Ukulinganisa uxinano oluchanekileyo noluqhubekayo kubalulekile ekuvelisweni kwe-naphtha kunye nemisebenzi ye-ethylene cracker—ibonisa iipropati ze-feedstock (ukwakheka kwe-hydrocarbon, umxholo wesalfure, njl.njl.), ikhokela uhlengahlengiso lwenkqubo ngexesha langempela (ubushushu besithando/ixesha lokuhlala), inciphisa iingozi ezingaqhelekanga, inciphisa ukungcola/ukubekwa kwe-coke, kwaye ixhasa ukuthobela kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwesityalo se-petrochemical, ngezixhobo ezingaphakathi ezifana ne-oscillating tube densitometers kunye ne-temperature/pressure compensation eqinisekisa ukuthembeka.
Isishwankathelo seNkqubo yokwenziwa kweNaphtha kunye nokuqhekeka kwe-ethylene
Inkqubo yokuvelisa i-naphtha yakha intsika esisiseko yecandelo le-petrochemical yanamhlanje. I-Naphtha, umxube we-hydrocarbon oguquguqukayo oqala kwi-C5 ukuya kwi-C12, ifunyanwa kakhulu ngokuhlanjululwa kwe-oyile eluhlaza kunye nokulungiswa kwee-condensates. Ukubaluleka kwe-naphtha kuvela kukuguquguquka kwayo: njengesixhobo esiphambili sokuvelisa i-ethylene kunye ne-propylene, ikwasebenza indima ephambili ekuxubeni ipetroli, ukwenziwa kwe-solvent, kunye nokudalwa kweekhemikhali ezikhethekileyo.
Amanqanaba okuvelisa iNaphtha
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Ukwenziwa kwe-naphtha kuqala ngokulungiselela ukutya, kujoliswe ekususweni kwezinto ezingcolisayo kwi-oyile ekrwada okanye kwi-condensates. Ulawulo lwezinto ezingcolisayo, njengokususwa kwe-sulfur, lubalulekile ukukhusela iiyunithi zenkqubo ezisezantsi kunye nokuhambelana nemigaqo yokusingqongileyo. Inyathelo elilandelayo kukunyibilikisa okuphambili—kusebenzisa iintsika zomoya okanye ze-vacuum ukukhupha i-naphtha njengeqhezu elikhanyayo. Emva koko kulandela unyango ngamanzi, ukucoca i-naphtha ngokukhupha i-sulfur eseleyo, i-nitrogen, kunye neesinyithi. Eli nqanaba liphucula kakhulu umgangatho we-feedstock kumanyathelo alandelayo okuguqula iikhemikhali.
Uhlaziyo olongezelelweyo luquka ukwenziwa kwe-catalytic reforming kunye ne-isomerization, elungelelanisa ukwakheka kwe-naphtha ngokwesicelo sayo. Ukulungiswa kuphucula ukulinganiswa kwe-octane kwipetroli, ngelixa i-isomerization ilungisa ulwakhiwo lwe-hydrocarbon ukuze luhambelane ngcono nokwenziwa kweekhemikhali. La manyathelo okucoca achaza ukufaneleka kwemveliso yokugqibela ekuqhekekeni okanye ekuxubeni.
Indima yeNaphtha njengesiseko se-ethylene cracker furnace ibangelwa yisakhiwo sayo esilinganayo se-molecular. Xa iziswa kwinkqubo yokuqhekeka komphunga, ukwakheka kwe-naphtha kuxhasa isivuno semveliso eyahlukeneyo-kuquka umxube we-ethylene, i-propylene, i-butadiene, i-benzene, i-toluene, kunye ne-xylene. Oku kuguquguquka kuxhasa ii-complexes zeekhemikhali ezidibeneyo, ezifuna zombini ii-olefins ezinkulu kunye neemveliso ezixabisekileyo ukuze kwandiswe inzuzo kwaye kuhlangatyezwane neemfuno zemarike.
Ngaphakathi kwesithando se-ethylene cracker, le nkqubo iqhubeka ngamanqanaba aliqela alawulwa ngokuqinileyo:
- Ukufudumeza Impahla Yokutya:I-Naphtha ixutywa nomphunga oxutyiweyo, ngokuyintloko ukuthintela ukwakheka kwe-coke. Lo mxube ushushu ngokukhawuleza, unika amandla obushushu afunekayo kwiimpendulo zokuqhekeka.
- Ukuqhekeka komphunga (Indawo eKhazimlayo):Umlambo oshushu ungena kwiityhubhu ze-furnace, ezivezwa kumaqondo obushushu aphakathi kwama-850°C nama-950°C. Phantsi kwala maqondo obushushu aphezulu kunye namaxesha amafutshane okuhlala, iibhondi ze-hydrocarbon ziyaphuka, zivelise i-ethylene, i-propylene, kunye nezinye ii-olefins ezikhanyayo.
- Ukucima kunye nokwahlulwa kwemveliso:Xa iphuma, igesi eqhekekileyo ipholiswa ngoko nangoko kwicandelo lokucima ukuze kuthintelwe iimpembelelo ezingafunekiyo zesibini kwaye kugcinwe isivuno se-ethylene. Umjelo wemveliso ophumayo udlula kulwahlulo kusetyenziswa iitowers zokwahlulahlula, ii-decanters, kunye nee-absorbers, zahlula ii-olefins kunye neemveliso ezingaphantsi.
- Ukucocwa kweMveliso:Okokugqibela, umjelo ngamnye wemveliso uyacocwa ngokweempawu ezithile, kususwa naziphi na izinto ezingcolisayo eziseleyo ngezifunxi, izihluzo zemolekyuli, kunye neekholamu zokunyibilikisa.
Uhlobo lwe-feedstock eqhekekileyo lubumba ngokuthe ngqo ukusasazwa kwemveliso. I-Naphtha idala ipotifoliyo yemveliso edibeneyo eqinileyo kodwa inesivuno esiphantsi se-ethylene—ngesiqhelo i-25–35% ngokobunzima bokutya. Ngokwahlukileyo, ukutya okuchaseneyo okufana ne-ethane kunika isivuno se-ethylene ukuya kuthi ga kwi-80% kodwa kunemveliso encinci ye-co-products. Oku kwahluka kubonakalisa uyilo lwezityalo, iziphumo zoqoqosho, kunye nobunzima bemingeni yokulinganisa ubuninzi bolwelo.
Ii-ethylene crackers ezisebenzisa i-naphtha zifuna izixhobo zokulinganisa uxinano oluphambili kunye nezixhobo zokuvavanya uxinano lolwelo kulo lonke inkqubo. Izixhobo zokulinganisa uxinano zijonga umgangatho wokutya kwe-naphtha, zidibanisa ukuchaneka, kwaye zinceda ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-cracker. Ukulinganisa uxinano lolwelo oluchanekileyo kwazisa iindlela zokulinganisa uxinano lolwelo kwaye kuxhasa imodeli yemveliso, kugxininisa ukuhlanganiswa okusebenzayo kwezixhobo zokulinganisa uxinano—kubalulekile kubasebenzisi bezityalo ezinkulu ze-ethylene.
Ukuqonda inkqubo yokwenziwa kwe-naphtha kunye nendima yayo elandelayo ekuqhekekeni kwe-ethylene kubalulekile ekusebenziseni ukuguquguquka kwemveliso kwishishini le-petrochemical kunye nokusebenza kwayo. Ukusebenzisana phakathi kohlobo lwe-feedstock, uqwalaselo lwenkqubo, kunye netekhnoloji yokulinganisa kuqhuba ukwenziwa ngcono kwezityalo kwaye kuhambelana neemfuno zemarike eziguqukayo kunye nokusingqongileyo.
Ukuphuculwa kweNkqubo kunye neeParamitha zoLawulo oluPhambili
Ulawulo oluchanekileyo lwezinto eziguquguqukayo kwinkqubo ngaphakathi kwesithando se-ethylene cracker lumisela ngokuthe ngqo isivuno se-ethylene kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo. Ukukhethwa kwempahla yokutya, ulawulo lweemeko zesithando, kunye nolawulo lwamaxesha okusabela sisiseko seenkqubo zokwenziwa kwe-naphtha eziphuculweyo.
