Ukulinganiswa koxinano oluqhubekayo kunika idatha yexesha langempela, enesisombululo esiphezulu malunga noxinano lolwelo kwishishini lokucubungula iihydrocarbon. Le ndlela iyimfuneko ekucocweni kwepetroleum okuphucukileyo, apho ukulinganisa okusemgceni kuqhuba umgangatho kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwiinkqubo ezifana nokuxuba, ukwahlula, kunye nokuphuma komphunga. Njengoko abacoci bezama ukufumana iinkcukacha eziqinileyo zemveliso kunye nokuguquguquka kwenkqubo, ukulandelela uxinano olungaphazamisekiyo kuye kwaba ngumgangatho oxhasa ulawulo oluchanekileyo lokusebenza kunye nokhuseleko.
Ukulinganisa uxinano oluqhubekayo oluthembekileyo kubalulekile kwimisebenzi ephambili yokucocwa. Kwiinkqubo zokuxuba, ingakumbi ezo zibandakanyeka kwiindlela zokulungisa ukuxuba iihydrocarbon, idatha yoxinano ivumela ukudalwa kweemveliso zokugqibela ezikwi-spec ngokuvumela uhlengahlengiso oluqhubekayo nolwenziwa ngokuzenzekelayo lwemilinganiselo yecandelo. Ukufundwa koxinano olungachanekanga kunokukhokelela ekuxutyweni kwakhona okubizayo, ukwehla kwemveliso, okanye ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle kwe-spec. Ukucoca okusemoyeni kwizicelo zokucocwa kweoyile kunye ne-vacuum distillation kuxhomekeke kakhulu kwiiprofayili zoxinano lwexesha langempela ukumisela iindawo zokusika imveliso kunye nokwandisa isivuno. Umzekelo, ubuchwepheshe bokucoca obuphambili busebenzisa iimitha zoxinano olungaphakathi ukujonga amaqhezu ahlukeneyo, ukuqinisekisa ukubuyiselwa okufanelekileyo kwezibane kunye nezinzima kunye nongcoliseko oluncinci phakathi kwemilambo.
Indawo yokuCoca iPetroleum
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Ukulinganiswa koxinano kukwaphucula iinkqubo zokwahlulwa kunye nokuphuma komoya. Kwinkqubo yokuqhekeka kolwelo (FCC) kunye neendlela zokuqhekeka kwe-hydrocracking, ulwazi oluqhubekayo loxinano lwenza ukuba abaqhubi bakwazi ukulawula ngokuguquguqukayo iiparameter zokusebenza ezifana nobushushu, uxinzelelo, kunye namazinga okutya. Olu hambo lwedatha oluqhelekileyo luphucula ukwenziwa ngcono kokusebenza kweyunithi ngokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kunye nokuthintela iimveliso ezingacwangciswanga. Ngokufanayo, iindlela zokuphuma komoya kwimizi-mveliso ekucoceni zixhomekeke kulawulo loxinano lwenkqubo ukuze kufezekiswe ukususwa ngokuchanekileyo kwezinto eziguquguqukayo, ezibalulekileyo kukhuseleko kunye nokusebenza koqoqosho kwimisebenzi efana nokujongwa kwenkqubo yokucola okulibazisekileyo.
Iimfuno ezithile zeendlela zokulinganisa i-hydrocarbon yolwelo kwiindawo zanamhlanje zokucocisa zibalulekile. Uninzi lweeyunithi zisebenza phantsi koxinzelelo oluphezulu kunye nobushushu, nto leyo engenisa iimpazamo zokulinganisa ezinokubakho ngenxa yokwakheka komphunga, utshintsho lwesigaba, okanye ukungcola. Kukho imfuneko yoyilo oluqinileyo noluhlala ixesha elide lwemitha yoxinano olukwi-line—njengezo zenziwe yiLonnmeter—ezimelana neemeko ezinzima ngaphandle kokulungiswa rhoqo okanye ukushukuma. Ukongeza, ukudluliselwa kokugcinwa kwi-hydrocarbon processing kubeka ubunzima obusemthethweni noborhwebo kwimilinganiselo yoxinano: ukuchaneka kubalulekile ngexesha lokudluliselwa kokugcinwa, kuba nokuba kuphambuka okuncinci kuchaphazela ukubhalwa kwe-invoyisi, irhafu, kunye nokuthotyelwa kwesivumelwano. Iindlela zokulinganisa ukudluliselwa kokugcinwa ngokuchanekileyo kufuneka zijongane neegesi ezifakwe ngaphakathi kunye nokuhamba kwezigaba ezininzi ukuqinisekisa ixabiso elithembekileyo lokunikezelwa.
Itekhnoloji yokufumanisa ujongano lolwelo ikwabalulekile kwiinkqubo zokuqhekezwa kwe-hydrocarbon kunye nokusebenza kweyunithi yokulungisa. Izinzwa zokufumanisa ujongano lolwelo, ezihlala zidityaniswa neemitha zoxinano oluphakathi, zichonga imida yesigaba kwaye zithintele ukuxutywa kwemijelo yokukhanya nenzima—isitshixo somgangatho kunye nexesha lokusebenza. Iindawo zokudibanisa ujongano kwiitanki okanye kwiipayipi kufuneka zibonwe ngokukhawuleza kwaye zilawulwe ukuze kuthintelwe ukungcoliswa okunqamlezileyo okanye ukulahleka kwemveliso.
Imida yanamhlanje yemizi-mveliso yokucocwa kwezinto—iislayiti zemveliso ezintsonkothileyo, utshintsho oluqhelekileyo lomgangatho, kunye nokujonga imeko-bume ngokuphezulu—kugxininisa imfuneko yokulinganisa uxinano oluqhubekayo oluthembekileyo kwimithombo yeoyile negesi. Imeko yetekhnoloji yangoku isebenzisa izixhobo eziphambili zokusebenza ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka, kunye neemitha ezikwimigca zihlala ziphambili ekuqineni kwenkqubo kunye nenzuzo. Ngaphandle kokufundwa koxinano ngexesha langempela, umngcipheko wokuphazamiseka kwenkqubo, isiganeko sokhuseleko, okanye ukwaphulwa komthetho uyanda kakhulu, nto leyo egxininisa indima ebalulekileyo yomlinganiselo kwiyunithi yokucocwa kwezinto ezikrwada ngokusebenzisa ukuxubana kwe-hydrocarbon esezantsi.
Ukusetyenziswa rhoqo kwezi teknoloji kufuna izisombululo ezibonelela ngokuchanekileyo okulinganayo, ukumelana neemeko ezinzima, kunye nokudibanisa ngokungenamthungo kwizakhiwo zezityalo ezikhoyo. Oku kudibana kwemfuneko yokusebenza, iteknoloji yokulinganisa, kunye nolawulo lwenkqubo kulapho iimitha zoxinano oluphakathi zixhasa khona ukusebenza okuphambili kweshishini lokucubungula iihydrocarbon lanamhlanje.
