Inkqubo yokucoca ngaphambi kokusebenzisa i-electroplating ibandakanya ulandelelwano lwamanyathelo okucoca, ukulungisa imeko, kunye nokuvuselela iindawo ukuze kulungiselelwe ukufakwa kwe-electroplating. Le nkqubo isusa izinto ezingcolisayo kumphezulu, iphucule umsebenzi weekhemikhali, kwaye idala isiseko sokunamathela okuqinileyo, okufanayo.
Isishwankathelo seNkqubo yoNyango lwangaphambi koNyango kwi-Electroplating
Unyango lwangaphambi kokusebenzisa i-electroplating luqala ngokucoca kokuqala ukususa naziphi na iioyile, amafutha, okanye ukungcola kumphezulu we-substrate. Ukucoca i-solvent, njengokuntywiliselwa kwi-trichlorethylene okanye ukusula nge-organic solvents, kujoliswe kwiintsalela ze-organic. Ukucoca i-alkaline kusebenzisa izisombululo ezine-surfactants kunye ne-detergents—ezifana ne-sodium carbonate kunye ne-trisodium phosphate—ngokufuthi nge-agitation okanye umbane wamandla ukuze kuphulwe izinto ezingcolisayo.
Iisubstrates zinokulungiswa ngomatshini. Iindlela ezifana nokuqhumisa isanti, ukuqhumisa iintsimbi, okanye ukubrasha zisusa ngokwasemzimbeni umhlwa, amaxolo, kunye nee-oxides ezingapheliyo. Ezi ndlela zomatshini zifanelekile ngokukodwa kwiindawo ezixineneyo okanye ezirhabaxa.
Ukucoca ngamakhemikhali kulandela, ngesiqhelo ngokusebenzisa izicoci ze-asidi (i-pickling), ezisusa izinto ezingcolisayo ezingaphiliyo kuquka isikali, ii-oxides, kunye nomhlwa. I-Hydrochloric acid ixhaphakile kwiintsimbi, ngelixa i-sulfuric acid ikhethwa kwiisikali ezinzima. Imixube eyimfihlo enezithinteli ikhusela isinyithi esisisiseko ekuhlaselweni kakhulu ngexesha lokucola. Kwizinyithi ezingezizo i-ferrous, izisombululo ezenzelwe wena ezifana ne-sodium hydroxide ye-aluminium okanye i-dilute sulfuric acid ye-copper ziqinisekisa ukuhambelana kunye neziphumo ezilungileyo.
Unyango lwangaphambi kokulungiswa kwezixhobo ze-electroplating kumphezulu
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Ukucoca kufakwa kumanyathelo angaphambi konyango ukuze kususwe iintsalela zeekhemikhali kwaye kuthintelwe iimpendulo ezingafunekiyo kunyango olulandelayo. Ukucoca ngamanqanaba amabini, ingakumbi emva kokucoca nge-asidi, kunciphisa kakhulu ukuhamba kwee-ion kwaye kuphucula umgangatho wenkqubo esezantsi, kunciphisa iziphene zeplating.
Ukuvuselela linyathelo lokugqibela elibalulekileyo leekhemikhali. Ukuntywiliselwa okwethutyana kwii-asidi ezinyibilikisiweyo, ezifana ne-10–20% ye-hydrochloric okanye i-sulfuric acid, kususa naziphi na ii-oxide eziseleyo kwaye kugcine i-substrate kwimeko esebenzayo yeekhemikhali. Kwezinye izinto, kusetyenziswa ii-activators ezizimeleyo okanye i-cathodic acid bath.
Kwezinye iimeko, i-flash okanye i-"strike" coat yesinyithi esisebenzayo esisebenza nge-catalytically—njenge-copper okanye i-nickel—yongezwa ngaphambi kwe-coating ephambili, ingakumbi kwi-non-metals okanye kwi-passive alloys. Eli nyathelo le-pre-plating liphucula ukufana kwenkqubo ye-electroplating kunye namandla okuncamathela.
Indima yeNkqubo yokuNyangwa koMphezulu ngaphambi kokuPhepha ekuPhembeleleni uMgangatho we-Electroplating
Unyango lwangaphambi komphezulu lubalulekile kumgangatho uphela wenkqubo yokufakelwa kwe-electroplating. Inqanaba ngalinye lichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ikhonkco lokuncamathelisa elenziwe phakathi kwesiseko kunye nomaleko olandelayo ofakwe i-electroplated.
Ukususwa ngokufanelekileyo kweeoyile, ii-oxides, kunye nee-particles kuqinisekisa ukuba i-electrolyte kunye nesinyithi esine-electrode zinokwenza unxibelelwano olufanayo nomphezulu osisiseko. Ukulahleka kokunamathela, ukugquma okufipheleyo okanye okungalinganiyo, kunye nokudumba kwesikhumba kudla ngokulandelwa kukucocwa okungaphelelanga okanye amanyathelo okusebenza angafanelekanga. Ungcoliseko lomphezulu luhlala luyimbangela ephambili yamazinga okulahlwa kweplati, okubangela ngaphezu kwesiqingatha sazo zonke iintsilelo kwiindawo zoshishino.
Ukuqinisekisa Amandla Okuncamathela Afanelekileyo Phakathi Kwesigqubuthelo Nesigqubuthelo
Ukunamathelana komaleko oqhotyoshelweyo kuxhomekeke kwisiseko esisebenza ngamakhemikhali, esingenangcolisi. Ukusetyenziswa ngononophelo kweendlela zangaphambi konyango zokufakelwa i-electroplating kwenza ukuba kubekho ukuxinana okukhulu koomatshini kunye nokubophelelana kweathomu kuyo yonke indawo. Umzekelo, inyathelo lokusebenzisa, ngokususa iifilimu ze-oxide ezincinci, liphucula ukuhambelana kwe-electrochemical kwaye likhuthaza amandla aphezulu okuncamathela kwi-electroplating. Ukuba ukusebenza akwanelanga okanye umphezulu uphinda uvezwe emoyeni ngaphambi kokufakelwa i-plating, ukunamathela kunokonakala kakhulu.
