Ukutya Neziselo Ezixinzelelweyo
Uxinzelelo lokutya luthetha ukususa inxalenye yesinyibilikisi ekutyeni okumanzi ukuze kuveliswe, kulondolozwe kwaye kuthuthwe ngcono. Ingahlulwahlulwa ibe ngumxube wokufuma kunye noxinzelelo lokukhenkceza.
Uxinzelelo lwe-Evaporation
Ukufuma kusebenza ngokusekelwe kumahluko oguquguqukayo phakathi kwe-solute kunye ne-solvent. Xa ukuguquguquka kwe-solute kwisisombululo kuncinci kwaye i-solvent inokuguquguquka okucacileyo, i-solvent iyaphefumuliswa ngokufudumeza ukuze igxininise isisombululo. Isisombululo sokutya esiza kugxila sifakwa kwi-evaporator kwaye sifudunyezwe ngumthombo wobushushu wangaphandle. Njengoko ubushushu bunyuka, i-solvent (amanzi) kwisisombululo iya kuguqulwa ibe ngumphunga, kuba iqondo lokubila lamanzi liphantsi kwaye kulula ukuliphefumulisa.
Ngexesha lenkqubo yokuphuma komoya, umphunga we-solvent uphuma rhoqo, ngelixa i-solute (ezifana neswekile, iiproteni, iiminerali, iivithamini, ii-pigment kunye nezinye izinto ezingonakalisiyo okanye ezinzima ukubola) zihlala kwisisombululo esiseleyo ngenxa yokuba sibilisa kakhulu kwaye sinokuguquguquka okuphantsi. Umphunga we-solvent ophumayo emva koko uqokelelwa kwaye upholiswe nge-condenser ukuze uguqulwe ube yimo engamanzi. Le nkqubo inokubuyisela amandla athile kwaye inciphise ukusetyenziswa kwamandla. Amanzi aqunyiweyo anokuphinda asetyenziswe okanye akhutshwe.
Isisombululo sokuqala sixutywe sibe ngumthamo omncinci emva kokufuma kunye nokufuma njengoxinzelelo olukhulayo lwesinyibilikisi. Isisombululo sokutya esixutyiweyo singasetyenziselwa ukucubungula okulandelayo, njengokomisa ngakumbi, iilekese, iijam, iijusi, okanye njengezinto ezisetyenziswa phakathi kwemveliso yokutya.
Inkqubo yokufuma kunye nokugxila enezigaba ezininzi okanye eneziphumo ezininzi idla ngokusetyenziswa kwimveliso yemizi-mveliso esebenzayo. Ngokweemfuno zeenkqubo ezithile zemveliso, ukugxila kokutya kufuneka kulinganiswe ngokuchanekileyo ngexesha langempela ukuqinisekisa umgangatho wemveliso ozinzileyo kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kokugxila.ILonnmeter, umthengisi wemitha yoxinaniso kwi-intanethi, ukuze ufumane okungakumbiimitha yoxinaniso kwi-intanethiizisombululo.
Iimpawu eziphambili zoMphunga kunye noXinzelelo
Ubushushu kunye nexesha lokufudumeza kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo nzulu ekuphelisweni kokutya neziselo. "Ubushushu obuphantsi kunye nexesha elifutshane" ikakhulu kukuqinisekisa umgangatho wokutya kangangoko kunokwenzeka, ngelixa "ubushushu obuphezulu kunye nexesha elifutshane" ikakhulu kukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso.
Ukufudumala okugqithisileyo kuya kubangela ukuwohloka, ukutshaya kunye nokugaywa kweeproteni, iiswekile kunye ne-pectin. Izinto ezicutshungulwayo ezidibana ngokusondeleyo nomphezulu wokudluliselwa kobushushu zinomlinganiselo wobushushu obuphezulu, xa kuthelekiswa nobushushu obujikelezileyo bezinto. Nje ukuba isikali senziwe, siya kuchaphazela kakhulu ukusebenza kakuhle kokudluliselwa kobushushu kwaye sibangele neengxaki zokhuseleko. Inyathelo elihle lokusombulula ingxaki yokulinganisa kukunyusa isantya solwelo. Amava abonise ukuba ukwandisa isantya solwelo kunokunciphisa kakhulu ukwakheka kwesikali. Ukongeza, iindlela zokuthintela ukulinganisa nge-electromagnetic kunye neendlela zokuthintela ukulinganisa nge-chemical zinokuthathwa ukuthintela ukulinganisa okunokwenzeka.
Ukuqaqamba
Ukutya okuninzi kuneproteni etyebileyo, iswekile, ipectin kunye nezinye izithako ezine-viscosity ephezulu. Ngexesha lenkqubo yokufuma, i-viscosity yesisombululo iyanda ngoxinzelelo njengoko ulwelo luncipha, nto leyo ethintela ukuhanjiswa kobushushu kakhulu. Ke ngoko, ukuze kufunyanwe umphunga weemveliso ezithambileyo, kusetyenziswa iindlela zokujikeleza okanye zokuxuba ezinyanzeliswa ngamandla angaphandle.
