Ukulinganisa uxinaniso olungaphakathi kwemigca kubalulekile kulawulo lwenkqubo kunye nokwenza ngcono imveliso ye-butadiene. Ezi ndlela zivumela ukulandelela okuqhubekayo kwamanqanaba emveliso kunye nesinyibilikisi ngexesha lamanyathelo abalulekileyo afana nokukhupha okwesibini, ukucocwa, kunye nokucocwa. Kwizityalo zenkqubo zanamhlanje, idatha yexesha langempela evela kwizixhobo ezingaphakathi kwemigca izondla ngqo kwiinkqubo zolawulo, ixhasa ukulinganisa inkqubo eguqukayo kunye nokulungiswa kwezinto eziguquguqukayo zokusebenza ezifana nobushushu, uxinzelelo, ukongezwa kwesinyibilikisi, kunye nokulinganisela kwamanzi. Olu manyano luqinileyo luphucula ukuthembeka kokukhupha kwaye lunciphisa ukwakheka "kwee-polymers ze-popcorn" ezingafunekiyo okanye ezinye ii-agents zokungcola ze-polymeric.
Intshayelelo kwiNkqubo yoMveliso weButadiene
I-1,3-Butadiene sisakhiwo esibalulekileyo kushishino lwerabha yokwenziwa lwehlabathi, ngakumbi ekuvelisweni kwerabha ye-butadiene (BR) kunye nerabha ye-styrene-butadiene (SBR), ezithi xa zizonke zibe zizigidi zeetoni zokusetyenziswa ngonyaka. Ukusetyenziswa kwayo kufikelela kwiitayara zeemoto, iimpahla zoshishino, kunye neepolymers zokwakha, kunye nemfuno egxile kwimimandla efana ne-Asia-Pacific ngenxa yokukhula kwamacandelo okuvelisa kunye nemveliso yezithuthi.
Ukukhupha iButadiene
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Inkqubo yokuvelisa iqala ngokukhetha izitokhwe zokutya ezifanelekileyo. Ngokwesiko, izinto ezikrwada ze-petrochemical ezifana ne-naphtha kunye ne-butane zisetyenziswa kakhulu. Ezi hydrocarbons zibonelela ngesivuno esiphezulu kwiinkqubo zesiqhelo kwaye ziyazuza kwiindlela zokubonelela ezisele zikho. Nangona kunjalo, ukugxila okukhulayo ekuzinzeni kuye kwakhuthaza umdla kwezinye izitokhwe zokutya, ezifana ne-bioethanol ephuma kwimithombo evuselelekayo kunye ne-biomass engeyiyo yokutya. Ubuchwepheshe bokuguqula i-ethanol ibe yi-butadiene bufumana amandla okunciphisa umngcipheko wekhabhoni kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwemithombo, nangona kusekhona ukwanda okukhulu kunye nemiqobo yezoqoqosho.
Indlela ephambili yokwenziwa kwe-butadiene kukuqhekeka komphunga. Le nkqubo ifaka i-naphtha okanye ezinye ii-hydrocarbons ezikhanyayo kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu (malunga ne-750–900°C) xa kukho umphunga. Iimeko zobushushu ziqhekeza iimolekyuli ezinkulu zibe zii-olefins ezincinci kunye nee-diolefins, kunye ne-butadiene eveliswa kunye ne-ethylene, i-propylene, kunye nezinye iimveliso ezixabisekileyo. Emva kokuqhekeka, ukucima ngokukhawuleza kuthintela iimpendulo ezingafunekiyo zesibini, kulandele ulandelelwano oluntsonkothileyo lokwahlulwa kwegesi. I-Butadiene idla ngokukhutshwa kusetyenziswa i-extractive distillation, esebenzisa izinyibilikisi ze-polar ezifana ne-DMF okanye i-NMP ukwahlula i-butadiene kwi-C4 hydrocarbons ezifanayo. Iikholamu zodonga oluhlulahlulayo okanye ukubuyiswa komphunga kunokusetyenziswa ukwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwamandla kunye nokunciphisa iindleko zokusebenza.
Iindlela ezintsha "ezisetyenziswa ngenjongo", ezifana nokuguqulwa kwe-ethanol kwii-reactors ezininzi okanye ezisebenzisa ulwelo, zimele ezinye iindlela ezizinzileyo endaweni yokuqhekeka komphunga. Ezi nkqubo zisebenzisa ii-catalyst ezahlukeneyo ezisebenza ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo ezenzelwe ukukhetha okuphezulu kunye nokuzinza. Uqwalaselo lwe-Catalyst kunye ne-reactor zibalulekile ekuphuculeni amazinga okuguqulwa kunye nokunciphisa iimveliso ezingafunekiyo.
Ukuhamba kwenkqubo iyonke yokuveliswa kwe-butadiene kuqala ngokulungiswa kwe-feedstock, kuqhubeke ngokuqhekeka (okanye ukuguqulwa kwe-catalytic), kwaye kuqhubeke nokucima imveliso, ukwahlulwa kwegesi, kunye nokucoca kokugqibela ukuze kuvele i-butadiene ecocekileyo. Kuyo yonke loo nto, ukujonga ngokungqongqo—njengokulinganisa okuqhubekayo koxinzelelo lwe-butadiene—kunye neenkqubo zolawulo eziphambili kubalulekile ekuphuculeni ubunyulu bemveliso, isivuno, kunye nokhuseleko lomsebenzi. Ukungcola kwezixhobo ezindala, ukonakala kwe-solvent, kunye nokuphazamiseka kwenkqubo kulawulwa ngokungenelela kobunjineli kunye nokuqhubela phambili kokucoca i-solvent—ukuqinisekisa ukuveliswa kwe-butadiene okuthembekileyo nokusebenzayo kuzo zonke izibonelelo zanamhlanje ze-petrochemical.
