Isishwankathelo seCopper Electrorefining
Ukucoca nge-electromagnetic nge-copper yinkqubo yemizi-mveliso esetyenziselwa ukuvelisa ii-cathode ze-copper ezicocekileyo kakhulu, ezihlala zinobumsulwa obungaphezulu kwama-99.99%. Le nkqubo ibalulekile ekuhlangabezaneni nemigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe, kuquka i-LME Grade A, efunwa zii-electronics, unxibelelwano, kunye namacandelo amandla avuselelekayo. Ngexesha lokucoca nge-electromagnetic, ii-anode ze-copper ezingcolileyo zintywiliselwa kwi-electrolyte eyenziwe yi-copper sulfate kunye ne-sulfuric acid. Ngombane olawulwayo, i-copper iyanyibilika kwi-anode kwaye iphinda ibekwe kwiisheyithi ze-cathode ezicocekileyo kakhulu.
Umsebenzi oyintloko wale nkqubo kukwahlula ubhedu kwizinto ezingcolisayo ezifana ne-lead, i-arsenic, kunye ne-antimony. Kwi-anode, ii-athomu zobhedu zilahlekelwa zii-electron, zenze ii-ion zobhedu (Cu²⁺) ezihamba nge-electrolyte. Kwi-cathode, ezi i-ion zifumana ii-electron kunye nepleyiti njengobhedu olucocekileyo. Kwangaxeshanye, iintsimbi ezingafunekiyo zihlala zinyibilika kwi-electrolyte okanye zitshise njenge-anode slimes ezinganyibilikiyo, okuvumela ukuthintela ngokufanelekileyo ukungcola. Ukukwazi ukuthintela ukufakwa kokungcola ngexesha lokusebenza kokucoca kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni umgangatho kunye nolawulo lwe-cathode yobhedu.
Ukusebenza kwenkqubo yokucoca ubhedu nge-electrorefine kuxhomekeke kakhulu kulawulo oluqinileyo lwe-electrolyte. Ukwakheka ngokuchanekileyo komxube we-copper sulfate-sulfuric acid, kunye noxinano lwayo kunye nokuqhuba kwayo, kuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukusebenza kakuhle kwangoku kwi-copper electrorefine. Ukugcina ukuhamba kwe-electrolyte efanelekileyo kuqinisekisa ukufakwa okufanayo, kuthintela i-gradients yoxinzelelo lwendawo, kwaye kwenza kube lula ukwaliwa kokungcola. Abaqhubi basebenzisa izixhobo ezifana ne-Lonnmeter liquid density meter ukuze i-electrolyte ijonge kwaye ilungise uxinano lolwelo, oluchaphazela ukuqhuba kwesisombululo kunye nokuthuthwa kobunzima.
Ukucoca ngombane ngeCopper
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Ukugqwesa kokusebenza kuxhomekeke ekunciphiseni ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ekuhlanjululweni kwe-electro kunye nokwenza ngcono i-voltage yeseli. Ii-voltage zeseli ezingalawulwayo zonyusa inkunkuma yamandla kwaye zinokunciphisa umgangatho we-cathode. Ukuphucula ukucocwa kwe-copper ye-voltage yeseli kunciphisa ilahleko zokumelana nombane kwaye kunciphisa iindleko zemveliso. Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kuncitshiswa ngakumbi ngokuphucula amazinga okujikeleza kwe-electrolyte kunye nokusebenzisa ukonga amandla okupompa kwiinkqubo zokuhlanjulwa kwe-electrolyte. Ukulinganisa uxinano lwe-electrolyte olusebenzayo kuxhasa ezi njongo, njengoko iimpawu zesisombululo zichaphazela zombini amandla okupompa kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kombane.
Imingeni ephambili ekuhlanjululweni kwe-electrorefine yobhedu iquka ukufikelela kumgangatho ohambelanayo wobhedu lwe-cathode, ukwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle, kunye nokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla. Ubuninzi bamandla aphezulu bunyusa amandla okukhupha kodwa bubeka emngciphekweni ukwakheka kwe-spongy okanye i-rough cathode kunye nokufakwa kokungcola ngaphandle kokuba kulawulwe ngononophelo. Iindawo zokucoca ezindala ezisebenzisa amaphepha okuqala zihlangabezana nokutshintshwa rhoqo kwe-cathode kunye nobunzima bokusebenza obandayo. Uyilo lweeseli zanamhlanje ludibanisa i-automation, ii-cathode ezisisigxina, ukujonga ngedijithali, kunye nee-reactors zokucoca isisombululo ukuze kuphuculwe ukhuseleko lokusebenza kunye nomgangatho wemveliso ngelixa kuxhaswa ukwakheka kwe-electrolyte yobhedu kunye nokwenza ngcono i-electrolyte conductivity kwimveliso yezinga lemizi-mveliso.
Ulawulo lwe-electrolyte, ukwenziwa ngcono kwenkqubo, kunye nezixhobo zokulinganisa eziphambili zixhasa amaqhinga angoku okuphucula ulawulo lomgangatho we-copper cathode, ukunciphisa iindleko zokusebenza, kunye nokujongana nemiqobo yokusebenza kakuhle ekuhlaziyweni kwe-electrocopper. Olu phuculo oluqhubekayo lwe-copper electrorefining luxhasa indima ephambili yeshishini ekunikezeni i-copper ecocekileyo kakhulu kuqoqosho lwanamhlanje.