Ukuhlanganiswa koMlinganiselo woBuxinano oluQhubekekayo kuzo zonke iiYunithi zokuCoca
Ukucoca umoya kunye neVacuum
Ukulinganisa uxinano oluqhubekayo kubalulekile kwiinkqubo zokucoca umoya kunye ne-vacuum ekucoceni ipetroleum. Ukubeka iliso ngexesha langempela loxinano lolwelo kwenza abaqhubi bakwazi ukwahlula ioyile ekrwada ibe ziinxalenye ezahlukeneyo ze-hydrocarbon ngokuchanekileyo okukhulu. Iimitha zoxinano oluphakathi, ezifana nezo zivela eLonnmeter, zibonelela ngempendulo kwangoko kwimithombo yenkqubo, zivumela ulawulo oluqinileyo lweenkcukacha zemveliso kunye nomgangatho womxube.
Iinxalenye ezikrwada kwi-atmospheric distillation—kuquka i-naphtha, i-kerosene, kunye ne-diesel—zineeprofayili zoxinano olulodwa. Ukufundwa koxinano ngexesha langempela kuqinisekisa ukuba iinxalenye ziyahlangabezana neemfuno ezingqongqo zokwenziwa ngcono kokuxubana kwee-hydrocarbon. Kwi-vacuum distillation, ukulinganisa uxinano okuqhubekayo kubalulekile ekulawuleni iinxalenye ezinzima ezibila kakhulu. Uhlobo oluxineneyo noluqinileyo lwee-vacuum residues lwenza ukuba umlinganiselo ochanekileyo ube nzima ngeendlela zemveli ezingaxhunyiwe kwi-intanethi, ezihlala zinengxaki yokungalingani kwesampulu kunye namaxesha okuphendula acothayo.
Ukwamkelwa kweendlela eziphambili, ezifana nokuxutywa kwe-solvent (toluene), kutshintshe uhlalutyo loxinano lwee-fractions ezinzima nezixineneyo. Ngokuxutywa kwee-residues ngaphambi kokulinganisa, abaqhubi bafumana ukuphindaphindwa okuphezulu kunye nokuthembeka, besusa iimpazamo ezibangelwa kukuphathwa kwesampulu kunye nemiphumo ye-viscosity. Uphando lovavanyo lubonisa uphuculo olukhulu kumgangatho wedatha yoxinano lwee-residues ze-vacuum kunye nee-fractions kusetyenziswa le ndlela, ixhasa ukwahlukana okuphuculweyo kunye nokunamathela rhoqo kwiinkcukacha zemveliso.
Ngeemitha zoxinano ezidityanisiweyo, iinqaba zokunyibilikisa zixhamla kwisilumkiso kunye nohlengahlengiso lwexesha langempela. Oku kuxhasa ukuthotyelwa kwemigangatho yokusingqongileyo, kunciphisa ukungasebenzi kakuhle kokusebenza, kwaye kuhlangabezana neemfuno zobuchwepheshe obuphambili bokunyibilikisa.
I-Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) kunye ne-Hydrocracking Fractionation
Ngexesha lokuqhekeka kolwelo kunye nokuqhekeka kwamanzi, umlinganiselo woxinano ochanekileyo usetyenziselwa ukuphucula umgangatho wamaqhekeza kunye nokufezekisa ukusebenza kakuhle kokusetyenziswa kwe-catalyst. Iimitha zoxinano oluphakathi zivumela ukubonwa kwangoko kotshintsho kwisakhiwo se-hydrocarbon, okwenza kube lula ukulawula iimpendulo zokuqhekeka kunye neslate yemveliso. Le datha yexesha langempela inciphisa ukuguquguquka kwenkqubo kwaye iphucula ukuqhekeka okukhethiweyo kweemolekyuli ezinzima.
Ukulinganiswa koxinano oluqhubekayo kuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo inkqubo yokuqhekezwa kwee-hydrocarbon, kuqinisekisa ukuba iimveliso ezikhaphukhaphu nezinzima zahlulwe ngokufanelekileyo, nto leyo ibalulekileyo ekuphuculeni imveliso kunye nexabiso lezoqoqosho. Abaqhubi basebenzisa ukufundwa koxinano ukulungisa iindawo zokusika kunye nokugcina umgangatho kwiioyile zegesi, iioyile zomjikelo, kunye neemveliso eziqhekekileyo ezikhaphukhaphu. Ukubeka iliso rhoqo kwandisa imbuyekezo kutyalo-mali ngokuphucula iindlela zokulinganisa ii-hydrocarbon zolwelo kunye nokugcina ukudluliselwa okungqongqo kokugcinwa ekucutshungulweni kwee-hydrocarbon.
Idatha yoxinano ikwabonelela ngengqiqo malunga namazinga okucima i-catalyst kunye nokungcola, okunceda ekuqinisekiseni ukugcinwa kwangaphambili kunye nokulungiswa kokusebenza. Ukulinganisa okucwangcisiweyo kuvumela iinkqubo zokuxuba ekucocweni kwe-hydrocarbon ukuba zilawulwe ngokuchanekileyo, kunciphisa ukuveliswa kwemveliso ngaphandle kwe-spec kwaye kunciphise ixesha lokungasebenzi.
Iiyunithi zokuCoca nokuHlaziya eziLibazisekileyo
Kwiiyunithi zokucola ezicothayo, ukulinganiswa koxinano kubalulekile ekuguquleni ngokufanelekileyo iioyile ezisindileyo ezisindayo zibe ziimveliso ezikhaphukhaphu kunye ne-coke. Ii-inline sensors zihlala zihlela imithombo yemveliso, ziphucula uqikelelo lwesivuno kwaye zibonelela ngoqinisekiso oluqinileyo lomgangatho wemveliso. Idatha echanekileyo yahlula phakathi kweoyile yegesi enzima, ioyile yegesi ekhanyayo, kunye neemveliso eziphakathi. Oku kuphucula iindlela zokufuma kwimizi-mveliso ekucoceni kwaye kuxhasa ulawulo lwenkqubo yokucola.
Kwiyunithi eziguqulayo, ukufundwa koxinano kulandelela utshintsho kwimilo yeekhemikhali njengoko izitokhwe zokutya ziguqulwa ukuze kuveliswe iihydrocarbons ezine-octane ephezulu. Idatha eqhubekayo ixhasa iinkqubo zokuqhekezwa kweehydrocarbon kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba iinkcukacha zemveliso zemijelo ye-reformate kunye ne-hydrogen-rich ziyahlangatyezwa rhoqo. Ulwazi loxinano lwexesha langempela lulola ukuphuculwa kokusebenza kweeyunithi ngokuvumela abaqhubi ukuba baphendule ngokukhawuleza kwiinguqu zenkqubo.