Impembelelo ekukhanyeni, ukuqina, kunye neziphene ezinciphileyo zomphezulu
Ulandelelwano olucwangcisiweyo ngaphambi konyango luvelisa ukukhanya okuphezulu, ukuqina kwesakhiwo, kunye neziphene ezincinci zomphezulu ezifana nokuqhekeka, ukudumba, kunye noburhabaxa. Iindawo ezicociweyo nezilungisiweyo zibonelela nge-nucleation ehambelanayo yokufakwa kwesinyithi, nto leyo ephumela kubukhulu obufanayo kunye nokukhanya okubonakalayo.
Ulawulo lolwakhiwo lwebhafu yokucoca nge-electroplating, kuquka ukuxinana kwesisombululo se-potassium permanganate ngaphambi konyango, lunokuphucula ukusebenza komphezulu, ngakumbi kwiiplastiki nakwezinye iintsimbi. Ukuxinana kwesisombululo se-potassium permanganate esifanelekileyo kuxhomekeka kuhlobo lwe-substrate kunye nokusebenza okufunekayo. I-potassium permanganate yokucoca nge-electroplating, xa ilungiswe kakuhle kwaye ihlanjwe, yonyusa uburhabaxa bomphezulu nge-microscopically, ibonelela ngokuxinana okuphezulu koomatshini kumaleko wokugquma kwaye iphucula ukunamathela kunye nokuqina kwexesha elide. Ukuxinana okungafanelekanga okanye ukuhlanjwa okwaneleyo ngexesha lokulungiselela isisombululo se-potassium permanganate sonyango lomphezulu, nangona kunjalo, kunokukhokelela kwiziphene okanye ekudayeni, okubeka emngciphekweni ubuhle kunye nokusebenza koomatshini.
Ngamafutshane, iindlela zokulungisa umphezulu eziqinileyo ze-electroplating zimisela ngokuthe ngqo ukusebenza, ukuthembeka, kunye nokubonakala kwezinto ezifakwe nge-electroplated. Inyathelo ngalinye kwinkqubo yangaphambi konyango lomphezulu—ukusuka ekususeni amafutha ekuqaleni ukuya ekusebenzeni kokugqibela kunye nokufaka i-strike coating ngokuzithandela—lijolise kudidi oluthile lwezinto ezingcolisayo okanye iimeko zomphezulu. Ubuchule bale nkqubo bubalulekile kwi-electroplating esemgangathweni ophezulu enamandla aphezulu okuncamathelisa kunye neziphene ezincinci zomphezulu.
Amanyathelo Aphambili Okulungiselela Umphezulu
Ukuchonga nokususa izinto ezingcolisayo ezisetyenziswa kumphezulu oqhelekileyo
Unyango lwangaphambi kokusebenzisa i-electroplatingIqala ngokuchonga izinto ezingcolisayo ezifana neeoyile, iigrisi, iileya ze-oxide, uthuli, iimveliso zokubola, kunye neengubo ezindala. Iioyile kunye neegrisi zihlala zivela kwiinkqubo zokuvelisa okanye ukuphathwa. Ii-oxide zenzeka ngokwemvelo kwiintsimbi ezivezwe emoyeni, nto leyo enciphisa ukuhanjiswa kombane ukuze kufakwe iiplati. Uthuli kunye neentsalela zeenxalenye zingasala kwimishini okanye ekuthuthweni.
Ukususwa ngokwaneleyo kwezi zinto zingcolisayo kubangela ukunamathelana okungekuhle, ukudumba, imingxuma, kunye nokungalingani kokufakwa kwi-electroplated layer. Umzekelo, ii-oyile ezisele zibangela ukunganamatheli kwindawo ethile, ngelixa ii-oxide layers zinokubangela ukudumba okanye ukuxobuka phantsi koxinzelelo.
Iindlela Zonyango Lwangaphambi Koomatshini
Iindlela zoomatshini zibalulekile kwinkqubo yonyango lwangaphambi kokufakelwa kwe-electroplating. Ukusila kususa ungcoliseko olukhulu kwaye kuthambisa ukungalungelelani. Ukupolisha kuphucula ukugudiswa komphezulu, kunciphisa ii-micro-pits apho iziphene zinokuthi zibangele i-nucleate. Ukuqhumisa isanti ("ukuqhuma kwegrit") kususa ii-oxides eziqinileyo, iintsalela, kunye namaqhekeza afakwe ngaphakathi, kwaye kwandisa uburhabaxa bomphezulu ukuze kunamathele ngcono kumatshini. Ukuhluza iimbumbulu kuhluba imiphetho ebukhali kunye neziqwenga ezikhululekileyo ezinokuphazamisa ukufana kwengubo.
Iikhrayitheriya zokukhetha zixhomekeke kuhlobo lwe-substrate kunye neemfuno zesicelo. Umzekelo, ukuqhumisa i-grit kungcono kwintsimbi ngaphambi kokuba i-nanocomposite nickel-tungsten (Ni-W/SiC) deposits ibekwe, nto leyo ephucula ubulukhuni kunye nokunamathela xa kuthelekiswa nokupholisha. Ii-alloys ze-aluminium ezilungiselelwe nge-abrasive blasting zisabela ngcono kwiimfuno zokumelana nokugqwala ekusetyenzisweni kolwandle.
Uburhabaxa bomphezulu bubalulekile ekuqiniseni ukunamathela xa kusenziwa i-electroplating. Uburhabaxa obuphezulu—obudalwa kukugquma isanti okanye ukugaywa—bukhuthaza ukudityaniswa koomatshini kwendawo efakwe kuyo, kubambe ii-coatings ezifakwe i-electroplating. Iindawo ezikhazimlisiweyo, nangona zigudile, zinokuncama amandla okunamathela ukuze kufunyanwe ukufana. Izifundo zihlala zifumanisa ukuba iindawo ezigqunywe isanti zibonelela ngeziphumo ezilungileyo ngokubhekiselele ekunamatheleni nasekuqineni.