Ukukhethwa kwe-feedstock yeyona nto iphambili. I-naphtha ekhaphukhaphu kunye nokutya okufana ne-ethane kuzisa uxinano oluphantsi kwaye kutyebile kwi-paraffins, okwandisa ukukhetha kwe-ethylene ngelixa kunciphisa iimveliso ezingalunganga kunye nokwakheka kwe-coke. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, i-feedstock eqhekekileyo enoxinano oluphezulu—ngenxa yee-hydrocarbons ezinzima—ibangela isivuno esiphantsi se-ethylene kunye nokukhutshwa okuphezulu komoya. Izifundo zibonisa ukuba ukunyuka ngakunye komxholo we-C8+ kuhambelana nokulahleka kwesivuno, okubonisa ukubaluleka kokuchazwa nokulawulwa kwe-feedstock okuqhubekayo.
Ngaphakathi kwesithando somlilo, ukugcina amaqondo obushushu afanelekileyo e-coil-outlet (≈850°C) kubalulekile ukuze kuphuculwe ii-reactions zokuqala zokuqhekeka. Ukuphambuka kukhokelela kwii-reactions zesibini ezingafunekiyo okanye i-coke deposition egqithisileyo. Ixesha lokuhlala kufuneka lilungiswe ngononophelo; ukuba lifutshane kakhulu, ukuguqulwa kuyaphela, kodwa ukuba lihlala ixesha elide, i-ethylene iyasetyenziswa kwii-reactions ezilandelelanayo, nto leyo enciphisa imveliso. Ukudibana kwamaqondo obushushu kunye nexesha lokuhlala, okuhlengahlengisiweyo ngenxa yobuninzi kunye nokwakheka kokutya, yeyona nto iphambili ekusebenzeni kakuhle.
Ukulinganisa uxinano yindlela ebalulekileyo evumela eli nqanaba lolawulo. Besebenzisa izixhobo zokulinganisa uxinano eziphambili, ezifana neemitha zoxinano ezingaphakathi kweLonnmeter, abaqhubi bafumana idatha yexesha langempela malunga neempawu zesondlo solwelo. Ezi zixhobo zokulinganisa uxinano zibonelela ngempendulo ekhawulezileyo malunga nokwakheka kwe-naphtha engenayo kunye nesondlo esiqhekekileyo. Le ngxelo inika ulwazi ngokulungiswa kwesithando sokuhamba komlilo, uxinzelelo lwedrama yomphunga, kunye ne-oksijini ye-arch, ukukhusela isivuno nangona iimpawu zesondlo zitshintshatshintsha.
Iindlela zokulinganisa uxinano lolwelo kule meko ziquka ukujonga ngexesha langempela ngezixhobo zokulinganisa uxinano oluzinikeleyo lolwelo, ikakhulu ngokusebenzisa izinzwa ezikwimigca ethe tyaba ezimelana namaqondo obushushu aphezulu kunye noxinzelelo oluqhelekileyo kwimisebenzi ye-ethylene cracker. Ezi zixhobo zinciphisa umngcipheko wokwahluka kokutya okukhokelela ekulahlekelweni kwesivuno kwaye zivumela ukuhlanganiswa okuqinileyo neenkqubo zolawulo lwenkqubo.
Iindlela ezichanekileyo zokulinganisa uxinano lolwelo zixhasa ulawulo lokuqikelela kunye nokwenza ngcono. Abaqhubi basebenzisa izixhobo zokulinganisa uxinano ukuze bamisele ukuba izitokhwe ezingenayo zifanelekile na ukuguqulwa okusebenzayo okanye ukuba kufuneka ukuxuba. Umzekelo, iibhetshi ze-naphtha zinokucwangciswa ngokuguquguqukayo kwaye zidityaniswe ngokusekelwe kumaxabiso oxinano olulinganisiweyo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba iimeko ze-oven zihlala zikwimeko efanelekileyo yokuvelisa i-ethylene.
Izixhobo zokuvavanya uxinano lolwelo zichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ucwangciso, ukukhethwa kwezinto eziluhlaza, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla. Xa ii-densitometers zigxininisa utshintsho oluya kwi-high-density feed, iinjineli zenkqubo zinokungenelela ngokulungelelanisa ubushushu besithando, umlinganiselo womphunga, okanye ixesha lokuphendula, zibuyisele inkqubo ekusebenzeni kakuhle. Kwizityalo zanamhlanje, idatha yoxinano lwexesha langempela efunyenwe kwizixhobo eziqinileyo ikwaxhasa imodeli ye-multigranularity yokwabiwa kwe-feed kunye nolawulo lwe-throughput.
Ngokufutshane, ukwenziwa ngcono kwenkqubo kwimveliso ye-ethylene kuxhomekeke ekujonganeni okuqhubekayo kunye nokulawula iinguqu eziphambili zenkqubo: ukukhethwa kwe-feedstock, iiparameter ze-furnace, kunye nobude bempendulo. Ukusasazwa kwezixhobo zokulinganisa uxinano oluthembekileyo oluvela kwiLonnmeter kuvumela ukuqonda kwenkqubo okunokwenzeka, ukukhusela isivuno kunye nokwenza ukuba kusebenze ngokuzinzileyo nangokufanelekileyo kuzo zonke izigaba zokuqhekeka kwe-naphtha.
Imigaqo kunye nokubaluleka kokulinganisa uxinano
Ukulinganiswa koxinano kusebenza njengesiseko sokulawula iinkqubo zokwenziwa kwe-naphtha kunye nokusebenza kwesithando se-ethylene cracker. Ekuqhekekeni kwe-naphtha-steam, uxinano lubonelela ngolwazi olukhawulezileyo malunga nemvelaphi ye-feedstock kunye nembali yayo yokucoca, okwenza kube yinto ebalulekileyo kulawulo lwenkqubo. Uxinano lwe-naphtha—oluhlala lulinganiswa ngeendlela zokulinganisa uxinano lolwelo ezisemgangathweni ezifana ne-ASTM D4052—alubonisi kuphela ukwakheka kwe-hydrocarbon kodwa lukwatshintsha nomxholo wesalfure, i-aromaticity, kunye nokusasazwa kweparafini. Olu tshintsho luchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo isivuno semveliso, ukusebenza kakuhle, kunye nemikhwa yokungcolisa kwii-ethylene cracker oven, okuqinisa uxinano njengophawu oluphambili lomgangatho wesondlo kunye nokuqhekeka.
Ukulinganiswa koxinano kuvumela abaqhubi bezityalo ukuba bajonge ukuhambelana kokutya okuqhekekileyo ngexesha langempela. Ngokubamba ukuguquguquka koxinano, kunokwenzeka ukulungisa amaqondo obushushu esitovini kunye namaxesha okuhlala ngokukhawuleza, ukuphucula ukusasazwa kwemveliso kunye nokunciphisa umngcipheko wemilambo engaqhelekanga. Ulawulo olunjalo olukwi-intanethi lubalulekile ekwandiseni imveliso ye-ethylene, ekunciphiseni ukufakwa kwe-coke, kunye nokwandisa imijikelo yokusebenza kwezitovini eziqhekekileyo.
Kwisiseko sayo, uxinano luchazwa njengobunzima ngeyunithi nganye yomthamo (ρ = m/V). Ukulinganisa uxinano kwimeko yokucoca kubandakanya ukumisela ubunzima obuchanekileyo kunye nomthamo wesampuli yolwelo phantsi kweemeko ezithile zobushushu kunye noxinzelelo. Izixhobo zokulinganisa uxinano lwemizi-mveliso zigxila ekulinganisweni kobunzima obuchanekileyo kunye nomthamo ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. I-Oscillating tube densitometry, esetyenziswa kakhulu kwi-Lonnmeter inline density meters, ibala uxinano ngokufumanisa utshintsho lwefrikhwensi kwi-U-tube engcangcazelayo egcwele ulwelo lwesampuli—utshintsho oluhambelana ngqo noxinano lwesampuli. Le ndlela ifezekisa ukungaqiniseki okungaphantsi kwe-0.1% ngokulinganisa okungqongqo kwaye isetyenziswa kakhulu ngenxa yokuthembeka kwayo kunye nomthamo wayo.