Amanyathelo Abalulekileyo Kwinkqubo Yokukhupha I-Butadiene
Ukulungiswa kokuqhekeka kobushushu kunye nokutya
Ukuqhekeka kobushushu kwakha isiseko senkqubo yokuvelisa i-butadiene. Ukutya okufana ne-naphtha, i-butane, kunye ne-ethane kudla ngokusetyenziswa; nganye ineeprofayili ezahlukeneyo zesivuno. I-Naphtha, efumaneka ngokubanzi, ivelisa amaqhezu e-C4 abanzi kunye nesivuno esiphakathi se-butadiene, ngelixa i-butane kunye ne-ethane ngokubanzi zibonelela ngokukhetha okuphezulu kwiimveliso ezifunwayo.
Iimeko zokusebenza kwii-oven eziqhekekayo zibalulekile. Amaqondo obushushu kufuneka alawulwe ngononophelo phakathi kwama-750° kunye nama-900°C, kunye nomoya ongasebenziyo ogcinwe ukuthintela i-oxidation engafunekiyo. Ubude bexesha lokuhlala bubalulekile: amaxesha amafutshane kakhulu okuhlala kunye nokucima ngokukhawuleza kuthintela iimpendulo zesibini ezinciphisa ukukhetha kwe-butadiene kwaye zibangele ukwakheka kwemveliso. Umzekelo, ukunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu ngaphakathi kolu luhlu kunokunyusa isivuno kodwa kukwanyusa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kunye neempendulo ezingafunekiyo. Ke ngoko, ukucubungula okufanelekileyo kufuneka kulungelelanise ubushushu, izinga lokuhamba kokutya, kunye nesantya sokucima ukuze kukhutshwe i-butadiene ephezulu.
Unyango lwangaphambi kwe-feedstock, ingakumbi kwii-feedstocks ezizezinye okanye ezihlaziyekayo ezifana ne-bioethanol okanye i-1,3-butanediol, lubandakanya iindlela ze-hydrolysis okanye ze-fermentation. Iindlela ezifana nokuqhuma komphunga okanye unyango lwangaphambi kwe-liquid hot water ziyasetyenziswa kwi-biomass, zidala i-substrate enokubila kunye nokuphucula amazinga okuguqulwa ngokubanzi. Uyilo lwe-reactor luchaphazela la manyathelo: ii-reactors ezininzi zixhasa ubushushu kunye nokudluliselwa kobunzima, ngelixa iinkqubo ze-adiabatic ezininzi ziququzelela ukwandiswa kwenkqubo kunye nokukhetha.
Ukwahlulwa kweGesi, ukuKhutshwa kwePrimary kunye neSecondary
Nje ukuba iqhekezeke, umjelo wegesi eluhlaza ungena kulandelelwano lwamanyathelo okwahlula. Ukwahlula igesi kuqala ngokucima kunye nokwahlula okuphambili ukususa iihydrocarbon ezinzima, emva koko iiyunithi zoxinzelelo zinciphisa umthamo kwaye zinyuse uxinzelelo ukuze kube lula ukuyiphatha. Ukomisa kususa umswakama, okunokuphazamisa ukusebenza kwesinyibilikisi esisezantsi kunye nomgangatho wemveliso.
Ukukhupha okuphambili kusebenzisa izifunxi okanye izinyibilikisi ezikhethiweyo kwiindawo ezinoxinzelelo oluphezulu. Apha, i-butadiene yahlulwe kwezinye iikhompawundi ze-C4 ngokusekelwe kumahluko ekunyibilikeni. Izinyibilikisi ezifana ne-N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), i-dimethylformamide (DMF), okanye ezinye iindlela ezintsha ezizinzileyo ezifana ne-1,2-propylene carbonate (PC) zikhethwa ngenxa yokuqina kwazo kwe-butadiene, ukuzinza, kunye neprofayili yokhuseleko. Isinyibilikisi sinyibilikisa i-butadiene ngokukhetha, emva koko sisuswa kwisinyibilikisi ngumphunga okanye uxinzelelo oluncitshisiweyo.
Ukukhupha okwesibini kwenziwa ukuze kuphuculwe ukubuyiswa, kubanjwe i-butadiene eseleyo kwisigaba samanzi okanye se-solvent esilahlekileyo kwisigaba sokuqala. Le nkqubo inokubandakanya unxibelelwano olongezelelweyo lwe-solvent okanye imisebenzi enzulu yekholamu. Ukubuyiselwa kwe-butadiene okuphuculweyo (ukuya kuthi ga kwi-98%) kunye nobumsulwa (okusondela kwi-99.5%), iiparameter ezifana nomlinganiselo we-solvent-to-feed (ngesiqhelo yi-1.5:1) kunye nomlinganiselo we-reflux (odla ngokuba kufutshane ne-4.2:1) zilungiswa kakuhle. Ukwandisa inani lezigaba zekholamu zethiyori kwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle kokwahlulwa kwamandla ongezelelweyo amancinci. Ukuhlanganiswa kwenethiwekhi zokubuyisa ubushushu phakathi kwamacandelo ekholamu kunokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kwenkqubo iyonke malunga ne-12%.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwamanyathelo okucoca—ukomisa, ukususa iimveliso ezingaphantsi kwe-solvent ezifana ne-acetylenes kunye ne-saturated—kubalulekile ukugcina ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-solvent kunye neenkcukacha zemveliso. Uyilo lwenkqubo oluphambili, olufana nokwahlula iintsika zodonga okanye ii-reboilers eziphakathi ngeempompo zobushushu, lubonakalise ukunciphisa imfuno yamandla (ukuya kuthi ga kwi-55%) kwaye lunciphisa iindleko zokusebenza zizonke ngelixa luqinisa ukusebenza kakuhle kokubuyisela i-butadiene.
