Iinkqubo yokuthambisa isikhumbaiguqula izikhumba zezilwanyana eziluhlaza zibe lusu oluqinileyo noluguquguqukayo, umsebenzi wobugcisa ocociweyo kangangeenkulungwane kodwa ohlala utshintsha ngobuchwepheshe bale mihla. Ingundoqo kule nkqubo, ingakumbi kwindlela esetyenziswa kakhuluinkqubo yokutshiswa kwesikhumba se-chromium, lulawulo oluchanekileyo lwamanqanaba eekhemikhali, ezifanai-sodium sulfate, ukuqinisekisa umgangatho ophezulu wesikhumba kunye nokuthobela imiqathango yokusingqongileyo. Ukuphambuka kwezi ngxinano kunokubeka emngciphekweni iimpawu zomzimba zesikhumba kwaye kunyuse iindleko zemveliso, ngelixa iindlela zokubeka esweni zemveli zihlala zingaphumeleli ekusombululeni imingeni yeendaba ezirhabaxa kunye neemfuno zexesha langempela. Eli nqaku lihlola indima ebalulekileyo yaleuxinzelelo lwe-sodium sulfatekwi-chrome tanning, ubunzima benkqubo, imida yokujonga okuqhelekileyo, kunye neenzuzo eziguqulayo zeemitha zoxinzelelo ezikwi-inline eziphambili, ezifana neLonnmeter, ekufezekiseni ukuchaneka nokusebenza kakuhle.
Uxinzelelo lweChrome: Ilitye lembombo loMgangatho wesikhumba
I-Chromium, ngokuyintloko ngohlobo lwe-chromium sulfate (BCS) esisiseko, yintsika yokwenziwa kwesikhumba sanamhlanje, ebangela i-80-90% yemveliso yesikhumba kwihlabathi liphela ngenxa yokukwazi kwayo ukuvelisa isikhumba esinozinzo oluphezulu lwe-hydrothermal, ukuguquguquka, kunye neempawu zokudaya. Uxinzelelo lwe-chromium kwi-tanning liquor luchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ubushushu bokuncitshiswa kwesikhumba (Ts), amandla okutsalwa, kunye nokuthamba. Umzekelo, uphando lubonisa ukuba ukunyuka kwe-10.8% kumxholo we-Cr₂O₃ kwisikhumba kunokuphucula ukusasazwa kwe-collagen fiber kunye neempawu zoomatshini. Nangona kunjalo, ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-chromium fixation kuxhomekeke kwiikhemikhali ezixhasayo, ngakumbii-sodium sulfate, nto leyo ezinzisa i-pH yebhafu yokuthamba kwaye inceda ekungeneni kwe-chromium.uxinzelelo lwe-sodium sulfateinokuphazamisa olu lungelelwaniso lubuthathaka, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubeni i-tan ingabi mnandi, ukufunxwa kwe-chromium embi, kunye nomgangatho wesikhumba ophantsi. Ukugcina ubuninzi obufanelekileyo ngoko ke akusiyomfuneko yobugcisa kuphela kodwa yinto ebalulekileyo eqinisekisa ukuqina kwemveliso yokugqibela kunye nomtsalane wobuhle.
IInkqubo yokuSusa Ulusu
Iinkqubo yokuthambisa isikhumbalulandelelwano oluntsonkothileyo lwamanyathelo eekhemikhali kunye noomatshini awenzelwe ukuguqula izikhumba ezibolayo zibe lusu oluzinzileyo nolunokusetyenziswa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Luqala ngemisebenzi ye-beamhouse—ukunyanga, ukumanzisa, ukugawula i-lime, ukususa uboya, ukuhluza, ukususa i-lime, ukuthambisa, kunye nokuqhotsa—ukulungiselela ulusu ukuba lutyiswe ngokususwa kweenwele, amafutha kunye neeproteni ngelixa kulungiswa i-pH yalo. Inqanaba lokutyiswa lilandela, apho imicu ye-collagen yesikhumba iguqulwa ngokweekhemikhali ukuphucula ukuqina kunye nokumelana nokubola. Iinkqubo emva kokutyiswa, kubandakanya ukuphinda kutyiswe, ukudaya, kunye nokutyiswa, ziphucula inkangeleko kunye nobume besikhumba. Phakathi kweendlela zokutyiswa,inkqubo yokutshiswa kwesikhumba se-chromiumIlawula ngenxa yesantya sayo kunye nokukwazi kwayo ukuvelisa ulusu olunokolulwa, olusemgangathweni ophezulu olufanelekileyo kwiintlobo zempahla ezifana neebhegi zesandla, iimpahla, kunye neempahla zokuthunga.
