Umlinganiselo wokuxinana okuqhubekayo
I. Iimpawu zolwelo ezingaqhelekanga kunye nemingeni yokulinganisa
Ukusetyenziswa ngempumelelo kweumlinganiselo oqhubekayo we-viscosityiinkqubo kwicandelo leukukhupha ioyile yeshalekwayeukutsalwa kwesanti yeoyileifuna ukuqondwa ngokucacileyo kobunzima obukhulu be-rheological obuhambelana nezi fluids zingaqhelekanga. Ngokungafaniyo nokukhanya kwendabuko.ikrwada, ioyile enzima,ibhitumen, kwaye amaqhekeza anxulumene nawo adla ngokubonisa iimpawu ezingezizo ezaseNewtonia, ezinezigaba ezininzi kunye novakalelo olunzulu kumaqondo obushushu, nto leyo edala ubunzima obukhethekileyo bokuzinza nokuchaneka kwezixhobo.
1.1 Ukuchaza i-Rheology Landscape engaqhelekanga
1.1.1 Iprofayili yoBungqindilili obuphezulu: Umngeni weBitumen kunye neOyile enzima
Iihydrocarbons ezingaqhelekanga, ingakumbi i-bitumen ephuma kwiukutsalwa kwesanti yeoyile, zibonakaliswa yi-native viscosity ephezulu kakhulu. I-Bitumen evela kwiidiphozithi ezinkulu idla ngokubonisa i-viscosities ukusuka kwi-mPa·s (cP) ukuya kwi-ambient temperature eqhelekileyo (25°C). Olu bukhulu bokungqubana kwangaphakathi ngumqobo ophambili wokuhamba kwaye lufuna iindlela ezintsonkothileyo, ezifana neendlela zokubuyisela ubushushu ezifana ne-Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD), ukuze kukhutshwe kwaye kuthuthwe ngoqoqosho.
Ukuxhomekeka kwe-viscosity-temperature kwi-oyile enzima akusiyonto nje ebangela ubungakanani; yinqobo esisiseko yokuvavanya ukuhamba kolwelo kunye nokuvavanya ukuziphatha okudibeneyo kolwakhiwo lobushushu ngaphakathi kwidama. I-dynamic viscosity yehla kakhulu ngokunyuka kobushushu. Olu tshintsho lukhulu luthetha ukuba kukho impazamo encinci ekulinganisweni kobushushu ngexeshaumlinganiselo oqhubekayo we-viscosityiguqulela ngqo kwimpazamo enkulu elinganayo kwixabiso le-viscosity elixeliweyo. Imbuyekezo yobushushu echanekileyo nedibeneyo ibalulekile kuyo nayiphi na inkqubo ethembekileyo ebekwe kule ndawo ineengxaki eziphezulu, ezinobushushu obuphantsi. Ngaphezu koko, utshintsho lwe-viscosity olubangelwa bubushushu ludala iindawo ezahlukeneyo ze-geomechanical (ezikhutshiweyo, ezikhutshiweyo kancinci, ezingakhutshelwanga) ezichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukuhamba kolwelo kunye nokuguqulwa kwereservoir, nto leyo efuna idatha echanekileyo ye-viscosity ukuze ikhokele uyilo olusebenzayo lweskimu sokubuyisela.
1.1.2 Ukuziphatha Okungekuko OkwaseNewtonian: Ukunciphisa Umzimba, Imiphumo yeThixotropy, kunye neShear
Ulwelo oluninzi olufunyenweyo ekubuyiselweni kwezixhobo ngendlela engaqhelekanga lubonisa iimpawu ezingezizo ezeNewtonian.ukukhupha ioyile yeshale, ezihlala zisekelwe kwijeli, zii-shear-thinning fluids eziqhelekileyo, apho i-viscosity esebenzayo iyancipha ngokukhawuleza njengoko izinga lokucheba lisanda. Ngokufanayo, izisombululo ze-polymer ezisetyenziselwa i-Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) kwiindawo zokugcina ioyile ezinzima nazo zibonisa iipropati ezinamandla zokucheba, ezihlala zilinganiswa yi-low flow behavior index (n), efana ne-n=0.3655 kwizisombululo ezithile ze-polyacrylamide.
Ukwahluka kwe-viscosity kunye nesantya sokucheba kubeka umceli mngeni omkhulu kwizixhobo ezingaphakathi. Ekubeni i-viscosity yolwelo olungelulo ulwelo lwe-Newtonian ingelophawu oluzinzileyo kodwa ixhomekeke kwintsimi ethile ye-shear eyifumanayo, i-continuouslyisixhobo sokulinganisa i-viscosity yeoyilekufuneka isebenze ngesantya esichaziweyo, esiphantsi, nesiphindaphindwayo kakhulu esihambelanayo nokuba imeko yokuhamba kweenkqubo ezininzi (i-laminar, i-transitional, okanye i-turbulent). Ukuba isantya sokusika esisetyenziswa yi-sensor asihlali sinjalo, ukufundwa kwe-viscosity okubangelwayo kukuphela kwexesha kwaye akunakusetyenziswa ngokuthembekileyo ekuthelekiseni inkqubo, ekutshintsheni, okanye ekulawuleni. Le mfuneko isisiseko iyalela ukukhethwa kobuchwepheshe be-sensor, njengezixhobo ze-resonant eziphindaphindwayo, ezihlukaniswe ngabom kwi-macro-fluid dynamics yombhobho okanye inqanawa.
1.1.3 Impembelelo yoXinzelelo lweNzuzo kunye noBunzima beZigaba ezininzi
Ngaphaya kokucheba nje, ioyile enzima kunye nebhitumen zinokubonisa iimpawu zeplastiki zeBingham, oko kuthetha ukuba zineThreshold Pressure Gradient (TPG) ekufuneka yoyiswe ngaphambi kokuba kuqaliswe ukuhamba kwamanzi kwiindlela ezinemingxuma. Kwindlela yokuhamba kwepayipi kunye nereservoir, isiphumo esidibeneyo sokucheba amanzi kunye noxinzelelo lwemveliso sithintela kakhulu ukuhamba kwaye sichaphazela ukusebenza kakuhle kokubuyisela.
