze-hydraulic ezifumaneka kwiisekethe ze-CBM fracturing.
Ukubekwa ngokugqibeleleyo kwee-viscosity sensors kubalulekile ukuze idatha ichaneke kwaye ithembeke:
- Iindawo Eziphezulu Zomsebenzi We-Hydraulic:Iisensors ezifakwe kufutshane okanye ngaphakathi kwimigca yokuhambisa ulwelo oluqhekekayo—phezulu nasezantsi kweendawo zokujova i-gel breaker—zibamba utshintsho oluchanekileyo lwe-viscosity kulawulo lokusebenza.
- Izitishi zokujonga ukuhamba kwamanzi:Ukubeka iisensa kwiindawo zokuqala zokuqokelela nokukhupha ijeli kwenza kube lula ukuvavanya ukusebenza kwejeli, iingxaki zokuphuka kwejeli ezingaphelelanga, kunye ne-flowback fluid viscosity yokubuyisela ulwelo lwe-hydraulic fracturing.
- Ukhetho lweNdawo oluqhutywa yiDatha:Uyilo lovavanyo lweBayesian kunye neendlela zohlalutyo lovakalelo zigxila kwiisensa kwiindawo ezinokufumana ulwazi olulindelekileyo, zinciphisa ukungaqiniseki kwaye ziphucule ukumelwa kokujonga i-viscosity.
Imizekelo:Ii-viscometers ezikwi-lineidityaniswe ngokuthe ngqo kwiindawo eziphambili zesekethe yokuqhekeka ivumela ukujongwa kwenkqubo okuqhubekayo, ngelixa ii-sparse sensor arrays eziyilwe kusetyenziswa i-QR factorization zigcina ukuqina ngezixhobo ezimbalwa.
Ukudibanisa neZiseko zeCBM ezikhoyo
Ukulungisa kwakhona ukujonga i-viscosity ngexesha langempela kubandakanya ukuphuculwa kobugcisa kunye nokulungiswa komsebenzi:
- Iindlela Zokulungisa Izinto:Iinkqubo zokuqhekeka ezikhoyo zihlala zivumela ii-inline sensors—ezifana nee-pipe viscometers—ngokunxibelelana okune-flanged okanye okune-threaded. Ukukhethwa kwee-sensors ezineenkqubo zonxibelelwano lwenethiwekhi ezisemgangathweni (i-Modbus, i-OPC) kuqinisekisa ukuhlanganiswa okungenamthungo.
- Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-SCADA:Ukuqhagamshela izinzwa ze-viscosity kwiinkqubo ze-SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) kwindawo yonke kwenza kube lula ukuqokelelwa kwedatha ngokuzenzekelayo, ii-alamu ze-viscosity engaqhelekanga, kunye nolawulo oluhambelanayo lwe-fracturing fluid rheology.
- Uqeqesho lweeNgcali zaseMindani:Iingcali zobugcisa azifanele zifunde kuphela ukusebenza kwe-sensor kodwa neendlela zokutolika idatha. Iinkqubo zoqeqesho ziquka iindlela zokulinganisa, ukuqinisekiswa kwedatha, ukusombulula iingxaki, kunye nokulinganisa izithako zeekhemikhali eziqhekeza ijeli ngokweziphumo ze-viscosity zexesha langempela.
- Ukusebenzisa idatha ye-Viscosity:Iideshibhodi zexesha langempela zibonisa iindlela zokuqhekeka kolwelo, zixhasa uhlengahlengiso olukhawulezileyo kwidosi ye-gel breaker kunye nokulawula ukuhamba kwakhona kokukhupha i-methane ecoalbed. Umzekelo: Iinkqubo zokulinganisa ezizenzekelayo zisebenzisa impendulo ye-sensor ukuphucula inkqubo yokuqhekeka kwe-gel kunye nokuthintela ukuqhekeka kwe-gel okungaphelelanga.
