Ukuqonda iiCondensed Liquids kwi-Oyile neGesi Processing
Ukuchaza ulwelo oluxinyiweyo kunye negesi econdensates
Ii-condensates kwiicandelo leoyile negesizii-hydrocarbon ezitshintsha ukusuka kwimeko yegesi ukuya kwimeko yolwelo xa ubushushu kunye noxinzelelo kwehla ngaphantsi kweemeko zamanzi. Ezi ziselo zixineneyo zihlala zenziwe zii-hydrocarbons ezikhanyayo—ikakhulu ii-alkanes ze-straight-chain ezivela kwi-ethane (C2) ukuya kwi-hexane (C6+) kwaye zinzima, kunye nenxalenye encinci yeekhompawundi ze-aromatic kunye ne-heteroatomic. Ubukho bee-condensates, imvelaphi yazo, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo ngezantsi kunempembelelo ebalulekileyo kwiinkqubo zokwahlulwa kwee-hydrocarbon kunye nexabiso lemarike.
Kukho umahluko ocacileyo phakathi kwee-gas condensates kunye nee-distillates. Ii-gas condensates zizinto ezifumaneka ngokwendalo ezenziwe ngokuxinana okuvela kwimijelo yegesi yendalo, rhoqo xa ifikelela kwiimeko zomphezulu okanye kufutshane nomphezulu. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ii-distillates zizinto ezifumaneka kwi-hydrocarbon ezenziwe ngokunyibilikisa ngabom—ngokukodwa ngexesha lokucocwa okanye ukucutshungulwa kwegesi. Indawo yokwahlulwa kunye nendlela esebenza ngayo (ukuxinana ngokuchasene nokunyibilikisa) zimisela ukuba umjelo uhlelwe njenge-condensate okanye i-distillate.
Inkqubo yokunyibilikisa i-Fractional Petroleum
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Kukho umahluko ongakumbi phakathi kokuqeshisa kunye nokuxinana kwezityalo. Ukuxinana kwerenti kubanjwa kwindawo okanye kufutshane nentloko yomthombo, kwahlulwe kwisigaba segesi kuxinzelelo lomoya kusetyenziswa abahluli bentsimi. Ngokuqhelekileyo kufakwa kumjelo weoyile ekrwada ukuze kulinganiswe kwaye kuthengiswe, kuboniswa ubunzima be-API obuqhelekileyo ukusuka kwi-45 ukuya kwi-75. Ukubuyiselwa kokuxinana kwezityalo kwenzeka ngezantsi kwizityalo zokucubungula igesi, apho ukwahlukana kwenzeka kuxinzelelo oluphezulu kunye namaqondo obushushu aphantsi. Umahluko uchaphazela ukubalwa kwemali, ingxelo, kunye noxabiso lwemarike. Ukuxinana kwerenti kudla ngokuthathwa njengenxalenye yeoyile ekrwada, ngelixa ukuxinana kwezityalo kuhlala kudityaniswe nolwelo lwezityalo zegesi yendalo (NGPL). Iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokulawula kunye neendlela zemarike yengingqi zenza kube nzima ngakumbi ukwahlulahlula, okuchaphazela ingxelo kunye nolawulo lokuthumela ngaphandle.
Ulwelo olujiyileyo ludlala indima ebalulekileyo ekwahlulweni nasekucocweni kwee-hydrocarbon. Zisebenza njengezinto zokutya kwiindawo zokucocisa—ezixabisa umxholo wazo otyebileyo kwiinxalenye ze-hydrocarbon ezilula ezifana nepetroli, i-naphtha, kunye ne-LPG—kwaye njengezinto zokunciphisa umngcipheko.i-viscosity yeeoyile ezilukhuni eziqinileyoukuthuthwa kwemibhobho. Ukuguquguquka kwazo okuphezulu kunye nomxholo wokungcola ophantsi, xa kuthelekiswa neeoyile ezikrwada ezinzima, kwenza kube lula ukucubungula nokuxuba ngexesha lokucocwa kwepetroleum, kuxhasa ukuguquguquka kwefektri kunye nokwenza imveliso ibe ngcono.
Iipropati zeKhemikhali nezeMpawu zibalulekile ekwahlukaneni
Ukuziphatha kunye nokwahlulwa kwe-condensates kwimisebenzi yeoyile negesi kulawulwa luludwe lweempawu zomzimba nezekhemikhali. Phakathi kwezi, i-API gravity inikezela ngomlinganiselo woxinano lolwelo xa kuthelekiswa namanzi. I-Condensates, ene-API gravities edla ngokuba phakathi kwama-45 nama-75, ilula kakhulu kunezinye izinto ezikrwada, nto leyo ekhuthaza ukwahlukana ngokukhawuleza ngexesha lokucubungula ioyile negesi. Uxinano, olunxulumene ngqo ne-API, lubalulekile kuyilo lwemibhobho, ukudluliselwa kokugcinwa, kunye nolawulo lwenkqubo. Izixhobo zokulinganisa uxinano oluphakathi, ezifana nezo zenziwe yiILonnmeter, zisetyenziselwa ukujonga nokuqinisekisa ulawulo oluchanekileyo lweeparameter zenkqubo, ingakumbi xa kuhlanganiswa okanye kucocwa imijelo yokukhanya.