Ukucocwa kweMveliso kunye nokuCoca iMveliso
Ukucocwa kwe-extractive yindlela ephambili yokwahlula i-butadiene ecocekileyo kakhulu kwiinxalenye ze-hydrocarbon ze-C4. Kweli nyathelo, i-solvent ekhethiweyo idlala indima ebalulekileyo ngokunyusa kakhulu umahluko wokuguquguquka phakathi kwe-butadiene kunye nokungcola kwayo okubilayo, okwenza kube lula ukwahlukana kwayo ngempumelelo.
Ukukhethwa kwe-solvent kulawulwa ziikhrayitheriya ezahlukeneyo: ukukhetha i-butadiene, ukuzinza kweekhemikhali kunye nobushushu, izinga lokubuyisela kwimeko yesiqhelo, imiba yokusingqongileyo kunye nokhuseleko, kunye neendleko. I-NMP kunye ne-DMF bezisoloko zilawula kodwa ngoku zithathelwa indawo zi-solvents eziluhlaza ezifana ne-1,2-propylene carbonate, ezibonelela ngokusebenza kakuhle kokwahlulwahlulwa, ukungabi natyhefu, kunye nokwamkelwa kolawulo. I-Deep eutectic solvents (DES) nazo zibonisa ithemba, zibonelela ngozinzo kunye nokuphindeka kwakhona ngokupheleleyo ngelixa zigcina ukusebenza okuphezulu kokukhupha.
Izinyibilikisi ziyafunyanwa kwaye ziphinde zisetyenziswe ngeenkqubo zokuhluza kunye nokucoca i-membrane, ezisusa i-tar kunye ne-foulants kwaye zandise ubomi be-solvent. Ukuhlanganiswa kweemodyuli ze-membrane zokususa i-tar kunciphisa ixesha lokungasebenzi kwaye kuxhasa ukusebenza kwe-closed-loop.
Ukucocwa kwemveliso kusebenzisa ukucocwa ngakumbi kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ulandelelwano lwe-hybrid extraction-distillation. Amaqhinga okucoca aphucukileyo, afana nokuhlukaniswa kwezigaba ezininzi okanye iikholamu zokucocwa kwe-cascading, aqinisekisa ukuba ukucoceka kwemveliso ye-butadiene kufikelela okanye kudlule i-99.5%. Ukubeka esweni rhoqo—ngokuqhelekileyo ngezixhobo zokulinganisa ukuxinana okungaphakathi, ezifana neemitha zoxinano kunye ne-viscosity ezivela eLonnmeter—kunceda ukulandelela umxholo we-butadiene kwimisinga kunye nokuphucula ulawulo lwenkqubo. Ezi zixhobo zokulinganisa ukuxinana okungaphakathi zibonelela ngedatha yexesha langempela yokwenza ngcono imveliso ye-butadiene, okwenza abaqhubi bakwazi ukugcina ukucoceka okuphezulu kwemveliso rhoqo kunye nokunciphisa amanqanaba okungcoliswa.
Ukudibanisa ngokufanelekileyo ukhetho lwe-solvent, ukuhlanganiswa kwenkqubo, kunye nokulinganisa okuqhubekayo koxinzelelo lwe-butadiene kubonelela ngenkqubo eqinileyo yokuvelisa i-butadiene ekwaziyo ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezingqongqo zomgangatho kunye nozinzo.
Ukulinganisa Ukugxila Okuphakathi: Imigaqo kunye nokubaluleka
Ukulinganisa uxinaniso oluphakathi kwenkqubo yokuvelisa i-butadiene kukuchonga ngokuthe ngqo nangokuqhubekayo izinto zeekhemikhali ngaphakathi kwenkqubo. Le ndlela ibalulekile ekulawuleni nasekuphuculeni yonke inkqubo yokukhupha i-butadiene, ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kuyo yonke inqanaba elibalulekileyo.
Yintoni Elinganiswayo?
Inkqubo yokukhupha i-butadiene ifuna ukulinganiswa ngokuchanekileyo kwezinto ezininzi. Iinjongo eziphambili ziquka i-butadiene ngokwayo, apho amanqanaba ayo okucoceka kufuneka afikelele okanye adlule i-97% rhoqo, kunye nezinyibilikisi ezifana ne-furfural kunye ne-N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, eziyinxalenye yamanyathelo okukhupha ulwelo-ulwelo kunye nolwesibini. Ukongeza, izixhobo zokulinganisa uxinano olungaphakathi kwe-butadiene zisetyenziselwa ukuchonga nokulandelela izinto ezingcolisayo ezifana nezinye izinto eziphilayo eziguquguqukayo kunye neemveliso eziyingozi—ezihlala ziquka imikhondo efumaneka kwi-propylene streams, okanye kwi-emissions ezivela kwiikholamu zokubuyisa i-solvent. Ukubeka esweni uxinano lwemveliso kunye nokungcola kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kunye nokugcina ukusebenza okufanelekileyo.