Ngaphezu koko, imijelo yokukhupha engaqhelekanga inezinto ezininzi kwaye ayifani kakhulu. Le mijelo idla ngokuqulatha izinto eziqinileyo ezixhonyiweyo, njengesanti kunye neencindi, ingakumbi xa ikhupha amanzi aphezulu.ioyile ye-viscosityukusuka kwilitye lesanti elidibeneyo kancinci. Ukungena kwesanti kuyingozi enkulu yokusebenza, okubangela ukukhukuliseka okukhulu kwezixhobo, ukuvaleka kwemithombo, kunye nokuwa kwemingxunya esezantsi. Ukudibana kwee-hydrocarbons ezinamathelayo neziqinileyo (i-asphaltenes, i-bitumen) kunye nezinto eziqinileyo zeminerali ezirhabaxa kudala umngcipheko ophindwe kabini kwixesha elide le-sensor: ukuqinaukungcolisa(ukunamathela kwizinto eziphathekayo) kunye noomatshiniukukralaNasiphi naumlinganiselo we-viscosity emgceniInkqubo kufuneka yomelele ngoomatshini kwaye iyilwe ngeendawo eziqinileyo ukuze imelane neemeko ezirhabaxa nezikhukulisayo ngelixa imelana nokwanda kwe-viscosity ephezulu.iimuvi.
1.2 Ukusilela kweendlela zokulinganisa zemveli
Iindlela zemveli zelebhu, ezifana nee-viscometers zebhola ezijikelezayo, ii-capillary, okanye ii-falling ball, ngelixa zilungelelaniswe kwizicelo ezithile, azifanelekanga kulawulo oluqhubekayo, lwexesha langempela olufunekayo kwimisebenzi engaqhelekanga yanamhlanje. Ukulinganiswa kwelebhu ngokwemvelo akuguquki, akukwazi ukubamba ii-transients ze-rheological eziguqukayo, ezixhomekeke kubushushu ezichaza iinkqubo zokuxuba kunye nokubuyisela ubushushu.
Ubuchwepheshe obudala obuxhomekeke kwizinto ezijikelezayo zemveli, ezifana nee-viscometer ezithile ezijikelezayo, zinobuthathaka obungokwemvelo xa zisetyenziswa kwinkonzo yeoyile enzima okanye yebhitumen. Ukuxhomekeka kwiibheringi kunye neendawo ezihambayo ezibuthathaka kwenza ezi zixhobo zibe sesichengeni sokungaphumeleli koomatshini, ukuguguleka kwangethuba ngenxa yamasuntswana esanti arhabaxa, kunye nokungcola okukhulu ngenxa yokuqina okuphezulu, uhlobo lokuncamathela lwe-crude. Ukungcola okuphezulu kuthintela ngokukhawuleza ukuchaneka kwezithuba ezincinci okanye iindawo zokuva ezifunekayo ukuze kufundwe i-viscometer echanekileyo, okukhokelela ekusebenzeni okungahambelaniyo kunye nokuphazamiseka kokugcinwa okubizayo. Imeko-bume enzima yei-viscosity yeoyile ye-shalekwayeukutsalwa kwesanti yeoyileifuna iteknoloji eyenzelwe ngokusisiseko ukuphelisa la macala okusilela koomatshini.
II. Iiteknoloji zokulinganisa eziPhambili: Imigaqo ye-Inline Viscometry
Indawo yokusebenza yeoyile engaqhelekanga iyalela ukuba iteknoloji yokulinganisa ekhethiweyo kufuneka ibe namandla kakhulu, inike uluhlu olubanzi oluguquguqukayo, kwaye ibonelele ngokufundwa okungaxhomekekanga kwiimeko zokuhamba kobuninzi. Kule nkonzo, iteknoloji ye-vibrating okanye ye-resonant viscometer ibonakalise ukusebenza okuphezulu kunye nokuthembeka.
2.1 Imigaqo yoBugcisa yeeViscometers eziVibrating (iiResonant Sensors)
Ii-viscometer ezingcangcazelayo zisebenza ngokusekelwe kumgaqo wokudambisa i-oscillation. I-element e-oscillating, edla ngokuba yi-torsional resonator okanye i-tuning fork, iqhutywa ngombane ukuze ijikeleze kwi-frequency yendalo engaguqukiyo (ωn) kunye ne-amplitude engaguqukiyo (x). Ulwelo olujikelezileyo lunefuthe lokudambisa, olufuna amandla athile okuvusa (F) ukugcina iiparameter ze-oscillation ezingaguqukiyo.
Ubudlelwane obuguqukayo buchazwa ngendlela yokuba, ukuba ubukhulu kunye nobuninzi bendalo zigcinwa zingaguquguquki, amandla okuvuselela afunekayo ahambelana ngokuthe ngqo ne-viscosity coefficient (C). Le ndlela ifikelela kumlinganiselo we-viscosity onobuthathaka kakhulu ngelixa isusa isidingo sezinto ezintsonkothileyo nezigugileyo.
2.2 Umlinganiselo we-Dynamic Viscosity kunye ne-Simultaneous Sensing
Umgaqo wokulinganisa i-resonant ngokusisiseko umisela ukumelana kolwelo nokuhamba kwamanzi kunye ne-inertia, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubeni umlinganiselo udla ngokubonakaliswa njengemveliso ye-dynamic viscosity (μ) kunye ne-density (ρ), emelwe njenge-μ×ρ. Ukuze kwahlulwe kwaye kuxelwe i-dynamic viscosity yokwenyani (ρ), i-fluid density (ρ) kufuneka yaziwe ngokuchanekileyo.