Ezinye iindlela ezisisiseko ziquka ukulinganisa nge-hydrostatic kunye ne-pycnometry. Nangona kunjalo, ezi zinto zijoliswa kakhulu kuhlalutyo lwelabhoratri okanye kwisampulu yokulawula umgangatho kuba zihlala zifuna ukungenelela ngesandla kwaye azinakubonelela ngokulinganisa okuqhubekayo, ngexesha langempela elifunekayo kwiindawo zezityalo zanamhlanje. Kwizityalo zoshishino, izixhobo zokulinganisa uxinano oluchanekileyo kakhulu zifakwa rhoqo kwiindawo ezibalulekileyo ekuhambeni kwenkqubo ukuze kuvavanywe uxinano lolwelo rhoqo, okuvumela iimpendulo zokusebenza ngokukhawuleza ekuphambukeni kunye nokuxhasa ukuthotyelwa kweenkcukacha zemveliso.
Kubalulekile ukuba izixhobo zokulinganisa uxinano ziqwalasele imiphumo yobushushu kunye noxinzelelo, njengoko zombini iinguqulelo ezibangelwa kukusingqongileyo kunye neenkqubo zinokutshintsha kakhulu ixabiso elilinganisiweyo. Izixhobo eziphambili zidibanisa imbuyekezo yobushushu ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukufundwa kobunzima kunye nomthamo kuhambelana neemeko zesalathiso ezimiselweyo, umsebenzi owenziwe waba nzima ngakumbi kodwa uchanekileyo ngakumbi ziintshayelelo kuyilo lwezinzwa kunye neenkqubo zokulinganisa.
Ngamafutshane, ukulinganisa ngokuchanekileyo nangokuqhubekayo koxinano lolwelo kusetyenziswa izixhobo eziqinileyo ezifana neemitha zeetyhubhu ezijikelezayo ezingaphakathi kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni umgangatho kunye nokwenza ngcono inkqubo kwinkqubo yokuvelisa i-naphtha kunye nemisebenzi yesithando se-ethylene cracker. Ezi ndlela zokulinganisa uxinano zibonelela ngedatha ebalulekileyo yokugcina ukuthembeka kwe-feedstock, ukuphucula ukuhambelana kwemveliso, kwaye ekugqibeleni ziqhubele phambili ukusebenza koqoqosho nokusebenza kwezityalo ze-petrochemical.
Iiteknoloji kunye nezixhobo zokulinganisa uxinano oluPhambili
Utshintsho oluvela kumlinganiselo wobuninzi bolwelo olusekelwe kwisensor luye lwaguqula amashishini enkqubo afana nokuveliswa kwe-naphtha, imisebenzi yesithando se-ethylene cracker, kunye nokubeka esweni okuqhubekayo kwe-feedstock eqhekekileyo. Iindlela zokulinganisa ubuninzi bokuqala bezixhomekeke kwiinkqubo ezenziwe ngesandla okanye ezizenzekelayo, zifuna ukuphathwa kwesampulu enkulu kunye nexesha elongeziweyo lomsebenzisi. Ii-viscometer ze-capillary, indlela ye-hydrostatic, kunye nomgaqo ka-Archimedes zazisisiseko kodwa zithatha ixesha, zihlala zivelisa idatha yelebhu yenqaku elinye endaweni yokulawula inkqubo yexesha langempela.
Izixhobo zokulinganisa uxinano oluqhelekileyo, ezifana neemitha zokuhamba zeCoriolis okanye ii-viscometer zetyhubhu ezijikelezayo, zibonelele ngokuchaneka okuphuculweyo kodwa zisajongene nemingeni. Umzekelo, iimitha zeCoriolis zinokulahlekelwa kukuchaneka ngemixube yezigaba ezininzi, igesi ehlanganisiweyo, okanye ukuhamba okungacwangciswanga—iimeko eziqhelekileyo kushishino lwe-petrochemical. Ezi ndlela ngokubanzi zifuna ukugcinwa okubanzi, ukulinganiswa, kunye nokungenisa ukulibaziseka ngenxa yokukhupha iisampulu okanye ukusebenza ngesandla.
Izixhobo zokulinganisa uxinano lwanamhlanje zingenise ii-compact sensors ezine-processing yedijithali edibeneyo ekhuthaza uvavanyo loxinano lolwelo olusebenza ngexesha langempela, ngaphakathi. Itekhnoloji ye-sensor efana ne-tuning fork densitometers, izixhobo ze-acoustic kunye ne-capacitive, kunye neenkqubo ze-x-ray absorption ngoku zibonelela ngokulinganisa okuqhubekayo, kwindawo ethile, zisusa imfuneko yokuthathwa kwesampulu yangaphandle kwaye zinciphisa iimpazamo zomntu.
Izixhobo zokulinganisa uxinano kunye nezixhobo
Izixhobo zokulinganisa uxinanoZinokwahlulwa zibe ziindidi ezininzi eziphambili, nganye isebenzisa imigaqo eyahlukeneyo yomzimba:
Iindlela zokungcangcazela (iTuning Fork, iCantilever):
Izinzwa zokungcangcazela, kuquka neemitha zoxinano lwe-Lonnmeter, zixhomekeke ekutshintsheni kwemvamisa ye-resonance njengoko ulwelo ludlula okanye ludibana nento engcangcazelayo. Kwizixhobo ze-tuning fork, ii-prong ezimbini zimiselwe ukuba zijikeleze; uxinano lolwelo luchaphazela ubuninzi balo bendalo. Iindawo ezinokuhamba okuzinzileyo, njengeepayipi kwii-ethylene cracker ovens, ziyazuza kwezi zixhobo ngenxa yozinzo oluphezulu kunye nokuphendula ngokukhawuleza. Izixhobo ezisekwe kwi-Cantilever zibonelela ngemigaqo efanayo, enobuntununtunu obufanelekileyo kuzo zombini ii-Newtonian kunye nee-non-Newtonian fluids. Ezi zisebenza kakhulu kulawulo oluqhubekayo ekuxubeni, ekulungiseni, nasekujongeni i-throughput, kunye nokuhlawula ukuguquguquka kobushushu kunye noxinzelelo okuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuthembekileyo kwiimeko ezinzima ze-petrochemical.
Izinzwa ze-Acoustic:
Izinzwa ze-acoustic zilinganisa isantya sesandi ngolwelo, oluyahluka ngokwexinano lolwelo kunye nokwakheka kwalo. Ngokuthumela i-pulse ye-ultrasonic kwindlela echaziweyo kwaye ibambe ixesha lokuhamba kwayo, inzwa ibala uxinano ngokuthe ngqo. Izixhobo ze-acoustic ziluncedo kwimithombo equlethe imixube yezigaba ezininzi—njenge-feedstock eqhekekileyo—apho utshintsho lwesigaba olukhawulezayo luqhelekile. I-Distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) kunye ne-fiber optic arrays zivumela ngakumbi ukubalwa kweenkcukacha zeendlela zokuhamba kunye nokuguquguquka koxinano ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka kwenkqubo. Ezi nkqubo zigqwesile kwizicelo ezifuna ukuphazamiseka okuncinci kwesampulu, ezigcinwe kwi-throughput ephezulu kunye ne-variable phase ratios.
Iindlela zoxinzelelo kunye ne-Diaphragm:
Izixhobo ezisekwe kwi-diaphragm yoxinzelelo zisebenzisa uxinzelelo olwahlukileyo kwi-geometry eyaziwayo ukubala uxinano. Kwiindawo ezixineneyo, ezifana ne-visbreaking okanye ezinye iiyunithi ze-naphtha ezinobushushu obuphezulu, izitywino ze-diaphragm zikhusela izinto ezinobuthathaka ngelixa zithumela utshintsho oluchanekileyo loxinzelelo kwii-transmitters ezikude okanye ezingaphakathi. Izixhobo ezikhethekileyo ezifana nentsimbi engatyiwayo kunye nolwelo olugcwalisayo lobushushu obuphezulu zigcina ukusebenza kwesixhobo phantsi kweemeko ezingaphaya kwama-400°C kunye noxinzelelo oluphezulu, kunye nokulinganiswa okuhlanganisiweyo okuqinisekisa ukulandeleka kunye nokuthembeka kokulinganisa. Ukugcinwa rhoqo (umz., ii-flushing ports) kugcina ukuchaneka kwiinkqubo ezinzulu zokungcola eziqhelekileyo kwimisinga yokutya yentsalela.