Iindlela Zonyango Lwangaphambi Kweekhemikhali
Unyango lwangaphambi kokusetyenziswa kweekhemikhali lujolise kwizinto ezingcolisayo ezingalungiswanga ngeendlela zoomatshini, ezifana neefilimu zeoyile ezincinci kunye neengqimba ze-oxide ezihlala zihleli.Ukususa amafuthaisebenzisa izinyibilikisi ze-organic okanye izisombululo ze-alkaline ukususa iioyile kunye neegrisi ngokupheleleyo; izinto eziqhelekileyo ziquka i-sodium hydroxide okanye i-trichlorethylene, kuxhomekeke ekubeni i-substrate ihambelana na.
Ukucola, ukusebenzisa izisombululo ze-asidi, kunyibilikisa ii-oxides kunye nezikali ezivela kumphezulu wesinyithi. Umzekelo, i-sulfuric okanye i-hydrochloric acid iqhelekile kwintsimbi, ngelixa i-nitric acid ifanele ii-aluminium alloys. Ukucola i-asidi—uhlaselo olulawulwayo kwi-substrate—kuphucula ukulungela iikhemikhali, nto leyo ebalulekileyo ekufakweni kwesinyithi ngempumelelo. Ukucola i-hydrofluoric acid kusebenza ngakumbi kwi-ceramics, ukususa iileya ze-siliceous kunye nokwandisa amandla okubopha okulungisa.
Emva konyango olunamandla lweekhemikhali, ukuhlamba ngamanzi acocekileyo kuthintela ukuphinda kufakwe izinto ezingcolisayo ezinyibilikisiweyo. Ukususwa kwezinto ezingcolisayo kulandela, kusetyenziswa iziseko ezibuthathaka (ezifana ne-sodium bicarbonate) ukuzinzisa umphezulu we-substrate osabelayo kunye nokuthintela iimpendulo ezingafunekiyo kwiibhafu zokugquma ezilandelayo. Oku kuqinisekisa uzinzo kunye nokuhambelana nokwakheka kwebhafu yokugquma nge-electroplating.
Ukusebenza komphezulu we-Electrochemical
Ukusebenza kwe-electrochemical kulungiselela umphezulu we-substrate ngakumbi, kusetyenziswa ii-short current pulses okanye unyango lwe-anodic/cathodic kwiibhafu ze-electrolyte. Ezi ndlela ziguqula amandla omphezulu, zisuse ii-oxide eziseleyo, kwaye zonyusa ukumanzisa—ezibalulekileyo ekudibaneni kwe-electrolyte kunye nokufakwa okulandelayo.
Imigaqo yokusebenza kwe-electrochemical ilawulwa yi-substrate kunye ne-target coating. Umzekelo, unyango lwe-cathodic kwi-sodium hydroxide lubuyisela kwakhona i-surface charge kwaye lususe iifilimu ze-oxide ezihlala ixesha elide. Eli nyathelo linyusa uxinano lweendawo zomphezulu ezisabelayo, likhuthaza i-nucleation efanayo yomaleko we-electroplated.
Ngokubanzi, indlela nganye yangaphambi konyango ikhethwa kwaye ilandelelaniswe ngokusekwe kwiimpawu zezinto ezisetyenziswa yi-substrate, iintlobo zongcoliseko, ukusetyenziswa okucetywayo, kunye nomgangatho ofunekayo we-electroplating. Ukulungiswa kwe-mechanical, ukucoca iikhemikhali, kunye nokusebenza kwe-electrochemical kunye kuqhuba amandla afanelekileyo okuncamathelisa kunye nokusebenza kwe-coating kwinkqubo ye-electroplating.
Indima yePotassium Permanganate kwi-Electroplating Pretreatment
Ikhemistri yeSombululo zePotassium Permanganate
I-Potassium permanganate (KMnO₄) iyaziwa ngamandla ayo okuxovula kwi-electroplating process. Xa inyibilikiswa emanzini, i-KMnO₄ iyahlukana ukuze ikhuphe ii-ion ze-permanganate (MnO₄⁻), ezinamandla aphezulu e-redox. Oku kwenza ukuba i-oxidation enamandla ye-organic kunye ne-inorganic compounds, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ibe sisixhobo esibalulekileyo sonyango lwangaphambi kobuso kwi-electroplating pretreatment.
Amandla okuxovula isisombululo abalulekile ekususeni izinto ezingcolisayo eziphilayo ezihlala zihleli. Ezi ziquka iioyile, ii-surfactants, kunye neepolymers ezisele kwi-substrates zesinyithi. Isenzo se-oxidative siqhubeka ngokudluliselwa ngqo kwe-electron, okukhokelela ekuqhekekeni kwezi molekyuli ze-organic zibe ziintlobo ezinyibilikayo emanzini okanye ukwenziwa ngokupheleleyo kweeminerali. Umzekelo, iindawo ezisebenza ngombane eziphucukileyo—ezifana ne-Mo-doped MnO₂ kwi-TiO₂ nanotube arrays—zibonakalise ukuba zibangela ukuwohloka ngokukhawuleza kwezinto ezingcolisayo eziphilayo ngokusebenzisa i-oxidation ethe ngqo kunye nokwakhiwa kwee-oxidants ezinamandla eziphakathi, njenge-Mn(III/IV) kunye ne-hydroxyl radicals, eziphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo.
Ukuze kususwe izinto ezingcolisayo ezingaphiliyo, isisombululo se-KMnO₄ senza kube lula ukunyibilika kunye nokuthintela ukushukuma kweesinyithi ezinzima, ezifana ne-Pb(II), i-Cd(II), kunye ne-Cu(II), kwiindawo okanye ngaphakathi kwe-matrices. Oku kubangelwa kakhulu kukuhla kwe-MnO₂ microparticles ngexesha le-KMnO₄ reaction, ezibonisa iindawo ezininzi ezisebenzayo zokufunxwa kwee-ion zesinyithi. Ngaphezu koko, i-KMnO₄ inokutshintsha ii-adsorbents ezisekelwe kwi-carbon, ezifana ne-hydrochar, ngokongeza amaqela asebenzayo ane-oxygen kunye nokunyusa amandla azo okufunxwa kwesinyithi esinzima—okubalulekileyo ekulungiseleleni umphezulu ococekileyo kakhulu ngaphambi kokuba kuhlanganiswe iibhafu ze-electroplating.