Ukuxinana kulawula ngakumbi ukusebenza kakuhle. Ii-condensates zihlala zibonisa ukuxinana okuphantsi, okuvumela ukuhamba kakuhle, ukwahlulahlula okulula kwiinkqubo zezigaba ezininzi, kunye nokunciphisa amandla okufaka ngexesha lokuxuba nokupompa. Ukuxinana kunxulunyaniswa kakhulu nobushushu, ukwakheka kweekhemikhali, kunye nokuziphatha kwezigaba; ukulinganiswa kwayo ngokuchanekileyo kubalulekile ekwenzeni ngcono imveliso kunye nokunciphisa ukuvaleka kwemibhobho.
Ukwakheka kwe-hydrocarbon—ngokuyintloko iqhekeza leeparafini ezikhanyayo, ii-aromatics, kunye nokungcola okulandelelanayo—kulawula indlela yokuziphatha kwesigaba kunye nexabiso lokucoca. Ulawulo lokukhanya (ii-butanes, ii-pentanes, ii-hexanes) luphucula ukuguquguquka, kodwa lunokungenisa iingozi ngexesha lokuphathwa ngenxa yoxinzelelo oluphezulu lomphunga. Izinto ezincinci, ezifana nee-asphaltenes, ii-resin, kunye nee-waxes, zinempembelelo enkulu; zinokunyuka njengezinto eziqinileyo kubushushu obuphantsi, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubekweni kwe-wax kunye nemiba yokusebenza kwimibhobho nakwiindlela zokwahlula. Umzekelo, amasimi afana ne-Astrakhan kunye ne-Altyguyi abhale ngeparafini emvula kubushushu obufanelekileyo kwinkqubo, nto leyo edinga uhlalutyo olucokisekileyo lokwakheka kunye namaqhinga okongeza ukuthintela imingeni yokuqinisekisa ukuhamba kwamanzi.
Ukubaluleka kokulinganiswa kwepropathi kudlulela ngaphaya kokusebenza kakuhle—kunefuthe ngqo kulawulo lomgangatho wemveliso kunye nexabiso lorhwebo. Idatha yoxinano oluthembekileyo kunye ne-viscosity ixhasa indlela yokusebenza yokucocwa kwepetroleum kunye nokucolwa kwe-condensate, ixhasa ukwahlula ngokuchanekileyo kwamaqhezu e-hydrocarbon, njengoko kufuneka kwinkqubo yokucocwa kwepetroleum. Iindlela zokulinganisa uxinano lwanamhlanje ngoku ziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokujonga inkqubo, ukuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kwemigangatho yokudluliselwa kokugcinwa kunye nokwenza kube lula ukwenziwa ngcono kokugcinwa kunye nokuxuba kwimisebenzi ephezulu nesezantsi.
Ukwakheka kweemolekyuli kukwalawula ukulingana komphunga nolwelo kunye nokuziphatha kwesigaba, ingakumbi kwiinxalenye zehydrocarbon ezikhanyayo. Phantsi kweemeko zenkqubo ezitshintshatshintshayo, umahluko omncinci kubunzima beemolekyuli okanye isakhiwo unokubangela utshintsho olukhulu kumlinganiselo wegesi kulwelo, kunye nefuthe ngqo kuyilo lokwahlulahlula kunye nolwelo oluzinzileyo, kunye nokulinganisela ubunzima besityalo sonke. Uhlalutyo oluqhelekileyo lokuziphatha kwe-phase envelope kwenza abacoci bakwazi ukukhetha iindlela ezifanelekileyo zokunyibilikisa ipetroli eziphucula ukubuyiswa ngelixa zinciphisa iindleko zamandla kunye nokulahleka komgangatho.
Ukujongana nezi mpawu—umxhuzulane we-API, uxinano olubonakalayo, i-viscosity, kunye nokwakheka—kwakha isiseko sokwahlulahlula kunye nokucocwa kakuhle kwe-condensates kunye nemijelo ye-hydrocarbon ekhanyayo. Ukulinganiswa okuqhubekayo nokuchanekileyo kwezi mpawu zolwelo oludityanisiweyo kuqhuba ulawulo lwenkqubo, kuxhasa ulawulo lomgangatho we-hydrocarbon condensate, kwaye kuxhasa uqoqosho lwekhonkco lexabiso leoyile negesi.
Iindlela zokulinganisa ubuninzi bolwelo olujiyileyo
Iindlela Eziphambili Zokuphucula Ubuchule Bokusebenza Ngobuchule
Ukujongana nemingeni enxulumene nokulinganisa uxinano lwe-carbon condensates ezikhaphukhaphu nezinzima, iindlela zokuxuba ziye zaduma. Iinxalenye ezinzima zihlala zixutywa nezinyibilikisi ezifana ne-toluene, ukunciphisa i-viscosity kunye nokunciphisa uvakalelo lobushushu. Olu qheliselo luvumela ukumisela uxinano oluchanekileyo, njengoko i-homogeneity yesampulu iphucuka kwaye iimpazamo zenkqubo ekuphatheni ulwelo oluxineneyo ziyancitshiswa. Indlela yokuxuba i-solvent ibaluleke kakhulu ekuchazeni iimveliso ze-petroleum distillation ezintsonkothileyo kunye ne-heavy stock blends, apho uxinano lufuneka khona ukuze kuphuculwe inkqubo kunye neenkcukacha zemveliso.