Ukwakhiwa kunye nomsebenzi weCopper Sulfate-Sulfuric Acid Electrolyte
Umxube we-copper sulfate-sulfuric acid yi-electrolyte eqhelekileyo kwi-copper electrorefining, enika indlela ebalulekileyo yokuthutha kunye nokubeka ii-ion ze-copper ezilawulwayo. Ineenxalenye ezimbini eziphambili: i-copper sulfate (CuSO₄) njengomthombo oyintloko we-ion ye-copper kunye ne-sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) njengesixhasi sokuqhuba kunye nokuzinzisa iikhemikhali.
Ikhemistri kunye neempawu eziphambili
Ngokwenyani, i-electrolyte idla ngokuba ne-40–50 g/L copper sulfate kunye ne-100 g/L sulfuric acid kwimisebenzi yemizi-mveliso. Lo mxube sisisombululo samanzi esicacileyo nesiqhuba kakuhle apho i-copper sulfate inika ii-Cu²⁺ ions zenkqubo yokuma kwe-electrode. I-Sulfuric acid yonyusa i-ionic conductivity yesisombululo, iphucula uzinzo lwe-electrolyte, kwaye inceda ukulawula ii-reactions ezingalindelekanga ezifana nokuguquka kwe-hydrogen kwi-cathode.
Iimpendulo eziphambili ze-electrochemical zezi zilandelayo:
- I-anode: Cu(ii) → Cu²⁺(aq) + 2e⁻
- I-Cathode: Cu²⁺(aq) + 2e⁻ → Cu(ii)
Ulawulo oluchanekileyo malunga noxinzelelo lwecandelo ngalinye luchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo amazinga okusabela, ukusasazwa kwamandla, kunye nomgangatho we-copper cathode ephumayo.
Ukubaluleka koLawulo loXinzelelo oluchanekileyo kunye noQokelelo
Ulawulo oluchanekileyo loxinano lwe-electrolyte kunye nokwakheka kwayo kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni umgangatho we-copper cathode kunye nolawulo lomgangatho. Utshintsho kuxinano lwe-electrolyte, oluhambelana noxinano, luchaphazela ukuhamba kwee-ion kunye nokufana kokubekwa kwe-copper. Ukuphambuka kuxinano olujoliswe kulo kunokubangela ukungalingani kobukhulu bediphozithi, ukwanda kwekhowudi yokungcola, okanye ukukhula kwe-dendritic (njengomthi), okuphazamisa ubunyulu bemveliso kunye nokuguda.
Iifektri zokucoca ubhedu zanamhlanje zisebenzisa iimitha zoxinano lolwelo—ezifana neLonnmeter—ukulinganisa uxinano lolwelo oluqhubekayo kwi-intanethi ekucoceni ubhedu. Ezi zixhobo zixhasa ukujonga i-electrolyte ngexesha langempela ukugcina ibhalansi ye-copper sulfate kunye ne-sulfuric acid efunekayo kunye nokuxhasa ulawulo lomgangatho we-copper cathode esezantsi.
Imizekelo evela kumsebenzi wakutshanje wokuphucula inkqubo ibonisa ukuba i-sulfuric acid egcinwe malunga ne-100 g/L ifezekisa ukusebenza kakuhle kombane. Olu lungelelwaniso lukhulisa isivuno sobhedu kwaye luxhasa iimeko ezizinzileyo zeeseli, lunciphisa ukwenzeka kweesekethe ezimfutshane okanye ukwakheka kodaka ngenxa yamanqanaba e-asidi agqithisileyo okanye anganelanga.
Ubudlelwane Phakathi Kokwakhiwa Kwe-Electrolyte, Ukuqhuba, kunye Nokuthintela Ukubekwa Kwekhowudi Kokungcola
Ukuqhuba kwe-electrolyte kunxulunyaniswa kakhulu nokwakheka kwayo. Uxinzelelo lwe-sulfuric acid lulawula ukuqhubela phambili kwesisombululo ngobuninzi; i-asidi encinci kakhulu ikhokelela ekuxhathiseni okuphezulu kweeseli kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla okwandisiweyo, ngelixa i-asidi eninzi ithintela ukufakwa kwe-copper kwaye inokukhuthaza ukungcola.
Uxinzelelo lwe-Copper sulfate lumisela ukuhamba kwee-ions ze-copper ukuya kwi-cathode kwaye luchaphazela ukusebenza kakuhle kwangoku kwi-electrorefining ye-copper. Ukuba uxinzelelo luphantsi kakhulu, ukuncipha kwenzeka kwi-cathode, okwandisa umngcipheko wokuvela kwe-hydrogen kunye neziphene ze-deposit. Nangona kunjalo, uxinzelelo oluphezulu lufuna ulawulo oluchanekileyo ukuze kuthintelwe ukusetyenziswa kwamandla amaninzi kunye nokungafani kwe-crystallographic kwi-copper egciniweyo.
Ulawulo olufanelekileyo lokwakheka, ngoko ke, ukuhanjiswa kwe-conductivity kubalulekile kwi:
- Ukulungiswa kwe-voltage yeseli kwi-copper electrorefining (ukugcina i-voltage yeseli iphantsi ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kunye nokuveliswa kobushushu)
- Ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwamandla ombane (ukuqinisekisa ukuba phantse yonke i-current isetyenziselwa ukubekwa kobhedu, kungekhona iimpendulo ezingafunekiyo)
- Ukuthintela indawo yokungcola ekucocweni kobhedu (ukunciphisa ukufakwa kwezinto ezifana ne-lead, i-arsenic, okanye i-antimony enokwenzeka ukuba ukwakheka kwe-electrolyte akuchanekanga)
Isiphumo kukuba ukusetyenziswa kwamandla okuphantsi, ukonga amandla ekucocweni kwe-electrorefining, ukuphucula imo yediphozithi, kunye nokuqinisekiswa komgangatho we-cathode copper. Ubuninzi bolwelo kunye nokubekwa kweliso, kuquka neenkqubo ze-inline Lonnmeter, ngoko ke kubalulekile ekunciphiseni ilahleko, ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo, kunye nokugcina umgangatho we-copper cathode ohambelanayo ukusuka kwibhetshi ukuya kwibhetshi.