Izixhobo ezisekelwe kwiMagnetic Field:
Ii-densimeter zemagnethi zisebenzisa unxibelelwano lolwelo nentsimi yemagnethi—nokuba kukujikeleza kwemagnethi ngaphakathi kwityhubhu yokubhekisa okanye ngee-Hall effect sensors—apho utshintsho kumandla okudambisa luhambelana noxinano lolwelo. Ezi ziluncedo kwiisampuli ezingaqhubiyo okanye ezibolayo; nangona kunjalo, zifuna ukubuyiselwa ngononophelo xa zisetyenziswa kwimisinga enemixholo eguquguqukayo okanye ii-gradients zobushushu obuphezulu.
Iindlela zokufunxa i-X-reyi:
Kwiindawo zophando kunye neenkqubo ezikhethekileyo ezifuna ukuchaneka okuphezulu kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu kunye noxinzelelo, ukufunxwa kwe-x-ray kubonelela ngesisombululo esomeleleyo, esingangenisi ntsholongwane. Ii-x-ray ezinamandla aphezulu zidluliselwa kwisampuli, kwaye ukuncitshiswa kuyalinganiswa; inqanaba lokufunxwa linxulumene ngokuthe ngqo noxinano kunye nobukhulu besampuli. Xa zidityaniswe neeseli zedayimani ezishushu nge-laser, le ndlela ivumela ukulinganiswa koxinzelelo olungaphezulu kwe-20 GPa kunye namaqondo obushushu angaphezu kwe-2000 K—iimeko ezihlangatyezwa kuphando lwezinto eziphambili kunye nezifundo ze-petrochemical ezikhethiweyo zoxinzelelo oluphezulu. Le ndlela ivelisa ukungaqiniseki okuphantsi njenge-0.01%, igubungela zombini izigaba eziqinileyo kunye nezolwelo ngexesha langempela naphantsi kotshintsho lobushushu oluguquguqukayo.
Iimpawu zokuthelekisa ukusebenza
Iitekhnoloji zanamhlanje zokulinganisa uxinano zilungiselelwe ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokudibanisa inkqubo. Izixhobo zokulinganisa ezikwimigca kunye nezixhobo ezifana nezo zibonelelwa yiLonnmeter zibonelela ngeenzuzo ezininzi xa kuthelekiswa neendlela zemveli:
- Ukulinganisa okuqhubekayo, ngexesha langempelaivumela impendulo ethe ngqo yokulungiswa kwenkqubo ezenzekelayo kwiifurniture ze-ethylene cracker okanye imisebenzi yokuxuba i-naphtha.
- Ukuphathwa kwesampuli okuncitshisiweyokwayeamaxesha okuphendula ngokukhawulezaukunciphisa umngcipheko wongcoliseko kunye nokuphucula ukhuseleko lwenkqubo.
- I-algorithms yembuyekezo yedijithali kunye nokulinganisaukunciphisa ukuguquguquka okuxhomekeke kumqhubi, ukuphucula ukuhambelana kwemveliso kunye nolawulo lomgangatho.
- Ukuxhathisa ukungcola, ubushushu, kunye noxinzelelokwizixhobo zanamhlanje kuqinisekisa ukulinganiswa okuzinzileyo nokuba kukho ukuhamba kwempahla eqhekekileyo, imixube ye-hydrocarbon enzima, okanye iindawo zokucheba eziphezulu.
Iindlela zelabhoratri eziqhelekileyo zihlala ziyindlela esetyenziswayo yokulinganisa, ingakumbi xa kufuneka ukungaqiniseki kokulinganisa okanye ukulandeleka kweeyunithi ze-SI. Nangona kunjalo, ukuze kujongwe rhoqo, rhoqo, iinkqubo zokulinganisa uxinano, izixhobo zokulinganisa uxinano olungaphakathi zimele umgangatho weshishini.
Iimpawu Zokusebenza kunye Nezinto Zokusebenza
Ukuthembeka kokulinganisa kwiindawo zoshishino kuxhomekeke kwiiparameter ezahlukeneyo. Umthamo wesampulu uchaphazela zombini ukumelwa kunye nesantya sokuphendula kokufundwa koxinano. Izixhobo ezisebenza ngesampulu ephantsi kufuneka zigcine ulawulo oluqinileyo kwingqibelelo yokulinganisa ukuqinisekisa idatha enentsingiselo, ngakumbi kwizicelo ezingaphakathi njengezixhobo zokulinganisa uxinano zeLonnmeter. Uvakalelo lukwabalulekile—ukukwazi ukubona utshintsho oluncinci kwiimpawu kubaluleke kakhulu ekugcineni ukuhambelana kwemveliso kunye nokusombulula iingxaki zenkqubo kwiindlela zokutya eziqhekekileyo okanye iinkqubo zokuvelisa i-naphtha.
Uluhlu lobushushu ludlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhetheni izixhobo kunye nokuzinza kokulinganisa. Izixhobo zokulinganisa uxinano lwezinto ezisetyenziswayo kufuneka zisebenze kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, ukusuka kumaqondo obushushu aphantsi ukuya kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu obushushu kwi-ethylene cracker. Umzekelo, ukulinganisa ngokuchanekileyo kwi->800°C, njengoko kuhlangatyezwana nazo kwii-ethylene cracker obushushu, kubonisa imiqobo equka ukonakala kwezinto ze-sensor, ukukhukhuleka, kunye nemijikelo yokulinganisa emifutshane. Amaqondo obushushu aphezulu okusebenza akhawulezisa ukubola, abangela ukudinwa koomatshini, kwaye anyanzelise ukwamkelwa kweengubo ze-sensor ezikhethekileyo okanye izindlu zezixhobo eziqinileyo ukuze kwandiswe ubomi benkonzo kunye nokugcina ukuchaneka.
Ukuchaneka ngokwako ngumsebenzi woyilo lwezixhobo kunye neprotocol yokusebenza. Iindlela zanamhlanje zokulinganisa uxinano lwezinto ezisetyenziswayo zixhomekeke ekuqinisekisweni rhoqo ngokuchasene nemigangatho yesalathiso eqinisekisiweyo. Kwizicelo ze-feedstock eziqhekekileyo, ukungachaneki okuncinci ekufumaneni uxinano kusasazeka kube kuhlengahlengiso olungalunganga lwenkqubo, okunciphisa ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nemveliso. Ukunamathela ngokungqongqo kwiinkqubo zokulinganisa kunye nokuhlanganiswa kweendawo zokujonga eziqhubekayo kuxhasa ukulinganiswa koxinano oluchanekileyo kakhulu kwiindawo zokucoca.
Ukulinganisa uxinano lwezitya eziqhekekileyo kwiimeko ezinzima kuzisa imingeni eyahlukileyo. Imithombo yenkqubo kwiifurniture ze-ethylene cracker kunye nezityalo ze-naphtha zihlala ziqulathe ii-particles, ukuhamba kwe-multiphase, kunye nee-hydrocarbons ezisabela kakhulu. Iimitha zoxinano ze-Lonnmeter zenzelwe ukumelana nezi ndawo zinoburhalarhume ngokwakhiwa okuqinisiweyo kunye nezixhobo ezichasene noxinzelelo lweekhemikhali kunye nobushushu. Nangona le nkqubela phambili, umxube wesantya esiphezulu, utshintsho olukhawulezayo lwesigaba, kunye nobushushu obuphezulu ngaphakathi kweekhoyili zenkqubo kunokungenisa impazamo yokulinganisa ubushushu kunye noomatshini, nto leyo ebangela ukuba kusetyenziswe iiprotokholi zokuphatha isampuli kunye nokufaka isampuli.