Iindlela ezintsha, ingakumbi ezo zisebenzisa iimitha zoxinano olusekwe kwi-vibration (ezifanaIzixhobo zeLonnmeter), yoyisa imida yezixhobo eziqhelekileyo. Ezi zixhobo zenza ngokuzenzekelayo ukulawulwa kobushushu besampulu, ukufunyanwa kwamaqamza, kunye nokulungiswa kwe-viscosity, ezibalulekileyo ekuqinisekiseni ukuhambelana kokujonga i-oyile negesi. Iimitha ezizenzekelayo zikwavumela ukuhlanganiswa kwimibhobho yemizi-mveliso ukuze kulinganiswe ngokuqhubekayo, kuxhasa ulawulo lomgangatho we-hydrocarbon condensate ngaphandle kokuthintela ukuhamba kweenkqubo.
Uhlalutyo lokuthelekisa lubonisa ukuba izixhobo zemveli zelebhu kunye nezixhobo zentsimi zesandla zihlala zivelisa ukuqinisekiswa koxinano kunye nemida yeempazamo engamkelekanga ekucoceni iihydrocarbons ezikhanyayo kunye neendlela zokunyibilikisa ipetroli ezifuna imida engqongqo yokwakheka. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iimitha ezizenzekelayo ezingaphakathi azinciphisi kuphela ukuguquguquka kokusebenza, kodwa zikwabonelela ngemveliso yedijithali elandelekayo, ebalulekileyo ekuthobeleni imithetho, ukunika ingxelo, kunye nokwahlulahlula okuphambili kwee-hydrocarbon fractions.
Iinxalenye ze-hydrocarbon ezikhaphukhaphu zibangela ubunzima bazo bokulinganisa ngenxa yokuguquguquka kunye noxinano oluphantsi. Ukulahleka komphunga, ukufuma kwesampulu, kunye notshintsho oluncinci lobushushu kunokuphazamisa iziphumo zoxinano. Iimitha eziphambili zinciphisa ezi ziphumo ngokugcina iindawo zokulinganisa ezivaliweyo kunye nolawulo oluchanekileyo lobushushu. Iinxalenye ezinzima, okwangoku, zixhamla kakhulu kunyango lwe-solvent kunye ne-viscosity consolidation edityaniswe nomlinganiselo wedijithali.
Ukuhlanganiswa kweZixhobo zoHlalutyo kuVavanyo loBuninzi
Uhlalutyo lweCompositional luqinisa umlinganiselo woxinano oluchanekileyo. I-Gas chromatography (GC), i-high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), kunye ne-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) zityhila iiprofayili ze-hydrocarbon, zichonga amaqhezu ahlukeneyo okukhanya kunye nanzima ngaphakathi kwe-oyile ekrwada kunye nemisebenzi yokukhupha i-condensate. Ezi zixhobo zohlalutyo zivumela unxibelelwano oluthe ngqo phakathi koxinano olulinganisiweyo kunye neempawu zecompositional, ziqhubela phambili ulawulo lomgangatho we-hydrocarbon condensate kwaye zixhasa ukukhethwa kwemilambo exutyiweyo yokucocwa okanye ukuguqulwa kwe-petrochemical.
Idatha ye-chromatographic kunye nokulinganiswa koxinano kwenza kube lula ukumisela iipropati zolwelo oludityanisiweyo kwii-hydrocarbons, ezibalulekileyo ekuhlengahlengiseni kakuhle inkqubo yokucocwa kwe-petroleum distillation kunye nokwahlulahlula amaqhezu e-hydrocarbon. Umzekelo, iminwe ye-GCMS compositional icacisa ubudlelwane phakathi koxinano kunye nokusasazwa kobunzima be-molecular kwi-condensates ecociweyo, inceda iinjineli zenkqubo ekwenzeni ngcono ukwahlulahlula okanye ukuxuba imveliso.
Ubushushu boxinzelelo-umthamo (PVT)Uhlalutyo lusetyenziswa ukuqikelela uxinano kunye nokuziphatha kwesigaba se-condensates phantsi kweemeko zokusebenza. Izifundo ze-PVT zidibanisa uxinano olulinganisiweyo kunye noqikelelo lwepropathi yokulingana, ukuphucula uyilo lwenkqubo kunye nokuxhasa usetyenziso ekuhlukaniseni amaqhezu e-hydrocarbon kunye nokucoca ii-hydrocarbons zokukhanya.
Kwinkqubo yanamhlanje yokucoca ipetroliyam kunye nokucubungula i-condensate, ukudibanisa ezi ndlela kubonelela ngesakhelo esomeleleyo sokuchonga imilambo ye-hydrocarbon, ukulinganisa uxinano lwee-hydrocarbon condensates, kunye nokwenza ngcono inkqubo yokwahlulahlula ngolawulo lomgangatho olulinganisekayo kuyo yonke inqanaba. Le ndlela idibeneyo—ukudibanisa izixhobo zokulinganisa uxinano ngqo lwe-condensate, njengezixhobo eziqinileyo ze-Lonnmeter, kunye nohlalutyo oluphambili lwe-compositional—kuqinisa ukumelwa kunye nokuthembeka kovavanyo lweepropati zolwelo oluhlanganisiweyo kwimisebenzi yemizi-mveliso.