Olu lwalamano luqinisekisiwe kwizifundo ezibonisa ukuba ukugcina i-sulfuric acid malunga ne-100 g/L akupheleli nje ekuphuculeni ukusebenza kakuhle kwangoku kodwa kukwaqinisekisa umngcipheko ophantsi wokungcola kunye nolawulo oluqinileyo kwisakhiwo sediphozithi, konke oku ngelixa kuxhaswa ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kwi-copper electrorefining.
Ukulinganiswa koxinano kwiCopper Electrorefining
Uxinano lwe-electrolyte luphawu olubalulekileyo kwinkqubo yokucoca i-copper electro, njengoko lubonisa ngokuthe ngqo ukwakheka komxube we-copper sulfate-sulfuric acid. Ukugcina uxinano oluphezulu lolwelo kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni umgangatho we-cathode copper kunye nolawulo lomgangatho we-copper cathode. Abaqhubi basebenzisa uxinano njengendlela yokulinganisa ngokukhawuleza ukulinganisa zombini i-copper ion kunye ne-asidi concentrations, okuvumela uhlengahlengiso oluchanekileyo lokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-current kwi-copper electrorefining kunye nokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla.
Indima yoBuninzi kuLawulo lweNkqubo
Uxinano lulawula iziphumo ezininzi ezibalulekileyo zenkqubo:
- Ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokuqhuba kombane ngoku:Ubuninzi be-copper kunye ne-asidi buyandisa uxinano, ngokubanzi buphucula ukuhanjiswa kwe-electrolyte kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwangoku—ukuya kuthi ga kwinqanaba elithile. Ngaphaya koxinano olufanelekileyo, amazinga okusasazwa ayancipha kwaye anokunciphisa ukusebenza kakuhle, okuchaphazela ukwenziwa ngcono kwe-voltage yeseli kunye nokukwazi ukwenza ngcono i-voltage yeseli ukuze kucocwe ubhedu.
- Ukuthintela ukuhlanzeka kwekhowudi:Uxinano oluhlala luhleli lunceda ekuthinteleni ukungcola ngexesha lokucocwa kobhedu ngokunciphisa ukuguquguquka koxinano okukhuthaza ukubekwa kwekhowudi kweesinyithi ezifana ne-arsenic, i-antimony, kunye ne-bismuth.
- Iimpawu zeCathode:Uxinano oluzinzileyo luxhasa ukwakheka kwekristale efanayo, nto leyo enegalelo kwii-cathode zekopolo ezithambileyo nezineziphene ezimbalwa. Ukuphambuka kunokukhokelela kwiidiphozithi ezirhabaxa, ezinamaqhuqhuva, okanye ezinjengomgubo, nto leyo ethoba umgangatho we-cathode kwaye ifune amanyathelo okulungisa rhoqo.
Itekhnoloji yeMitha yoXinaniso loLwalo yoLungiselelo lweXesha langempela
Iimitha zoxinano lolwelo, ingakumbi iintlobo zezinto ezingcangcazelayo, zizixhobo ezibalulekileyo zokubeka esweni uxinano lwe-electrolyte kwi-electrorefining ye-copper yanamhlanje. Ezi zixhobo zivumela ukujonga nokulawula umxube we-copper sulfate-sulfuric acid ngexesha langempela, zixhasa ngokuthe ngqo ukuqinisekiswa komgangatho we-cathode copper kunye nokwenza ngcono ukusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo.
Umgaqo wokusebenza kunye nokuHlanganisa iinkqubo
Imitha yoxinano lolwelo olushukumayo isebenza ngokuntywilisela i-sensor—edla ngokuba yityhubhu, ifolokhwe, okanye isilinda enomfanekiso ka-U—ngqo kwi-electrolyte yobhedu. Esi sixhobo silinganisa i-frequency ye-sensor, eyancipha njengoko uxinano lwe-electrolyte lusanda. Le frequency iguqulwa ibe lixabiso loxinano ngokulinganisa ngemigangatho (njengezisombululo zamanzi ezi-deionized kunye ne-copper sulfate), nto leyo evelisa ukufundwa ngokuthe ngqo kwi-g/cm³.
Ngaphakathi kwenkqubo yokucoca ubhedu nge-electrorefining, ezi mitha zidibana ngaphandle komthungo kwi-electrolyte circulation loop okanye kwi-process tank. Izinto ezimanzi ze-sensor, ezifana ne-titanium okanye i-Hastelloy, ziqinisekisa ukuhambelana kweekhemikhali kunye nemixube ye-copper sulfate-sulfuric acid enamandla. Izinzwa zobushushu ezidibeneyo zihlawulela utshintsho loxinano olubangelwa bubushushu, zigcina ukuchaneka okuphezulu nangona iimeko zokusebenza zitshintshatshintsha.