Uxinzelelo olufanelekileyo lwesisombululo se-potassium permanganate lubalulekile ekulinganiseni ukusebenza kakuhle kokususwa kokungcola kunye nokuthembeka komphezulu. Uxinzelelo oluphezulu kakhulu lunokubangela ukugrumba komphezulu kakhulu okanye ukungcoliswa kakhulu, ngelixa umgangatho ophantsi kakhulu unokuphazamisa amandla okuncamathelisa kwi-electroplating kwaye ushiye iintsalela eziphazamisa ukwakheka kwebhafu ye-electroplating.
Ukuphunyezwa kwiinkqubo zangaphambi konyango olungaphezulu
Ukudibanisa i-potassium permanganate ukuze kufakwe i-electroplating kwiindlela ezikhoyo zangaphambi konyango kuqala ngokulungiselela isisombululo esilawulwa kakuhle. Unyango lwangaphambi konyango ludla ngokulandela la manyathelo:
- Ukucoca Umphezulu:Ukususwa kokuqala komhlaba ongcolileyo, igrisi, okanye izinto ezincinci kusetyenziswa ukukrazula ngoomatshini okanye ukuhlamba nge-alkaline.
- Unyango lwe-KMnO₄:Ukuntywilisela okanye ukutshiza i-substrate ngesisombululo se-potassium permanganate. Uxinzelelo lwesisombululo se-potassium permanganate kwi-electroplating kufuneka luhambelane nohlobo lwe-substrate kunye nomthwalo ongcolisayo ukuze kususwe kakuhle.
- Ixesha lokuphendula:Ukuvumela ixesha elaneleyo lokudibana ukuze kufakwe ioksijini, ngesiqhelo phakathi kwemizuzu embalwa ukuya kwisiqingatha seyure, kuxhomekeke kwindlela ebekwe ngayo umphezulu kunye nohlobo lwezinto ezingcolisayo.
- Hlamba kwaye Ungathathi cala:Hlamba kakuhle ngamanzi ukuze ususe iintsalela ezonakeleyo, kwaye ukuba kuyimfuneko, unciphise nayiphi na i-KMnO₄ eseleyo nge-sodium bisulfite okanye i-reductant efanayo ukuthintela ukuphazamiseka kwi-electroplating bath chemistry elandelayo.
- Uhlolo oluPhakathi:Ukusebenzisa imitha yoxinano oluphakathi okanye i-viscosity evela eLonnmeter ukuqinisekisa ukuba iintsalela kunye neekhemikhali zangaphambi konyango zisusiwe ngokwaneleyo kwaye imeko yomphezulu izinzile ukuze kubekho amandla afanelekileyo okuncamathelisa kwi-electroplating.
Le nkqubo inokwenziwa ngokweentsimbi ezahlukeneyo—ubhedu, i-nickel, okanye i-zinc—ngokulungisa ukulungiswa kwesisombululo se-potassium permanganate ukuze sinyangwe ngaphezulu. Ukubeka iliso kwiindawo zokugqibela zonyango kubalulekile ekuthinteleni ukuxinana kakhulu, okunokuphazamisa umgangatho wokugqibela we-electroplating okanye amandla okuncamathelisa.
I-potassium permanganate ineengenelo ezininzi ngaphezu kweekhemikhali zemveli zokunyanga kwangaphambili ezifana nee-chromates okanye ii-simple acids. Ayinabungozi kangako ukuyiphatha nokuyilahla kunee-hexavalent chromium compounds. Amandla e-KMnO₄ e-broad-spectrum oxidizing athetha ukuba inokujongana neentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo nezingaphiliyo ngenyathelo elinye, nto leyo enciphisa inani lamanqanaba afunekayo ngaphambi kokunyanga. Ukongeza, ukwakheka kwee-microparticles ze-MnO₂ kunokuphucula iindlela ezilandelayo zokulungiselela umphezulu ngokuphucula ukufunxwa kwezinto ezingcolileyo kunye nokwenza kube lula ukufakwa kwesinyithi okufanayo kwiindawo ezilungisiweyo kwangaphambili.
Ngamafutshane, i-potassium permanganate yokufakelwa i-electroplating ibonelela ngendlela esebenzayo yokuphucula iindlela zokulungiselela umphezulu we-electroplating, kunye nokuphuculwa okubhaliweyo ekusebenzeni kakuhle kokususa kunye namandla okugqibela okuncamathelisa. Ukusetyenziswa okufanelekileyo kuxhomekeke kulawulo oluchanekileyo loxinzelelo lwe-KMnO₄ kunye nokuhlanganiswa nokubeka esweni inkqubo, njengobuninzi kunye nokuqinisekiswa kwe-viscosity zizixhobo ezifana nezo zinikezelwa yiLonnmeter.
Inkqubo yokuGqiba ngesinyithi
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Ukuqinisekisa Amandla Okuncamathela kunye noMgangatho Wokugquma
Ukuxiliswa kwe-potassium permanganate kubalulekile ekusetyenzisweni kwe-electroplating kwangaphambili, ingakumbi kwiipolymers ezifana ne-ABS. Eli nyathelo lijongana nomngeni ophambili wokunamathela komaleko wesinyithi ngokuguqula umphezulu we-substrate ngokweekhemikhali nangokwasemzimbeni.
Indlela yokusebenza: Indlela iPotassium Permanganate ephucula ngayo amandla okuncamathela
I-potassium permanganate, i-oxidizer enamandla, iguqula umphezulu ngexesha lenkqubo yokulungiselela umphezulu we-electroplating. Kwi-substrates ze-polymer, ijolise kumaqela omphezulu we-organic, ngakumbi kwiindawo ze-polybutadiene ezifumaneka kwi-ABS plastics. I-oxidation iqhekeza iibhondi eziphindwe kabini, ize ingenise amaqela asebenzayo ane-oxygen eninzi njenge-hydroxyl (–OH) kunye ne-carboxyl (–COOH). La maqela e-polar anyusa kakhulu amandla omphezulu, ephucula ukumanzi kunye nokuhambelana kweekhemikhali nee-ion zesinyithi kwi-electroplating bath compositions ezilandelayo.