Ukubaluleka kokulinganisa ngokuchanekileyo uxinano lolwelo olujiyileyo
Impembelelo kwiNkqubo yoKwahlulwa kweHydrocarbon kunye neDistillation
Ifinyeziwe ngokuchanekileyoumlinganiselo woxinano lolweloibalulekile kwiinkqubo zokwahlulwa kwe-hydrocarbon, ingakumbi ngexesha lokucocwa kwe-oyile eluhlaza kunye nokutsalwa kwe-condensate. Ukwahlulwa kwee-hydrocarbon fractions kuxhomekeke kumahluko kuxinano ukuze kukhokele ukucocwa, okuchaphazela ukusebenza kakuhle kwekholamu kunye nolawulo lwe-cut point. Kuzo zombini iindlela zokucoca i-petroleum kunye ne-petrol distillation, uxinano luchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo i-vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE). Utshintsho kuxinano lutshintsha ii-boiling range curves, nto leyo ekhokelela kumahluko kumgangatho wemveliso kunye nomphumo wayo wonke.
Ukufundwa koxinano oluchanekileyo ngexesha langempela kusetyenziselwa ukubala izinto zokulungisa ubushushu kunye noxinzelelo, ezichaphazela ukuguqulwa ukusuka kwi-volumetric ukuya kwi-mass flows. Oku kubalulekile ekulinganisweni ngokuchanekileyo kwe-oyile kunye ne-gas condensate streams njengoko zihamba kwiikholamu ze-distillation. Ukulungiswa okuqhutywa buxinano kunceda abaqhubi ekwenzeni ngcono iimeko zokusebenza ngokuvumela ulawulo oluchanekileyo lweeprofayili zokufudumeza, ii-reflux ratios, kunye namazinga okutsalwa kwetreyi nganye okanye umsinga osecaleni. Ukusebenzisa izixhobo zokulinganisa uxinano olusemgangathweni lwe-condensate, ezifana nezo zenziwe yiLonnmeter, kuvumela impendulo eqhubekayo, eyimfuneko ekulungiseni iiparameter zenkqubo ukuphendula kutshintsho lwe-feedstock okanye utshintsho lwemfuno.
Ukulinganiswa koxinano kukwabalulekile ekukhetheni izixhobo kulo lonke uthotho lokucoca ipetroliyam kunye nokucubungula i-condensate. Ikwazisa ubungakanani bezinto zangaphakathi zekholamu, izitshintshi zobushushu, kunye neempompo, kwaye ikhokela ukukhethwa kwezinto ezifanelekileyo kwiindawo ezirhabaxa okanye ezinoxinzelelo oluphezulu. Umzekelo, i-condensate yokucubungula ikholamu enomxholo ophezulu weparaffinic ifuna isithuba esahlukileyo setreyi okanye uhlobo lokupakisha, oluya kuchongwa kuphela ngohlalutyo oluchanekileyo loxinano kunye nokukhanya kwe-hydrocarbon fractions.
Ukuqikelela isivuno kunye nokuthobela iinkcukacha ngexesha lokucoca iihydrocarbons zokukhanya kuxhomekeke kwidatha yoxinano. Abaqhubi basebenzisa uxinano njengesalathiso sokugcina iinkcukacha ezifunekayo zeemveliso ezifana ne-naphtha, ipetroli, okanye ipetroli yejethi, nganye ichazwa ziifestile zoxinano oluhlukeneyo kunye nokuguquguquka. Ukuphambuka okuncinci ekulinganisweni koxinano kunokukhula ukuvelisa izinto ezingaqhelekanga, okukhokelela ekudibaniseni ukwehla okanye ukuphinda kusetyenziswe iindleko. Oku kugxininisa indima yenkqubo yoxinano kwizicelo zeqhezu lehydrocarbon zokukhanya kunye nokwahlulwa ngokubanzi kweeqhezu zehydrocarbon.
Ukubaluleka kokuchazwa kweDama kunye nokuBekwa kweliso kwiMveliso
Ubungakanani bomlinganiselo wee-hydrocarbon condensates buxhasa iindlela eziphambili zokuchonga iindawo zokugcina amanzi. Ukufundwa kobuninzi, xa kuhlanganiswa nedatha yokwakheka kunye nobunjineli, kuphucula kakhulu ukuchaneka kweemodeli zejoloji kunye noqikelelo lwemveliso. Kwimimandla evelisa i-gas condensate, utshintsho oluncinci kubuninzi bolwelo oludibeneyo lunokubonisa utshintsho kunxibelelwano lwendawo yokugcina amanzi, unxibelelwano lolwelo, okanye ukusebenza kakuhle kwemisebenzi yokubuyisela amanzi yesibini.