Iingenelo ngaphezu kweendlela zokulinganisa zemveli
Iimitha yezinto ezingcangcazelayoidlula izixhobo zokujonga uxinano eziphelelwe lixesha—umzekelo, ii-hydrometers ezenziwe ngesandla kunye nohlalutyo lwe-gravimetric oluqhubekayo—ngokubonelela ngedatha yoxinano lwedijithali oluzenzekelayo, oluhlala luphezulu.
Ulawulo oluQinisekisiweyo lweNkqubo yokuZenzekela kunye noLawulo loLawulo:
Imithombo yedatha ekwi-intanethi neyexesha langempela inokudityaniswa nenkqubo ye-PLC/SCADA yesityalo, ivumela uhlengahlengiso oluzenzekelayo lwe-copper sulfate okanye i-sulfuric acid dosing, kwaye inike ingxelo eqinileyo yokwakheka kwe-copper electrolyte efanelekileyo. Olu zenzekelayo luqinisa ulawulo lomgangatho we-cathode copper ngokuzinzisa iiparameter zenkqubo kunye nokuxhasa ukulogwa kwedatha ukuze kulandelelwe.
Ukuchaneka Okuphezulu Kolawulo lwe-Electrolyte:
Iimitha zoxinano lolwelo lwezinto ezingcangcazelayo zibonelela ngokuchanekaui-pto ±0.001 g/cm³, ibalulekile ekulungiseni umlinganiselo we-copper sulfate-sulfuric acid. Ukuphambuka okuncinci kwi-electrolyte density kunokubangela ukunyuka kwe-voltage yeseli okanye ukusetyenziswa kwamandla, ukunciphisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwangoku, okanye ukukhuthaza ukungcola kwekhowudi kwi-cathodes. Ezi mitha zinceda ulawulo lwe-voltage yeseli oluphuculweyo kwaye zinciphise ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ngokubanzi ekuhlaziyweni kwe-electron ngaphandle kokungenelela rhoqo ngesandla, okuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo iindleko zokusebenza kunye nomgangatho wemveliso.
Amandla Okumpompa Ancitshisiweyo kunye noKhuseleko Oluphuculweyo:
Ukubeka iliso kwimigca kunciphisa isidingo sokuthathwa kweesampuli, nto leyo enciphisa ukuvezwa kwe-electrolyte emoyeni, nto leyo enciphisa umngcipheko wokungcola kunye namandla okumpompa afunekayo ekudlulisweni kweesampuli ngaphandle komgca.
Imizekelo yesicelo sokuBeka esweni okungaphakathi kunye nokukwi-intanethi
Iisetingi eziqhelekileyo zine-Lonnmeter vibrating element density sensor efakwe ngqo kumgca wokujikeleza kwe-electrolyte. Umzekelo, kwindlu enkulu yetanki,ILonnmeterIbonelela ngokufundwa koxinano oluqhubekayo rhoqo kwimizuzwana embalwa, ivumela iinjineli ukuba zijonge iindlela zoxinano kwaye ziphendule ngokukhawuleza kwiinkqubo zokushukuma.
Kwindlela yokusebenza, isityalo esisebenzisa i-1.2 g/cm³ copper sulfate electrolyte sifikelele kulawulo oluqinileyo lwe-copper ion concentration sisebenzisa impendulo ye-inline density. Uphuculo luphakamise ukusebenza kakuhle kwangoku kwi-copper electrorefining, lwanciphisa iindleko zamandla, lwaza lwanciphisa ukuvela kwekhowudi yokungcola. Izityalo ezineenkqubo zokulinganisa iikhemikhali zinokuzenzekela ngokuzenzekelayo i-asidi okanye i-copper dosing ngokusekelwe kwiindawo zoxinzelelo ukuze kuphuculwe ukuhanjiswa kwe-electrolyte.
Abavelisi beebhetri abalungiselela ii-electrolytes ze-copper sulfate bakwasebenzisa iimitha zezinto ezingcangcazelayo ukulawula umgangatho; iLonnmeter iqinisekisa ukuba uxinano kunye noxinzelelo kufinyelelwa ngaphambi kokuba imveliso idluliselwe. Ukulinganiswa rhoqo ngeesampuli zenkqubo kugcina ukuthembeka kokulinganisa kwiindawo ezinzima.
Lilonke, iimitha zoxinano lwezinto ezingcangcazelayo ziguqula ngokusisiseko indlela imisebenzi yokucocwa kobhedu ejonga kwaye ilawula ngayo ii-electrolytes, zisebenza njengee-analyzers ezithembekileyo, ezichanekileyo, nezisebenza ngexesha langempela eziphucula umgangatho kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kuzo zonke izigaba zekhonkco lokuvelisa i-copper cathode.
Impembelelo yoLawulo loXinano lwe-Electrolyte kwiZibonakaliso zoMsebenzi oPhambili
Ulawulo oluchanekileyo loxinano lwe-electrolyte, ingakumbi kwimixube ye-copper sulfate-sulfuric acid, lubalulekile ekuhlaziyweni kwe-copper electrorefining esebenza kakhulu. Uxinano luchaphazela umgangatho we-cathode copper, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla, ukusebenza kakuhle kwangoku, i-voltage yeseli, kunye nemveliso iyonke.