Ukulinganisa okungaphakathi kunye nokungasebenzisi intanethi: Iimpembelelo zokusebenza
Ukukhetha phakathi kweendlela zokulinganisa uxinzelelo lwe-butadiene ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwe-intanethi kunemiphumo ebalulekileyo yokusebenza. Izixhobo ezingaphakathi kwe-intanethi—ezifana nee-spectrometer, ii-sensors, kunye neemitha—zifakelwa ngqo kwi-process streams, zibonelela ngedatha esebenzisekayo rhoqo. Le mpendulo yexesha langempela ivumela amanyathelo okulungisa ngokukhawuleza, ulawulo oluqinileyo loxinzelelo lwe-butadiene, kunye nokulungiswa kakuhle kokuhamba kwe-solvent kunye neeparameter zokukhupha. Xa kuthelekiswa, ukulinganisa ngaphandle kwe-intanethi kufuna isampuli ngesandla, ukucutshungulwa kwelebhu, kunye neziphumo ezilibazisekileyo. Amaxesha anjalo okulibaziseka anokunyusa umngcipheko wemveliso engakhange icaciswe, ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwenkqubo, kunye nenkunkuma, njengoko uhlengahlengiso lusebenza endaweni yokuba lusebenze ngokukhawuleza.
Ukulinganisa okungaphakathi ngexesha langempela, kusetyenziswa izixhobo ezifana neemitha zoxinano olungaphakathi okanye iimitha ze-viscosity ezingaphakathi ezivela eLonnmeter, zixhasa iindlela ezilungileyo zokubeka esweni uxinano oluqhubekayo lwe-butadiene. Ezi ndlela zinciphisa kakhulu umngcipheko weempazamo zabantu kunye nongcoliseko lwesampulu, kwaye zikwanceda ulawulo lwenkqubo oluzenzekelayo olubalulekileyo kwizakhiwo ze-petrochemical ezinomthamo ophezulu. Umzekelo, iindlela zokulinganisa uxinano lwegesi olungaphakathi ziye zabonakala zibalulekile kwi-hydrogenation ekhethiweyo, apho impendulo ekhawulezileyo inceda ukuguqula impendulo ukuze kuncitshiswe iimveliso ezingasemva kwaye kugcinwe ubunyulu.
Abahlalutyi boxinzelelo olukwi-inline bahambisa idatha ngemizuzwana, nto leyo evumela ulawulo olusebenzayo. Ukuthatha isampuli ngaphandle kwe-intanethi kunexesha elilibazisekileyo, nto leyo ebeka emngciphekweni ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwenkqubo.
Umgaqo kunye nendima kuLawulo lweNkqubo
Umzekelo, iimodeli zokulinganisa eziqinileyo eziqinisekiswe ngedatha yoxinano oluphakathi kunye ne-viscosity zivumela iinjineli ukuba ziphucule ukusebenza kakuhle kokwahlulwa kunye nomgangatho wemveliso—zinyusa isivuno se-butadiene ngelixa zinciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kunye nesinyibilikisi. Ukulinganisa okuphakathi kukwaxhasa ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho ngokuhlala ujonga iziphumo zomoya kunye nokungcola kwezinto ezingcolisayo, indlela eqinisekiswe ziinethiwekhi zesenzi ezisombululwe ngokwendawo kunye neziphumo ezihlolwe kutshanje ngontanga.
Ngamafutshane, izixhobo zokulinganisa uxinaniso olungaphakathi kwiihydrocarbons—kuquka ezo zakhelwe ngokukodwa i-butadiene—zenza kube nokwenzeka impendulo yokusebenza efunekayo ngokukhawuleza kwimveliso ephezulu, inkunkuma ephantsi, kunye nempembelelo encinci kwindalo esingqongileyo. Olu luhlu lwedatha oluthe ngqo nolungaphazanyiswayo ngoku luthathwa njengolubalulekileyo kwinkqubo yokwenziwa kwe-butadiene, oluxhasa yonke inkqubo yokwenziwa ngcono kokukhupha kunye nokulawula.
Izixhobo zokulinganisa uxinizelelo kunye nezixhobo zokukhupha iButadiene
Ukuphunyezwa kwi-Industrial Butadiene Extraction
Kwinkqubo yokukhupha i-butadiene, izixhobo zibekwe kwiindawo zokuthatha iisampulu ezicwangcisiweyo ukuze kulandelelwe ukuhamba kwezinto kunye notshintsho. Iindawo zokudibanisa eziqhelekileyo ziquka iindawo zokukhupha izixhobo, iindawo zokungena kunye neezantsi zeekholamu zokunyibilikisa, kunye neetanki zokugcina imveliso. Ukubekwa kuqinisekisa ukuba utshintsho lwenkqubo, njengokwakheka kokutya okanye ukusebenza kakuhle kokwahlulwahlulwa, lubonwa ngokukhawuleza.
Iinethiwekhi zokufumana idatha zidlulisela iziphumo kwiinkqubo zolawulo ezisasazwe (i-DCS) okanye ii-programmable logic controllers (i-PLC), zivumela iinjineli zeenkqubo ukuba zijonge izalathisi zokusebenza eziphambili kunye nemida ye-alamu. Iimitha ze-Lonnmeter inline density kunye ne-viscosity zidityaniswa kwezi zakhiwo ngeenkqubo ze-industrial-standard (i-Modbus, i-Ethernet/IP), ezixhasa ukuloga kwedatha ngokuzenzekelayo kunye nokuthambekela.