Idatha yoxinano olumeleyo idityaniswe neziphumo zohlalutyo oluphambili, iimpendulo zelog, kunye neemodeli ze-petrophysical, ezibonelela ngeemaphu ezinesisombululo esiphezulu zokusasazwa kolwelo-lwamatye. Umzekelo, ukucwangcisa uxinano-porosity crossplotting kunye nemodeli ye-PVT eqhutywa kukufunda koomatshini isebenzisa iindlela zoxinano ukubonakalisa ukungafani kolwelo. Oku kwenza abaqhubi bakwazi ukuqikelela ngcono iindlela zemveliso, ukuphucula indawo yokubeka imithombo, kunye nokuphucula amaqhinga okugqiba ukuphucula ukubuyiswa kwe-hydrocarbon.
Iindlela zokulinganisa uxinano lwe-condensate zidlala indima ekujongeni ngexesha langempela, zivumela ukulungiswa kwamaqhinga okusebenzisa amandla ukuphendula kwiindlela ezitshintshayo. Ezi ngongoma zedatha zibonisa utshintsho kwindlela yokuziphatha kwesigaba, olubalulekileyo ekugcineni amaqhinga oxinzelelo kunye nokutsalwa kwamandla, kunye nokuchonga umngcipheko wokuphela kwedama okanye ixesha lokungasebenzi. Ekugqibeleni, ukulinganisa ngokuchanekileyo kuqinisekisa ukuhlanganiswa okubanzi nobunjineli bedama kunye neemodeli zejoloji, ezihambelana ngokuthe ngqo nexabiso leasethi kunye nokusebenza kokusebenza.
Uvavanyo lweZibonelelo zoLawulo loMgangatho kunye nokuHluza
Ukukhethwa kwempahla yokutya kunye novavanyo lomxube kuxhomekeke kakhulu kumgangatho wemilambo ye-oyile kunye negesi, ebonakaliswa yidatha yoxinano kunye nokwakheka. Kwimeko yokulawulwa komgangatho we-hydrocarbon condensate, uxinano lusetyenziswa njengokujonga ngokukhawuleza ukuhambelana komxube kunye nesalathisi esixhasayo sesalfure, iisinyithi, kunye nomxholo we-aromatic. Ukufundwa ngokuchanekileyo, kwexesha langempela okuvela kwizixhobo zokulinganisa uxinano oluphakathi kwe-condensate kubalulekile ukuthintela ukuxubana okungahambelaniyo, okunokonakalisa iiyunithi zokucoca okanye konakalise ukusebenza kwe-catalyst.
Ukuthobela imiqathango yemveliso kwikhonkco lokubonelela ngemveliso yokucocwa kwezinto kunyanzeliswa ngokubeka esweni uxinano oluqinileyo kuzo zombini iindlela zesiqhelo kunye nezokusampula kwebhetshi. Iziphumo kufuneka zihambelane nemida efunekayo yeenxalenye ezithengiswayo—ezifana neebhendi zoxinano ezimiselweyo ze-naphtha okanye i-kerosene—ukuze zihlangabezane nemigangatho yolawulo kunye neyezorhwebo. Uphuhliso lohlalutyo, kubandakanya ukuhlehla kwexesha langempela kunye nohlalutyo lokwakheka kwezinto, kuvumela ukubonwa okunobuthathaka kakhulu kweendlela ezingezizo ze-spec ngexesha lokudluliselwa kwe-feedstock kunye nokuphazamiseka kwenkqubo.
Ukongeza, ngokuhlanganisa ukufundwa koxinano kunye nohlalutyo lwe-chromatographic kunye nolwezinto ezisisiseko, ii-refineries ziqikelela isivuno senkqubo kunye nokuqhekeka kwe-oyile yendabuko kunye ne-revival blends. Le ndlela ivumela ulawulo lwenkqubo oluphuculweyo, ukuphucula ukujolisa kwisivuno, kunye nokunciphisa umngcipheko wokusebenza ngokulindela ukungcoliswa, ukucola, kunye nokuphazamiseka kweeyunithi. Ke ngoko, iipropati zolwelo oluhlanganisiweyo ezichanekileyo kwi-hydrocarbons zixhasa ukhuphiswano lwe-refinery kwaye ziqinisekisa ukuhambelana kuyo yonke inyathelo lokucocwa kwepetroleum kunye nokusebenza kwe-condensate processing.
Le tshati enesimboli ibonisa ukuba isivuno esihle semveliso ekucutshungulweni kwe-hydrocarbon fraction senzeka ngaphakathi kwee-tight density bands, nto leyo ebonisa imfuneko yolawulo oluchanekileyo loxinano kuyo yonke inkqubo yokwahlulahlula. Ukuphambuka, nokuba yi-kg/m³ embalwa, kukhokelela ekulahlekelweni kokusebenza kakuhle kunye neziphumo ezinokwenzeka ezingekho kwi-spec.
Ukulinganiswa ngokuchanekileyo koxinano lolwelo oludityanisiweyo sisiseko seenkqubo zokwahlulwa kwe-hydrocarbon ekucocweni kwepetroleum, ukusuka ekuboniseni ii-reservoir ukuya ekuphuculweni kwenkqubo engaphakathi kwisityalo, uvavanyo lwe-feedstock, kunye nolawulo lomgangatho, okubonisa indima yalo ephambili kokubini ekugqweseni kokusebenza nakwimpumelelo yorhwebo.