Ulwalamano noQinisekiso loMgangatho weCathode Copper
Uxinano lwe-electrolyte luchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ubunyulu be-cathode yobhedu kunye nomgangatho womphezulu. Xa uxinano lunyuka ngenxa yoxinzelelo oluphezulu lwe-copper okanye i-asidi, ukuhamba kwe-anode slime kuyatshintsha, okwandisa umngcipheko wokubekwa kwekhowudi yokungcola—ingakumbi kwi-nickel, i-lead, kunye ne-arsenic. Ii-electrolyte ezinoxinano oluphezulu zinokubamba ii-particles ezininzi, ngakumbi phantsi kwesithuba se-electrode esingaphantsi okanye uxinano oluphezulu lwamandla. Ezi zinto zingcolileyo zingonakalisa ukuguda kwe-cathode, ukuthembeka koomatshini, kunye nokwamkelwa kwemarike. Izifundo ze-multivariate zibonisa ukuba umxholo ophezulu we-nickel kwi-electrolytes ezixineneyo ukhokelela kwi-cathodes ezirhabaxa, ezingacocekanga kangako, eziqinisekiswa yi-scanning electron microscopy kunye ne-atomic absorption spectroscopy. Izongezo ezifana ne-thiourea kunye ne-gelatine ngamanye amaxesha zinciphisa uburhabaxa bomphezulu kodwa, ngeedosi ezingafanelekanga, zinokwandisa ukufakwa kokungcola ukuba iipropati ze-electrolyte azilawulwa ngokuqinileyo.
Impembelelo ekuncitshisweni kokusetyenziswa kwamandla kunye nokonga amandla
Uxinano luchaphazela i-viscosity—uxinano oluphezulu lunyusa ukumelana nokuhamba okukhululekileyo. Ukupompa i-electrolyte ngoko ke kufuna amandla angakumbi ngoxinano olukhulu; ukulawula uxinano kunokubonelela ngokonga okukhulu kwamandla okupompa. Izisombululo zoxinano oluphantsi zinciphisa ukutsala okuxineneyo, kuvumela ukujikeleza kwe-electrolyte okusebenzayo ngakumbi kunye nokususwa kobushushu, zixhasa ngokuthe ngqo ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ekuhlanjululweni kwe-electrolyte yobhedu. Ukulinganiswa koxinano lolwelo olufanelekileyo kubalulekile kungekuphela nje kumgangatho webhetshi kodwa nakulawulo lweendleko zokusebenza; izixhobo ezifana neLonnmeter zivumela ukujonga ngokuchanekileyo, ngaphakathi koxinano lolwakhiwo lwe-electrolyte yobhedu, ukuphucula iishedyuli zokupompa kunye nenkcitho yamandla.
Impembelelo ekusebenzeni kakuhle kwangoku, ukulungiswa kweVolthi yeSeli, kunye neMveliso iyonke
Ukulinganisela koxinzelelo lwe-copper kunye ne-asidi (olubonakala kuxinano lwe-electrolyte) lulawula ukuhamba kwee-ion, okuchaphazela ukusebenza kakuhle kwangoku kwi-electrorefining ye-copper. Uxinano olugqithisileyo lukhokelela ekuthuthweni kwee-ion okucothayo, kunyusa i-voltage yeseli kunye nokunciphisa ukusebenza kakuhle. Kumanqanaba afanelekileyo oxinano, ii-ion ze-copper ziyahamba ngokufanelekileyo ziye kwi-cathode, zinciphisa iimpembelelo ezingalunganga kunye nokuzinzisa i-voltage yeseli. Ukuphucula i-voltage yeseli ekucocweni kwe-copper kubalulekile—iphezulu kakhulu kunyusa iindleko zamandla kunye nokuma kwekhowudi yokungcola, iphantsi kakhulu kuthintela amazinga emveliso.Ulawulo loxinano lwe-electrolyteilola ezi ziphumo, iphucula imveliso ngokugcina udluliselo olufanelekileyo lwetshaja kunye namazinga okwakha i-cathode. Iimodeli zezibalo ziqinisekisa unxibelelwano oluthe ngqo phakathi koxinano lwe-electrolyte, ukusebenza kakuhle kwangoku, kunye ne-voltage yeseli.
Indima ekuGcineni i-Electrolyte Conductivity efanelekileyo kunye nokunciphisa i-Codeposition yokungcola
Ukuphuculwa kokuqhuba kwe-electrolyte yekopolo kuxhomekeke ekugcineni uxinano olujoliswe kulo kunye nomxholo we-sulfate yekopolo. Ukuba uxinano lunyuka ngenxa yomthwalo ophezulu we-solute okanye ukushukuma kobushushu, ukuqhubela kwe-conductivity kuyehla, ukunyusa ngakumbi i-voltage yeseli kunye nokubeka emngciphekweni umgangatho wemveliso. Ii-electrolyte ezinoxinano oluphezulu zikwanyusa ithuba lokuma kwekhowudi yokungcola—iisuntswana eziqinileyo kunye neentlobo ezinyibilikisiweyo (i-nickel, i-lead) zinokwenzeka ukuba zingashukumi okanye zinciphe kumphezulu we-cathode, ingakumbi phantsi kweenkqubo zokongeza ezingafanelekanga okanye iimeko zokuhamba kakubi. Ukuthintela ukufakwa kokungcola ekucocweni kobhedu ngoko ke kufuna ulawulo oluqinileyo loxinano kunye nolwakhiwo, ukulinganiswa koxinano oluqinileyo lolwelo ekucocweni kobhedu, kunye nokulungiswa okucokisekileyo kwe-copper sulfate kunye ne-asidi ratios. Le ndlela idibeneyo inciphisa iindlela zokufakwa kokungcola (ukufakwa kwamasuntswana, ukufakwa kwe-electrolyte, kunye nokuma kwe-co-electrode) kwaye ixhasa iinjongo zolawulo lomgangatho we-copper cathode oluqinileyo.