Iinkqubo eziphambili, ezifana nosapho lwezixhobo ze-SRD, zahlukile kuba zifaka amandla okulinganisa i-viscosity, ubushushu, kunye noxinano ngaxeshanye ngaphakathi kwiprobe enye. Olu buchule lubalulekile kwimithombo engaqhelekanga yezigaba ezininzi apho uxinano lutshintshatshintsha ngenxa yegesi efakwe ngaphakathi, umxholo wamanzi owahlukileyo, okanye ukutshintsha umlinganiselo womxube. Ngokubonelela ngokuphindaphindwa koxinano oluphantsi njenge-g/cc, ezi zixhobo ziqinisekisa ukubala i-dynamic viscosity kuhlala kuchanekile nangona ukwakheka kolwelo kutshintsha. Olu dibaniso lususa ubunzima kunye nempazamo enxulumene nokufumana izixhobo ezintathu ezahlukeneyo kwaye lubonelela ngesiginitsha yepropathi yolwelo ngexesha langempela.
2.3 Ukuqina KweeMishini kunye Nokunciphisa Ukungcola
Izinzwa zokungcangcazela zilungele iimeko ezinzimai-viscosity yeoyile ye-shaleinkonzo kuba zinezixhobo zokulinganisa eziqinileyo nezingenakuthintana, nto leyo ebenza bakwazi ukusebenza phantsi kweemeko ezinzima, kuquka uxinzelelo olufikelela kwi-5000 psi kunye namaqondo obushushu afikelela kwi-200°C.
Inzuzo ephambili kukungakhuseleki kwesi senzwa kwiimeko zokuhamba kwe-macroscopic. I-resonant element iyatshintshatshintsha kwi-frequency ephezulu kakhulu (ngokuqhelekileyo izigidi zemijikelo ngomzuzwana). Olu tshintsho lwe-high-frequency, olune-amplitude ephantsi luthetha ukuba ukulinganiswa kwe-viscosity akuxhomekekanga kwisantya sokuhamba kwe-bulk, kususa iimpazamo zokulinganisa ezivela kwi-turbulence yepayipi, utshintsho lwe-laminar flow, okanye iiprofayili zokuhamba ezingafaniyo.
Ngaphezu koko, uyilo lomzimba lunegalelo elikhulu kwixesha lokuphumla ngokunciphisa ukungcola. Ukushukuma okuphezulu kuthintela ukunamathela okuqhubekayo kwezinto ezinobungqindilili obuphezulu ezifana ne-bitumen okanye i-asphaltenes, ezisebenza njengendlela eyakhelwe ngaphakathi, yokuzicoca kancinci. Xa zidityaniswe neendawo eziqinileyo zesikhumba ezizimeleyo, ezingakrweliyo, nezimelana nokukrweleka, ezi sensors ziyakwazi ukumelana nemiphumo yokukhuhla kakhulu kwesanti kunye neencindi eziqhelekileyo kwiukutsalwa kwesanti yeoyileuludaka. Olu didi luphezulu lokuqina lubalulekile ukuze i-sensor ihlale ixesha elide kwiindawo ezirhabaxa.
2.4 Izikhokelo zoKhetho lweNdalo eziNgxamisekileyo
Ukukhetha inketho efanelekileyoumlinganiselo we-viscosity emgceniIteknoloji yenkonzo engaqhelekanga ifuna uvavanyo olucokisekileyo lokuqina nokusebenza kakuhle, ibeka ezi mpawu phambili kuneendleko zezixhobo zokuqala.
2.4.1 Iiparamitha zokuSebenza eziphambili kunye nokuGutyungelwa koLuhlu
Ukuze kulawulwe inkqubo ngendlela ethembekileyo, i-viscometer kufuneka ibonise ukuphindaphindeka okugqwesileyo, kwaye iinkcukacha zihlala zifuna ukuba ngcono kune-±0.5% yokufunda. Oku kuchaneka akunakuxoxiswana ngako kwizicelo zolawulo oluvaliweyo, njengokufakwa kweekhemikhali apho iimpazamo ezincinci kwisantya sokuhamba kwamanzi zinokukhokelela kwisohlwayo esikhulu seendleko kunye nokusebenza. Uluhlu lwe-viscosity kufuneka lube banzi ngokwaneleyo ukuze lulungele lonke uluhlu lokusebenza, ukusuka kwi-oyile encinci ye-diluent ukuya kwi-bitumen etyebileyo, engaxutywanga. Izinzwa ze-resonant eziphambili zibonelela ukusuka kwi-0.5 cP ukuya kwi-50,000 cP nangaphezulu, ukuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo ihlala isebenza ngexesha lokutshintsha kokuxuba kunye nokuphazamiseka.
2.4.2 Imvulophu Yokusebenza (HPHT) kunye Nezixhobo
Ngenxa yoxinzelelo oluphezulu kunye namaqondo obushushu anxulumene nokubuyiselwa kunye nokuthuthwa okungaqhelekanga, i-sensor kufuneka ilinganiswe kwi-envelope epheleleyo yokusebenza, idla ngokufuna iinkcukacha ezifikelela kwi-5000 psi kunyei-viscometer yenkqubo emgceniUbubanzi bobushushu obuhambelana neenkqubo zobushushu (umz., ukuya kuthi ga kwi-200°C). Ngaphaya koxinzelelo kunye nokuzinza kobushushu, izinto zokwakha zibaluleke kakhulu. Ukusetyenziswa kwemiphezulu eqinileyo yesikhumba yinto ebalulekileyo, enika ukhuseleko oluyimfuneko ekukhukulisekeni koomatshini okubangelwa ziinxalenye zesanti kunye nokuhlaselwa ngamakhemikhali, okuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuzinzileyo ixesha elide.
Itheyibhile 1 inika isishwankathelo esifutshane seenzuzo zokuthelekisa ii-resonant sensors kolu setyenziso lunzima.