Izinto Ezibalulekileyo Eziqwalaselweyo Neendlela Ezilungileyo Zokusebenza
Iindlela Zokuthatha Iisampulu Zokulinganisa Okuthembekileyo
Ukuthatha iisampulu ezimeleyo kusisiseko sohlalutyo oluchanekileyo lolwelo oludityanisiweyo, ingakumbi kwimijelo ye-oyile negesi apho iimpazamo zinokwandisa umlambo osezantsi. Ukuvavanya iipropati zolwelo oludityanisiweyo kwii-hydrocarbons okanye ukwenza uhlalutyo lwamaqhezu e-hydrocarbon akhanyayo, isampuli kufuneka ibonise iimeko zenkqubo ngokusondeleyo kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Oku kubalulekile ukulandelela utshintsho lwesakhiwo oluchaphazeleka bubushushu, uxinzelelo, kunye nokusasazwa kwesigaba kuyo yonke inkqubo yokwahlulwa kwe-hydrocarbon ekucocweni kwepetroleum.
Indawo yokuthathwa kwesampulu kufuneka ibekwe apho ulwelo luhlala luxubene kakuhle nangaphambi kokuba kubekho naluphi na ulwahlulo lwesigaba. Umzekelo, ukufaka isampulu yesampulu kumgca ongasentla wesahluli sesigaba kunika icandelo elichanekileyo lolwelo olucutshungulweyo. Zonke iilayini zesampulu kunye neenqanawa zokuqokelela kufuneka zilungiswe kwangaphambili kwaye zihlanjwe ngomjelo wemveliso ukunciphisa ungcoliseko oluvela kwiintsalela kwaye kuthintelwe ukungena komoya, nto leyo etshintsha uxinano kunye nohlalutyo lokwakheka.
Ubushushu kunye nokuzinziswa koxinzelelo kubalulekile ngexesha lokuthathwa kweesampuli. Ukuba uxinzelelo luncitshiswa ngokukhawuleza kakhulu ngexesha lokucocwa kweoyile eluhlaza kunye nokutsalwa kwe-condensate, izinto ezikhaphukhaphu zinokukhanya, zitshintshe ukwakheka kwe-hydrocarbon fraction kwaye zivelise iziphumo ezingathembekanga kwiindlela zokulinganisa uxinano lwe-condensate. Iinkqubo zokuqokelela ezivaliweyo zinciphisa ukuvezwa komoya kunye nokulahleka okuguqukayo, zixhasa unxibelelwano oluchanekileyo phakathi kwedatha elinganisiweyo kunye neemeko zentsimi yokwenyani.
Ukucoca rhoqo, ukudluliselwa kwangoko kuhlalutyo, kunye nokugcinwa okuvaliweyo kunciphisa umngcipheko wempazamo kunye nongcoliseko. Ukudluliselwa kokugcinwa okanye ulawulo lomgangatho olusemthethweni, ukumisela ezi nkqubo kuqinisekisa ukuhambelana kunye nokulandeleka ekulinganiseni uxinano lwee-hydrocarbon condensates nakwimisebenzi yokulawula umgangatho we-hydrocarbon condensate.
Ukuphathwa kwedatha kunye nokuhlanganiswa neeParamitha zobuNjineli
Idatha yoxinano kunye nokwakheka kwezinto ezikwizixhobo ezikwimigca efana nezixhobo zokulinganisa uxinano lweLonnmeter zokondla ngokuthe ngqo kwiimodeli zokulinganisa kunye neenkqubo zokulawula inkqubo, ezixhasa ukucocwa kwepetroleum kunye nokucutshungulwa kwe-condensate ngokufanelekileyo. Ukulinganiswa kwesisombululo esiphezulu kubalulekile kwinkqubo yokuphononongwa kwenkqubo yokucoca ipetroleum kunye nokwenza ngcono, ingakumbi xa kucocwa iihydrocarbons ezikhanyayo kunye nokulawula ukwahlulwahlulwa kwee-hydrocarbon fractions.
Ukuze kusetyenziswe idatha yoxinano lwenkqubo yokwenza imodeli, iinjineli zidibanisa ukufundwa kwezixhobo zelebhu okanye zexesha langempela kunye neeparamitha eziphambili zobunjineli. Uxinano lwe-API, umzekelo, lubalwa ngokuthe ngqo ukusuka kuxinano olulinganisiweyo kwaye luphawu olubalulekileyo lwezigqibo zokusebenza, ukuxuba, kunye nokwabiwa kwemveliso. Uvavanyo oluchanekileyo loxinano lwe-API luqhuba uhlengahlengiso kwiindlela zokunyibilikisa ipetroli ukuze kuphuculwe ukubuyiswa kunye nomgangatho wezicelo zeqhekeza le-hydrocarbon elikhanyayo.
Umlinganiselo wegesi neoyile, ofunyenwe ngokulinganisa uxinano oludibeneyo kunye nomlinganiselo wokwakheka, unika ulwazi kokubini imodeli yerenki ephezulu kunye nokulungiswa okuqhubekayo kokusebenza. Umzekelo, ukuba ukufundwa koxinano kubonisa utshintsho ngenxa yokwanda kokuhamba kweqhezu lokukhanya, abaqhubi banokulungisa iindawo zokusika i-distillation ukuze baphucule ulwahlulo lwesigaba kwaye baqinisekise ukuba iinkcukacha zemveliso ziyafezekiswa.