Isishwankathelo seInkqubo yokuKhanyiswa kwesikhumba seChromium
Iinkqubo yokutshiswa kwesikhumba se-chromiumyindlela elula nesebenzayo edla ngokugqiba ukutshiswa kwesikhumba ngaphantsi kosuku olunye, umahluko omkhulu kwiiveki okanye iinyanga ezifunekayo ukutshiswa kwemifuno. Ibandakanya amanyathelo aliqela aphambili:
- Ukumanzisa kunye nokuLima: Izikhumba zifakwa emanzini ukuze ziphinde zimanzise kwaye zisuse ityuwa ekuqineni, kulandele ukugalelwa nge-calcium hydroxide kunye ne-sodium sulfide ukuze kukhululeke iinwele kwaye kulungiswe i-collagen matrix.
- Ukukha: Izikhumba zintywiliselwa kwisisombululo se-asidi esine-sodium chloride (6-8% ngokobunzima) kunye ne-sulfuric okanye i-formic acid ukuze kwehliswe i-pH iye kwi-2.5-3.0, ikhusela i-collagen ekudumbeni kwe-asidi kwaye iququzelele ukungena kwe-chromium.
- Ukutshiswa kwesikhumba: I-chromium sulfate esisiseko (6-8% ngokobunzima besikhumba, equlethe ~25% Cr₂O₃) ingeniswa, ingena kwisikhumba ukuze yenze ii-complexes ezine-collagen. Emva koko i-pH inyuswa iye kwi-3.8-4.0 kusetyenziswa i-sodium bicarbonate kwinyathelo lokunciphisa ukudibana, nto leyo ekhokelela kwisikhumba "esiluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka" esinombala ongwevu-oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
- Emva kokutshisa ilanga: Ukuphinda uthambise isikhumba, ukudaya, kunye nokusifaka amafutha kuphucula iimpawu zesikhumba,i-sodium sulfateidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuzinziseni izisombululo nasekuncedeni ukuqina kwee-agent zokutshisa.
I-Sodium SulfatekuNyango lwe-Post-Danning
I-sodium sulfateibalulekile ekususweni kwetyuwa emva kokutshiswa kwesikhumba, ingakumbi ekususweni kwetyuwa nasekufakweni kwee-agent zokutshiswa kwesikhumba, ukuqinisekisa umgangatho wesikhumba ohambelanayo kunye nokuhambelana nokusingqongileyo.
- Inkqubo yokususa ityuwa: Ubuninzi betyuwa ephezulu evela ekugayweni, ikakhulu i-sodium chloride, inegalelo ekunyukeni kwe-total dissolved solids (TDS) kwi-dfluents, nto leyo ebangela imingeni yokusingqongileyo.I-sodium sulfateisetyenziswa ekususeni ityuwa ukunciphisa amanqanaba e-chloride, ithatha indawo efikelela kwi-80% ye-sodium chloride kwezinye iinkqubo. Olu tshintsho lwehlisa i-TDS, kunye nezifundo ezibonisa ukwehla ukuya kuthi ga kwi-97% kwiinkqubo zokuthambisa ezinobungozi kwindalo, nto leyo enciphisa ityuwa yamanzi amdaka akhutshwa kwimijelo yamanzi amdaka kawonkewonke.
- Inkqubo yoLungiso lwee-Agent zoKuthambisa:I-sodium sulfateizinzisa i-pH yebhafu yokuthamba kwaye iphucula ukufunxwa kwe-chromium ngokulawula ukwenzeka kwe-collagen kunye ne-chromium complexes. Ithintela ukuthamba komphezulu ngokukhawuleza, iqinisekisa ukungena ngokulinganayo. Umzekelo, ukugcina ukuhambelanauxinzelelo lwe-sodium sulfateinokuphucula ukufunxwa kwe-chrome ngama-28.5%, inciphise i-chromium eseleyo kwi-liquid ukusuka kwi-2000-5000 mg/L ukuya ngaphantsi kwe-300 mg/L, ihambelana nemigaqo engqongqo yokusingqongileyo.