Itheyibhile 1: Uhlalutyo oluQhathaniswayo lweeTekhnoloji zeViscometer ezikwi-Inline kwiNkonzo yeoyile engaqhelekanga
| Ubuchwepheshe | Umgaqo woLinganiselo | Ukusetyenziswa kwi-Non-Newtonian Fluids | Ukumelana nokungcoliswa/nokukrala | Ubuninzi boLondolozo oluQhelekileyo |
| Ukungcangcazela kweTorsional (Resonant) | Ukudambisa into ejikelezayo (μ×ρ) | Igqwesile (Intsimi esezantsi yokucheba echaziweyo) | Phezulu (Akukho zinto zishukumayo, iingubo eziqinileyo) | Iphantsi (Amandla okuzicoca) |
| Ukujikeleza (Okuphakathi) | I-torque iyadingeka ukuze kujikeleziswe into | Phezulu (Ingabonelela ngedatha yegophe lokuhamba kwamanzi) | Iphantsi ukuya kwiPhakathi (Ifuna iibheringi, ezinokuthi ziqokeleleke/ziguge) | Phezulu (Ifuna ukucocwa/ukulinganiswa rhoqo) |
| Amaza e-Ultrasonic/Acoustic | Ukudambisa ukusasazeka kwamaza e-acoustic | Iphakathi (Inkcazo yeShear ilinganiselwe) | Phezulu (Akukho qhagamshelwano okanye unxibelelwano oluncinci) | Iphantsi |
Itheyibhile yesi-2 ichaza iinkcukacha ezibalulekileyo ezifunekayo xa kusetyenziswa i-bitumen, njengokulungiswa kwe-bitumen.
Itheyibhile 2: Iinkcukacha ezibalulekileyo zokusebenza kwiiViscometer zeNkqubo yokuVibrating
| Ipharamitha | Inkcazelo Efunekayo Yenkonzo Yebhitumen/Ioyile Enzima | Uluhlu oluQhelekileyo lweeSensors zeResonant eziPhambili | Ukubaluleka |
| Uluhlu lwe-Viscosity | Kufuneka ikwazi ukuhlalisa ukuya kuthi ga kwi-100,000+ cP | 0.5 cP ukuya kuthi ga kwi-50,000+ cP | Kufuneka igubungele ukwahluka komjelo wokutya (oxutywe ube ngongaxutywanga). |
| Ukuphindaphinda kweViscosity | Ingcono kune ±0.5% yokufunda | Ngokwesiqhelo ±0.5% okanye ngaphezulu | Kubalulekile ukulawula ukujova ngamakhemikhali ngendlela evaliweyo. |
| Uvavanyo loxinzelelo (HP) | Ubuncinane i-1500 psi (ngokuqhelekileyo kufuneka i-5000 psi) | Ukuya kuthi ga kwi-5000 psi | Iyimfuneko kwimibhobho enoxinzelelo oluphezulu okanye imigca yokuqhekeka. |
| Ukulinganiswa koxinano | Iyimfuneko (I-μ kunye ne-ρ ngaxeshanye) | ukuphindaphindwa kwe-g/cc | Kubalulekile ekufumaneni izigaba ezininzi kunye nokubalwa kwe-viscosity enamandla.
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III. Ukusetyenziswa kwentsimi, ukufakwa, kunye nobude bexesha lokusebenza
Impumelelo yokusebenza kweumlinganiselo oqhubekayo we-viscosityekubuyiselweni kwezixhobo ngendlela engaqhelekanga kuxhomekeke ngokulinganayo kubuchwepheshe be-sensor obuphezulu kunye nobunjineli bezicelo zobungcali. Ukusasazwa ngokufanelekileyo kunciphisa iziphumo zokuhamba kwamanzi angaphandle kwaye kuthintele iindawo ezinokuba nokuma, ngelixa iinkqubo zokulungisa ezingqongqo zilawula imingeni yokungcolisa nokukrala okungenakuphepheka.
3.1 Amaqhinga afanelekileyo okusasaza
3.1.1 Ukubekwa kweSensor kunye nokunciphisa indawo yokuma
Umlinganiselo kufuneka uthathwe rhoqo kwinkqubo yokuhamba kwamanzi apho ulwelo luhamba rhoqo kuyo yonke indawo yokuva. Oku kubalulekile kwi-oyile enzima kunye ne-bitumen, ezihlala zibonisa ukuziphatha koxinzelelo lwemveliso. Ukuba ulwelo luvunyelwe ukuba lume, ukufundwa kuya kuba kuguquguqukayo kakhulu, kungameli umjelo omkhulu, kwaye mhlawumbi kuphakame ngokuphindwe kalikhulu kune-viscosity yokwenyani yolwelo oluhambayo.
Iinjineli kufuneka zisuse zonke iindawo ezinokuthi zingami, nokuba zincinci, ingakumbi kufutshane nesiseko sento yokuva. Kwizinto ezifakelweyo ze-T-piece, eziqheleke kwiipayipi, i-probe emfutshane ayisoloko yanele. Ukuqinisekisa ukuba into yokuva ivezwa kukuhamba okuqhubekekayo, okufanayo, kubalulekile ukusebenzisa i-isenzi sokufaka ixesha elideolufikelela kude kwimbobo yombhobho, mhlawumbi ngaphaya kwendawo apho umsinga wokuhamba uphuma khona kwi-T-piece. Le ndlela ibeka into ebuthathaka entliziyweni yomsinga, ikhulisa ukuvezwa kolwelo olumele inkqubo. Kwizicelo ezibandakanya ulwelo olunexinzelelo olukhulu lwemveliso, indlela ekhethwayo yokufaka ihambelana necala lokuhamba ukuze kuncitshiswe ukumelana nokukhuthaza ukuchetywa kolwelo okuqhubekayo ebusweni benzwa.