Ukudibanisa imijelo yedatha eqhubekayo kuqinisekisa ulawulo lomgangatho oluguquguqukayo. Ukufakwa koxinano oluzenzekelayo—ukusuka kwiimitha ezingaphakathi kweLonnmeter—kungena kakuhle kwizakhiwo zolawulo ezisasaziweyo, okubonelela ngesisombululo kunye nokuthembeka kwexesha elifunekayo ukulawula izahluli zokuhamba, ii-reboilers, kunye neziqinisi. Oku kunciphisa ukuguquguquka kwenkqubo, kunciphisa ukungenelela kwesampulu, kwaye kuqinisa iifestile zeenkcukacha zemveliso, okukhokelela ekuphuculweni kolawulo lomgangatho we-hydrocarbon condensate ngempendulo yexesha langempela.
Ngamafutshane, iindlela ezilungileyo ezisebenzayo zigxile kwiindlela zokuthatha iisampulu eziqinileyo kunye nokuhlanganiswa kwedatha echanekileyo. Ezi zisisiseko sohlalutyo oluchanekileyo lwee-hydrocarbon fractions zokukhanya, impendulo yokusebenza kwiinkqubo zokwahlulwa kwe-hydrocarbon, kunye nolawulo olusebenzayo lomgangatho kuzo zonke iipayipi zokucoca ipetroli kunye nokucubungula i-condensate—ingakumbi xa kusetyenziswa izixhobo eziphambili ezenzelwe ukuhlangabezana nemigangatho eguqukayo yokusebenza kwe-oyile negesi.
Imibuzo ebuzwa qho
Zithini izinto ezicociweyo kwaye kutheni zibalulekile ekucutshungulweni kwe-oyile negesi?
Ii-liquids ezidityanisiweyo zii-hydrocarbons ezitshintsha ukusuka kwigesi ukuya kulwelo njengoko ubushushu kunye noxinzelelo kwehla ngaphantsi komphetho wazo ngexesha lokutsalwa kwegesi yendalo. Ezi liquids zikhaphukhaphu kwaye azinabukrakra kune-oyile ekrwada, zihlala zihlelwa ngokwendawo yokuqokelela—nokuba yi-lease condensate entloko yomthombo okanye njenge-plant condensate evela kwizityalo ezicutshungulwayo. Zombini ezi ntlobo zahlukile kwii-liquids zegesi yendalo (NGLs) ngokubunjwa kwazo kunye neempawu zomzimba. Ukubaluleka kwazo kukwixabiso lazo eliphezulu lemarike, indima yazo njenge-refinery kunye ne-chemical feedstocks, kunye nempembelelo yazo kwizicwangciso zokusebenza zokusetyenziswa, ukucubungula, kunye nokuthumela ngaphandle. Ngenxa yokuba ii-liquids ezidityanisiweyo ziguquguqukayo kwaye ziyatsha, iinkqubo zokusebenza ezingqongqo ziyanyanzeliswa ekuphatheni, ekuthuthweni, nasekukhuselekeni kokusingqongileyo. Iimpawu zazo zomzimba, ngakumbi uxinano kunye nobunzima beemolekyuli, zichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukusebenza kakuhle, amazinga okubuyisela, kunye nokudalwa kwexabiso elisezantsi kwimisebenzi ye-oyile kunye negesi.
Uxinano lolwelo olujiyileyo lulinganiswa njani ngexesha leenkqubo zokwahlulwa kwe-hydrocarbon?
Ukulinganisa uxinano lolwelo oluxineneyo kubalulekile kulawulo lwenkqubo kunye neenkcukacha zemveliso. Iindlela zokulinganisa eziqhelekileyo ziquka ii-hydrometer, ezisebenzisa ii-calibrated floats ukubonelela ngoxinano oluthe ngqo okanye ukufundwa kobunzima be-API, kunye nee-pycnometers, ezimisela uxinano olusekelwe kubunzima obaziwayo kunye nomthamo wesampulu yolwelo. Iindlela zohlalutyo eziphambili nazo zinokusebenza, zihlala zisebenzisa izinyibilikisi zovavanyo oluchanekileyo. Iimodeli zokuqikelela ezifana neHankinson-Thomson (HT) kunye neendlela zeHankinson-Brobst-Thomson (HBT) ziqikelela uxinano lwe-hydrocarbon liquids ezigcweleyo nezicinezelweyo kwiimeko zokusebenza. Kwintsimi, izixhobo zokubhekisa ezifana neemitha zoxinano zeLonnmeter ezikwi-inline zisetyenziswa kakhulu ukujonga uxinano oluqhubekayo noluchanekileyo, zixhasa ukwenziwa ngcono kwenkqubo ngexesha langempela. Zonke ezi ndlela zenza umqolo weendlela zokulinganisa uxinano lolwelo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba iimfuno zomthetho nezezorhwebo zeenkqubo zokwahlula i-hydrocarbon ekucoceni ipetroli ziyafezekiswa.