Ukufutha
Izinto zokutya ezineproteni eninzi zinoxinzelelo olukhulu kumphezulu. Xa ziphuma zize zibile, kubakho amagwebu azinzileyo ngakumbi, abangela ukuba ulwelo lungene kwi-condenser kunye nomphunga, nto leyo ebangela ukuba ulwelo lulahleke. Ukwakheka kwegwebu kunxulumene noxinzelelo lwe-interfacial. Uxinzelelo lwe-interfacial lwenzeka phakathi komphunga, ulwelo olushushu kakhulu kunye nezinto eziqinileyo ezixhonyiweyo, kwaye izinto eziqinileyo zidlala indima ephambili ekwakhiweni kwegwebu. Ngokubanzi, ii-surfactants zingasetyenziselwa ukulawula ukwakheka kwegwebu, kwaye izixhobo ezahlukeneyo zoomatshini nazo zingasetyenziselwa ukususa igwebu.
Ukugqwala
Ezinye ukutya okune-asidi, njengejusi yemifuno kunye nejusi yeziqhamo, zidla ngokugqwala kwi-evaporator ngexesha lokufuma kunye noxinzelelo. Ekutyeni, nokuba ukugqwala okuncinci kudla ngokubangela ungcoliseko olwenza imveliso ingafaneleki. Ke ngoko, i-evaporator esetyenziselwa ukutya okune-asidi kufuneka yenziwe ngezinto ezimelana nokugqwala nezifudumeza ubushushu, kwaye uyilo lwesakhiwo kufuneka lube lula ukulutshintsha. Umzekelo, uxinzelelo lwesisombululo se-citric acid lungasebenzisa iityhubhu zokufudumeza ze-graphite ezingangeniyo okanye ii-evaporator ze-enamel sandwich ezimelana ne-asidi.
Izinto eziguquguqukayo Ukutya okuninzi okumanzi kuqulethe izinto ezinuka kamnandi nezinencasa, eziguquguqukayo ngaphezu kwamanzi. Xa ulwelo luphuma, ezi zinto ziya kuphuma kunye nomphunga, nto leyo echaphazela umgangatho wemveliso exineneyo. Nangona uxinano oluphantsi lobushushu lunokunciphisa ukulahleka kwezinto ezinancasa, indlela egqibeleleyo kukuthatha amanyathelo okubuyisela uze uzifake kwimveliso emva kokubuyiselwa.
Ukuqandisa uQoqosho
Ulwelo lwezinto eziluhlaza zokutya (ezifana nejusi, iimveliso zobisi okanye ezinye izisombululo eziqulethe amanzi amaninzi) luyapholiswa kwindawo enobushushu obuphantsi. Xa ubushushu buhla ngaphantsi kweqondo lokubanda, iimolekyuli zamanzi kwisisombululo ziya kujika zibe ziikristale zomkhenkce. Oku kungenxa yokuba amanzi afikelela kumlinganiselo olinganayo nolwelo oluqinileyo kubushushu obuthile kunye noxinzelelo. Ngaphantsi kobu bushushu, amanzi angaphezulu akhululekileyo aya kuqala ukubanda, ngelixa i-solutes (ezifana neeswekile, ii-organic acids, ii-pigment, iincasa, njl.njl.) kungelula ukuziqandisa ngamanzi ngenxa yokunyibilika okwahlukeneyo, kodwa zihlala kwi-concentrate engakhenkcezwanga.
Ukwahlulwa kweekristale zeqhwa
Iikristale zomkhenkce ezenziweyo zahlulwe kwi-concentrate nge-centrifugation, filtration okanye ezinye iindlela zomzimba. Le nkqubo ayibandakanyi ukufuma kwe-solutes, ngoko ke inokuthintela ngempumelelo ukuwohloka kwezithako ezibuthathaka kubushushu kunye nokulahleka kwevumba. I-concentrate emva kokwahlula iikristale zomkhenkce yimveliso ye-concentration eqandisiweyo, enoxinzelelo olunyibilikayo oluphezulu kakhulu kunesisombululo sokuqala, ngelixa igcina umbala wokuqala, incasa, ixabiso lesondlo kunye nencasa yokutya kakhulu.
Ukulawula Iimeko Zokuqandisa
Ngexesha lenkqubo yokuxinanisa ngeqhwa, izinto ezifana nesantya sokuxinanisa, ubushushu bokuxinanisa kunye nexesha kufuneka zilawulwe ngokuchanekileyo ukuze kuphuculwe ubungakanani bekristale yomkhenkce, imo kunye nokwahlukana ne-concentrate ukuqinisekisa umgangatho wemveliso yokugqibela. Itekhnoloji yokuxinanisa ngeqhwa ifanelekile ngokukodwa ekutyeni naseziseloni ezibuthathaka kubushushu, ezifana neejusi zeziqhamo nemifuno emitsha, iimveliso zebhayoloji, amayeza kunye neziqholo eziphezulu. Ingakhulisa umgangatho wendalo wezinto ezikrwada kwaye ineempawu zokonga amandla kunye nokusebenza kakuhle. Nangona kunjalo, le ndlela ikwanazo nemida ethile. Umzekelo, inkqubo yokuxinanisa ayinakucocwa ngokufanelekileyo kwaye inokufuna unyango olongezelelweyo lokubulala iintsholongwane. Ukongeza, kwezinye izisombululo ezine-viscosity ephezulu okanye ezinezithako ezikhethekileyo, ubunzima bokwahlula iikristale zomkhenkce kwi-concentrate bunokwanda, okubangela ukuncipha kokusebenza koxinzelelo kunye neendleko ezonyukileyo.
Ixesha leposi: Februwari-13-2025