3.1.2 Ukudibanisa kwimisebenzi yokudibanisa kunye neTanki
Nangona uqinisekiso lokuhamba kwamanzi kwimibhobho luyinto ephambili, ukusetyenziswaumlinganiselo we-viscosity emgcenikwiindawo ezizinzileyo nako kubalulekile. Ii-Viscometer zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiitanki zokuxuba apho ii-oyile ezahlukeneyo ezikrwada, i-bitumen, kunye nee-diluents zixutywa khona ukuze kuhlangatyezwane nemigangatho esezantsi. Kwezi zicelo, i-sensor ingafakelwa kwitanki kuyo nayiphi na indlela, ukuba kusetyenziswa inkqubo efanelekileyo yokufakela. Ukufundwa kwexesha langempela kunika ingxelo ekhawulezileyo malunga nokuhambelana komxube, ukuqinisekisa ukuba imveliso yokugqibela ihlangabezana neenjongo ezithile zomgangatho, ezifana nemfuneko.isalathisi se-viscosity.
3.2 IiProtokholi zoLungiso kunye noQinisekiso
Ukuchaneka kunokugcinwa kuphela ukuba iinkqubo zokulinganisa zingqongqo kwaye ziyalandeleka ngokupheleleyo. Oku kubandakanya ukukhethwa ngononophelo kwemigangatho yokulinganisa kunye nolawulo olucokisekileyo lwezinto eziguquguqukayo kokusingqongileyo.
Ukuqina komzi-mvelisoioyile yokuthambisailinganiswa kwii-centipoise okanye i-millipascal-seconds (mPa⋅s) okanye i-kinematic viscosity kwi-centistokes (cSt), kwaye ukuchaneka kugcinwa ngokuthelekisa amaxabiso alinganisiweyo ngokuchasene nemigangatho yokulinganisa eqinisekisiweyo. Le migangatho kufuneka ilandelelwe kwimigangatho yemetrological yesizwe okanye yamazwe ngamazwe (umz., i-NIST, i-ISO 17025) ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka. Imigangatho kufuneka ikhethwe ukuze igubungele ngokupheleleyo lonke uluhlu lokusebenza, ukusuka kwi-viscosity esezantsi elindelekileyo (imveliso exutyiweyo) ukuya kwi-viscosity ephezulu elindelekileyo (isondlo esiluhlaza).
Ngenxa yobuthathaka obugqithisileyo bobushushu be-oyile enzima, ukufikelela kumlinganiselo ochanekileyo kuxhomekeke ngokupheleleyo ekugcineni iimeko ezichanekileyo zobushushu. Ukuba ubushushu ngexesha lenkqubo yokulinganisa buphambuka kancinci, ixabiso le-viscosity yereferensi yeoyile esemgangathweni liyachaphazeleka, nto leyo ephelisa ukuchaneka okusekwe kwi-sensor yentsimi. Ngoko ke, ulawulo oluqinileyo lobushushu ngexesha lokulinganisa luguquguquko oluxhomekeke kunye olumisela ukuthembeka kweumlinganiselo oqhubekayo we-viscosityInkqubo iyasebenza. Abacoci beenkqubo badla ngokusebenzisa ii-sensors ezimbini ezilinganiswe kumaqondo obushushu athile, njenge-40°C kunye ne-100°C, ukuze babale ngokuchanekileyo ixesha langempelaIsalathisi sokuxinana(VI) yeeoyile zokuthambisa.
3.3 Ukulungisa iingxaki kunye nokugcinwa kwiindawo ezingcoliseke kakhulu
Kwanezona sensors zinamandla kakhulu zoomatshini ziya kufuna ukulungiswa rhoqo kwiindawo ezibonakala ngokungcola okuphezulu okuvela kwi-bitumen, i-asphaltenes, kunye ne-crude residue enzima. Inkqubo yokucoca ezinikeleyo nesebenzayo ibalulekile ukunciphisa ixesha lokungasebenzi kunye nokuthintela ukujika komlinganiselo.
3.3.1 Izisombululo zokucoca ezikhethekileyo
Izinyibilikisi eziqhelekileyo zoshishino zihlala zingasebenzi kakuhle ngokuchasene needipozithi ezintsonkothileyo nezinamathelayo kakhulu eziveliswa yioyile enzima kunye nebitumen. Ukucoca okusebenzayo kufuna izisombululo zeekhemikhali ezikhethekileyo neziyilwe ngobuchule ezisebenzisa izinyibilikisi ezinamandla kunye nee-surfactants ezidityaniswe nenkqubo yesinyibilikisi esinuka kamnandi. Ezi zisombululo, ezifana neHYDROSOL, zenzelwe ngokukodwa ukungena kakuhle kwedipozithi kunye nokumanzisa umphezulu, ngokukhawuleza nangokufanelekileyo ukunyibilikisa ioyile enzima, ioyile eluhlaza, ibitumen, i-asphaltenes, kunye needipozithi zeparafini, ngelixa zikwathintela ukuphinda kufakwe ezi zinto kwenye indawo kwinkqubo ngexesha lomjikelo wokucoca.
3.3.2 Inkqubo yokucoca
Inkqubo yokucoca idla ngokubandakanya ukujikeleza isinyibilikisi esikhethekileyo esiphambili, esidla ngokudityaniswa nokufunxwa okulandelayo kusetyenziswa isinyibilikisi sesibini esiguquguqukayo kakhulu, njenge-acetone. I-Acetone iyathandwa ngenxa yokukwazi kwayo ukunyibilikisa izinyibilikisi zepetroleum eziseleyo kunye nemikhondo yamanzi. Emva kokufunxwa kwezinyibilikisi, i-sensor kunye nendlu kufuneka zomiswe kakuhle. Oku kwenziwa ngcono kusetyenziswa umsinga ophantsi womoya ococekileyo nofudumeleyo. Ukufuma ngokukhawuleza kwezinyibilikisi eziguquguqukayo kunokupholisa umphezulu wesensor ngaphantsi kombethe, okubangela umoya omanzi ukuba udibanise iifilimu zamanzi, eziya kungcolisa ulwelo lwenkqubo xa uqalisa kwakhona. Ukufudumeza umoya okanye isixhobo ngokwaso kunciphisa lo mngcipheko. Iinkqubo zokucoca kufuneka zidityaniswe kwiindlela ezicwangcisiweyo zokujikeleza imibhobho okanye iinqanawa ukunciphisa ukuphazamiseka kokusebenza.