Uvavanyo lweempazamo phantsi kweemeko ezinzima ngolu hlobo lusebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zohlalutyo kunye nemifanekiso. Iindlela zemveli zokubhabha kunye ne-pycnometry zivelisa iziphumo ezithembekileyo kwiindawo ezilawulwayo kodwa azisebenzi kakuhle kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu ngenxa yokwanda kobushushu, ukufiphalisa komphetho, kunye nokushukuma kokulinganisa. Iindlela eziphambili, kubandakanya i-UV kunye ne-thermal imaging, ziphucula ukuchaneka ngokunciphisa izinto ezisetyenziswa kwimitha kunye nokuphucula umahluko kwindawo yokulinganisa. Izifundo zibonisa ukuba ukulungiswa kweemeko zomfanekiso-ezifana nokukhupha imvelaphi kunye nokulingana kwe-elliptical-kunokunciphisa isiqingatha semida yokungaqiniseki nokuba isebenza ngaphezulu kwe-3000 K. Itshathi 1 ibonisa imithombo ephambili yempazamo kunye nempembelelo yayo ekuchaneni:
Ukuqinisekiswa kokuchaneka kwesixhobo kubandakanya imijikelo yokulinganisa ephindaphindwayo kusetyenziswa iisampulu zesalathiso eziqinisekisiweyo. Kwizicelo ze-feedstock eziqhekekileyo, ukulinganiswa akufuneki kuhlangabeze kuphela iziphumo ze-viscosity yesampulu kunye nempazamo ebangelwa bubushushu kodwa kunye nokushukuma kwesensor ixesha elide. Izifundo zetyala ezipapashiweyo zichaza ukuba ukuhlaziywa kwakhona kwendawo kusetyenziswa ulwelo lwesalathiso olulandelekayo kunokuphinda kabini ubomi benkonzo yesixhobo, kunciphise ukuphindaphinda rhoqo, kwaye kugcine amanqanaba empazamo engaphantsi kwe-1% phantsi kweemeko ezinzima eziqhubekayo. Ukuqinisekiswa rhoqo—okonyuswe kukuxilongwa okufakwe ngaphakathi—kusabalulekile ekusebenzeni kwenkqubo eqhubekayo kunye nokhuseleko kwiindawo ze-petrochemical.
Izixhobo zokulinganisa uxinano olusebenza kakuhle, ezifana nezo zenziwe yiLonnmeter, zidibanisa ii-sensor arrays, iindlela zokucoca ezenzekelayo, kunye nokuhlolwa kokulinganisa okukude ukuze kuphuculwe ukuthembeka kokusebenza. Kwizixhobo zokuvavanya uxinano lolwelo, uvavanyo lweempazamo olukhawulezileyo kunye nokulinganiswa okuguquguqukayo zizinto eziqhelekileyo zokuthobela imithetho, ulawulo lwenkqubo, kunye nokusebenzisana kwemarike. Ekugqibeleni, ukulinganisa uxinano oluthembekileyo kwiindawo ezigqithisileyo kuxhomekeke kuyilo lwezixhobo oluqinileyo, ukulinganiswa okubanzi, kunye nokubeka esweni iimpazamo ngendlela ecwangcisiweyo—iintsika ezisisiseko kuyo yonke indlela yokulinganisa uxinano lolwelo kwishishini le-petrochemical.
Ukusetyenziswa koMlinganiselo woXinaniso kwiinkqubo zePetrochemical
Izixhobo zokulinganisa uxinano olungaphakathi, ezifana nee-vibrating tube densitometers, zibalulekile ekuvelisweni kwe-naphtha kunye nokusebenza kwee-ethylene cracker furnaces. Ezi zixhobo zokulinganisa uxinano zibonelela ngokujonga rhoqo, ngexesha langempela uxinano lolwelo—ipharamitha ebalulekileyo yokulawula umgangatho wezinto eziluhlaza kunye nokusabela ngokukhawuleza kwiimeko zokucubungula. Umzekelo, ii-vibrating tube densitometers zimisela uxinano ngokulinganisa utshintsho lwe-resonance frequency yetyhubhu ezaliswe lulwelo lwenkqubo; njengoko uxinano lutshintsha, kunjalo notshintsho lwe-resonance frequency, zivelisa idatha ekhawulezayo nechanekileyo naphantsi kwamaqondo obushushu ahlukeneyo kunye noxinzelelo, kubandakanya neemeko ze-cryogenic ezinxulumene namanqanaba okupholisa e-feedstock aqhekekileyo. Ukulinganisa ngee-hydrocarbons ezifana ne-methane kunye ne-ethane kuqinisekisa ukuba ezi zixhobo zihlala zichanekile kwii-petrochemical fluids ezahlukeneyo.
Kwinkqubo yokuvelisa i-naphtha, iimitha zoxinano ezingaphakathi zivumela abaqhubi ukuba bajonge ukuthembeka kwempahla yokutya kunye namanqanaba ongcoliseko ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka kwesampuli ngesandla. Izixhobo zokulinganisa uxinano zibona utshintsho oluncinci olunxulumene nokuphambuka kwenkqubo okanye ubukho bokungcola okungafunekiyo—njengeetyuwa kunye neentsimbi—okunokubangela ukungcola kwiityhubhu zesithando se-ethylene cracker. Ukufundwa koxinano ngexesha langempela kuvumela ukulungiswa kwamazinga okucoca kunye neenkqubo zokucoca impahla yokutya, kunceda ukunciphisa ukwakheka kwe-coke kunye nokwandisa amaxesha okusebenza kwesithando ngelixa kunciphisa iindleko zokugcinwa ezingacwangciswanga. Ngokugcina umgangatho wempahla yokutya rhoqo, isixhobo sokulinganisa uxinano lwezinto ezimanzi sikwaphucula ukuthembeka kokusebenza kunye neziphumo zokusingqongileyo, njengoko kubhaliwe kwizifundo ezininzi kunye neengxelo zorhwebo.
Idatha ye-density sensor ibalulekile ekwenzeni ngcono inkqubo eguquguqukayo kwi-ethylene crackers. Idityaniswe kwi-Distributed Control Systems (DCS), iimitha zoxinano ze-Lonnmeter zondla idatha eqhubekayo kubalawuli benkqubo, zikwazisa ubushushu besithando kunye nohlengahlengiso lwesantya sokuhamba kwe-feedstock. Umzekelo, ukuphambuka kokufundwa koxinano kunokubonisa utshintsho kwindlela ekwakhiwe ngayo inkqubo okanye ukuqala kokungcoliswa; abaqhubi banokuphendula ngokulungisa iprofayili yobushushu besithando okanye ukuguqula indlela esiphuma ngayo, ngaloo ndlela bephucula isivuno semveliso kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla. Uhlalutyo lwezoshishino lubonisa iingenelo ezinokulinganiswa: ukuphuculwa kwendlela esiphuma ngayo, ukuncipha kwamaxesha okungasebenzi, kunye nokonga amandla, kunye nembuyekezo kutyalo-mali lwezixhobo zokulinganisa uxinano oluhlala lufumaneka kwiinyanga ezimbalwa ngenxa yokusebenza ngcono.
Ngokuphathelele ukhuseleko, ukujonga uxinano oluqhubekayo kunika isilumkiso kwangethuba malunga nokungahambi kakuhle okunokuphazamisa ukuthembeka kwezixhobo kwiifutha ze-ethylene cracker. Ubungqina obupapashiweyo bugxininisa ukuba ukulinganiswa koxinano ngexesha langempela kuxhasa amaqhinga okukhusela; abaqhubi banokungenelela ngaphambi kokuba ungcoliseko okanye ukwakheka kwe-coke kukhule kube kukusilela okubiza kakhulu okanye kube ziingozi zokhuseleko. Oku kusebenza ngokuqhubekayo akuqinisekisi nje kuphela ukusebenza okukhuselekileyo kodwa kunciphisa nempembelelo iyonke kwindalo ngokulawula ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo ezinxulumene nokutsha okungasebenzi kakuhle kunye nokudluliselwa kobushushu.
Imizekelo evela kwizityalo zepetrochemical ezisebenzayo ibonisa ukuba ukwamkela izixhobo zokuvavanya uxinano lolwelo oluphambili kukhokelela ekusebenzeni kwe-oven ezinzileyo ngakumbi, umgangatho ophezulu wemveliso, kunye nokuthobela imigangatho yokulawula eqinileyo. Iindlela zokulinganisa uxinano lolwelo—kuquka ityhubhu yokungcangcazela, i-vibronic, kunye neendlela zeCoriolis—zibonelela ngokuchanekileyo okufunekayo kwezi meko zinzima, zihlala zifikelela kwiinkcukacha ze-±0.1 kg/m³ okanye ngcono kwiindawo ezinoxinzelelo oluphezulu, ezinobushushu obuphezulu. Ukuphambuka kwiiprofayili zoxinano olulindelekileyo kwenza ukuba kuchongwe ngokukhawuleza ukuphazamiseka kwenkqubo, kuxhasa ukwenziwa ngcono kunye nokuqinisekiswa komgangatho kuyo yonke imveliso ye-naphtha kunye neeyunithi zokuqhekeka kwe-ethylene.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwezixhobo zokulinganisa uxinano lweLonnmeter kwezi nkqubo kubonisa indlela idatha yexesha langempela evumela ngayo ishishini leekhemikhali ukuba litshintshe ukusuka kuvavanyo lwesandla oluqhutywa rhoqo ukuya kulawulo oluzenzekelayo noluguquguqukayo. Njengoko imisebenzi ye-petrochemical iba nzima kwaye ilawulwa, izixhobo zokulinganisa uxinano zimiselwa njengeziyimfuneko ekusebenzeni koqoqosho nokhuseleko.