Ngaxeshanye, ukugrumba kwe-permanganate kubangela i-micro-roughening, eyandisa indawo yomphezulu kwaye ibonelele ngeendawo zokubambelela ezibonakalayo. Olu hlobo lwe-micro- kunye ne-nanoscale lwenza ukuba i-interface yamkele ngakumbi i-nucleation kunye nokukhula komaleko wesinyithi ogciniweyo, ekugqibeleni inyusa amandla okudibanisa kunye nokuncamathelisa.
Unxibelelwano Phakathi Konyango Oluhlala Luhleli, Ukusebenza Komphezulu, kunye Nokuqina Kokugquma
Iindlela zokucoca nge-electroplating ngaphambi konyango kufuneka ziphucule ukusebenza kweekhemikhali kunye nobume bomzimba. Xa kusetyenziswa i-potassium permanganate phantsi kweemeko ezifanelekileyo—ngesiqhelo kumanqanaba aphakathi kwe-0.5% kunye ne-2%, imizuzu emi-3-10 kwi-60-80°C—ifezekisa ukusebenza komphezulu okusebenzayo ngaphandle kokubangela umonakalo kwi-substrate.
Iindawo ezifakwe i-oxidized ngokufanelekileyo zibonisa umxholo ophezulu we-oksijini kunye noburhabaxa bomphezulu, njengoko kuboniswe yi-XPS kunye ne-SEM. Ezi mpawu zihambelana ngokuthe ngqo nokunamathela okuphuculweyo kunye nokuqina kombala wokugqibela. Amandla okuncamathelisa aphuculweyo aguqulela ekuchaseni okuphezulu kwi-delanitation, blistering, kunye nemijikelo yokutshisa ubushushu, ebalulekileyo kwizicelo ezifuna amandla ezifana nokuveliswa kweemoto okanye ze-elektroniki.
Ngaphezu koko, abaqhubi bendalo bayakhawulezisa utshintsho oluya kunyango lwangaphambi kokusetyenziswa kwe-permanganate. Njengoko imigangatho yokulawula ithintela ukusetyenziswa kwe-chromic acid, i-permanganate oxidation inika ukunamathela okufanayo okanye okuphezulu ngelixa inciphisa inkunkuma enobungozi. Le ndlela isebenza kakuhle kwiiplastiki ezahlukeneyo zobunjineli, kubandakanya i-polypropylene kunye ne-polycarbonate, xa iimeko zesisombululo zilungiswa kwi-substrate ekuthethwa ngayo.
Iimpawu eziphambili zovavanyo lwamandla okuncamathela emva konyango lwangaphambi kobuso
Ukuvavanya ukusebenza kakuhle kwenyathelo le-potassium permanganate kumphezulu wenkqubo yangaphambi konyango kugxile kwiimpawu ezininzi ezilinganisekayo:
- Uvavanyo Lokuqina Kwamaxolo:Ilinganisa amandla afunekayo ukuxobula umaleko ogqunyiweyo kwi-substrate. Kwi-ABS enyangwe nge-permanganate, amaxabiso adla ngokwanda ukusuka kwi-~8 N/cm (enganyangwanga) ukuya kwi->25 N/cm, nto leyo ebonisa inzuzo ebalulekileyo yenkqubo.
- Uvavanyo lokukrwela kunye nokukrala:Vavanya ukumelana nokuqhekeka koomatshini, okubonisa kungekuphela nje umgangatho wokunamathela kodwa kunye nokudibana phakathi koburhabaxa bomphezulu kunye noxinano olusebenzayo lweqela.
- Ukujikeleza kobushushu kunye nokumelana nokufuma:Iveza iisampulu ezifakwe iipleyiti kutshintsho oluphindaphindeneyo lobushushu kunye nokufuma, nto leyo elinganisa uzinzo lwe-interface yesinyithi-yepolimeri ngokuhamba kwexesha.
- Uhlalutyo lweMicroscopic kunye neSpectroscopic:I-SEM kunye ne-XPS zibonelela ngedatha yobungakanani malunga nokwakheka komphezulu kunye nokwakheka kwezinto ezisisiseko, okuvumela ukuhambelana koxinzelelo lwe-oksijini kunye ne-micro-topography kunye neemetrikhi zokunamathela ezilinganiswe ngokweempirical.
Ukuze kujongwe ubungakanani bemveliso, ukuqinisekisa ulawulo oluqinileyo kunye nokuphindaphindwa koxinzelelo lwesisombululo se-potassium permanganate kubalulekile. Kulapho ubuchwepheshe bokulinganisa uxinano oluphakathi okanye i-viscosity, njengaleyo ibonelelwa yiLonnmeter, buqinisekisa ukuba ibhetshi nganye ifikelela kwimeko yesisombululo esifanelekileyo, ixhasa umgangatho ohambelanayo kwiziphumo zeplating ezisezantsi.
Izinto eziqwalaselwayo kuKhuseleko, kwiNdalo, nakwiNdlela yokusebenza
Ukuphatha izisombululo ze-potassium permanganate kwinkqubo yokufakelwa kwe-electroplating kunye nemisebenzi yangaphambi konyango kumphezulu kufuna imigaqo eqinileyo yempilo, ukhuseleko, kunye nokukhuselwa kwendalo. Ngenxa yeempawu zayo ezinamandla zokuxilisa kunye nokusebenza kwayo, inyathelo ngalinye ukusuka kwindawo yokugcina ukuya ekulahleni lifuna ingqalelo kwiinkcukacha zomthetho kunye nokusebenza.
Ukuphathwa, Ukugcinwa, kunye Nokulahlwa Kwezisombululo Ezihlala Zilungile zePotassium
Izixhobo zokuzikhusela zomntu (PPE) zibalulekile xa usebenzisa i-potassium permanganate. Abasebenzi kufuneka basebenzise iiglavu ezinganyangekiyo ngamakhemikhali, iiglasi zokukhusela, izikhuselo zobuso, kunye neengubo zelebhu ukuthintela ukudibana nolusu namehlo. Sebenza nale khemikhali kwiindawo ezinomoya opholileyo okanye phantsi kwee-fume hood ukuze uphephe ukuphefumla uthuli okanye umphunga. Kuphephe ukudibana ngqo kunye nokudalwa kwee-aerosols—uthuli okanye inkungu ye-KMnO₄ iyingozi.