Itheyibhile 3: Isikhokelo sokusombulula iingxaki zokungazinzi kokulinganisa ukuxinana okuqhubekayo
| I-Anomaly eboniweyo | Isizathu Esinokwenzeka Kwinkonzo Engaqhelekanga | Isenzo Sokulungisa/Isikhokelo Sentsimi | Uphawu lweSensor olufanelekileyo |
| Ukufundwa kwe-viscosity ephezulu ngequbuliso, okungachazwanga | Ukungcoliswa kwezixhobo zokubona (i-asphaltenes, ifilimu yeoyile enzima) okanye ukwakheka kwamasuntswana | Qalisa umjikelo wokucoca ngamakhemikhali usebenzisa izinyibilikisi ezikhethekileyo ze-aromatic. | Ukungcangcazela okuphezulu kudla ngokunciphisa ukuthambekela kokungcolisa. |
| Ukuqina kwe-viscosity kuyahluka kakhulu ngokwesantya sokuhamba kwamanzi | Isensor efakwe kwindawo yokuma okanye ukuhamba kwayo ayifani/ayifani (ulwelo olungelulo ulwelo lweNewtonian) | Faka i-sensor ende yokufaka ukuze ifikelele embindini womsinga; tshintsha indawo yayo ihambelane nomsinga. | I-Long Insertion Sensor (Uphawu Loyilo). |
| Ukufunda i-drift emva kokuqalisa | Iipokotho zomoya/zegesi ezivalelekileyo (iziphumo zezigaba ezininzi) | Qinisekisa ukuba umoya ungenisa umoya ngokufanelekileyo kwaye ulingana noxinzelelo; sebenzisa i-transient flow flush. | Ukufunda ngoxinano ngaxeshanye (SRD) kunokufumanisa i-gas/void fraction. |
| Ubungakanani obuhlala buphantsi xa kuthelekiswa novavanyo lwelebhu | Ukuncipha/ukuchetywa okuphezulu kwe-polymer/i-DRA additive | Qinisekisa ukusebenza okuncinci kwiimpompo zenaliti; lungisa iinkqubo zokulungiselela isisombululo se-DRA. | Ukulinganisa ukuzimela kwisantya sokuhamba kwamanzi (uyilo lweSensor). |
IV. Idatha yexesha langempela yoLungiso lweNkqubo kunye noLondolozo oluQikelelweyo
Ukusasazwa kwedatha ngexesha langempela ukusuka kwikhompyutha ethembekileyo kakhuluumlinganiselo oqhubekayo we-viscosityInkqubo iguqula ulawulo lokusebenza ukusuka ekujongeni okusebenzayo ukuya kulawulo olusebenzayo nolulungiselelweyo kwiinkalo ezininzi zokukhupha nokuthutha okungaqhelekanga.
4.1 Ulawulo Oluchanekileyo Lokufaka Inaliti Yekhemikhali
4.1.1 Ukwenziwa ngcono kokunciphisa ukutsalwa (i-DRA)
Ii-Drag Reducing Agents (ii-DRA) zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwi-crudeukuxinana kweoyileimibhobho yokunciphisa ukungqubana okuguqukayo nokunciphisa iimfuno zamandla okupompa. Ezi arhente, ezidla ngokuba ziipolymers okanye ii-surfactants, zisebenza ngokubangela ukuziphatha kokunciphisa ukucheba kulwelo. Ukuxhomekeka kuphela kumlinganiselo wokuhla koxinzelelo ukulawula inaliti ye-DRA akusebenzanga kuba ukuhla koxinzelelo kunokuchaphazeleka bubushushu, ukuguquguquka kwesantya sokuhamba, kunye nokuwohloka koomatshini ngokubanzi.
Iparadigm yolawulo oluphezulu isebenzisa i-viscosity ebonakalayo ngexesha langempela njengenguqu ephambili yempendulo yedosi yeekhemikhali. Ngokujonga ngokuthe ngqo i-rheology yolwelo oluphumayo, inkqubo inokulungisa ngokuchanekileyo izinga lokujova le-DRA ukugcina ulwelo lukwimeko efanelekileyo ye-rheological (oko kukuthi, ukufikelela ekunciphiseni okujoliswe kuko kwi-viscosity ebonakalayo kunye nokwandisa i-index ye-shear-thinning, ). Le ndlela iqinisekisa ukuba ukunciphisa ukurhoxa okuphezulu kufezekiswa ngokusetyenziswa okuncinci kweekhemikhali, okukhokelela ekongeni iindleko ezinkulu. Ngaphezu koko, ukujonga okuqhubekayo kuvumela abaqhubi ukuba babone kwaye banciphise ukuwohloka koomatshini kwe-DRA, okunokwenzeka ngenxa yamazinga aphezulu okugoba kokuhamba kwamanzi. Ukusebenzisa iipompo zokujova ezicothayo kunye nokujonga i-viscosity kwangoko phantsi kwendawo yokujova kuqinisekisa ukusasazeka ngokufanelekileyo ngaphandle kokuqhekeka kwe-polymer chain okonakalisayo okunciphisa amandla okunciphisa ukurhoxa.
4.1.2 Ukuphucula i-Diluent Injection kwi-Heavy Oil Transport
Ukuxutywa kubalulekile ekuthuthweni kweoyile eluhlaza kunye nebitumen ekrakra kakhulu, nto leyo efuna ukuxutywa kwezinto ezixutyiweyo (ii-condensates okanye ii-crudes ezikhaphukhaphu) ukuze kufunyanwe umjelo odibeneyo ohlangabezana neemfuno zombhobho.umlinganiselo we-viscosity emgceniinika ingxelo ekhawulezileyo kwi-viscosity yomxube ophumayo (μm).