Icebo ngalinye—ukukhetha i-sensor, ukubeka kakuhle, ukuhlanganiswa kweziseko zophuhliso, kunye nenkxaso yokusebenza eqhubekayo—liqinisekisa ukuba ukujonga i-viscosity ngexesha langempela kubonelela ngedatha esebenzisekayo yokuphucula iinkqubo ze-hydraulic fracturing ze-coalbed methane kunye nokwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle.
Imibuzo ebuzwa rhoqo
1. Yintoni i-coalbed methane kwaye yahluke njani kwigesi yendalo eqhelekileyo?
I-Coalbed methane (CBM) yigesi yendalo egcinwe kwiintlambo zamalahle, ikakhulu njengegesi efunxayo kumphezulu wamalahle. Ngokungafaniyo negesi yendalo eqhelekileyo, efumaneka njengegesi ekhululekileyo kwiindawo zokugcina amanzi ezinamanzi ezifana namatye esanti kunye neekhabhonati, i-CBM ine-porosity ephantsi kunye nokuvuleka kwamanzi. Oku kuthetha ukuba igesi ibotshelelwe ngokuqinileyo, kwaye ukukhupha kuxhomekeke ekususeni amanzi kunye nokunciphisa uxinzelelo ukuze kukhutshwe i-methane kwi-matrix yamalahle. Iindawo zokugcina amanzi ze-CBM nazo zinomahluko amaninzi, zihlala ziqulathe i-biogenic okanye i-thermogenic methane. Ukuqhekeka kwe-hydraulic kubalulekile kwimveliso ye-CBM, kufuna ulawulo olucokisekileyo lokuphuma kwamanzi kunye nokuqhekeka kwejeli ukuze kuphuculwe ukubuyiswa kwegesi kunye nokunciphisa umonakalo wokwakheka.
2. Yintoni ukuqhekeka kwejeli ekucutshungulweni kolwelo oluqhekekayo?
Ukuqhekeka kwejeli kubhekisa kwinkqubo yokuwohloka kweekhemikhali ze-high-viscosity fracturing fluids ezisetyenziswa ngexesha lokuqhekeka kwe-hydraulic. Ezi fluids, ezidla ngokujiya ngeepolymers, zifakwa kwi-reservoir ukuze zenze ukwaphuka kwaye zithwale isanti okanye i-proppant. Emva kokuqhekeka, ii-gel breakers—ikakhulu ezisekwe kwi-enzyme, i-nanoparticle, okanye ii-chemical agents—zongezwa ukunciphisa i-viscosity ngokuqhekeza imixokelelwane ye-polymer. Nje ukuba ijeli iqhekeke, ulwelo lutshintshela kwi-low-viscosity, okuvumela ukuhamba kakuhle, ukunciphisa intsalela, kunye nokuphuculwa kwemveliso ye-methane.
3. Ukubeka iliso le-viscosity ngexesha langempela kunceda njani ekuqhekekeni kwejeli yolwelo?
Ukubeka iliso kwi-viscosity ngexesha langempela kubonelela ngedatha ekhawulezileyo neqhubekayo malunga ne-viscosity yolwelo lokuqhekeka njengoko kusenzeka ukuqhekeka kwejeli. Oku kuvumela abasebenzi ukuba:
- Misela ngokuchanekileyo isiphelo sokuqhekeka kwejeli kwaye uthintele ukuqhekeka okungaphelelanga.
- Lungisa idosi ye-gel breaker ngendlela eguquguqukayo, uphephe ukusetyenziswa kakhulu kwe-breaker okanye unyango olungaphelelanga.
- Fumana utshintsho olubi (ukuxinana okuphezulu, ungcoliseko) kwaye uphendule ngokukhawuleza.
- Yenza ngcono ukuhamba kwamanzi aqhekekayo ukuze kukhawuleze kubuye kucoceke kwaye kuphuculwe ukusebenza kakuhle kokukhupha i-CBM.