Ukuhlanganiswa komlinganiselo woxinano oluqhubekayo kwi-atmospheric distillation, i-vacuum distillation, i-FCC, i-hydrocracking, i-delayed coking, kunye neeyunithi zokulungisa kuphakamisa ukucaca kwezityalo ngokubanzi, ulawulo lwenkqubo, kunye nomgangatho wemveliso. Isiphumo kukusebenza kakuhle kunye nemijelo yemveliso ephuculweyo kulo lonke ishishini lokucubungula ii-hydrocarbon.
Izicelo kwiMisebenzi yokuCoca iKey
Ukulungiswa kokudibanisa
Ukufikelela kulawulo oluchanekileyo kwiinkqubo zokuxuba ekucocweni kwe-hydrocarbon kufuna umlinganiselo woxinano oluchanekileyo noluqhubekayo. Iimitha zoxinano oluphakathi, ezifana nezo ziveliswe yiLonnmeter, zibonelela ngedatha yexesha langempela ebalulekileyo ekuzenzekeleni ukuxutywa kweenxalenye ezahlukeneyo zepetroleum. Ekubeni uxinano lwe-feedstock nganye luchaphazela zombini ii-blending ratios kunye neempawu ezijoliswe kuzo ezifana nobunzima be-API kunye nenani le-octane, nokuguquguquka okuncinci kunokukhokelela kwiimveliso ezingezizo eze-spec.
Abaqhubi basebenzisa ukufundwa koxinano oluqhubekayo ukulungisa ngokukhawuleza amazinga okuhamba kunye nobungakanani phakathi kwezinto, ukuqinisekisa ukuba umxube uhlangabezana rhoqo nenkcazo. Oku kunciphisa umthamo wokuphinda usebenze okanye imveliso ehlisiwe kwaye kunciphisa umngcipheko wokuphambuka kwimigangatho yolawulo. Umzekelo, kwiyunithi yokuxuba ipetroli, idatha yoxinano oluqhubekayo ivumela inkqubo ukuba iphendule ngokuzenzekelayo ukuba umjelo omnye wokufaka uyahluka kuxinano—ukulungisa ubuninzi ngaphandle kokungenelela ngesandla. Izifundo zibonisa ukuba ezi ndlela zinciphisa iziganeko zokungaphumeleli komxube kwaye zonyusa ukulandeleka kweebhetshi zemveliso ye-hydrocarbon, zixhasa ngokuthe ngqo izibopho zoshishino kunye nezesivumelwano.
Isiqinisekiso sokuDluliselwa koMgcini
Ukudluliselwa ngokuchanekileyo kokugcinwa kwishishini lokucubungula iihydrocarbon kuxhomekeke kwiindlela zokulinganisa iihydrocarbon zolwelo ezichanekileyo nezilandelekayo. Ngexesha lokuhamba kwemveliso phakathi kweenkampani, njengokusuka kwindawo yokucocisa imveliso ukuya kwindawo yokugcina okanye kwipayipi, iimpazamo zokulinganisa zinokubangela iziphumo ezibalulekileyo zemali kunye neengxabano. Iimitha zoxinano oluqhubekayo ukusuka eLonnmeter ziqinisekisa ukuba ukuguqulwa komthamo ukuya kubunzima kuchanekile ngexesha lokudluliselwa, okuxhasa ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho kunye nokunciphisa umngcipheko wezemali.
Imisebenzi yokucoca isebenzisa ezi zixhobo zokulinganisa uxinano oluphakathi ukujonga amanani entengiselwano ngokuchasene nemigaqo yesivumelwano. Ukunamathela ngokungqongqo kwimigangatho, njengaleyo imiselwe yi-API kunye ne-ASTM, kugcina ukuthembeka kweerekhodi zokudluliselwa kokugcinwa kwaye kunciphisa amathuba okuba kubekho iingxabano ezibizayo. Kwiteknoloji yokucoca ephucukileyo, ukuqinisekiswa kokuhambelana koxinano kuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukuhlawulisa, ulawulo lwempahla, kunye nokuhlolwa kwemithetho.
Ukufunyanwa koMdibaniso woLwelo
Ukuchonga iindawo zokudibanisa ulwelo kubalulekile ngexesha lokutshintsha imveliso, ukugcinwa kwayo, kunye nokudluliselwa kwayo ukuze kuthintelwe ungcoliseko kunye nokugcina ukuthembeka kwemveliso. Iimitha zoxinano oluphakathi ezisetyenziswa njengezinzwa zokuchonga ujongano lolwelo zichonga ngokukhawuleza imida yesigaba, njengokutshintsha ukusuka kwipetroli ukuya kwidizili okanye ukusuka kwi-hydrocarbon ukuya emanzini, ngokujonga utshintsho olukhawulezileyo kumaxabiso oxinano.
Abaqhubi baxhomekeke kwezi zibalo ukuze baqalise izenzo zenkqubo—ezifana nokujika ukuhamba, ukutshintsha iitanki, okanye ukuqalisa ukufutha—ukukhusela umgangatho nokhuseleko. Umzekelo, kwindawo yokugcina ioyile eluhlaza, ubuchwepheshe obuchanekileyo bokufumanisa ujongano buthintela ukuxutywa kwamanqanaba angahambelaniyo, okuxhasa iinkqubo ezisebenzayo zokuqhekezwa kwe-hydrocarbon kwaye kukhusela izixhobo ezisezantsi. Ukulinganiswa koxinano oluphakathi kwioyile negesi kukwaphucula impendulo yabaqhubi ngexesha leziganeko ezingaqhelekanga, kunciphisa iingozi ezinxulumene nohambo lolwelo olunokutsha okanye oluyingozi.
Itheyibhile yesishwankathelo: Ukusetyenziswa okuPhambili koMlinganiselo woXinano oluQhubekayo
| Isicelo | Ulawulo oluGuqukayo | Isiphumo esiPhambili | Itekhnoloji ephambili |
| Ukulungiswa kokudibanisa | Umlinganiselo womxube, uxinano | Inciphisa imveliso engaqhelekanga | Imitha yoxinano oluphakathi |
| Isiqinisekiso sokuDluliselwa koMgcini | Ubuninzi, ubunzima | Ukuchaneka kwemithetho kunye nezemali | Imitha yoxinano oluphakathi |
| Ukufunyanwa koMdibaniso woLwelo | Utshintsho loxinano | Ukuthembeka kwemveliso kunye nokhuseleko | Inzwa yokubona ujongano |
Ukubeka iliso rhoqo nangokuchanekileyo kuxinano lwezixhobo zeLonnmeter ezikwimigca engezantsi kubalulekile kwiindlela zokwenza ngcono ukuxuba iihydrocarbon, iindlela ezichanekileyo zokulinganisa ukugcinwa, kunye netekhnoloji yokufumanisa ulwelo, exhasa imisebenzi yokucoca ekhuselekileyo, esebenzayo, nehambelanayo kuyo yonke indibano ephambili yenkqubo.