Ingaba ukuxinana kolwelo oluhlanganisiweyo kunayiphi impembelelo kwiziphumo zenkqubo yokucocwa kwepetroli?
Uxinano yipropati ephambili ebonakalayo elawula indlela iihydrocarbons ezahlukana ngayo ngexesha lenkqubo yokunyibilikisa ipetroliyam. Uxinano lolwelo oluxineneyo lumisela ukwahlukana kwezinto phakathi kokunqunyulwa kwe-distillate njenge-naphtha, ipetroli, kunye nedizili. Utshintsho kuxinano luchaphazela ukusebenza kakuhle, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla, kunye nokuveliswa kweqhezu ngalinye lokunyibilikisa, njengoko izitya ezikhaphukhaphu okanye ezixineneyo zifuna iimeko ezahlukeneyo zokunyibilikisa kunye nokusebenza. Ukulinganiswa koxinano oluchanekileyo kuvumela ukulungiswa kakuhle kwemisebenzi yedrama ye-reflux kunye neenkqubo zokwahlulahlula isigaba, okukhokelela ekuphuculweni komgangatho wemveliso kunye nokuhambelana. Izifundo zibonise ukuba ukugcina uxinano olujoliswe kulo kwi-feedstock kuqinisekisa ukuba imithombo yemveliso iyahlangabezana neemfuno, ukunciphisa inkunkuma kunye nokwenza ngcono uqoqosho lwe-refinery. Ukubandakanya uxinano oluthembekileyo lokulinganisa ii-hydrocarbon condensates kuxhasa ukwahlula okusebenzayo kwee-hydrocarbon fractions kwaye kuxhasa ukusebenza okuzinzileyo kuzo zonke iiyunithi zokunyibilikisa ioyile eluhlaza kunye ne-condensate.
Kutheni idatha echanekileyo yoxinano ibalulekile ekucociseni amaqhezu e-hydrocarbon akhanyayo?
Ii-hydrocarbon fractions ezikhanyayo, eziqhele ukuba kuluhlu lwe-C5–C10, zibalulekile ekuveliseni iimveliso ezinexabiso eliphezulu ezifana nepetroli kunye neekhemikhali zepetroli. Idatha echanekileyo yoxinano ibalulekile ekumiseleni inkqubo, ekulawuleni umgangatho, nasekufezekiseni ukuthotyelwa kweenkcukacha zemveliso. Ukuhlaziya ii-hydrocarbons ezikhanyayo kufuna ukulungiswa ngokuchanekileyo kweeyunithi zokwahlula ngokusekelwe kwimpendulo yoxinano lwexesha langempela—ehlala inikezelwa zizixhobo ezikwi-inline ezifana neemitha zeLonnmeter—ukugcina ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokuphepha imveliso ebiza kakhulu ngaphandle kwe-spec. Iindlela zohlalutyo, kubandakanya i-gas chromatography edityaniswe nohlalutyo loxinano, zisetyenziswa kakhulu ukujonga zombini iipropati zokwakheka kunye nezomzimba. Le ndlela inobuchule ivumela ukuguquguquka kwenkqubo kunye nokuqinisekiswa komgangatho kuhlalutyo lwee-hydrocarbon fractions ezikhanyayo, okukhokelela ekusetyenzisweni kakuhle kokusetyenziswa kwamandla kunye nolawulo lwamandla kuzo zonke iinkqubo zokwahlula ii-hydrocarbon ekucoceni ipetroli.
Zeziphi iindlela ezilungileyo ekufuneka zilandelwe xa kusamkelwa ulwelo oludityanisiweyo ukuze kulinganiswe uxinano?
Ukusampuluza ulwelo oluxinyiweyo kufuna ukuthotyelwa ngokungqongqo kwiindlela ezilungileyo ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka nokumelwa. Iisampulu kufuneka ziqokelelwe kusetyenziswa izixhobo ezicocekileyo, ezingenangcoliseko—zicocwe ngaphambi kokusetyenziswa—zize zigcinwe kwizikhongozeli ezingaphumi okanye zifunxe iihydrocarbons. Iiprotokholi zixinzelela ukubamba inxalenye emele umjelo wolwelo oluhambayo, ziphephe ukulahleka kwesampulu ngenxa yokufuma okanye ukucima kwe-flash, ingakumbi kwiindawo ezibila kancinci. Izikhongozeli zivalwa kwaye zilebhelishwe ngoko nangoko ukunciphisa ukuvezwa. Abasebenzi balandela imigaqo yokhuseleko eqinileyo ngenxa yendalo yokutsha nokuguquguqukayo kolwelo oluxinyiweyo. Imigangatho yemithetho, efana naleyo ikhutshwe yi-ASTM International, ichaza iindlela ezithile zokulungiselela, ukuphatha, kunye nokugcina. Olu lawulo luqinileyo lubalulekile kulawulo lomgangatho we-hydrocarbon condensate olusebenzayo kwaye luxhasa iziphumo ezichanekileyo nezisebenzayo ezivela kwizixhobo zokulinganisa uxinano lwe-condensate.
Ixesha leposi: Disemba-11-2025