Le ngxelo yexesha langempela ivumela ulawulo oluqinileyo noluqhubekayo kwi-diluent injection ratio (). Ngenxa yokuba i-diluents idla ngokuba ziimveliso ezixabisa kakhulu, ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwazo ngelixa kulandelwa ngokungqongqo imiqathango yokuhamba kwepayipi kunye nokhuseleko yeyona njongo iphambili kwezoqoqosho kwiukutsalwa kwesanti yeoyileUkujonga ubungqingqwa kunye noxinano kubalulekile ekufumaneni ukungangqinelani okungalindelekanga ngexesha lokuxuba, okunokukhawulezisa ukungcola kunye nokunyusa iindleko zamandla kwiinkqubo ezisezantsi.
4.2 Ukuqinisekiswa Kokuhamba Komsinga kunye Nokuphuculwa Kothutho Lwemibhobho
Ukugcina ukuhamba okuzinzileyo nokusebenzayo kwe-crudes ezingaqhelekanga kuyinselele ngenxa yokuba zinotyekelo lokutshintsha kwesigaba kunye nokulahlekelwa okukhulu kokungqubana. Idatha ye-viscosity yexesha langempela isisiseko sezicwangciso zanamhlanje zokuqinisekisa ukuhamba kwamanzi.
4.2.1 Ukubalwa kweProfayili yoXinzelelo oluchanekileyo
Ukuqina kwe-viscosity kukufaka isandla esibalulekileyo kwiimodeli ze-hydraulic ezibala ukulahleka kokungqubana kunye neeprofayili zoxinzelelo. Kwioyile ekrwada, apho iipropati zinokuhluka kakhulu ukusuka kwelinye icandelo ukuya kwelinye, idatha eqhubekayo nechanekileyo iqinisekisa ukuba iimodeli ze-hydraulic zombhobho zihlala ziqikelela kwaye zithembekile.
4.2.2 Ukuphucula iinkqubo zokufumanisa ukuvuza
Iinkqubo zanamhlanje zokufumanisa ukuvuza zixhomekeke kakhulu kuhlalutyo lweReal Time Transient Model (RTTM), olusebenzisa idatha yoxinzelelo kunye nokuhamba kwamanzi ukuchonga izinto ezingaqhelekanga ezibonisa ukuvuza. Ekubeni i-viscosity ichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukuhla koxinzelelo kunye nokuhamba kwamanzi, utshintsho oluvela ngokwendalo kwiipropati zeoyile eluhlaza lunokubangela utshintsho kwiprofayili yoxinzelelo olufana nokuvuza, okukhokelela kumazinga aphezulu ee-alamu zobuxoki. Ngokudibanisa ixesha langempelaumlinganiselo oqhubekayo we-viscosityidatha, i-RTTM inokutshintsha imodeli yayo ngokuguquguqukayo ukuze iqwalasele olu tshintsho lwepropathi yokwenyani. Olu phuculo luphucula kakhulu ubuntununtunu kunye nokuthembeka kwenkqubo yokufumanisa ukuvuza, okuvumela ukubalwa ngokuchanekileyo kwamazinga okuvuza kunye neendawo kunye nokunciphisa umngcipheko wokusebenza.
4.3 Ukupompa kunye nokugcinwa kwangaphambili
Imeko ye-rheological yolwelo ichaphazela kakhulu ukulayisha koomatshini kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwezixhobo zokupompa. Idatha ye-viscosity yexesha langempela ivumela zombini ukulungiswa kunye nokujonga okusekelwe kwimeko.
4.3.1 Ukusebenza kakuhle kunye noLawulo lokuCavitation
Njengoko i-viscosity yolwelo isanda, ilahleko yamandla ngaphakathi kwipompo iyanyuka, nto leyo ebangela ukuba ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-hydraulic kunciphe kakhulu kunye nokwanda okufanayo kokusetyenziswa kwamandla ombane ukugcina ukuhamba. Ukubeka iliso rhoqo kwi-viscosity kuvumela abaqhubi ukuba balandele ukusebenza kakuhle kwepompo kwaye balungise ii-variable speed drives ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokulawula ukusetyenziswa kombane.
Ngaphezu koko, i-viscosity ephezulu iyenza mandundu ingozi ye-cavitation. Ulwelo oluxineneyo kakhulu lunyusa ukuhla koxinzelelo kwi-pump suction, lutshintsha i-pump curve kwaye lonyusa i-Net Positive Suction Head Required (NPSHr). Ukuba i-NPSHr efunekayo ayithathelwa ngqalelo—imeko eqhelekileyo xa kusetyenziswa idatha ye-viscosity engashukumiyo okanye ebambezelekileyo—i-pump isebenza ngokusondeleyo kwindawo ye-cavitation, nto leyo ebeka emngciphekweni umonakalo woomatshini. Ixesha langempelaumlinganiselo we-viscosity emgceniIbonelela ngedatha efunekayo ukuze kubalwe ngokuguquguqukayo into efanelekileyo yokulungisa i-NPSHr, iqinisekisa ukuba ipompo igcina umda osebenzayo okhuselekileyo kwaye ithintela ukuguguleka nokungaphumeleli kwezixhobo.
4.3.2 Ukufumanisa Izinto Ezingaqhelekanga
Idatha ye-viscosity inika umaleko onamandla womxholo wokugcinwa kwangaphambili. Utshintsho olungaqhelekanga kwi-viscosity (umz., ukunyuka ngequbuliso ngenxa yokungenwa ziingceba, okanye ukwehla ngenxa yokuqhekeka okungalindelekanga kwe-diluent okanye ukuphuma kwegesi) kunokubonisa utshintsho kwimiba yokulayisha ipompo okanye ukuhambelana kolwelo. Ukudibanisa idatha ye-viscosity kunye neeparamitha zokujonga zendabuko, ezifana neempawu zoxinzelelo kunye nokungcangcazela, kuvumela ukufunyanwa kwangaphambili nangokuchanekileyo kwe-anomaly kunye nokuxilongwa kweempazamo, ukuthintela ukusilela kwizixhobo ezibalulekileyo ezifana neempompo ze-injection.