Ubunzima bokuCoca kunye nokuphucula ulawulo lweenkqubo
Ukuhlanganiswa komlinganiselo woxinano oluqhubekayo kusetyenziswa izinzwa ezikwimigca efana nezo zenziwe yiLonnmeter kutshintshe ulawulo lobunzima kwimisebenzi yokucokisa. Kwishishini lokucubungula iihydrocarbon, idatha yexesha langempela evela kwiimitha zoxinano olukwimigca ngoku isebenza njengotshintsho olubalulekileyo ekuhleleni imisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi ye-atmospheric distillation, i-vacuum distillation, i-blending, i-fluid catalytic cracking (FCC), i-hydrocracking fractionation, kunye ne-delayed coking. Ukulinganiswa koxinano oluqhubekayo kwioyile negesi kuvumela ukuchongwa ngokukhawuleza kokuphambuka kumgangatho we-feedstock kunye nemithombo yemveliso. Oku akuxhasi nje kuphela ukulungiswa kwenkqubo kwangoko kodwa kukwavumela ulawulo lwenkqubo oluguquguqukayo nolukrelekrele ngakumbi kuzo zonke iiyunithi zokucokisa.
Idatha yoxinano lwexesha langempela inceda ngqo ekubalweni kwezalathisi zobunzima bokucoca. Ezi zalathisi ziquka zombini izakhiwo zomzimba kunye neeparameter zokusebenza kwendawo, kwaye zibalulekile ekulinganiseni, ekwenzeni izigqibo zoqoqosho, nasekucwangciseni isicwangciso. Uhlaziyo oluqhubekayo oluvela kwiimitha zoxinano oluphakathi luqinisekisa ukuba ezi zalathisi zimele ngokuthembekileyo ukusebenza kwenkqubo yokwenyani, endaweni yokulinganisa,—ingakumbi njengoko iimpawu ezikrwada, ubungakanani obucutshungulwayo, kunye nemveliso zinokutshintsha ngokukhawuleza ngokulungiswa ngakunye kokuhanjiswa okanye kokusebenza.
Iindlela zanamhlanje zokulinganisa iinkqubo zixhomekeke kule datha iphezulu ukuphucula ukuchaneka. Umzekelo, kwiinkqubo zokuxuba zokucoca iihydrocarbon, ukulandelwa koxinano kwiindawo eziphambili kuvumela uhlengahlengiso oluchanekileyo lomlinganiselo ukuze kufezekiswe iinkcukacha zemveliso. Kwi-atmospheric kunye ne-vacuum distillation, umlinganiselo woxinano oluqhubekayo ulumkisa abaqhubi ngotshintsho ekuqulunqweni kweekholamu, ukuxhasa ukulungiswa kwangoko kunye nokukhusela ukusikwa kwemveliso. Ezi ndlela zokulinganisa iihydrocarbon zolwelo eziphuculweyo zongeza ubunzima obukhulu ngexesha lokudluliselwa kokugcinwa ekucutshungulweni kweehydrocarbon, ukuphucula ukulandeleka kunye nokuthotyelwa kwemithetho ngokusebenzisa iindlela zedatha eziqinileyo neziqinisekisiweyo.
Amaqhinga okuphucula ngokwenqanaba aphumelele njengoko iindawo zokucoca zisiba nzima ngakumbi. La maqhinga asebenzisa iimodeli zenkqubo ezicwangciswe ngokweeleya—ukusuka ekusebenzeni kweyunithi nganye ukuya ekuhleleni indawo yonke. I-Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP), udidi lokuphucula oluxhaswa kukulinganiswa kwexesha langempela, lusetyenziswa ngakumbi ekucwangcisweni kwesiphelo ukuya ekupheleni kunye nokwabiwa kwezixhobo. Umzekelo, iimodeli ze-MILP zihlala zidibanisa idatha yoxinano oluphilayo ukuze ziphucule ucwangciso lweslate olungcolileyo, zilungelelanise neziganeko ezisisigxina (ezifana nokufika kwemithwalo), kwaye ziphucule ukusasazwa kwemveliso kuluhlu lonikezelo. Olu lawulo lwenqanaba luvumela iindawo zokucoca ukuba zilungelelanise ulawulo lokutya, ukucoca, ukuxuba, kunye nokuthunyelwa kwemveliso ngexesha langempela elingenamthungo, ukunciphisa imiqobo kunye nokwandisa ukuphuma.
Ukulinganiswa koxinano oluqhubekayo kuxhasa amawele edijithali kunye nezikhokelo zolawulo lokuqikelela ngokubonelela ngolwazi oluhlaziyiweyo lwemeko yenkqubo yokulinganisa kunye nohlalutyo lwemeko. Kwiinkqubo zokuqhekezwa kwe-hydrocarbon, ii-inline density sensors ezivela eLonnmeter zibonelela ngempendulo ebalulekileyo, zigcina iimodeli zenkqubo ezichanekileyo ezixhasa ubuchwepheshe bokuhluza obuphambili kunye nee-loops zolawulo lwexesha langempela. Ezi teknoloji zikwaphucula ukuthembeka kwetekhnoloji yokufumanisa ulwelo, zinceda ekumiseleni iindawo zokutshintsha phakathi kweemveliso okanye iibhetshi, kwaye zinceda ii-interface sensors zokufumanisa ulwelo ngexesha lokutshintsha kwenqanaba okanye ukutshintsha itanki.
Ukusetyenziswa kwezi nkqubo zokulinganisa kusekela indlela entsha yokwenza ngcono ukusebenza kwenkqubo. Umzekelo, iiprofayili zoxinano olupheleleyo lwefektri yokucoca zivumela uhlengahlengiso oluqikelelweyo lokulawula iiparameter ngexesha leendlela zokufuma kwimizi-mveliso, okanye njengedatha yokufaka yokulungelelanisa imveliso yokugqibela kwimisebenzi yeyunithi yokuguqula. Ukulinganiswa koxinano olulinganisiweyo ngokuchanekileyo kuba sisiseko seendlela zokulinganisa ezichanekileyo zokudluliselwa kokugcinwa—imfuneko ebalulekileyo kurhwebo lwe-hydrocarbon lwasekhaya nolwamazwe ngamazwe.
Impembelelo ibonakala ngcono ngokuhlola imisebenzi eqhelekileyo yokucoca. Ngaphambi kokuhlanganiswa kokulinganisa okuqhubekekayo, ngexesha langempela, ulawulo lobunzima lwaluxhomekeke kakhulu kuqikelelo lwabantu kunye nokulinganisa okungafane kwenzeke kwilebhu, okuhlala kukhokelela ekubambezelekeni kokusebenza kunye nokungasebenzi kakuhle. Ukungeniswa kokusasazwa koxinano ngexesha langempela kwenza ukuba kuhlengahlengiswe kwakhona izalathisi zobunzima kunye neemodeli zenkqubo. Itshathi engezantsi ibonisa olu tshintsho:
Olu luhlu lwexesha lubonisa zombini iishedyuli zokusebenza ezithambileyo kunye nobukrelekrele obukhulu ekuphenduleni utshintsho olungaqhelekanga emva kokwamkelwa komlinganiselo woxinano oluqhubekayo. I-anomaly nganye okanye i-process inflection eboniswe ihambelana nokuphambuka koxinano, ibangela uhlengahlengiso lwemodeli kwangoko, kwaye iqhuba izigqibo zokwenza ngcono ngokusebenzisa uluhlu lwezityalo. Ngenxa yoko, iindlela zokwenza ngcono ukuxuba ii-hydrocarbon ziyaphuculwa, inkunkuma yenkqubo iyancitshiswa, kwaye iinkcukacha zomgangatho wemveliso zifezekiswa ngokuzithemba okuphezulu.