Izixhobo zokulinganisa uxinzelelo eziqinisekisiweyo nezilinganisiweyo zidlala indima ephambili ekujongeni inkqubo. Ukulinganisa rhoqo ngokwemigangatho yesalathiso eqinisekisiweyo okanye iindlela zelebhu ezinxulumeneyo, ezifana ne-on-line gel permeation chromatography, kuqinisekisa ukuchaneka kokulinganisa, kuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kwizigqibo zolawulo lwenkqubo.
Unxibelelwano oluthe ngqo lweendlela zokulinganisa uxinano lwe-butadiene ezikwi-inline kunye namaqonga okwenziwa kwezinto ngokuzenzekelayo luvelisa iingenelo ezibonakalayo. Ukuzinza kwemveliso kuyaphucuka njengoko ukuphambuka kubonwa ngoko nangoko, ukuveliswa kwenkunkuma kunye nokuveliswa kwemveliso engacwangciswanga kuyancitshiswa, kwaye isivuno senkqubo siyaphuculwa ngokuvumela amanyathelo okulungisa ngexesha elifanelekileyo. Le ndlela ixhasa imisebenzi eqhelekileyo kunye nokuphuculwa kwenkqubo, ukubeka izixhobo zokukhupha i-butadiene ukuze zisebenze kakuhle kwaye zikhuseleke.
Ukuphucula Inkqubo Ukulinganisa Ukugxila Okuphakathi
Ukulinganisa uxinaniso olungaphakathi ngexesha langempela kudala umqolo wokwenziwa ngcono kwenkqubo kwinkqubo yokwenziwa kwe-butadiene. Ngokubamba nokuthumela idatha eqhubekayo kumanqanaba e-butadiene kunye ne-solvent, izixhobo ezifana ne-Lonnmeter inline density kunye ne-viscosity metres zibonelela ngegalelo elibalulekileyo lokwenza ngcono okusekwe kwimodeli kunye namaqhinga olawulo oluphambili. Ukuhlanganiswa kwezi mithombo zedatha kumaqonga okulinganisa kwenza ukuba kwenziwe izigqibo ezinolwazi kunye nokulungiswa kakuhle kweeparamitha zokukhupha, kunciphisa ukuphazamiseka kwenkqubo kunye nokuguquguquka.
Xa iiprofayili zoxinzelelo ezichanekileyo, zexesha langempela zifakwa kwiilophu zolawulo—ingakumbi kwinkqubo yokukhupha i-butadiene kunye nenkqubo yokukhupha yesibini—iimodeli eziguquguqukayo zinokulungisa ii-solvent-to-feed ratios, amazinga e-reflux, kunye nokusebenza kwekholamu ngokuchanekileyo okukhulu. Umzekelo, izifundo zokulinganisa ziqinisekisa ukuba isivuno se-butadiene siyanda ngokuvumela ukulungiswa kwempendulo yokuhamba kwe-solvent kunye nobushushu bokukhupha ngokukhawuleza xa kufunyenwe ukuphambuka, endaweni yokuba emva kwexesha elithile, leesampulu zebatch. Oku kuvumela iikholamu zokukhupha ukuba zisebenze kufutshane nokulingana kwesigaba esifanelekileyo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba ubumsulwa bemveliso ekujoliswe kuyo budlula rhoqo i-99%—uphuculo olukhulu kuneendlela ezenziwe ngesandla okanye ezingaxhunyiwe kwi-intanethi.
Eli nqanaba liphezulu lolawulo lwenkqubo linciphisa ngokuthe ngqo ukusetyenziswa kwamandla. Ukukwazi ukubamba inqanaba ngalinye lokunyibilikisa okanye lokukhupha kwindawo yalo "emnandi" - ekhokelwa luxinzelelo olulinganisiweyo kunye neempawu zomzimba - kuthintela ukusebenza kakhulu (okuchitha umphunga kunye namandla ombane) kunye nokusebenza kakubi (okukhokelela ekuhlukaniseni okungaphelelanga, imijikelo yokuphinda kusetyenzwe, kunye nokusetyenziswa okugqithisileyo kwesinyibilikisi). Amatyala apapashiweyo abonisa ukonga kwamandla ukusuka kwi-12% ukuya kwi-30% xa ulawulo oluqhutywa luxinzelelo oluphakathi ludibaniswa nokuhlanganiswa kwepompo yobushushu okanye amaqhinga okufudumeza aphakathi. Umzekelo, umsebenzi ophantsi kakhulu we-reboiler ubonakaliswe kwiikholamu zokunyibilikisa ezikhupha i-butadiene, nto leyo ebangela ukonga okukhulu kweendleko kunye nokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwe-CO₂.
Ukuphucula ukubuyiswa kwe-solvent yenye inzuzo enkulu. Izixhobo zokulinganisa uxinano olungaphakathi kwi-hydrocarbons zivumela ukujonga ngokuqhubekekayo umthwalo we-solvent ezantsi nasemifuleni ephezulu. Ngokuchonga uxinano olulandelelanayo lwe-solvent, abaqhubi banokulungisa ngokuguquguqukayo ukubuya kunye nokucoca ukuhamba, bafumane i-solvent engaphezulu ngaphambi kokuba ilahleke ibe yinkunkuma okanye ikhuphe ukungcola. Iindlela ze-hybrid ezisebenzisa iintsika zodonga ezahlulahlulayo kunye nokwahlulwa okuncediswa yi-membrane, ezilandelwa ngexesha langempela ngezixhobo zokulinganisa uxinano lwegesi olungaphakathi, zikhokelele ekuncipheni kweemfuno zokufudumeza zangaphandle ukuya kuthi ga kwi-80% kunye nokwanda kokusebenza kokubuyisela ngokubanzi.