Imida kunye neZisombululo
Izixhobo zokulinganisa uxinano lwemveli ezifana neepycnometers, iihydrometers, kunye nezixhobo ze-U-tube ezijikelezayo ngesandla ziye zakhonza icandelo le-petrochemical kangangeminyaka emininzi. Nangona kunjalo, iindawo zemveliso ye-petrochemical—ezifana nee-ethylene cracker furnaces kunye neenkqubo zokuvelisa i-naphtha—zibangela imingeni edla ngokugqitha amandla azo. Ukuphathwa kweesampuli kwezi ndlela kufuna umsebenzi omninzi kwaye kuthambekele ekungangqinelani. Utshintsho lobushushu ngexesha lokudluliselwa lunokutshintsha iziphumo, ngelixa imiba efana nokubanjwa kwebhamuza yomoya idla ngokuphazamisa ukuchaneka. Umzekelo, ukulinganisa uxinano lwe-feedstock eqhekekileyo okanye imijelo ye-naphtha ejikelezayo kufuna ulawulo oluchanekileyo lweemeko kunye nobunyulu besampuli, iimeko ezingaveliswanga lula kwindawo yelebhu, ingakumbi ngeesampuli eziqinileyo okanye ezinezigaba ezininzi.
Phantsi kweemeko zenkqubo—ubushushu obuphezulu, uxinzelelo oluphezulu, okanye xa kukho iikhemikhali ezirhabaxa okanye ezingcolisiweyo—izixhobo zokulinganisa uxinano lwendabuko ziwohloka ngokukhawuleza okanye aziphumeleli ukuvelisa iziphumo eziphindaphindwayo. Ezi zixhobo ngokubanzi azikwazi ukulandelela utshintsho lwenkqubo ngexesha langempela, ngoko ke amaqela asebenzayo awanalo idatha ekhawulezayo nesebenzayo. Umzekelo, ngexesha lokulinganisa uxinano lolwelo lwempahla yokutya kwisithando se-ethylene cracker, iindlela eziphelelwe lixesha zifuna isampuli ngesandla, zizise ukulibaziseka okuthintela ukwenziwa ngcono kwenkqubo eguquguqukayo. Oku kungabikho kwempendulo ngexesha elifanelekileyo kunokukhokelela kwizigqibo zobunzima bokuqhekeka obungaphantsi kokufaneleka kwaye kunciphise isivuno semveliso.
Ukuxhomekeka ekulinganiseni ngesandla kukwathintela ukuhlanganiswa neenkqubo zezityalo ezenzekelayo. Uninzi lwezixhobo zokulinganisa uxinano lwakudala lwezinto ezisetyenziswayo aziniki datha eqhubekayo kwaye zifuna ungenelelo olubalulekileyo lwabasebenzi ukuze kulinganiswe kwaye kugcinwe. Ukulungiswa rhoqo kunye nokuthambekela ekukhukuleni kunegalelo ekungaqiniseki kokusebenza kunye nokusetyenziswa okuphezulu kwezixhobo. Kwizityalo zanamhlanje ze-petrochemical ezibeka phambili imveliso kunye nokhuseleko, oku kulibaziseka kunye nokungasebenzi kakuhle kuthetha ukwanda kweendleko kunye nokuvezwa komngcipheko.
Izixhobo zokulinganisa uxinano lolwelo ezisemgangathweni, ezifana nezo zenziwe yiLonnmeter, zijongana nale mida ngokubonelela ngohlalutyo oluqhubekayo, olungaphakathi kunye nolondolozo oluncinci. Ezi zixhobo zenzelwe ngokukodwa ukunyamezela iimeko ezinzima zenkqubo—amaqondo obushushu aphezulu, umahluko omkhulu woxinzelelo, kunye neendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuhamba ezidibana nazo kwizixhobo zepetrochemical. Umzekelo, ii-densitometers zetyhubhu ezingcangcazelayo ezingaphakathi kunye neemitha zoxinano oluphezulu lwe-acoustic zinokufakwa ngqo kwinkqubo okanye kwimigca yokudlulisa, zisuse iimpazamo zokuphatha iisampulu kunye neemeko ezingahambelaniyo phakathi kwemilambo yelebhu kunye nenkqubo. Impendulo yazo ekhawulezileyo inika idatha yexesha langempela, ivumela impendulo ekhawulezileyo kunye nohlengahlengiso lolawulo lwenkqubo, olubalulekileyo kwinkqubo yokuvelisa i-naphtha kunye nokwenza ngcono iipropati ze-feedstock kwiifurniture ze-ethylene cracker.
Ukukhethwa kwezixhobo ezifanelekileyo zokulinganisa uxinano akuyonto iqhelekileyo; kufuneka kuqwalasele iimfuno zenkqubo kunye neempawu zomzimba zesondlo. Umzekelo, ukukhetha indlela yokulinganisa uxinano lwezinto ezimanzi kwinkqubo ye-naphtha kufuna isixhobo esichanekileyo, esiphindaphindwayo, kunye nokuhambelana kweekhemikhali kubushushu obubanzi kunye noxinzelelo. Iimitha zeetyhubhu ezingcangcazelayo ezingaphakathi zithandwa kwimithombo yolwelo ecocekileyo yesigaba esinye ngenxa yokuchaneka kwazo okuphezulu, ngelixa iinkqubo ze-acoustic okanye ze-multi-sensor hybrid eziphucukileyo zilungele ngakumbi ukulinganisa uxinano kwiindawo zokutya eziqhekekileyo eziqulethe igesi okanye ii-particles ezifakiweyo. Ngokuxhomekeke kwizinto eziphambili zenkqubo—ukuphuma, ukuthembeka, okanye ukulula kokugcinwa—iinjineli kufuneka zihlole iimfuno zokulinganisa uxinano lwezixhobo, ubunzima bokudibanisa, kunye neemfuno zenkxaso eziqhubekayo.
Ngamafutshane, ukuthembeka okuphuculiweyo kwizixhobo zokuvavanya uxinano lolwelo ezisetyenziswa kwiindawo ze-petrochemical kuxhomekeke ekukhetheni izisombululo eziqinileyo ezihambelana nenkqubo kunye neenyani ze-feedstock. Izixhobo zanamhlanje ezikwi-inline zivala umsantsa phakathi kokuchaneka kwelabhoratri kunye neemfuno zenkqubo yokwenyani, okwenza kube lula ukusebenza ngokuchanekileyo, ngokufanelekileyo, nangokukhuselekileyo kulo lonke uthotho lwexabiso lwe-petrochemical, ukusuka kuhlalutyo lwe-feedstock eqhekekileyo ukuya ekuqinisekisweni komgangatho we-naphtha wokugqibela.
Iindlela ezilungileyo zokukhetha nokusebenzisa izixhobo zokulinganisa uxinano
Ukukhetha isixhobo sokulinganisa uxinano esifanelekileyo kwimisebenzi ye-petrochemical efana nee-ethylene cracker furnaces okanye inkqubo yokuvelisa i-naphtha kufuna ukulungelelaniswa ngononophelo kwezakhono zesixhobo neemfuno zenkqubo kunye neemfuno zomthetho. Abaqhubi kufuneka baqwalasele ukuhambelana kweekhemikhali, umgaqo wokulinganisa, iimeko zokufakela, iimfuno zokuchaneka, kunye neendleko zomjikelo wobomi ezilindelekileyo xa bekhetha izixhobo zokuvavanya uxinano lolwelo—kuquka ii-inline densitometers ezifana nezo zenziwe yiLonnmeter.
Iikhrayitheriya zokukhetha izixhobo zokulinganisa uxinano
Kwiinkqubo ezibandakanya ukutya okuqhekekileyo okanye ukujonga ngexesha langempela uxinano lolwelo kwiindawo zokucocisa, izinto eziphambili ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe zezi:
Umgaqo woLinganiselo: Khetha izixhobo ngokusekelwe kwiimpawu zomzimba nezekhemikhali zesampulu. Ii-densitometers ze-U-tube ezijikelezayo, ezilandela i-ASTM D4052, zibonelela ngokulinganisa okuchanekileyo nokuphindaphindiweyo, ngakumbi kwii-hydrocarbons ezingamanzi. Iimitha ze-Radiometric (gamma) zibonelela ngezisombululo eziqinileyo kwiimeko zobushushu obuphezulu okanye uxinzelelo oluphezulu ezifunyanwa kwiindawo zokukhupha izithando ze-ethylene cracker kunye neminye imijelo yenkqubo ye-naphtha, njengoko zingaphazamisi kwaye zingachaphazeleki ziimeko ezigqithisileyo zenkqubo.