Itheyibhile 4: I-Real-Time Viscosity Data Application Matrix kwiMisebenzi yeOyile engaqhelekanga
| Indawo yokusebenza | Ukutolikwa kwedatha yokuxinana | Isiphumo sokuphucula | Isalathisi sokuSebenza esiPhambili (i-KPI) |
| Ukunciphisa ukutsalwa (Umbhobho) | Ukuncipha kokubonakala kwe-viscosity emva kokufakwa kuhambelana nokusebenza kakuhle kokunciphisa ukucheba. | Ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kakhulu kweekhemikhali ngelixa kugcinwa ukuhamba kakuhle kwamanzi. | Amandla Okumpompa Ancitshisiweyo (kWh/bbl); Ukuhla Koxinzelelo Okuncitshisiweyo. |
| Ukuxuba i-Diluent (Isixhobo Sokulinganisa Ukubonakala Kweoyile) | I-requisited feedback loop iqinisekisa ukuba i-target blending viscosity iyafezekiswa. | Ukuqinisekiswa kokunamathela kwiinkcukacha zemibhobho kunye neendleko zokunciphisa ukunyibilikisa. | Ukufana kweSikhombisi sokuxinana kweMveliso yeMphumo (VI); Umlinganiselo weDiluent/oyile. |
| Ukubeka iliso kwiMpilo yePump | Ukuphambuka okanye ukushukuma kwe-viscosity okungachazwanga. | Isilumkiso sakwangoko sokungahambelani kolwelo, ukungena, okanye ukuvaleka kwesisu okuqale; umda we-NPSHr olungiselelweyo. | Ukunciphisa ixesha lokungasebenzi elingacwangciswanga; Ukusetyenziswa kombane okuNgcono. |
| Uqinisekiso lokuhamba kwamanzi (Umlinganiselo wokuxinana okuqhubekayo) | Ichanekile ekubalweni kokulahleka kokungqubana kunye nokuchaneka kwemodeli yesikhashana. | Umngcipheko omncinci wokuvaleka kwemibhobho; uvakalelo oluphuculweyo lokubona ukuvuza. | Ukuchaneka kweModeli yoQinisekiso lokuHamba; Ukunciphisa ii-Alarm zokuVuza okungamanga. |
Isiphelo kunye neeNgcebiso
Ethembekileyo nechanekileyoumlinganiselo oqhubekayo we-viscosityiihydrocarbons ezingaqhelekanga—ngakumbii-viscosity yeoyile ye-shalekunye nolwelo oluvelaukutsalwa kwesanti yeoyile—ayisiyomfuneko yohlalutyo nje kuphela kodwa yimfuneko ephambili yokusebenza kakuhle noqoqosho. Imingeni ekhoyo ebangelwa kukuxinana okuphezulu kakhulu, ukuziphatha okuntsonkothileyo okungengokwaseNewtonian, iimpawu zoxinzelelo lwemveliso, kunye nosongelo oluphindwe kabini lokungcolisa kunye nokukrala kwenza ubuchwepheshe bendabuko bokulinganisa ngaphakathi buphelelwe lixesha.
I-Advanced resonant okanyeii-viscometer ezingcangcazelayoImele ubuchwepheshe obufanelekileyo kakhulu kule nkonzo ngenxa yeenzuzo zayo ezisisiseko zoyilo: akukho zixhobo zishukumayo, umlinganiselo ongenanto yokuthinta, ukumelana okuphezulu kokukrala (ngokusebenzisa iingubo eziqinileyo), kunye nokungakhuseleki kwangaphakathi ekuguqukeni kokuhamba kobuninzi. Amandla ezixhobo zanamhlanje okulinganisa i-viscosity, ubushushu, kunye noxinano ngaxeshanye (SRD) abalulekile ekufumaneni i-viscosity echanekileyo kwimisinga emininzi kunye nokuvumela ulawulo olupheleleyo lwepropathi yolwelo.
Ukufakwa kwesicwangciso-qhinga kufuna ingqalelo enzulu kwi-geometry yofakelo, kukhethwa ii-sensors zokufaka ezinde kwii-T-pieces kunye neengqiniba ukuze kuthintelwe iindawo zokuma ezihambelana nolwelo oluxinzelelweyo. Ukuphila ixesha elide kokusebenza kuqinisekiswa ngokugcinwa kwemiyalelo kusetyenziswa izinyibilikisi ezikhethekileyo ze-aromatic ezenzelwe ukungena nokusasaza ukungcola okukhulu kwe-hydrocarbon.
Ukusetyenziswa kwedatha ye-viscosity yexesha langempela kuhamba ngaphaya kokujonga okulula, okuvumela ulawulo olucwangcisiweyo oluvaliweyo kwiinkqubo ezibalulekileyo. Iziphumo eziphambili zokuphucula ziquka ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kweekhemikhali ekunciphiseni ukutsala ngokulawula ukuya kwimeko ye-rheological ekujoliswe kuyo, ukuphucula ngokuchanekileyo ukusetyenziswa kwe-diluent kwimisebenzi yokuxuba, ukulola ukuthembeka kweenkqubo zokufumanisa ukuvuza ezisekelwe kwi-RTTM, kunye nokuthintela ukungaphumeleli koomatshini ngokuqinisekisa ukuba iipompo zisebenza ngaphakathi kwemida ekhuselekileyo ye-NPSHr ehlengahlengisiweyo ngokuguquguqukayo ukuze i-viscosity yolwelo iqhubeke. Ukutyala imali kwi-eqinileyo, eqhubekayo.umlinganiselo we-viscosity emgcenisisicwangciso esibalulekileyo sokwandisa imveliso, ukunciphisa iindleko zokusebenza, nokuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kokuqinisekiswa kokuhamba kwamanzi kwimveliso yeoyile engaqhelekanga kunye nothutho.
Ixesha leposi: Oktobha-11-2025