Ukwandisa isivuno kunye nokunciphisa ukungcola kuxhomekeke kwimpendulo eqinileyo evunyelwe kukulinganiswa koxinzelelo lwe-butadiene olukwi-inline. Ukuze kuphuculwe imveliso ye-butadiene, inqanaba ngalinye ukusuka ekulungisweni kokutya ukuya ekuhlukanisweni kwemveliso yokugqibela liyachaphazeleka. Idatha elinganisiweyo ivumela ukujonga rhoqo uxinzelelo lwe-butadiene, ngoko ke uhlengahlengiso lunokwenziwa kwiinkqubo zeparameters ukuze kukhethwe kakhulu ukusabela okanye iimeko zokwahlula. Umzekelo, ukuphucula ukucoca okukhutshiweyo kusetyenziswa idatha evela kwizixhobo zokulinganisa uxinzelelo olukwi-inline ze-butadiene kuxhase ityala elipapashiweyo apho ukubuyiselwa kwe-butadiene engama-98% kunye nobunyulu obungama-99.5% kufikelelwe phantsi kweemeko zokusebenza eziguquguqukayo.
Ngaphezu koko, ukulinganiswa koxinzelelo oluhambelanayo kunempembelelo ephawulekayo kwiindleko zokusebenza kunye nomgangatho wemveliso. Ngokunciphisa ukuphindaphindwa kokuthathwa kweesampuli ngesandla kunye neziganeko zemveliso ezingaqhelekanga, izibonelelo zigcina abasebenzi, izinto eziluhlaza, kunye nokulahlwa kwenkunkuma. Ulawulo oluqinileyo lwempendulo lunciphisa inani lokuphazamiseka kwenkqubo kunye neziganeko zexesha lokungasebenzi. Umgangatho wemveliso uxhamla kwimveliso ehambelanayo kunye namanqanaba okungcola ancitshisiweyo, okuphucula ukuzithemba kwabathengi kunye nokuthobela imithetho. Ukulandelela ngokuchanekileyo koxinzelelo lwe-hydrocarbon kunciphisa ngokuthe ngqo ukuguquguquka kwamanqanaba, okukhokelela ekungalahlini kwebhetshi kunye nokuthengiswa okuphuculweyo.
Kwiinkqubo ezisebenzisa amandla amaninzi njengokwenziwa kwe-butadiene, ukuphuculwa ngakunye kokulawula kuvelisa inzuzo enkulu. Iindlela zokulinganisa uxinzelelo lwe-butadiene ezikwi-inline zihlala zibalulekile ekufezekiseni ulungelelwaniso olufanelekileyo phakathi kwesivuno, amandla, kunye neendleko. Izixhobo zeLonnmeter, ezigxile ekufumaneni uxinano kunye ne-viscosity, zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kule ndlela yokuphucula eqhubekayo yokwandisa isivuno se-butadiene, ukubuyiswa kwe-solvent, kunye nomgangatho wemveliso, ngelixa zinciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kunye nokungcola.
Izinto ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe kuQinisekiso loMgangatho kunye nokuZinza
Ukubeka iliso rhoqo kuxinzelelo lwe-butadiene kuxhasa uqinisekiso lomgangatho kwinkqubo yokukhupha i-butadiene. Izixhobo zokulinganisa uxinzelelo lwegesi ezikwi-intanethi ezidityaniswe ngqo kumjelo wenkqubo—ezifana nezo zihambelana ne-ASTM D2593-23—zibonelela ngedatha yexesha langempela ebalulekileyo ekugcineni ubunyulu bemveliso ekujoliswe kuyo kunye nokuthobela imithetho. Ngokubonelela ngomlinganiselo ongaphazanyiswayo, ezi nkqubo zikhusela ukunamathela kwiinkcukacha ezingqongqo zobunyulu kunye nokungcola ezichazwe kwi-polymerization-grade 1,3-butadiene.
Umzekelo, ukujonga okuqhubekayo kunika umlinganiselo okhawulezileyo wokungcola kwe-butadiene kunye ne-hydrocarbon, kubamba utshintsho olukhawulezileyo lwenkqubo olunokuthi lungaphoswa luhlalutyo lwendabuko olungaxhunyiwe kwi-intanethi. Oku kwenza ukuba kuthathwe amanyathelo okulungisa ngokukhawuleza, kuncitshiswe iziganeko ezingaphandle kwe-spec yemveliso kunye nokwaphulwa kwemithetho. Ukuhlanganiswa nemigaqo yokulawula inkqubo yezibalo (i-SPC) kuguqula ukulinganisa kwexesha langempela kube bubukrelekrele obusebenzayo, kunciphisa umahluko kunye nokugcina ukuhambelana kwe-batch-to-batch kwinkqubo yokukhupha ephambili neyesibini kwimveliso ye-butadiene.
Ngokwembono yokuzinza, izixhobo zokulinganisa uxinano lwe-butadiene ezikwi-inline nazo zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekunciphiseni ukukhutshwa kwe-emissions kunye nokulahleka kwe-solvent. Kwinkqubo yokuvelisa i-butadiene, iiyunithi zokukhupha ezisekwe kwi-solvent zisengozini yokulahlekelwa yi-evaporation kunye ne-emissions ezibalekayo, ezihlelwe njenge-VOCs. Ukulinganiswa kwe-inline kuvumela ukulungiswa kwangoko kwiiparameter zokusebenza, kunciphisa ithuba lokukhupha kakhulu okanye ukuchithwa kwe-solvent. Umzekelo, ukulinganiswa koxinano oluqhubekayo ngezixhobo ezifana nezo zenziwe yiLonnmeter kwenza kube lula ukubona ngokuchanekileyo uxinano lwe-solvent kunye nemida yesigaba senkqubo. Idatha yoxinano olukhawulezayo noluchanekileyo luqhuba ukwenziwa ngcono kwexesha langempela kokusetyenziswa kwakhona kwe-solvent, ukunciphisa ngokuthe ngqo impembelelo yokusingqongileyo kunye nokulungelelanisa imisebenzi nemigangatho yokukhupha ye-VOC eguqukayo.