Impembelelo yokuphambuka kokugxila kwinkqubo nakuMgangatho
Ukuphambuka kwiuxinzelelo lwe-sodium sulfatezinokuchaphazela kakhuluinkqubo yokuthambisa isikhumbakunye nemveliso ephumayo. Uxinzelelo oluphezulu kakhulu lunokubangela ukuba ityuwa igqithise, okubangela ukudumba kwe-collagen, iinkozo ezirhabaxa, kunye nokuthamba okunciphileyo, ngelixa uxinano olunganelanga lunokubangela ukungaqini kakuhle kwe-chromium, okukhokelela ekutshintsheni kombala wesikhumba ngendlela engalinganiyo kunye nolusu olubuthathaka. Ukungalingani okunjalo kwandisa amazinga okuncipha—uphando luxela ukunyuka ukusuka kwi-1.3% ukuya kwi-5.2% ngolawulo olungafanelekanga lwetyuwa—kwaye kuphakamisa amanqanaba e-chromium amdaka, okwandisa ungcoliseko lokusingqongileyo. Ngaphezu koko, i-TDS ephezulu evela ekususweni kwetyuwa ngendlela engafanelekanga ichaphazela iinkqubo zonyango lwamanzi amdaka, inyusa iindleko zokusebenza. IchanekileUkubeka esweni uxinaniso lwesisombululo sokutshiswa kwelangaNgoko ke kubalulekile ukugcina umgangatho wesikhumba kunye nokuthobela imigangatho yokusingqongileyo, njengomda we-20 mg/L iyonke ye-chromium yokukhupha ukungcola.
Imingeni kwiUkubeka esweni ukugxila kwesisombululo sokukhanya
Ukubeka ilisouxinzelelo lwe-sodium sulfatekwiinkqubo yokutshiswa kwesikhumba se-chromiuminika imiqobo ebalulekileyo ngenxa yeemeko ezinzima kunye nemida yeendlela zemveli.
- Iingxaki kwiSilinganiselo seMveliIindlela eziqhelekileyo, ezinje ngohlalutyo lwe-titration okanye i-gravimetric, zifuna umsebenzi omninzi, zithatha ixesha elide, kwaye zinokwenza iimpazamo ebantwini. Ezi ndlela zingasebenziyo zifuna iisampulu kunye nohlalutyo lwelebhu, ukulibazisa uhlengahlengiso lwenkqubo kunye nokubeka emngciphekweni ukuphambuka komgangatho.
- Imidiya Eyonakalisayo: Utywala bokuthambisa, obune-pH ephantsi (2.5-4.0) kunye noxinzelelo oluphezulu lwee-asidi, iityuwa, kunye ne-chromium, buyingozi kakhulu, bonakalisa izinzwa zemveli kwaye zifuna ukulungiswa okanye ukutshintshwa rhoqo.
- Iimfuneko zokubeka iliso rhoqo: Indlela etshintsha ngayo i-tan ifuna idatha yexesha langempela ukuze kulungiswe igalelo leekhemikhali ngokukhawuleza. Ukuthathwa kwesampulu yeqela akukwazi ukubona utshintsho olukhawulezileyo kwiuxinzelelo lwe-sodium sulfate, nto leyo ekhokelela ekutshisweni kwesikhumba okungaguqukiyo kunye nokwanda kwenkunkuma.
- Ukulinganisa kunye nokuchanekaIzixhobo zemveli zihlala zinengxaki yokulinganisa xa kukho ii-ion ezininzi, nto leyo ekhokelela ekufundweni okungachanekanga kunye nolawulo lwenkqubo olungathembekanga.
- Ukuthobela iNdalo: Imithetho engqongqo, efana naleyo ithintela i-TDS kunye ne-chromium kwimibhobho yamanzi amdaka, ifuna ukubekwa esweni ngokuchanekileyo ukuze kuthintelwe iindleko ezibizayo kwaye kuqinisekiswe imisebenzi ezinzileyo.