Ukuphathwa ngononophelo kuthintela iimpembelelo eziyingozi. I-potassium permanganate isabela ngamandla kwizinto eziphilayo, izinto ezinciphisa igesi, kunye nee-asidi, nto leyo ebeka emngciphekweni umlilo okanye ukuqhuma. Yigcine yahlulwe kuzo zonke izinto ezivuthayo kunye neekhemikhali ezingahambelaniyo kuzo zonke izigaba zeendlela zangaphambi konyango lwe-electroplating.
Gcina i-potassium permanganate kwizikhongozeli ezivalwe ngokuqinileyo, ezingamelani nokugqwala (ngakumbi i-HDPE okanye iglasi) kwindawo epholileyo, eyomileyo, nenendawo yokungenisa umoya kakuhle. Bhala zonke izikhongozeli ngokuchanekileyo. Zigcine kude nelanga, imithombo yobushushu, kunye nezinto ezingcolisayo. Ukwahlulahlula ngokwasemzimbeni kubalulekile: ungaze ugcine kunye nee-asidi, izinto ezinokutsha, okanye izinto zokunciphisa.
Thintela naluphi na ukukhutshwa kwamanzi, umhlaba, okanye imibhobho yamanzi. Izithintelo zesibini, ezifana neetreyi ezingangenisi khemikhali phantsi kwezitya zokugcina, zinceda ekuthinteleni ukuvuza ngengozi ukuba kungafikeleli kwindalo esingqongileyo. Ukuze kulahlwe, izisombululo ze-potassium permanganate kufuneka zisuswe—ngesiqhelo phantsi kweemeko ezilawulwayo ngesixhobo sokunciphisa esifanelekileyo—ngaphambi kokuba zilawulwe njengenkunkuma enobungozi. Lahla zonke izinto zokucoca kwaye uhlambe ngokwemigaqo yendawo ukukhusela umgangatho wamanzi kunye ne-ecosystem.
Ukuba kukho ukuchitheka, yahlula loo ndawo ngoko nangoko uze ususe imithombo yokutsha. Sebenzisa kuphela izinto zokufunxa ezingatshiyo nezingatshiyo xa ucoca. Musa ukutshaya okanye ukomisa iikhemikhali nge-vacuum—ukucoca okumanzi nge-PPE kuyathandwa. Zonke iintsalela zokuchitheka zilawulwa njengenkunkuma enobungozi kwaye zifuna uxwebhu ngokwemigaqo yokusingqongileyo.
Iimpembelelo zeNdalo kunye neeMfuno zoLawulo zokusetyenziswa okuSimahla
I-potassium permanganate inetyhefu kwizidalwa zasemanzini kwaye ihlala ihleli kwindalo esingqongileyo. Ukwakhiwa kwebhafu yokucoca nge-electroplating kunye neenkqubo zonyango lomphezulu kufuneka zibandakanye ukhuseleko oluthintela ukukhutshwa okungafunekiyo. Iindawo zokusebenza kufuneka zixhotyiswe ngamanyathelo okugcina amanzi kwaye zihlolwe rhoqo ukuba azivuzi na.
Ukuthobela imithetho yesizwe neyengingqi kuyimfuneko. E-United States, i-Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) inyanzelisa imida engqongqo yokukhupha i-permanganate emanzini. Imigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe ikwaqaphela i-potassium permanganate njengento exhalabisayo, ifuna uxwebhu oluqhelekileyo lwezinto ezisetyenzisiweyo, ukusetyenziswa, kunye neendlela zokulahla. Nakuphi na ukukhutshwa ngengozi kufuneka kubikwe ngokweemfuno zomthetho zasekuhlaleni. Ukuhlolwa kwemithetho kudla ngokugxila kwiimeko zokugcina, izicwangciso zokuphendula ukuchitheka, kunye nokuthotyelwa kweenkqubo zenkunkuma enobungozi.
Izikhokelo zezeMpilo noKhuseleko lwaBasebenzi
Abaqhubi kufuneka bafumane uqeqesho oluhambelana neengozi zokusetyenziswa kwe-potassium permanganate kwiinkqubo zonyango lwangaphambi kokusebenzisa i-electroplating kunye neenkqubo zangaphambi konyango lomphezulu. Oku kuquka ukusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo kwe-PPE, ukujongana neziganeko zokuchitheka, kunye nokusabela ekuvezweni.
Iindlela zoncedo lokuqala ziquka ukuhlamba ngamanzi ngoko nangoko ukuze ulusu lufikelele kwaye lunxibelelane namehlo. Ukuba uphefumlile, hambisa abantu baye emoyeni omtsha kwaye ufune uvavanyo lwezonyango. Ukuba utyile, kufuneka uncedo lwezonyango—musa ukubangela ukuhlanza. Ukufikelela ngokulula kwiindawo zokuhlamba amehlo kunye neeshawa ezingxamisekileyo kwiindawo zokusebenza akunakuxoxiswana ngazo.
Uqeqesho olungxamisekileyo kufuneka lugubungele ukuthintela ukuchitheka kwamanzi, ukwaziswa kwabasemagunyeni bokhuseleko, kunye neendlela zokukhupha abantu kwindawo enobungozi. Iirekhodi zeziganeko kunye noqeqesho lwabaqhubi kufuneka zigcinwe ukuze kuhlangatyezwane nemigangatho yokulawula umngcipheko esemthethweni neyangaphakathi.