Ukugcina ulawulo olufanelekileyo lwenkqubo ngokusebenzisa idatha yexesha langempela kukwaxhasa iinjongo ezibanzi zokuthobela ukusingqongileyo. Iindlela zokulinganisa uxinano lwegesi ezikwi-inline azinciphisi nje kuphela umngcipheko wokukhutshwa kwe-VOC ngengozi kodwa zikwaqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa okuqhubekayo kwimida yokuvezwa emsebenzini kunye neemfuno zemvume yokusingqongileyo.
Ukhuseleko lwenkqubo luqiniswa kakhulu ngokufunyaniswa kwangoko kweemeko ezingaqhelekanga. Umzekelo, ukunyuka ngequbuliso koxinzelelo lwe-butadiene—okubangelwa kukungasebenzi kakuhle kwevalvu okanye ukuphuhla kwe-solvent—kunokuchongwa kwimizuzwana embalwa ngabahlalutyi abakwimigca emide, okuvumela impendulo ekhawulezileyo yomqhubi. Oku kwahluke kakhulu kwisaziso esilibazisekileyo esivela kwi-batch sampling kunye nokuguqulwa kwelebhu. Ngaphezu koko, ukulinganisa okuzenzekelayo kwemigca emide kunciphisa ukuphindaphindeka kunye nemfuneko yokuthathwa kwesampuli ngesandla kwiindawo ezinobungozi, kunciphisa ukuvezwa ngqo kwabasebenzi kwiihydrocarbons ezinobuthi kwinkqubo yokukhupha i-butadiene.
Izixhobo zokulinganisa uxinaniso olukwi-inline ngexesha langempela ze-butadiene azigcini nje ngokuphucula imveliso kwaye ziqinisekisa umgangatho wemveliso kodwa zikwasebenza ngokuthe ngqo njengezixhobo ezilungileyo zokulinganisa uxinaniso lwe-butadiene ngokuxhasa iinjongo zozinzo, ukhuseleko lwenkqubo, kunye nokunciphisa uxanduva lokusingqongileyo. Njengoko iimfuno zomthetho kunye nabathengi ziba nzima ngakumbi, ezi zakhono ziphambili ekuqhubekeni phambili kokuphucula imveliso ye-butadiene.
Imibuzo ebuzwa qho
Iyintoni inkqubo yokukhupha i-butadiene?
Inkqubo yokukhupha i-butadiene igxile ekuhlukaniseni nasekucoceni i-butadiene kwimixube ye-hydrocarbon, edla ngokuvela ekuqhekekeni komphunga we-naphtha okanye ezinye izitya zokutya. Ukucoca ngokususa kunye nokukhupha okusekwe kwi-solvent zezona ndlela ziphambili ezisetyenziswayo. Ezi ndlela zixhomekeke kwi-solvents ezifana ne-dimethylformamide (DMF), i-N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), okanye ngakumbi, i-solvents ezikhethwayo kwindalo efana ne-1,2-propylene carbonate (PC), ezifezekisa ukusebenza kakuhle kokwahlulwahlulwa ngelixa zixhasa iinjongo zozinzo. Ukulinganisa inkqubo ye-thermodynamic kukhokela ukukhethwa kweemeko ezifanelekileyo, kunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kunye nokwandisa ubumsulwa kunye nesivuno se-butadiene. Amanyathelo okucoca okwesibini, kubandakanya ukuphinda kusetyenziswe i-solvent esekelwe kwi-membrane, kuqinisa ukuthembeka kokusebenza kwexesha elide kwaye kwandise umjikelo wobomi be-solvent ngokususa ukungcola okuqokelelene kwi-extraction loop. Ukusetyenziswa kokwenziwa ngcono kwenkqubo esekelwe kwimodeli kunokubangela isivuno esifikelela kwi-98% kunye nokucoca imveliso ngaphezulu kwe-99.5%, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla okuncitshisiweyo ngokuhlanganiswa kobushushu obucwangcisiweyo kunye nolawulo lwe-solvent.
Ukulinganiswa koxinzelelo oluphakathi kuyinceda njani inkqubo yokwenziwa kwe-butadiene?
Ukulinganisa uxinaniso olungaphakathi kuphucula kakhulu ulawulo lwenkqubo yokuvelisa i-butadiene. Iisensors ezifakwe ngqo kumjelo wenkqubo zibonelela ngedatha eqhubekayo, yexesha langempela kumanqanaba e-butadiene. Oku kukhawulezisa iimpendulo kwiindlela zokuphambuka kwenkqubo, kunciphisa ukulahleka kwezinto kunye nokuphucula isivuno. I-feedback loop ekhawulezileyo enikwe amandla zizixhobo ezingaphakathi ivumela abaqhubi ukuba balungise iimeko-ezifana nobushushu, ii-solvent ratios, kunye neeparamitha ze-distillation-ngesantya, ukukhusela umgangatho wemveliso kunye nokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla. Ukubeka esweni okungaphakathi kunciphisa isidingo sokufumana iisampulu ngesandla kunye nohlalutyo lwelabhoratri olubizayo, kuxhasa ukuthotyelwa kwemigangatho yolawulo yokuvezwa kwe-butadiene ngelixa kukhuthaza iindawo zokusebenza ezikhuselekileyo. Eli cebo libalulekile apho ukuguquguquka kunye nohlobo oluyingozi lwe-butadiene kufuna ulawulo oluchanekileyo nolukhawulezayo ukunciphisa umngcipheko kunye nokuhlangabezana nemigangatho yemizi-mveliso yobumsulwa kunye nokhuseleko.