Ukuhambelana kweSampuli: Thelekisa izixhobo ezimanziswe zizixhobo kwimidiya—qinisekisa ukumelana nokugqwala kunye novavanyo loxinzelelo kwiindawo ezinzima. Ufakelo olusemgceni (ngokuthe ngqo kwindlela yokusebenza) lufanelekile ekulinganisweni koxinano oluqhubekayo, ngelixa ukhetho lwe-bypass lubonelela ngeemfuno zeesampuli zamanzi anzima.
Ukuchaneka kunye nokuthembeka: Ukukhethwa kwesixhobo kuxhomekeke ekuchanekeni okufunekayo. Iindawo zokudlulisa izinto zingadinga ukuchaneka kwe-±0.001 g/cm³, ngelixa ukujonga inkqubo ngokubanzi yezinto eziveliswayo kunyamezela iinkcukacha ezibanzi.
Iimfuno zeNkqubo yokusingqongileyo: Vavanya ukulinganiswa kwezixhobo ukuze zisebenze ngokuqhubekayo phantsi koxinzelelo oluphezulu, ukujikeleza okukhawulezayo kobushushu, kunye neekhemikhali ezirhabaxa eziqhelekileyo kwimisinga ye-cracker kunye ne-refinery. Izixhobo kufuneka zinyamezele ukungcola kwaye zigcine ukulinganiswa ngexesha lokuguquguquka kwenkqubo.
Ukudibanisa kunye nokuZenzekelayoIzixhobo kufuneka zivumele ukuhlanganiswa kwedijithali ukuze kulawulwe inkqubo ngaphandle komthungo, kuncitshiswe ukungenelela ngesandla kwaye kuncitshiswe iimpazamo zomsebenzisi.
Iingcebiso zoFakelo lokulinganisa uxinano oluchanekileyo
Ukufakelwa okufanelekileyo kubalulekile ekulinganiseni uxinano oluthembekileyo kwiindawo ezifana nee-high-pressure steam reformers okanye i-liquid feed lines kwi-crackers:
Indawo kunye noQwalaselo: Kufuneka kufakwe ii-Densitometers apho ulwelo lwenkqubo lufanayo—kuthintelwe iindawo ezinokubanjiswa ngumoya okanye ukwakheka kwesanti. Kwiimodeli ezingaphakathi, qinisekisa ubude obaneleyo bokuhamba kwemibhobho ukusuka phezulu ukuya ezantsi ukuze kuncitshiswe ukuphazamiseka kokuhamba kwamanzi. Xa kufakelwa ngokuthe nkqo, qinisekisa ukuba into yenzwa ihlala intywilile ngokupheleleyo ngamaxesha onke.
Ukuzahlula kubushushu nakumatshini: Faka umbhobho wokucoca ukuze ugcine ubushushu besampulu kodwa uphephe ukugquma izixhobo ze-elektroniki ukuze uthintele ubushushu obugqithisileyo. Faka izinzwa kude nemithombo ethe ngqo yobushushu obukhanyayo okanye ukungcangcazela, okunokubangela ukushukuma kwesignali.
Ukuhlanganiswa kweNkqubo: Sebenzisa ii-piping tees ezilinganisiweyo kunye nezixhasi ezenzelwe uxinzelelo kunye neemeko zobushushu zemigca yokuphinda usebenzise i-cracker furnace okanye iiyunithi ze-naphtha hydrotreating. Qinisekisa ukuba zonke ii-mechanical connections ziyahlangabezana neekhowudi zesiza ukuze kuthintelwe amandla kunye nokuvuza.
Ukufikelela kuLondolozo: Ceba ukufakela ngendlela ecacileyo yokujonga, ukucoca, kunye nokulinganisa rhoqo ukuze kugcinwe ukuthembeka kwedatha yoxinano ngexesha lokusebenza kwesixhobo.
Ukugcinwa kokusebenza kwexesha elide
Ukuhlolwa rhoqo kunye nokugcinwa okulinganisiweyo kuqinisekisa ukuchaneka kunye nokuthembeka kwezixhobo zokulinganisa uxinano kwiindawo zepetrochemical ezinzima:
Ukuhlolwa kunye noCoceko: Hlola rhoqo iindawo zesensor ukuba azikho na izinto eziqokeleleneyo—ingakumbi ezifumaneka kulwelo oluqinileyo okanye izitya zokutya eziqhekekileyo. Coca njengoko kufuneka ukuze uthintele impazamo yokulinganisa.
Ukulinganisa: Sebenzisa ulwelo oluqinisekisiweyo lokulinganisa kwindawo okanye kwiindawo ezimbini kulo lonke uluhlu lokusebenza. Ukulinganisa okuguquguqukayo kunye nolwelo lwenkqubo yokwenyani yeyona nto ilungileyo kwiimodeli ezikwi-inline. Bhala phantsi yonke imisebenzi yokulinganisa ngokwezikhokelo zamazwe ngamazwe ezaziwayo ukuze kugcinwe ukulandeleka.
Ukubeka iliso kwiDatha: Qhubeka ulandela iziphumo zokulinganisa ukuze ubone iimpawu zokuphambuka. Sebenzisa uhlalutyo oluqhubekayo ukuze ubone imiba evelayo ngaphambi kokuba ichaphazele ulawulo lomgangatho okanye ukuthembeka kokudluliselwa kwengane.
Uqeqesho lwaBasebenzi: Qinisekisa ukuba abasebenzi baqeqeshwe kwiinkqubo zokusebenza kwezixhobo kunye neenkqubo ezingxamisekileyo, ingakumbi xa besebenza ngoxinzelelo oluphezulu kwiiyunithi zemveliso ye-ethylene cracker okanye i-naphtha.
Izinto ekufuneka uziqwalasele xa ujongene nobushushu obuphezulu/uxinzelelo oluphezulu
Ukhuseleko lubalulekile ekufakweni nasekusetyenzisweni kwezixhobo zokulinganisa uxinano kwiindawo ezifana nemigca yokudlulisa i-oven outlet:
Iinkcukacha zezinto ezibonakalayo: Khetha izixhobo ezinemilinganiselo yoxinzelelo kunye nobushushu eqinisekisiweyo. Sebenzisa iivalvu, iiflanges, kunye nemizimba yenzwa eqinisekisiweyo engamelani nokurhubuluza, ukugqwala, kunye noxinzelelo lobushushu.
Ukugunyaziswa Okuqatha: Vavanya zonke iintambo zonxibelelwano kwaye ulandele imithetho yokwakha efanelekileyo. Qinisekisa ukuba zikhona iinkqubo zolawulo lobushushu ukuze kuthintelwe ubushushu obugqithisileyo kunye nomonakalo wezixhobo.
Ukuzahlula kwiinkqubo kunye nePPE: Sebenzisa iivalvu ezizicima ngokuzenzekelayo kwaye uthintele ukufikelela ngexesha lokulungisa. Yalela ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zokuzikhusela kwaye uqinisekise ukuba umoya ungeniswa kakuhle xa kukho imijelo eshushu nexinezelekileyo.
Indawo yeSensor: Beka izixhobo kude nemithombo yobushushu obunamandla kwaye uqinisekise ukuba zivuleke ngokwaneleyo xa ziphuma ngexesha likaxakeka. Ukuba kunokwenzeka, sebenzisa ukufakelwa okukude kwiindawo ezishushu kakhulu, njengecandelo elikhanyayo lesithando se-ethylene cracker.
Ukulinganiswa koxinano lolwelo oluchanekileyo, olukhuselekileyo, nolunokuthenjwa kwizityalo zepetrochemical kuxhomekeke ekukhetheni izixhobo ezifanelekileyo—ezifana nezo zinikezelwa yiLonnmeter—ezifakelweyo nezigcinwe ngokweendlela ezingqongqo nezisemgangathweni. Ukunamathela kule migaqo kuqinisekisa ulawulo olufanelekileyo lwenkqubo, umgangatho wemveliso, kunye nokhuseleko lwabasebenzi kwizicelo ezifunwa kakhulu.