Ngokufutshane, ukulinganisa uxinano oluqhubekayo akupheleli nje ekuncedeni ulawulo oluchanekileyo lwenkqubo ekucocweni kwanamhlanje, kodwa ngoku lusisiseko esibalulekileyo solawulo oluntsonkothileyo, ukulungiswa kokusebenza kweeyunithi, kunye nokusebenza koqoqosho oluzinzileyo kwishishini lokucubungula iihydrocarbon.
Iindlela kunye neTekhnoloji ekuLinganisweni koXinaniso oluQhubekekayo
Ukulinganisa uxinano oluqhubekayo sisiseko semisebenzi ebalulekileyo kulo lonke ishishini lokucubungula iihydrocarbon, ukusuka ekudluliseleni ioyile negesi ukuya kwiinkqubo zokuxuba kwiiyunithi zokucoca. Iindidi zezixhobo eziphambili zeziIimitha zokuhamba kwamanzi zeCoriolis, ii-vibrating tube densitometers, kunye nee-nuclear density gauges—nganye inamandla athile kunye neendlela zokukhetha ezifanelekileyo kwizicelo ezithile ukusuka kwi-atmospheric distillation ukuya kwi-fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) kunye ne-hydrocracking.
Ii-flowmeter zeCoriolis zibonelela ngokulinganisa ngokuthe ngqo, ngexesha langempela kokuhamba kobunzima kunye noxinano ngokujonga i-vibration frequency yeetyhubhu ezizaliswe lulwelo. Njengoko i-frequency resonant iguqulwa yi-density yomsinga wenkqubo, ezi mitha zinokulinganisa ngokuchanekileyo uxinano ukuya ngaphakathi kwe-±0.001 g/cm³, ngaphandle kokwakheka kolwelo. Oku kuzenza zibe nobuchule kakhulu kwimisebenzi yokuxuba, ukulinganisa ukudluliselwa kokugcinwa, kunye nolawulo lwenkqubo yexesha langempela kwiiyunithi zokuhluza kunye nokulungisa. Ukuqina kwazo ngokuchasene nobushushu obahlukeneyo, uxinzelelo, kunye neeprofayili ze-viscosity kuqinisekisa ukuchaneka okuqhubekayo kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo zokucocwa. Zixabiseke kakhulu kubuchwepheshe bokufumanisa ulwelo kunye nolawulo lweoyile ye-slop, apho ukwahluka kwesigaba esicacileyo kubalulekile kumgangatho wemveliso kunye nokunciphisa ungcoliseko. Nangona kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa kwazo kunokulinganiselwa kwiipayipi ezinkulu okanye xa kukho umxholo ophezulu wegesi eqeqeshwayo, okudinga ukuqwalaselwa ngononophelo kweparameters zokusebenza kwaye, ngamanye amaxesha, ukuhlanganiswa kweenkqubo zokulinganisa eziphambili.
Ii-densitometers zetyhubhu ezingcangcazelayo, njengalezo zisetyenziswa kwiindawo ezininzi zenkqubo yokwahlulwa kwe-hydrocarbon, zisebenza ngemigaqo efanayo ye-vibration frequency kodwa ngecandelo letyhubhu elizinzileyo okanye elijikelezayo. Uxinano lolwelo lutshintsha iimpawu zokungcangcazela, ezijongwa nge-elektroniki ukuze kulinganiswe ngokuqhubekayo. Ezi densitometers zibonelela ngobuntununtunu obuphezulu kunye nozinzo, nto leyo ezenza zilungele ukuseta elebhu kunye ne-pilot-plant kunye nokulinganisa okungaphakathi kwimijelo apho umahluko wokwakheka uncinci okanye uphawu oluhle. Uyilo lwazo oluncinci luhambelana nokusetyenziswa kwemida yendawo, njengakwi-skids okanye ii-loops ezincinci zepayipi.
Iigeyiji zoxinano lwenyukliya zisebenzisa ukuthotywa kwemitha ye-gamma kulo lonke umlambo wenkqubo. Ubungakanani bokufunxwa kwesignali buhambelana noxinano lwemidiya egelezayo, okwenza ezi geyiji zibe luncedo kwizicelo ezine-viscous kakhulu okanye ii-multiphase fluids apho iimitha zoomatshini zinokungaphumeleli okanye zifune ukugcinwa okugqithisileyo. Nangona zibonelela ngeziphumo ezithembekileyo zemixube enzima, iimfuno zomthetho, iinkqubo zokhuseleko, kunye nemigangatho yokulahla i-radioisotopes yonyusa iindleko zokusebenza kunye nobunzima.
Ukukhetha phakathi kwezi teknoloji kuxhomekeke kwiimfuno zokusebenza, ukuhambelana kwemveliso, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kweendleko. Ii-flowmeter zeCoriolis zilungelelanisa kakhulu ukusetyenziswa ngokubanzi ekulinganisweni koxinano oluqhubekayo kwioyile negesi, kubandakanya iindlela ezichanekileyo zokulinganisa ukudluliselwa kokugcinwa kunye neendlela zokwenza ngcono ukuxuba ii-hydrocarbon. Kwiinkqubo ze-hydrocracking ezinoxinzelelo oluphezulu okanye kwizicelo ze-vacuum distillation, ii-vibrating tube densitometers zinokukhethwa ngenxa yokuba zixinene kwaye zikwazi ukubonelela ngokufundwa okuzinzileyo kwiimeko ezinzima zenkqubo. Iigeyiji zoxinano lwenyukliya zigcinelwe ii-slurries ze-high-solids, imisebenzi yokujongwa kwenkqubo ye-coking ebambezelekileyo, okanye ezinye iindawo ezinzima apho ukulinganisa okungahambelaniyo kunyanzelekileyo.
Ukuphunyezwa kwezi zixhobo okuphucukileyo kuxhasa ngakumbi ukubonakala kwendlela yokuziphatha kwenkqubo kunye nokunciphisa umngcipheko wokusebenza. Umzekelo, idatha yoxinano lwexesha langempela evela kwi-Coriolis flowmeter edityaniswe nolawulo lwenkqubo ivumela abaqhubi ukuba babone utshintsho lwesakhiwo kwi-atmospheric distillation okanye ngexesha leendlela zokufuma kwimizi-mveliso. Oku kuvumela impendulo ekhawulezileyo kwiziphazamiso, ukuphucula ukuphuculwa kokusebenza kweeyunithi kunye nokunciphisa imveliso ebiza kakhulu ngaphandle kwe-spec. Ngexesha lokudluliselwa kokugcinwa, ukulinganiswa koxinano oluqhubekayo olungaphakathi kuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kwemigangatho yorhwebo kwaye kuthintela iingxabano, ngakumbi kwiindawo zokulinganisa imali.