Ulawulo olucokisekileyo loxinano ngaphakathi kweendawo ezijoliswe kuzo kusetyenziswa iimitha zoxinano lolwelo zanamhlanje ezifana neLonnmeter kuqinisa ukucoceka kwe-electrolyte, kunciphisa iindleko zamandla, kwandisa imveliso, kwaye kuxhasa ukuveliswa kobhedu olucocekileyo kakhulu, kugxininisa indima yalo esisiseko kuzo zonke izalathisi zokusebenza eziphambili zokucoca ngombane kobhedu.
Ukucocwa kweCopper - Unyango loMphezulu we-Electroplating
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Ukuhlanganiswa koLinganiselo loBuxinano ukuze kuLungiswe iXesha langempela
Ixabiso lokwenyani lokulinganisa uxinano lilele ekufakweni kwalo ngaphandle komthungo kwimisebenzi yolawulo lwenkqubo. Idityaniswe ne-SCADA, ukufundwa koxinano oluphilayo oluvela kwizixhobo ezifana neLonnmeter kwazisa ngokuthe ngqo ii-loops zolawulo ezibalulekileyo:
- Ukulungiswa kwamandla e-cell: Ukulungisa iiparameter zamandla kunye ne-voltage ngexesha langempela, ngokusekelwe kubuninzi be-electrolyte obulinganisiweyo, kuthintela ilahleko ezingaphaya kwamandla kwaye kunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla okungeyomfuneko.
- Ulawulo lokusebenza kakuhle kwangoku: Ukugcina uxinano lweethagethi kuqinisekisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwangoku ngokugcina uxinano olufanelekileyo lwee-ion kwi-cathode, ukwandisa ukufakwa kwesinyithi kunye nokunciphisa iimpendulo ze-parasitic.
- Ukulungiswa kokuqhuba kwe-electrolyte: Ulawulo olufanelekileyo loxinano luqinisekisa ukuba i-electrolyte ihlala iqhuba kakuhle, ixhasa ukufakwa kwesinyithi okusebenzayo nokulinganayo kuzo zonke iiseli zokucoca i-electrolyte.
- Ukuthintela ukungcoliseka kwekhowudi: Ngokuzinzisa iimpawu ze-electrolyte, idatha yoxinano lwexesha langempela inceda ukugcina iimeko ezivumela ukubekwa kwekopolo okukhethiweyo, kunciphisa umngcipheko wokufaka kunye ukungcola okufana ne-nickel okanye isinyithi.
Iingenelo zokuthembeka, ukusombulula iingxaki, kunye nokungaguquguquki
Ukudibanisa izixhobo zexesha langempela kwiqonga le-SCADA eliqinileyo kuphucula ukuthembeka kokusebenza. Abaqhubi bafumana ukubonakala kwezalathisi eziphambili zenkqubo imini nobusuku, okukhawulezisa ukufunyanwa kunye nokuphendula kuyo nayiphi na indlela yokuphambuka kwi-electrolyte yobhedu.
Le ndlela ibonelela:
- Ukusombulula iingxaki ngcono: Ukufikelela ngokukhawuleza kwedatha kunye neengxelo zembali zembali zixhasa uhlalutyo lwesizathu esiyintloko xa umgangatho wemveliso uhla okanye i-voltage yeseli inyuka ngokungalindelekanga.
- Ukuthembeka kokusebenza: Ulawulo oluqhutywa yimodeli lunciphisa ukuphazamiseka kwenkqubo, lunciphisa ixesha lokungasebenzi, kwaye luthintela iziganeko ezibizayo ezifana nokuveliswa kwe-cathode ezele bukungcola.
- Ukuhambelana kweqela: Ulawulo oluzenzekelayo lweeparamitha ezifana noxinano kunye nobushushu luqinisekisa iimpawu ezifanayo zokubekwa kobhedu ukusuka kwelinye iqela ukuya kwelinye okanye ngexesha lokubaleka okuqhubekayo.
- Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla okuncitshisiweyo: Ukuphucula i-voltage yeseli kunye nokunciphisa ukufudumeza i-electrolyte okungeyomfuneko kunciphisa ngokuthe ngqo iindleko zokusebenza.
- Ukusebenza kakuhle kwamandla ombane okuphuculweyo: Ngokugcina iimeko ezifanelekileyo ze-electrolyte, ukufakelwa kombane okuninzi kuthetha ukubuyiselwa kobhedu olucocekileyo endaweni yeempendulo ezingalindelekanga.
- Ukonga amandla okumpompa: Ukubeka iliso kuxinano lwe-electrolyte kwenza kube lula ukulawula ipompo ngokufanelekileyo, kuthintele ukuhamba kwegazi kakhulu okanye ukuxinana kwe-cavitation, okwandisa ubomi besixhobo.
Ezi zibonelelo zidibene ukuxhasa ulawulo olusebenzayo lomgangatho we-copper cathode kwaye ziqinisekisa imveliso iyonke kunye nokuthotyelwa kokusingqongileyo kwimisebenzi yanamhlanje yokucoca nge-electro.
Iindlela ezilungileyo zokusebenzisa iiMeter zoxinano lolwelo kwiCopper Electrorefining
Izikhokelo zoFakelo kunye noLungiso lweMixube ye-Acid ene-Concentration ephezulu
Ukukhetha imitha yoxinano lolwelo olufanelekileyo lokucoca nge-electrocopper kuqala ngezinto zayo. Iindawo ezimanzi kufuneka zimelane noxinzelelo oluphezulu lwe-sulfuric acid kunye ne-copper sulfate. I-PTFE, i-PFA, i-PVDF, kunye neglasi zezona zinto zikhethwayo, ezibonelela ngokumelana nokugqwala okuthembekileyo kwiindawo ezinoburhalarhume be-electrolyte. Iintsimbi kufuneka ziphetshwe ngaphandle kokuba kuyimfuneko; sebenzisa kuphela ii-high-alloy grades ezifana ne-Hastelloy C-276 okanye i-titanium ukuba iindawo zesinyithi azinakukhutshelwa ngaphandle.