Umzekelo, kwimigodi ye-CBM, ii-telemetry ze-elektroniki kunye nee-downhole sensors zikhokela ixesha kunye nomthamo we-gel breaker injection, zinciphisa iingozi zokusebenza kunye namaxesha omjikelo.
4. Kutheni kubalulekile ukwenza ngcono idosi ye-gel breaker xa kutsalwa i-methane ebotshelelwe ngamalahle?
Umlinganiselo ofanelekileyo we-gel breaker ubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuwohloka ngokupheleleyo kwee-polymers ze-gel ngaphandle kokulimaza i-reservoir. Ukuba umthamo uphantsi kakhulu, i-gel residue inokuvala izithuba ze-pore, inciphise ukuvuleka kunye nemveliso ye-methane. Ukusetyenziswa kakhulu kwe-breaker kunokubeka emngciphekweni ukwehla ngokukhawuleza kwe-viscosity okanye umonakalo weekhemikhali. Umlinganiselo ophuculweyo—odla ngokufezekiswa ngee-nanoparticles okanye ii-bio-enzymes ezikhutshwa rhoqo—ubangela oku kulandelayo:
- Umonakalo omncinci wokwakheka kunye nokugcinwa kwamasalela
- Ukubuya kolwelo oluqhekekayo ngokufanelekileyo
- Iindleko eziphantsi zokunyanga amanzi emva kokubuya kwamanzi
- Ukuphuculwa kokususwa kwemethane kunye nemveliso iyonke.
5. Ziziphi izizathu kunye neengozi eziqhelekileyo zokuqhekeka kwejeli engaphelelanga xa kutsalwa i-CBM?
Ukuqhekeka kwejeli okungaphelelanga kunokubangelwa zezi zinto zilandelayo:
- Uxinzelelo olunganelanga lwe-gel breaker okanye ixesha elingachanekanga
- Ukuxubana nokungasasazeki kakuhle kolwelo kwindawo yomthombo
- Iimeko ezingalunganga zedama (ubushushu, i-pH, ikhemistri yamanzi)
Iingozi ziquka:
- I-fluid viscosity ephezulu, ethintela ukucocwa
- Iipolymers eziseleyo zivimba imijelo yeembobo, zibangela umonakalo wokwakheka
- Amanqanaba aphantsi okubuyisa imethane ngenxa yeendlela ezithintelweyo zokufunxa amanzi
- Iindleko ezinyukileyo zokunyanga amanzi nokulungisa imithombo yamanzi
Umzekelo, ukusetyenziswa kweziqhekezi zeekhemikhali eziqhelekileyo ngaphandle kokujonga ngexesha langempela kunokushiya iziqwenga zepolymer ezingagayiwanga, nto leyo enciphisa imveliso kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwe-CBM.
6. I-CO₂ fracturing iyichaphazela njani i-fracturing fluid viscosity kwimisebenzi ye-coalbed methane?
Ukuqhekeka kwe-CO₂ kungenisa i-CO₂ njengefoam okanye ulwelo olungaphezulu kolufunekayo kumxube wolwelo lokuqhekeka. Oku kutshintsha ukusebenzisana kweekhemikhali kunye neempawu ze-rheological zejeli, okubangela:
- Ukuqina kwe-viscosity kwehla ngokukhawuleza xa iqhekeza le-CO₂ volume liphezulu, izinga lokucheba, kunye nobushushu
- Ingxaki yomonakalo kwi-matrix ukuba i-viscosity yehla ngokukhawuleza okanye iintsalela ziyaqhubeka
- Imfuneko yee-thickeners ze-CO₂ ezikhethekileyo kunye nee-surfactants ukuze kuzinziswe i-viscosity ukuze kuthuthwe i-propant ngempumelelo kwaye kuphulwe i-gel ngokufanelekileyo
Abaqhubi kufuneka basebenzise ukujonga i-viscosity ngexesha langempela ukuze balungise idosi ye-breaker ngokuphendula kwezi ntshukumo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-gel iyaphuka ngokupheleleyo kwaye ikhusela umthungo wamalahle.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Novemba-06-2025