Ukulinganisa uxinano oluchanekileyo noluqhubekayo ngexesha langempela kunye neetekhnoloji ezifana neemitha zoxinano ezingaphakathi kweLonnmeter zisekela iindlela zokulinganisa ulwelo olukhuselekileyo, olusebenzayo, noluhambelana nemithetho kuzo zonke izigaba zokucoca zanamhlanje, nto leyo ephucula ukuqonda kwenkqubo kunye nokuthembeka kwezemali kwishishini lokucubungula uxinano oluphantsi kwe-hydrocarbon.
Imingeni kunye nezisombululo ekuphunyezweni koMlinganiselo woXinaniso oluQhubekekayo
Ukusebenzisa umlinganiselo woxinano oluqhubekayo kwishishini lokucubungula iihydrocarbon kuzisa imingeni eyahlukileyo ngenxa yokungafani kakhulu kweeyunithi zenkqubo kunye nobunzima bemisebenzi yokucoca. Imiqobo yokudibanisa ihlala ivela njengoko iifektri zokucoca zihlala zisebenzisa iinkqubo zolawulo ezindala ezingahambelaniyo neemitha zoxinano ezikwi-inline density zanamhlanje ezifana nezo zenziwe yiLonnmeter. Iyunithi nganye yenkqubo—ukusuka kwi-atmospheric distillation kunye ne-advanced vacuum distillation ukuya kwi-FCC kunye ne-delayed coking—ineemfuno ezithile zokusebenza, kunye nokwahluka kwimilo yeekhemikhali, ubushushu, kunye noxinzelelo okunzima ukuthunyelwa kunye nokuhlanganiswa kwe-sensor.
Ukuhlanganiswa kobuchwephesha kuzo zonke ezi yunithi zahlukeneyo kufuna ukuqwalaselwa ngononophelo koyilo lwenkqubo. Iimitha zoxinano oluphakathi kufuneka ziqhagamshelane ngokungenamthungo namaqonga olawulo lwenkqubo ukuxhasa izigqibo zokusebenza ngexesha langempela. Oku kubaluleke kakhulu kwimisebenzi enexabiso eliphezulu efana nokudluliselwa kokugcinwa kwenkqubo yokucubungula iihydrocarbon, ukulungiswa kokuxuba iihydrocarbon, kunye neenkqubo zokuqhekeza, apho ukuchaneka kokulinganisa kuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo inzuzo. Ukufezekisa ukuhlanganiswa okusebenzayo kudla ngokubandakanya izisombululo ze-middleware ezikwaziyo ukukhulisa kunye nokudibanisa ezikwaziyo ukudibanisa imijelo yedatha eqhubekayo ngaphandle kokuphazamisa imisebenzi ekhoyo.
Ukugcina ukulinganiswa, ukuchaneka kwedatha, kunye nokuthembeka ngumceli mngeni oqhubekayo. Iimitha zoxinano zingcoliswa, zishukuma, kwaye zitshintshatshintsha iimeko zendalo. Umzekelo, ukuqokelelwa kwentsalela kwiindawo zesensor ngexesha leendlela zokufuma kwimizi-mveliso okanye ukuqhekezwa kwe-hydrocracking kunokonakalisa ukuchaneka kokulinganisa. Ukujongana noku, iinkqubo zolondolozo rhoqo—ezifana nokucocwa kwesensor okucwangcisiweyo kunye nokulinganiswa—zibalulekile. Iimodeli zokuqikelela ezisekelwe kwidatha yokusebenza zingasetyenziswa ukuqikelela iimfuno zokulinganisa kunye nokwenza ngcono iishedyuli zolondolozo, ukunciphisa ixesha lokungasebenzi ngelixa kwandiswa ukuthembeka kokulinganisa. Ukuqinisekiswa okunqamlezileyo, kusetyenziswa iisensor ezininzi kwimithombo ebalulekileyo, kuphucula ukuthembeka kokulinganisa ukugcinwa kwaye kuxhasa ukwenziwa ngcono kwenkqubo yokuqhekeka kolwelo.
Ukuchaneka kokulinganiswa koxinano oluqhubekayo kuxhomekeke kwiindlela zokulinganisa eziqinileyo. Iimitha zoxinano ezingaphakathi kweLonnmeter, umzekelo, zifuna ukulinganiswa rhoqo ukuze zilwe nokushukuma kwenzwa kunye nokuguquguquka kwendalo. Iishedyuli zokulinganisa kufuneka zilungelelaniswe, zisekelwe kulwazi lwembali kunye neendlela zeemeko zenkqubo. Ukuqinisekiswa okungqongqo ngexesha lokucocwa komoya kunye nokuhlukaniswa kwe-hydrocarbon kuqinisekisa ukuba iindlela zokulinganisa i-hydrocarbon yolwelo zihlala zichanekile, nokuba ziphantsi kweemfuno zokusebenza eziguquguqukayo.
Ulawulo lwedatha kunye nokutolikwa kwayo kuveza ubunzima obungakumbi. Ukufunyanwa kwedatha yokulinganisa uxinano ngexesha langempela kuvelisa iiseti zedatha ezinkulu, ezahlukeneyo ezifuna uhlalutyo oluphambili ukuze kuqondwe ngendlela enokwenzeka. Ukucoca izinto ezingaqhelekanga—ezifana nezo zibangelwa ziziganeko zenkqubo ezidlulayo okanye iimpazamo zesensor—kufuna ii-algorithms zokuqinisekisa idatha ezintsonkothileyo. Oku kubaluleke kakhulu ngexesha lokuxuba iinkqubo zokucocwa kwe-hydrocarbon, apho ukufundwa koxinano olungalunganga kunokuphazamisa imizamo yokwenza ngcono kunye nokuqinisekiswa komgangatho wemveliso.
Ulawulo lwedatha olusebenzayo lufikelela kwiisensa zokufumanisa i-interface, ukujonga i-liquid interfaces ngexesha lokudluliselwa kwe-custody kunye nemisebenzi yokudibanisa. Ukufunyanwa kwe-interface echanekileyo kuxhasa iindlela ezichanekileyo zokulinganisa ukudluliselwa kwe-custody. Ukusebenzisa uhlalutyo lwezinga lemizi-mveliso kunceda iinjineli zeenkqubo zitolike idatha engenayo, zichonge ukuphambuka, kwaye ziququzelele ukungenelela okulungisayo, ziqinisekise uzinzo lwe-parameter yenkqubo kunye nokuphuculwa kokusebenza kweyunithi.