Ngamafutshane, ulawulo oluqinileyo, olungqongileyo, kunye nolawulo lokusebenza lubalulekile ekusebenziseni i-potassium permanganate kwi-electroplating. Zixhasa ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho kunye neenjongo zokusebenza ezifana nokuphucula amandla okuncamathelisa kwi-electroplating ngelixa zikhusela abasebenzi kunye nokusingqongileyo. Izixhobo zokubeka esweni ezifanelekileyo, ezifana nezo zibonelelwe yiLonnmeter, zinceda ngakumbi ngokulungiselela isisombululo se-potassium permanganate esikhuselekileyo nesithembekileyo sonyango lomphezulu kunye nolawulo lomgangatho wenkqubo oluqhubekayo.
Ukusombulula iingxaki kunye neendlela ezilungileyo zokusebenza
Ukungaphumeleli kokuncamathela kunye nomgangatho kwinkqubo yokufakelwa kwe-electroplating kudla ngokubangelwa yimicimbi yenkqubo yokufakelwa kwe-electroplating, ingakumbi xa kusetyenziswa izisombululo ze-potassium permanganate. Uluhlu lokuhlola olucwangcisiweyo lubalulekile ukuze kulandelelwe ukungaphumeleli ukuya kunyango lwangaphambi konyango. Izinto eziphambili ziquka ukuqinisekisa uxinano lwesisombululo se-potassium permanganate kwiibhafu zokufakelwa kwe-electroplating kunye nokuqinisekisa ukulungiswa kwesisombululo ukuze kubekho i-oxidation yomphezulu rhoqo. Ukusebenza komphezulu okungaphelelanga kudla ngokubangelwa kuxinano olungalunganga, ulawulo lobushushu olunganelanga, okanye ixesha elaneleyo lokuvezwa, okunokunciphisa amandla okuncamathela kwi-electroplating kwaye kubangele iibhondi ezibuthathaka.
Izinto ezingcolisayo eziseleyo, ezifana neeoyile zomatshini okanye iintsalela zeengubo zangaphambili, kufuneka zisuswe ngokucoca ngokucokisekileyo kunye namanyathelo okuhlamba. Naziphi na iityuwa ze-permanganate eziseleyo okanye iintsalela zezinto eziphilayo zinokunciphisa kakhulu imiphumo yoxinzelelo lwe-potassium permanganate kumgangatho we-electroplating. Ukugrumba okugqithisileyo ngenxa ye-potassium permanganate egqithisileyo okanye ukuvezwa ixesha elide kunokubangela iindawo ezibuthathaka ezichaphazeleka kukususwa kwe-delination. Ubushushu bokuhlamba, i-pH, kunye nobude bokuvezwa kufuneka kubhalwe phantsi kwaye kujongwe ukuqinisekisa uxinano olufanelekileyo lwesisombululo se-potassium permanganate kwinqanaba ngalinye. Ukwahluka kwe-substrate kufuneka kubhalwe phantsi, njengoko umahluko kwi-resin okanye umxholo we-filler unokutshintsha impendulo kunyango lwangaphambi konyango, okuchaphazela amandla okuncamathela kwi-electroplating.
Uluhlu lokuhlola uxilongo:
- Qinisekisa ukuba ukwakheka kwebhafu yokucoca nge-electroplating kuyahlangabezana nemigangatho echaziweyo ye-potassium permanganate kunye nezinye izithako.
- Jonga rhoqo kwaye ulinganise imitha yoxinano oluphakathi ukusuka eLonnmeter ukuqinisekisa ukuba ibhedi iyafana.
- Jonga ubushushu bokuhlamba kunye ne-pH kuyo yonke inkqubo yokulungiselela umphezulu ukuze ugcine uxinano olufanelekileyo lwesisombululo se-potassium permanganate.
- Sebenzisa izixhobo zokuchonga umphezulu—ezifana nokulinganisa i-contact angle kunye ne-FTIR—ukuvavanya amanqanaba e-oxidation kunye nokuqinisekisa ukusebenza komphezulu okufanayo.
- Yenza uvavanyo lokunamathela ngoomatshini (umz., uvavanyo lokucheba i-lap okanye uvavanyo lokutsala) ukuze uhlukanise phakathi kokusilela okunxulumene ne-cohesive, i-adhesive, okanye i-substrate.
- Bhala phantsi amanani ebhetshi ye-substrate kwaye ulandele amaxesha amiselweyo phakathi konyango lwangaphambi konyango kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-glue.
Ukulungisa iiparameter zenkqubo kubalulekile ukuze kubekho ukuhambelana. Iiparameter zenkqubo kufuneka zicocwe kusetyenziswa idatha yokubeka esweni evela kwiimitha zoxinano oluphakathi, ezibonelela ngamaxabiso exesha langempela lokwakheka kwebhafu ye-electroplating. Umzekelo, ukuba imilinganiselo yoxinano ibonisa ukuncipha kwe-potassium permanganate, amazinga okulinganisa kufuneka alungiswe ukuze kubuyiselwe uxinzelelo olulindelekileyo. Ukuba ukufundwa koxinano kubonisa i-permanganate engaphezulu, nciphisa idosi okanye wonyuse ukuxutywa ukuze kuthintelwe ukugqwala okugqithisileyo. Ulawulo lobushushu bebhafu lunceda ukugcina ukusebenza komphezulu okusebenzayo, kunciphisa umngcipheko wokungaphumeleli kokunamathela. Amanqanaba okuphazamiseka ngexesha lokuntywila kufuneka amiselwe ngokulinganayo ukuze kuphuculwe ukudibana komphezulu kwaye kuthintelwe unyango olungalinganiyo.
Iindlela zokulungisa zibalulekile ukuthintela ungcoliseko lokuhlamba nokugcina iziphumo zombane ezisemgangathweni ophezulu. Hlola rhoqo kwaye ucoce zonke izixhobo zokusebenza ezimanzi, kuquka iitanki kunye nemibhobho, ukuze kususwe ukuqokelelana kweentsalela okanye ukugaleleka.Iimitha zoxinano oluphakathi kweLonnmeterukulandelela utshintsho lokuhlamba ngexesha langempela; utshintsho olukhawulezileyo loxinano ludla ngokubonisa ungcoliseko okanye ukubola kweekhemikhali. Misela ukulinganiswa okucwangcisiweyo kwezixhobo zokubeka esweni kwaye ulungise amaxesha okugcinwa ngokusekelwe kwidatha yendlela evela kwinkqubo ye-electroplating. Buyisela isisombululo sokuhlamba ngamaxesha athile ngokwezikhokelo zokusebenza, ingakumbi ukuba inani lamasuntswana okanye iintsalela ezingacocwanga zidlula amaxabiso omyinge. Ukugcinwa kweerekhodi ngononophelo, ukusuka kwimijikelo yokucoca ukuya ekulinganisweni kwesixhobo, kunceda ukugcina ukulungiswa kwesisombululo se-potassium permanganate esifanelekileyo sonyango lomphezulu kwaye kunciphisa ukusilela okunxulunyaniswa nokwakheka kwebhafu kunye nongcoliseko.