Zeziphi iintlobo zezixhobo zokulinganisa uxinzelelo ezisetyenziswa ekutsaleni i-butadiene?
Izixhobo zokulinganisa uxinzelelo eziqhelekileyo zokukhupha i-butadiene ziquka ii-analyzers ezikufutshane ne-infrared (NIR), ii-mass spectrometers (MS), kunye nee-gas chromatographs (GC). Ii-NIR analyzers zivumela ukulinganiswa okukhawulezileyo, okungenakutshabalalisa kwi-complex hydrocarbon matrices, zisebenzisa iimodeli ze-chemometric kunye nokulungiswa okuncinci kwesampuli. Ii-gas chromatographs—ezihlala zidibene ne-mass spectrometry—zivumela ukwahlukana okuneenkcukacha kunye nokuchongwa kwe-butadiene kwi-volatible organic mixtures. Ezi zibonelela ngokukhetha okuphezulu kunye nobuntununtunu, okubalulekileyo ekuthobeleni nasekuphuculeni inkqubo. Ukongeza, ii-VOC analyzers ezizinikeleyo zisebenzisa itekhnoloji yokuchonga ekhethiweyo, njengezibane ze-ultraviolet (UV) ezidityaniswe neetyhubhu zokucoca, ukubonelela ngokubekwa kweliso koxinzelelo okuqhubekayo nokungaphazanyiswa. Ezi zixhobo zikhethwa ngenxa yokusebenza kwazo okuqinileyo phantsi kweemeko eziguquguqukayo kunye neziphumo zazo ezihambelanayo nezithembekileyo, ezixhasa zombini ukuhamba komsebenzi kwezityalo rhoqo kunye neemfuno zomthetho.
Kutheni ukukhupha okwesibini kubalulekile kwimveliso ye-butadiene?
Ukukhupha okwesibini kubalulekile kwimveliso ye-butadiene ukuze kuphuculwe ukubuyiswa kwayo kunye nokunciphisa ilahleko yemveliso. Emva kokukhupha kokuqala, imijelo eseleyo isenezixa ezinokufumaneka ze-butadiene. Ukuzilungisa ngezixa ezongezelelweyo ze-solvent okanye amanyathelo okunyibilikisa kunyusa isivuno kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ngokubanzi. Imodeli echanekileyo yokuqikelela—ukusebenzisa iindlela ezifana ne-NRTL-RK okanye i-COSMO-RS—inceda ekumiseleni indibaniselwano efanelekileyo ye-solvent, ubushushu, kunye nomlinganiselo we-reflux wokukhupha okwesibini, ukufezekisa ukucoca okujoliswe kuko okufunekayo kwizicelo zoshishino. Ukusebenzisa ukukhupha okwesibini kunciphisa inkunkuma kwaye kunegalelo kuqoqosho lwenkqubo oluhle, kuxhasa ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho kunye neenjongo zokuzinza ngokuphucula ukusetyenziswa kwe-feedstock kunye ne-solvents ngelixa kunciphisa amandla kunye neemfuno zombane kunye nombane.
Zeziphi iingxaki ezikhoyo ekulinganisweni koxinzelelo kwiinkqubo ze-butadiene?
Ukulinganiswa koxinzelelo kwiinkqubo ze-butadiene kujongana nemingeni emininzi yobuchwephesha kunye nokusebenza. Umxube ontsonkothileyo wee-hydrocarbons, odibene nokuguquguquka kwe-butadiene kunye nesifo somhlaza, ufuna izixhobo ezinobungcali obuphezulu kunye novakalelo—ngokuqhelekileyo kumanqanaba e-sub-ppm. Ukuchaneka kokulinganisa kufuneka kugcinwe njengoko iimeko zenkqubo zitshintsha; ubushushu, uxinzelelo, kunye nokutshintsha komswakama kunokuchaphazela ukufundwa kwe-sensor kunye nokuzinza. Indawo yemizi-mveliso iveza izixhobo zokulinganisa kwiikhemikhali ezixineneyo nezomzimba, ezifuna uyilo oluqinileyo kunye nokuhlolwa rhoqo komgangatho. Ukujongana nokuphazamiseka okuvela kwiikhompawundi ezihlala kunye kumsinga womphunga—njenge-benzene kunye nezinye iintlobo ze-C4—kubalulekile ekulinganisweni okuthembekileyo. Iindlela ezilungileyo ziquka iindlela zokulinganisa rhoqo, ukukhethwa kwee-detectors ezinokuchasana nokungcola, kunye nokuhlanganiswa kwezixhobo zokulinganisa ezingaphakathi ezinokumelana nobunzima bokusebenza ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa kukuchaneka okanye ukuthembeka kokulinganisa. Ezi zisombululo zidibeneyo zivumela ukujonga okuqhubekayo koxinzelelo lwe-butadiene kunye nokwenza ngcono imveliso ngelixa kuqinisekiswa ukhuseleko lwabasebenzi kunye nokuthotyelwa kwenkqubo.
Ixesha leposi: Disemba-16-2025