Ukufakelwa kufuneka kube kwindawo ebonisa ukwakheka kwe-electrolyte yobhedu oluyi-bulk. Kuphephe iindawo ezifileyo zokuhamba okanye iindawo apho i-electrolyte ihlukana khona. Imigca ephambili yokujikeleza kwegazi okanye yokujikeleza kwegazi ifanelekile, iqinisekisa umxube we-copper sulfate-sulfuric acid ofanayo kunye nokufundwa koxinano oluhambelanayo. I-bypass loop ikuvumela ukuba wahlukanise imitha ngexesha lokulinganisa okanye lokulungisa, uzinzise iimeko zokusebenza kwaye unciphise ixesha lokungasebenzi kwenkqubo.
Utshintsho lobushushu lutshintsha uxinano lwe-asidi ye-sulfuric kwaye, ngokongeza, ukwakheka kwe-electrolyte yobhedu. Hlanganisa i-sensor yobushushu ecaleni kwe-density meter kwaye uvumele ukubuyiselwa kobushushu kwisixhobo sakho. Sebenzisa iisampulu zokulinganisa ezibonisa uxinano lokwenyani lwe-copper kunye ne-asidi kwisityalo sakho. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba i-liquid density meter yakho ye-electrolyte inika idatha echanekileyo, enokusebenziseka yokuqinisekisa umgangatho we-cathode copper kunye nokwenza ngcono ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-copper electrorefining.
Ukuhamba kolawulo kwimitha yoxinano ukuya kwinqanaba eliphakathi nelizinzileyo. Ukuxinana okuphezulu kubangela ingxolo yokulinganisa kunye nokuguguleka koomatshini, ngelixa ukuhamba okuphantsi kunokubamba amaqamza, kuguqule ukufundwa. Kugawula zonke iintambo kwaye kuhlukanise isixhobo ngombane. Ukuqhuba okuphezulu kwe-electrolyte kwenza imisinga elahlekileyo ibe yingozi, enokuchaphazela ukwenziwa ngcono kwevolthi yeseli kunye nolawulo lomgangatho we-cathode yobhedu.
Iiprotokholi zoKhuseleko kunye nokuHlangana nee-Electrolytes eziHlaselayo
Faka izikhuselo ze-splash kunye ne-containment yesibini ejikeleze imitha yoxinano naphi na apho abasebenzi banokuchaphazeleka khona yi-copper sulfate-sulfuric acid mixtures. Beka imiqondiso yesilumkiso kunye nemiqathango yokufikelela kufutshane nazo zonke izinto ezifakelweyo zemitha. Qinisekisa ukuba izixhobo, izitywino, kunye nee-junctions ziyahambelana ne-electrolytes ezirhabaxa, uphephe ii-elastomers kunye neeplastiki ezingalinganiswanga kwiimeko ze-asidi ephezulu kunye ne-oxidative.
Ukwahlulwa kombane kunye nokuqina komhlaba kubalulekile. Umngcipheko wemijelo elahlekileyo uyandiswa ekuhlanjululweni kwe-electro yobhedu, ukuchaneka kwe-sensor okusongelayo kunye nokhuseleko lomntu. Hlola rhoqo izithintelo kunye nezixhobo zokwahlulwa ukuze uthintele iimpazamo ezinobungozi.
Iingcebiso zokudibanisa ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka kwimisebenzi yezityalo ezikhoyo
Hlanganisa imitha yoxinano kwinkqubo yokulawula ekhoyo yesityalo sakho, usebenzisa iziphumo zedijithali ukujonga ukwakheka kwe-electrolyte yobhedu ngexesha langempela. Beka iimitha kwimibhobho ephambili okanye kwi-recirculation loops ukuze ufumane idatha ephakathi. Sebenzisa ukufakelwa kwe-bypass ukuze ukwahlukanise ngokukhawuleza xa kufuneka ukulinganiswa okanye ukugcinwa, ukuthintela ukuphazamiseka kokusebenza kweseli kunye nokuxhasa ukusebenza kakuhle kwangoku kwi-electrorefining yobhedu.
Sebenzisana neenjineli zenkqubo ukuqinisekisa indawo yemitha yoxinano usebenzisa imodeli yokuhamba; izifundo zeCFD zinokuchonga iindawo zokuhluma kunye nokuxuba. Sebenzisa imveliso yemitha ukuqhuba uhlengahlengiso oluzenzekelayo lwevolthi yeseli kunye nokuqhuba kwe-electrolyte, ukuphucula ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kunye nokuthintela indawo yokungcola ngexesha lokucocwa kobhedu.
Misela iindlela zokulinganisa i-sensor rhoqo, sebenzisa iisampulu zesalathiso ezihambelana nomxube we-copper sulfate-sulfuric acid wesityalo. Ishedyuli yokugcinwa kunye noyilo lokufikelela ngokukhawuleza kuvumela ukubuyiselwa ngokukhawuleza emva kokucoca okanye ukulungisa, ukunciphisa ilahleko yemveliso kunye nokuxhasa ukonga amandla okupompa ekuhlaziyweni kwe-electrorefining.