Ukunamathela rhoqo kwezi protocol zokuxilonga nokugcina izinto zisebenza kuxhasa iindlela zokulungiselela umphezulu we-electroplating ezihambelanayo nezithembekileyo kwaye kuphucula indlela yokuphucula amandla okuncamathelisa kwi-electroplating. Ukudibanisa idatha yenkqubo evela kwiimitha zoxinano lwe-inline yeLonnmeter kwenza ukuba kubekho uhlengahlengiso lwe-proactive process parameters, ekugqibeleni kunciphisa ukusilela kokunamathela kunye nokuqinisekisa iziphumo ezifanayo kuzo zonke iibhetshi zemveliso.
Imibuzo Ebuzwa Rhoqo (Ii-FAQ)
Yintoni injongo yonyango lwangaphambi kokusebenzisa i-electroplating?
Ukucoca nge-electroplating kubalulekile kwiinkqubo zangaphambi kokucoca umphezulu, ngenjongo yokususa ukungcola kunye nokulungisa i-substrate ngaphambi kokufaka isinyithi. Oku kuquka ukususa iioyile, iigrisi, ii-oxides, kunye nee-particles, ezinokuphazamisa ukunamathela kunye nokugubungela. Ukucoca kwangaphambili kuphucula uburhabaxa bomphezulu kunye nokusebenza kweekhemikhali, okuvumela ukufakwa okufanayo komaleko obekwe kwi-electrodeposition. Ii-substrates ezifana nee-aluminium alloys kunye neeplastiki eziprintiweyo ze-3D zifuna iindlela zonyango ezilungiselelwe kwangaphambili zomgangatho wokugquma othembekileyo kunye nokunciphisa iziphene ezifana nee-pits okanye ii-blisters.
I-potassium permanganate iyiphucula njani inkqubo yokucoca nge-electroplating?
I-potassium permanganate yokufakelwa i-electroplating isetyenziswa njenge-oxidizer enamandla kwinyathelo lokucoca. Isabela ngokufanelekileyo kwiintsalela ze-organic kunye nezinye izinto ezingaphiliyo, iqinisekisa ukususwa kumphezulu we-substrate. Le ntshukumo ye-Oxidative idala umphezulu ococekileyo, osebenza ngakumbi ngamakhemikhali, okhokelela ekubeni namandla aphezulu okuncamathela kwi-electroplating kunye nokusebenza ngcono kokugquma. Kwi-substrates ezinzima, ezifana nezo zinokwakheka kwe-oxide engasebenziyo, ukulungiswa kwesisombululo se-potassium permanganate sonyango lomphezulu kuphucula kakhulu ukusebenza komphezulu.
Kutheni kubalulekile ukujonga ubungakanani besisombululo se-potassium permanganate?
Uxinzelelo lwesisombululo se-potassium permanganate kwi-electroplating kufuneka lulawulwe ngononophelo. Ukuba uxinzelelo luwela ngaphantsi kwamanqanaba afanelekileyo, ukucoca okungaphelelanga kwenzeka, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubeni amandla okuncamathela abuthathaka kunye nokungaphumeleli kokunamathela okunokwenzeka. Ukuba isisombululo sixinene kakhulu, ukugrumba okugqithisileyo kungonakalisa okanye kugrumbe i-substrate, okubangela iziphene. Uxinzelelo lwesisombululo se-potassium permanganate olufanelekileyo luqinisekisa ukususwa kokungcola okusebenzayo kwaye lugcina ukuthembeka kwe-substrate, luchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukwakheka kwebhafu ye-electroplating kunye nomgangatho wokugqibela wokugquma.
Ndingawulinganisa njani ngokuchanekileyo uxinaniso lwesisombululo se-potassium permanganate?
Iilabhoratri zihlala zixhomekeke kuhlalutyo lwe-titrimetric ukuze zilinganise amanqanaba e-potassium permanganate. Le ndlela yekhemikhali imisela uxinaniso ngokuchanekileyo, kodwa ithatha ixesha. Ukuze kulawulwe inkqubo eqhubekayo, izinzwa ezikwimigca efana neemitha zoxinano okanye ze-viscosity ezivela kwiLonnmeter zinokufakwa ngqo kwibhafu ye-electroplating. Ezi zibonelela ngokujonga ngexesha langempela iiparameter zomzimba ezinxulumene noxinaniso lwesisombululo, zixhasa uhlengahlengiso oluchanekileyo lwenkqubo kunye nokuphucula imveliso.
Ngaba i-potassium permanganate ingasetyenziswa nazo zonke izinyithi kunyango lwangaphambi kokusebenzisa i-electroplating?
Nangona i-potassium permanganate isebenza kwiintsimbi ezahlukeneyo, ukufaneleka kwayo kuxhomekeke kwindlela esebenza ngayo i-substrate. Umzekelo, i-aluminium, enokwenziwa kwayo ngokukhawuleza kwe-oxide, ifuna amanyathelo acwangcisiweyo ngaphambi konyango; ukusetyenziswa okungafanelekanga kunokubangela ukusabela okungafunekiyo komphezulu okanye umonakalo. Vavanya ukuhambelana kwento nganye kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo. Iindlela zangaphambi konyango ze-electroplating kufuneka zihlale zihlengahlengiswa ukuze kuphuculwe iindlela zokulungiselela umphezulu kwaye kuthintelwe iziphumo ezimbi ze-substrate.
Ixesha leposi: Disemba-08-2025