Imitha yoQokelelo lweLonnmeter ePhambili
ILonnmeterimitha yoxinzelelo lweekhemikhaliimele impumelelo kwiUkubeka esweni uxinaniso lwesisombululo sokutshiswa kwelanga, yenzelwe ukujongana nemingeni yemidiya ekonakalisayo kunye nokubeka esweni rhoqo. Esi sixhobo siphambili sisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-sensor obuqinileyo, obumelana neemeko ze-asidi kunye ne-saline, ukunika imilinganiselo echanekileyo nechanekileyo yexesha langempelauxinzelelo lwe-sodium sulfateNgokungafaniyo neendlela zemveli, iLonnmeter idibana kakuhle needrama zokuthambisa, inika idatha eqhubekayo ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuthathwa isampuli ngesandla. Izinzwa zayo ezichanekileyo ziqinisekisa ukulinganiswa okuthembekileyo, nokuba kukwiziselo ezintsonkothileyo, ngelixa uyilo lwayo oluhlala ixesha elide lunciphisa ukugcinwa, ukunciphisa ixesha lokungasebenzi kunye neendleko. Ngokuvumela ulawulo oluchanekileyo lwezinto ezifakwa ngamakhemikhali, iLonnmeter iphucula ukufunxwa kwechromium, inciphisa ukungcola kwamanzi amdaka, kwaye ixhasa ukuthotyelwa kwemigangatho yokusingqongileyo.
Iingenelo zokulinganisa ukugxila okungaphakathi
Ukusebenzisa izixhobo ezifana neLonnmeter ukulinganisa uxinaniso olusemgceni kuguqulainkqubo yokuthambisa isikhumbangokunikela:
- Ukusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo: Ukubeka esweni ngexesha langempela kuvumela uhlengahlengiso olukhawulezileyo, ukunciphisa inkunkuma yamakhemikhali kunye nokuphucula ixesha lokutshiswa kwesikhumba. Izifundo zibonisa ukuba iinkqubo ezikwimigca zinganciphisa ixesha lokutshiswa kwesikhumba ukuya kuthi ga kwisinye kwisithathu ngelixa ziphucula ukufunxwa kwe-chrome nge-13.8-28.5%.
- Umgangatho wesikhumba ophuculweyo: Iyahambelanauxinzelelo lwe-sodium sulfateIqinisekisa ukungena kwe-chromium efanayo, iphucula amandla okuxinana kwesikhumba, ukumelana nokukrazuka, kunye nokuthamba, kunye namazinga okuncitshiswa aphantsi njenge-1.3%.
- Uzinzo lweNdalo: Ngokunciphisa i-chromium eseleyo kunye ne-TDS kwimibhobho yamanzi amdaka, ukujonga okucwangcisiweyo kuxhasa ukutshiswa kwesikhumba okunobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo, kunciphisa i-BOD, i-COD, kunye ne-TDS ukuya kuthi ga kwi-88%, 89%, kunye ne-97%, ngokwahlukeneyo, kwiinkqubo eziphambili.
- Ukonga iindleko: Ukusetyenziswa kweekhemikhali okunciphileyo, iindleko zonyango lwenkunkuma eziphantsi, kunye neendleko zokulungisa ezinciphileyo ziphucula inzuzo yokusebenza.
- Ukuthotyelwa kweMithetho: Ulawulo oluchanekileyo luhambelana nemigaqo engqongqo yokusingqongileyo, luphepha izohlwayo kwaye luxhasa ukuveliswa kwesikhumba okuzinzileyo.
- Ukwenza Izigqibo Eziqhutywa Yidatha: Iinkonzo zedatha eziqhubekayo zivumela ukugcinwa kwangaphambili kunye nokwenza ngcono inkqubo, okuphucula ukusebenza kwesikhumba ngokubanzi.
Kwimizi-mveliso yokuthunga ezama ukuphakamisa umgangatho wayoinkqubo yokutshiswa kwesikhumba se-chromium, iLonnmeter Concentration Meter inikezela ngesisombululo esiqinisekisiweyo sobuchule bokuyilauxinzelelo lwe-sodium sulfateulawulo. Qhagamshelana nathi namhlanje ukuze ucele ikowuteshini (RFQ) yeLonnmeter kwaye ufumane indlela ukulinganisa uxinano olungaphakathi olunokutshintsha ngayo imisebenzi yakho yokuthambisa isikhumba. Joyina phambili kwimveliso yesikhumba ezinzileyo ngetekhnoloji enika iziphumo.
Ixesha leposi: Sep-01-2025