Imibuzo ebuzwa qho
Iyintoni indima yemitha yoxinano lolwelo ekuhlaziyweni kwe-electromagnetic yobhedu?
Imitha yoxinano lolwelo, efana neLonnmeter, inika ukubekwa esweni okuqhubekayo, ngexesha langempela komxube we-copper sulfate-sulfuric acid kwiiseli zokucoca i-copper electro. Oku kwenza ukuba abasebenzi bakwazi ukuvavanya uxinano lwe-electrolyte njengesalathisi esithe ngqo soxinano lwe-copper kunye ne-sulfuric acid—iiparameter ezimbini ezibalulekileyo zolawulo olusebenzayo lomgangatho we-copper cathode. Idatha yoxinano oluqhubekayo idibana neenkqubo zolawulo lwenkqubo, ivumela uhlengahlengiso oluchanekileyo noluzenzekelayo kubushushu, amazinga okutya, kunye noxinano lwe-asidi, okunciphisa kakhulu ukuxhomekeka kwisampuli ngesandla. Le ndlela iphucula ukuhambelana kokwakheka kwe-copper electrolyte, ixhasa iimeko ezijoliswe kuzo zokwandisa umgangatho we-cathode copper kunye nokunciphisa ukuguquguquka kokusebenza.
Uxinano lwe-electrolyte luchaphazela njani ukuqinisekiswa komgangatho we-cathode copper?
Uxinano lwe-electrolyte lubonisa ibhalansi yobhedu kunye ne-sulfuric acid kwisisombululo. Ukuphambuka kwisignali yoxinano kutshintsha kuxinzelelo, okuthi, ukuba akulungisiwe, kunokubangela ukuba ukungcola okungafunekiyo kubekwe kwindawo engcolileyo njenge-nickel, i-tin, okanye i-antimony kwi-cathode. Ukugcina uluhlu loxinano olujoliswe kulo kuthintela indawo yokungcola, kuxhasa ukuqinisekiswa komgangatho wobhedu lwe-cathode kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba imveliso yokugqibela yobhedu iyahlangabezana neemfuno ezingqongqo zococeko. Ulawulo loxinano oluphambili lukwanceda ekuchongeni iingxaki zokufakwa kwe-electrolyte, okuqinisa ngakumbi imizamo yokulawula umgangatho we-cathode yobhedu.
Ngaba ukulinganisa ngokuchanekileyo uxinano kunokunceda ekunciphiseni ukusetyenziswa kwamandla?
Ewe. Ukulinganiswa koxinano oluchanekileyo kwenza ulawulo oluqinileyo kumxube we-copper sulfate-sulfuric acid, nto leyo echaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukuhanjiswa kwe-electrolyte. Ekubeni ukuhanjiswa koxinano kumisela i-voltage yeseli efunekayo ukuqhuba ukufakwa kobhedu, ukugcina uxinano olufanelekileyo ngokulinganisa ngexesha langempela kuqinisekisa ukulahleka kwamandla okuncinci—ukuxhasa ukwenziwa ngcono kombane weseli kunye nokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ekuhlaziyweni kombane we-copper. Ulawulo olufanelekileyo loxinano lukwanciphisa ukupompa nokuxuba okungeyomfuneko, nto leyo enciphisa ngakumbi imfuno yamandla kunye neendleko zokusebenza.
Kutheni ukusebenza kakuhle kwangoku ekuhlaziyweni kwe-electrorefining copper kuxhomekeke kubuninzi be-electrolyte?
Ukusebenza kakuhle kwangoku kulinganisa iqhezu lombane obonelelwayo osetyenziselwa ukufaka ubhedu olucocekileyo. Uxinano olufanelekileyo luqinisekisa ukuba i-electrolyte inika ibhalansi efanelekileyo yee-ions zobhedu kunye ne-asidi, nto leyo ebalulekileyo ekuthuthweni kwee-ion ngokufanelekileyo. Ukuba uxinano luwela ngaphandle koluhlu olucetyiswayo, iimpendulo ezingafunekiyo (ezifana ne-hydrogen okanye i-oxygen evolution) zinokwenzeka, ziphambukise umbane kude nokufakwa kobhedu kwaye zinciphise ukusebenza kakuhle kwangoku. Ukugcina uxinano ngaphakathi kwenkcazo sisicwangciso esisisiseko sokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwangoku ekucocweni kobhedu.
Ukulinganiswa koxinano lolwelo kunceda njani ekongeni amandla okupompa?
Ukujikeleza kwe-electrolyte kunye namazinga okuhamba kwamanzi kufuneka ahambelane ne-viscosity kunye noxinano lwesisombululo ukuqinisekisa ukusasazwa kombane okufanayo kunye nokufakwa kobhedu. Ukulinganiswa koxinano lolwelo ngexesha langempela kunika impendulo echanekileyo malunga notshintsho lwepropathi ye-electrolyte, okuvumela ukulungiswa ngokuzenzekelayo kwesantya sepompo kunye neenkqubo zokuxuba. Ngokugcina uxinano oluchanekileyo, izityalo ziphepha ukupompa okugqithisileyo, ngaloo ndlela zifezekisa ukonga amandla okupompa ekuhlanjululeni umbane kunye nokwandisa ubomi bezixhobo ngokunciphisa ukuwohloka koomatshini. Oku kunciphisa namathuba okungcola kwendawo kunye nokukhula kobhedu okungalinganiyo ngenxa yeendawo ezimileyo kwi-bath ye-electrolyte.
Ixesha leposi: Disemba-05-2025