Iinethiwekhi ze-sensor ezingenazingcingo ziyasetyenziswa ngakumbi ukwandisa ukugubungela umlinganiselo kunye nokuguquguquka, ngakumbi kwiindawo zokucoca ezikude okanye ezinobungozi. Ezi zivumela ukuhanjiswa kwedatha ngexesha langempela, zixhasa ukujonga okuqhubekayo kwiinqaba zokunyibilikisa umoya kunye nemisebenzi yeeyunithi zokuhlaziya. Nangona kunjalo, ukudibanisa iinethiwekhi ezingenazingcingo neenkqubo zolawulo ezikhoyo kuzisa imingeni eyongezelelweyo, njengokuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kwenethiwekhi kunye nokugcina imigaqo eqinileyo yokhuseleko lwe-cyber ukukhusela ukuthembeka kwedatha ebalulekileyo yenkqubo.
Ukuphunyezwa komlinganiselo woxinano oluqhubekayo yiLonnmeter kufuna indlela ecwangcisiweyo yokoyisa le miqobo. Oku kuquka ukudibanisa iisensa kumaqonga amadala, ukwamkela iindlela zokulinganisa nokugcina eziqinileyo, kunye nokusebenzisa uhlalutyo lwedatha oluphambili ukuze kutolikwe kwaye kuphuculwe. Ezi zisombululo zixhasa ukulinganiswa ngokuchanekileyo kweehydrocarbons ezingamanzi, zixhasa ubuchwepheshe bokuhluza obuphambili, kwaye ziqhube ukusebenza okuphuculweyo kuzo zonke iinkqubo zokuhluza iihydrocarbons, imizamo yokudibanisa nokwenza ngcono, kunye nemisebenzi yokuhluza iyonke.
Inkqubela phambili kwiZakhelo zokuLungisa ukuCoca: Ukukhula, uLawulo lweXesha langempela, kunye noLawulo loBunzima
Izakhelo zokuphucula ukucoca ngoku zidlula ucwangciso lwesandla ngokusebenzisa iimodeli zezibalo ezinokukhula, ezifana neMixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) kunye neMixed-Integer Nonlinear Programming (MINLP), ukuze kunikezelwe izisombululo ezikhawulezayo nezisebenzayo kwimisebenzi enzima. Ezi zakhelo zinokusombulula iingxaki ezincinci zokucwangcisa ukucoca—kubandakanya ulawulo lweetanki, ukuxuba, kunye nokuhambisa—ngaphantsi komzuzu omnye, zivula ukulungelelaniswa kwexesha langempela okubalulekileyo kushishino lokucubungula iihydrocarbon kunye neendawo zemveliso ezihamba ngokukhawuleza.
Ulawulo lwexesha langempela lubalulekile ekuphuculeni umgangatho wefektri yokuhluza. Xa uphuculo lwetekhnoloji olufana nomlinganiselo woxinano oluqhubekayo yiLonnmeter ludityanisiwe, ezi zakhiwo zifumana impendulo ebalulekileyo, ephilayo yenkqubo, zixhasa iindlela zokulinganisa i-hydrocarbon yolwelo kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kweyunithi yokuhluza. Le ndlela iqhutywa yidatha ikhawulezisa ukubuyiselwa kwemali kwaye iphakamisa ukuthembeka kokusebenza, njengoko ukuphazamiseka kwenkqubo okanye utshintsho kwimarike kunokuqatshelwa kwaye kusonjululwe ngokukhawuleza. Umzekelo, ukusetyenziswa kweemitha zoxinano olungaphakathi kuphucula ukudluliselwa kokugcinwa kwindlela yokucubungula i-hydrocarbon, ukucocwa kokuchaneka kwindlela yokulungelelanisa i-hydrocarbon kunye nolawulo lwenkqubo ye-fluid catalytic cracking (FCC).
Ukulinganiswa kobunzima bokucoca kuye kwaba yinto efunekayo. Izakhelo zanamhlanje zihlala zisebenzisa isakhiwo esihambelanayo, zibamba iinkcukacha ezintsonkothileyo zeeyunithi zemveliso—ezifana nokucocwa kwe-atmospheric ekucoceni ioyile, ukusetyenziswa kwe-vacuum distillation, kunye neendlela zokuqhekeza i-hydrocracking. Izalathisi zobunzima ziyabalwa ukuqinisekisa ukuphumelela okuphezulu kunye nokulinganisela umthwalo wezixhobo. Ngokumisela ngokucacileyo izinto zokusebenza, kubandakanya neenethiwekhi zemibhobho ebonakalayo, izakhelo zonyusa ukumelwa, zizisa ulungelelwaniso olusondeleyo phakathi kwemodeli kunye neemeko zokusebenza zokwenyani.
Iinethiwekhi zokucwangcisa ezintsonkothileyo ezisebenzisa i-nonconvex MINLP zivumela ukwenziwa ngcono kwakhona xa kukho ukuphambuka, okuphucula ukuguquguquka kuzo zonke iindlela zokufuma kwimizi-mveliso ekucoceni nasekulibazisekeni kwenkqubo yokucola. Oku akugcini nje ngokwandisa iinkqubo zokuqhelaniswa kwee-hydrocarbon kunye nokusebenza kobuchwepheshe bokucola obuphambili kodwa kukwaxhasa iinjongo ezidibeneyo zokusingqongileyo. Ukusetyenziswa kwamva nje kwezi modeli kudlula ukwenziwa ngcono koqoqosho, kubandakanya ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla, kunye nokuzinza—oku kubaluleke ngakumbi ngenxa yokuqina kwemithetho kunye nokuguquguquka kwemarike.
Izakhelo ezidityanisiweyo ngoku zidlulela ngaphaya kweendawo zokucoca izinto ezingenanto ukuya kwishishini liphela, ukulungiswa kweetyathanga ezininzi, kuquka imisebenzi enxulumeneyo kwizityalo ze-ethylene kunye ne-aromatics. Ngokudibanisa imodeli engeyiyo emgceni yeeyunithi zenkqubo kunye neesensa eziphambili—ezifana neteknoloji yokufumanisa ulwelo lwe-interface ye-Lonnmeter kunye neesensa zokufumanisa ulwelo—iindawo zokucoca aziphuculi nje kuphela iindlela zokulinganisa ezichanekileyo zokugcinwa kodwa zikwafezekisa ukwandiswa ngokukhawuleza kwiinkqubo ze-logistics kunye nokuxuba.
Ngamafutshane, izikhokelo zolawulo ezinokukhuliswa, zexesha langempela ezidibene nokulinganisa okuqhubekayo kunye nolawulo oluntsonkothileyo zisisiseko sokwenza ngcono i-refinery yanamhlanje. Ezi ndlela ziqinisekisiwe ngokwesayensi ukwandisa imveliso, inzuzo, kunye nokuzinza—izinto eziphambili eziqhuba ishishini lokucubungula ii-hydrocarbon lanamhlanje.