Imibuzo ebuzwa rhoqo
Ungawulinganisa njani uxinano lolwelo kwi-ethylene cracker furnace okanye inkqubo ye-naphtha?
Uxinano lolwelo kwisithando se-ethylene cracker okanye ngexesha lenkqubo yokuvelisa i-naphtha lunokulinganiswa kusetyenziswa izixhobo zokulinganisa uxinano olusekwe kwimigaqo efana nokuvaleka, i-acoustic, okanye i-pressure-based sensitization. Ii-densitometers ze-U-tube ezijikelezayo zisetyenziswa kakhulu ukujonga uxinano ngexesha langempela kwiindawo ezinzima zenkqubo, zilinganisa ngokuthe ngqo utshintsho lwe-frequency resonant olubangelwa lutshintsho kubunzima bolwelo. Ii-tuning fork kunye nee-acoustic sensors zisebenza ngokufanayo ngokuhlalutya iipateni zokungcangcazela ukuze kuchongwe uxinano. Ezi teknoloji zenzelwe ukumelana namaqondo obushushu aphezulu kunye noxinzelelo lokuqhekeka kwe-ethylene kwaye zifakelwe ngaphakathi ukuze kuhlolwe rhoqo imilambo yolwelo, zibonelela ngempendulo ekhawulezileyo yolawulo lwenkqubo. Ukuhlanganiswa neenkqubo zolawulo zanamhlanje kunceda ukuqinisekisa ukufundwa okuchanekileyo, okuzinzileyo nangona ngexesha lokuguquguquka ngokukhawuleza kwiimeko zenkqubo. Umzekelo, imitha yoxinano oluxineneyo olusekwe kwi-Lonnmeter inokuhambisa idatha ethembekileyo ukusuka kwi-naphtha feed ngqo kwigumbi lolawulo lwesithando.
Iyintoni indima yokulinganisa uxinano ekwenzeni ngcono imveliso ye-ethylene evela kwi-naphtha feedstock?
Ukulinganiswa koxinano oluchanekileyo nolwexesha langempela lubalulekile ekuphuculeni isivuno se-ethylene kwi-naphtha feedstocks. Utshintsho kuxinano lwe-feedstock lubonisa utshintsho kulwakhiwo, olunokuchaphazela i-kinetics yokuqhekeka, ubunzima besithando, kunye nokusasazwa kwemveliso. Izixhobo zokulinganisa uxinano oluphakathi zivumela abaqhubi ukuba balungise ngokukhawuleza iiparameter zokusebenza ezifana nobushushu, isantya sokutya, kunye nomlinganiselo womphunga ukuya kwi-hydrocarbon. Olu hlengahlengiso lunceda ukwandisa imveliso ye-ethylene, ukunciphisa ukwakheka kwemveliso, kunye nokuzinzisa inkqubo ngokuchasene nokuguquguquka kwe-feedstock. Umzekelo, ukujonga okuqhubekayo kwenza ukuba kufunyanwe kwangoko ukutya okungaqhelekanga okunokukhokelela ekusebenzeni okungaphantsi okanye ukwanda kokungcola, okuxhasa ukuhambelana kokubini isivuno kunye nomgangatho wemveliso.
Ziziphi iintlobo eziphambili zezixhobo zokulinganisa uxinano ezisetyenziswa kumashishini e-petrochemical?
Imisebenzi yePetrochemical isebenzisa izixhobo ezahlukeneyo zokulinganisa uxinano ukujonga nokulawula iinkqubo zolwelo. Ii-densitometers zetyhubhu yokungcangcazela ezikwi-inline zixhaphakile, zibonelela ngokuchaneka okuphezulu kunye namaxesha okuphendula ngokukhawuleza afanelekileyo kwiindawo eziguquguqukayo. Iimitha zoxinano lwe-acoustic zisebenzisa isantya sesandi kunye nokulinganisa ukuncitshiswa, zibonelela ngokuqina okongeziweyo kwizicelo ezithile. Izixhobo zefoloko zokulungisa zihlalutya ubukhulu bokungcangcazela kunye nokuphindaphinda ukumisela uxinano lolwelo, kunye nokusebenza okuthembekileyo kubushushu obubanzi kunye noluhlu loxinzelelo. Iinkqubo zokufunxa ze-X-ray, nangona zingaqhelekanga kulwelo, zisetyenziswa kwiindawo ezikhethekileyo apho kufuneka khona umlinganiselo ongangeneleliyo. Indlela ethile ekhethiweyo ixhomekeke kwiimfuno zenkqubo, ukuhambelana kweekhemikhali, kunye neemfuno zokudibanisa. I-Lonnmeter yenza ii-densitometers zokungcangcazela ezikwi-inline eziqinileyo, ezifanelekileyo ngokukodwa ukujonga uxinano oluqhubekayo kwiinkqubo ze-ethylene cracker kunye ne-naphtha.
Ukulinganiswa koxinano kunceda njani ukhuseleko kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kokucubungula i-naphtha kunye nokuqhekeka kwe-ethylene?
Ukubeka iliso kuxinano oluqhubekayo kudlala indima ebalulekileyo yokhuseleko nokusebenza kakuhle ekucutshungulweni kwe-naphtha kunye nemveliso ye-ethylene. Ukuphambuka kuxinano lwe-naphtha kudla ngokubonisa utshintsho kwindlela oluyilwe ngayo, olunokuchaphazela indlela yokutsha, lukhuthaze ukwakheka kwe-coke, okanye lutshintshe iimpawu zokwahlulwa kwizixhobo ezisezantsi. Idatha yoxinano olufike ngexesha ivumela iinkqubo zolawulo ukuba zisabele ngoko nangoko ngokulungelelanisa iiparameter zesithando, ukuguqula izongezo ezifana nomphunga, okanye ukuqalisa amanyathelo okulungisa ukugcina ukusebenza okukhuselekileyo. Oku kunciphisa umngcipheko wokuphazamiseka kokusebenza, kunciphisa ukuvalwa okungacwangciswanga, kwaye kwandisa ixesha lokusebenza phakathi kwezithuba zokulungisa. Umzekelo, ukulinganiswa koxinano ngexesha langempela kunceda ukuthintela ukuqhekeka okungaphelelanga okanye ukwakheka kwe-coke kwiikhoyili zesithando somlilo—zombini ezichaphazela isivuno semveliso kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla—ngaloo ndlela zixhasa imveliso eqhubekayo nesebenzayo.
Yintoni ekufuneka iqwalaselwe xa kukhethwa isixhobo sokulinganisa uxinano esiza kusetyenziswa ekwenzeni i-naphtha okanye kwiinkqubo zesithando se-ethylene cracker?
Ukukhetha isixhobo sokulinganisa uxinano olufanelekileyo kwiinkqubo ze-petrochemical kubandakanya imigangatho eliqela. Esi sixhobo kufuneka sigcine ukuchaneka kunye nokuphindaphinda phantsi kweemeko zokusebenza ezithile zenkqubo—ubushushu obuphezulu, uxinzelelo oluphezulu, kunye nokuvezwa kwiikhemikhali ezirhabaxa. Kufuneka sihambelane neempawu zeekhemikhali ze-naphtha kunye nezinye izitokhwe zokutya, kwaye sinikeze imijikelo yokulinganisa ekhawulezayo ukuhambisa idatha yexesha langempela esebenzayo. Uluhlu lokulinganisa kufuneka lugubungele zonke iinguqulelo zenkqubo ezilindelekileyo. Ukulula kokufakela, ukudibanisa neenkqubo zolawulo ezisasaziweyo, kunye nokugcinwa okuthe ngqo kubalulekile ekuthembekeni kwexesha elide. Ii-densitometers zokudlidliza ezingaphakathi, ezifana nezo zenziwe yiLonnmeter, ziyazalisekisa ezi mfuno ngokubonelela ngomlinganiselo woxinano ochanekileyo, okhawulezayo, nowomeleleyo ngqo kumjelo wenkqubo, ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokulula kokuhlanganiswa kwenkqubo. Iinkqubo zokulinganisa, ukukhuselwa ekungcoleni, kunye nokuthobela izikhokelo zokhuseleko lwenkqubo nazo kufuneka ziqwalaselwe kwinkqubo yokukhetha.
Ixesha leposi: Disemba-16-2025