Imibuzo ebuzwa rhoqo
Ukulinganiswa koxinano oluqhubekayo kuphucula njani ukusebenza kakuhle kwishishini lokucubungula iihydrocarbon?
Ukulinganisa uxinano oluqhubekayo kunika amashishini okucoca ulwazi olukhawulezileyo malunga neempawu zolwelo, nto leyo ibalulekileyo ekulawuleni iinkqubo ezinje ngokuxuba, ukwahlula, kunye nokuphuma komphunga. Idatha yexesha langempela ivumela abaqhubi ukuba balungise iimeko zenkqubo ngokukhawuleza—ezibalulekileyo ngexesha lokuqhekezwa kwe-hydrocarbon kunye namanqanaba okuguqulwa kweekhemikhali aqhelekileyo kwimisebenzi ye-fluid catalytic cracking (FCC), hydrocracking, kunye nokulungisa iiyunithi. Olu hlengahlengiso oluqhubekayo luqinisekisa ukuba iimveliso ezicociweyo ziyahlangabezana nemigangatho engqongqo yomgangatho, zinciphisa imveliso engaqhelekanga, kwaye zinciphisa inkunkuma yezinto. Ikwavumela amaziko ukuba aphucule ukusetyenziswa kwamandla, aphucule imveliso kwaye anciphise iindleko zokusebenza ngelixa exhasa iimfuno zomthetho kunye nokuthobela okusingqongileyo kushishino lokucubungula i-hydrocarbon. Izinzwa zoxinano zanamhlanje ezifana nezo zivela eLonnmeter zibonelela ngale ndlela yokusebenza njengemilinganiselo ehambelanayo, ezenzekelayo.
Iyintoni indima yokulinganisa uxinano ekudluliseleni ukugcinwa kwabantu?
Ukudluliselwa kokugcinwa kwezinto ekucutshungulweni kwee-hydrocarbon kubandakanya utshintsho kubunini bemveliso, oludla ngokubandakanya iingozi ezinkulu zoqoqosho. Ukulinganiswa koxinano oluchanekileyo kubalulekile ngexesha lokudluliselwa kuba ixabiso le-hydrocarbon alisekelwe nje kumthamo, kodwa kubunzima—ingakumbi xa kujongwa amaqondo obushushu atshintshayo kunye noxinzelelo. Iimitha zoxinano oluphakathi zibonelela ngokuchaneka okufunekayo ukumisela ubunzima bokwenyani be-hydrocarbon yolwelo edluliselwayo. Oku kunciphisa amathuba okuba kubekho iingxabano zemali kwaye kuxhasa ukuthotyelwa kwemigangatho yorhwebo kunye neyolawulo, kuqinisekisa ukuba onke amaqela anokuthemba amanani axeliweyo malunga nobungakanani bemveliso kunye nomgangatho. Idatha yoxinano ikwagcinwa rhoqo njengeerekhodi ezinokuqinisekiswa ukuze kuxhaswe izivumelwano zentengiselwano.
Ukufunyanwa kolwelo olubonakalayo kufezekiswa njani kusetyenziswa umlinganiselo woxinano?
Itekhnoloji yokuchonga ulwelo isebenzisa umahluko owahlukileyo kuxinano lolwelo ukuze ibone iileya zotshintsho kwiipayipi, iitanki zokugcina, okanye ngexesha lokusebenza kwebhetshi. Xa utshintsha phakathi kwemigangatho ye-hydrocarbon okanye ngexesha lokudluliselwa kwemibhobho, iimitha zoxinano olungaphakathi ezifana nezo zinikezelwa yiLonnmeter zifumanisa ngoko nangoko utshintsho kulwakhiwo. Le mpendulo ikhawulezayo iqinisekisa ukuba utshintsho lwesigaba lwenzeka ngongcoliseko oluncinci lwemveliso. Ukufunyanwa kojongano oluchanekileyo nolwexesha langempela kuxhasa ukhuseleko lokusebenza ngokuthintela ukuxubana okungafunekiyo kolwelo olungahambelaniyo kwaye kukhusela ukuthembeka kwemveliso ngokuvumela ulandelelwano oluchanekileyo lwevalvu kunye nesikhokelo sokuhamba ngexesha lokuxuba, ukugcina, kunye nemisebenzi yokudlulisa ngaphakathi kwefektri.
Kutheni ukulinganiswa koxinano oluqhubekayo kubalulekile kwi-atmospheric nakwi-vacuum distillation?
Zombini izicelo ze-atmospheric kunye ne-vacuum distillation zixhomekeke ekuhlukaniseni ngokuchanekileyo ii-hydrocarbons nge-bolling point kunye nobunzima be-molecular. Ukulinganiswa koxinano oluqhubekayo kwimisebenzi yeoyile negesi kunika impendulo ekhawulezileyo yokulawula inkqubo: kwenza kube lula uhlengahlengiso olukhawulezileyo oluphucula ukutsalwa kwee-fractions ezithile kwaye luncede ukugcina ulawulo oluqinileyo kwimithombo yemveliso. Ngokubonelela ngesalathiso esiphilayo sokuba yeyiphi i-fraction efunyanwayo kwinqanaba ngalinye lenkqubo, ii-refineries zinokuqinisekisa ukuba iimveliso ziyahambelana neenkcukacha, zonyuse isivuno siphela, kwaye zinciphise ukuphinda zicutshungulwe. Oku kukwaphucula ukuphendula kokusebenza kwaye kuphucula ukwenziwa ngcono kokusebenza kweyunithi yokucocwa, ingakumbi ngexesha lotshintsho lwe-feedstock okanye ukuphazamiseka kwenkqubo.
Ziziphi iiteknoloji ezisetyenziswa rhoqo ekulinganiseni i-hydrocarbon engamanzi?
Iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokulinganisa i-hydrocarbon yolwelo zisetyenziswa kwiindawo zokucocisa izinto zanamhlanje. Ezi ziquka ii-flowmeters zeCoriolis, ezilinganisa ngokuthe ngqo ukuhamba kobunzima kunye noxinano; ii-densitometers zetyhubhu ezingcangcazelayo, ezibona uxinano lolwelo ngokutshintsha kwe-resonance frequency; kunye nee-nuclear density gauges, eziqikelela uxinano ngokufumanisa ukufunxwa kwe-gamma ray. I-Lonnmeter igxile ekuveliseni ii-inline density meters kunye nee-viscosity meters ezixhasa ukujonga okuqinileyo nokuqhubekayo kwiimeko zenkqubo ezifuna kakhulu eziqhelekileyo kushishino lwee-hydrocarbon. Ezi teknoloji ziqinisekisa ukuchaneka kokulinganiswa kokudluliselwa kokugcinwa, ukulungiswa kokuxuba imveliso, ukufunyanwa kojongano, kunye nolawulo lokwahlulwahlulwa kwenkqubo, konke oku ngelixa kunciphisa iisampulu ngesandla kunye neempazamo zomntu.
Ixesha leposi: Disemba-15-2025
