Isishwankathelo sokuNcitshiswa kweChrome kwiMishini yokuCola amanzi amdaka
I-Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) sisingcolisi esibalulekileyo kwinkqubo yokufakelwa kwe-electroplating kwimizi-mveliso. Ingeniswa ikakhulu ngeebhafu ze-chromic acid kunye namanyathelo okugqiba umphezulu osekelwe kwi-chromate. Amanzi amdaka aphumayo anokuba noxinzelelo lwe-Cr(VI) oluqala kumashumi ukuya kumakhulu eemiligrami ngelitha, olungaphezulu kakhulu kwemida yokukhupha emiselweyo kwihlabathi liphela.
I-Cr(VI) iyanyibilika kakhulu, ihlala ihleli kwiindawo zasemanzini, kwaye ihlelwa njenge-Group 1 carcinogen. Iingozi zempilo yabantu ziquka ukuvaleka kwesikhumba, izilonda zezilonda, iingxaki zokuphefumla, utshintsho lwemfuza, kunye nokwanda kwamathuba omhlaza. Ngokwendalo, i-Cr(VI) iphazamisa umsebenzi wee-enzyme kwizityalo kwaye inetyhefu kwizinto eziphilayo zasemanzini xa ifikelela kwi-0.05 mg/L. Ukuhambahamba kwayo kwenza ukuba ifudukele emhlabeni nasemanzini angaphantsi komhlaba, nto leyo ebangela ungcoliseko oluqhubekayo nolubanzi.
Ngenxa yobuthi beCr(VI) kunye nobunzima bokulawula, inkqubo yokunciphisa i-chrome linyathelo elibalulekileyo ekusetyenzisweni kwamanzi amdaka nge-electroplating. Le nkqubo ibandakanya ukuguqula i-Cr(VI) enetyhefu ibe yi-trivalent chromium (Cr(III) ngamakhemikhali, engengozi kangako kwaye inokususwa ngokukhuselekileyo. Isisombululo se-sodium bisulfite sisixhobo sokunciphisa esisetyenziswa rhoqo, apho uxinzelelo lwaso olusebenzayo lujongwa ukuze lusebenze kakuhle. Ukulinganisa ngokuchanekileyo kufezekiswa ngokulinganisa uxinano lwe-sodium bisulfite olumanzi; ukulinganisa uxinano olungaphakathi, kusetyenziswa ubuchwepheshe obufana neemitha zoxinano olujikelezayo, kuqinisekisa ulawulo oluchanekileyo lwenkqubo kwaye kunciphisa inkunkuma yamakhemikhali.
Ukuthobela imiqathango yendalo kwizibonelelo ze-electroplating kufuna ukuncitshiswa okuqhubekayo kwe-hexavalent chromium ukuya ngaphantsi kwemida esemthethweni ngaphambi kokuba kukhutshwe amanzi amdaka. Imigaqo evela kwi-US EPA kunye ne-EU idla ngokuthintela uxinaniso lwe-Cr(VI) oluvumelekileyo ukuya ngaphantsi kwe-0.05 mg/L kwi-dfluid. Ukuthotyelwa kwale migangatho kufuna ukujonga i-ion ye-chromium ngexesha langempela, ukulinganiswa koxinano oluzenzekelayo, kunye nemisebenzi yonyango eqinileyo. Ukulinganiswa koxinano oluqhubekayo kwi-inline kwiisekethe ze-electroplating kubalulekile, njengoko uxinaniso olungafanelekanga lwe-bisulfite okanye ukuncipha okungaphelelanga kushiya amanqanaba e-Cr(VI) ngaphezulu kwemida yokuthobela, okukhokelela kuxanduva lokusingqongileyo kunye nezohlwayo ezinokubakho zolawulo.
Iindlela zokulawula inkunkuma nge-electroplating ziyanda ngokubandakanya izixhobo zokubeka esweni ezivela kubavelisi abanjengoLonnmeter, abagxile kwiimitha zoxinano olungaphakathi. Ezi zixhobo zibonelela ngedatha ezenzekelayo yexesha langempela yokubeka esweni uxinano lwe-sodium bisulfite kwaye zenze kube lula ukulawula inkqubo yokunciphisa i-chrome.ukuxinanakwayeuxinanoUkubeka iliso kunciphisa umngcipheko, kuphucula ukhuseleko lokusebenza, kwaye kufezekisa ukuthotyelwa okungqongqo kokukhutshwa kwamanzi amdaka. Oku kusisiseko solawulo lwanamhlanje longcoliseko lwe-chromium olune-hexavalent kunye nonyango lwamanzi amdaka lwe-chromium kwiimeko zoshishino.
Unyango lwamanzi amdaka lwe-Chrome Plating
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Ukuguqulwa kweekhemikhali: I-Hexavalent ukuya kwi-Trivalent Chromium
Indlela kunye neKhemistri
Ukuguqula i-hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) ibe yi-trivalent chromium (Cr(III)) linyathelo elibalulekileyo kwinkqubo yokunciphisa i-chrome kwinkqubo yokufakelwa kwe-electroplating kwimizi-mveliso kunye nonyango lwamanzi amdaka nge-electroplating. Isisombululo se-sodium bisulfite kunye ne-sodium bisulfite engamanzi ziiarhente zokunciphisa eziqhelekileyo ezisetyenziselwa ukususa i-hexavalent chromium, enobuthi obukhulu, enyibilikayo, kwaye ehambahambayo, emanzini amdaka enkqubo. Ukunciphisa kwenzeka ikakhulu phantsi kweemeko ze-asidi, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwi-pH ephantsi (<4).
I-sodium bisulfite ikhethwa ngaphezu kwe-sulfur dioxide kuba kulula ukuyiphatha, ayifuni iinkqubo ezixinzelelweyo, kwaye ifanelekile ngakumbi kulawulo lokulinganisa kakuhle. I-Sulfur dioxide iyasebenza njengearhente yokunciphisa; nangona kunjalo, inika imingeni yokusingatha ngenxa yemeko yayo yegesi kunye nobutyhefu. Kwizifundo zelebhu kunye nezemizi-mveliso, i-sodium bisulfite ifikelela ekususweni kwe-Cr(VI) rhoqo nangokufanelekileyo, inikwe ulawulo oluchanekileyo lwe-pH kunye nomthamo, ngelixa i-sulfur dioxide inokubonelela ngamanqanaba okunciphisa afanayo kodwa kunye neemfuno ezongezelelweyo zokusebenza kunye nokhuseleko.
Ukusebenza kokunciphisa kuxhomekeke kakhulu kwi-pH. I-pH ephakathi kwe-2-3 yeyona ifanelekileyo ukwandisa isantya kunye nokuphelela kokuguqulwa kwe-Cr(VI) kunye nokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kakhulu kwe-bisulfite kunye nokwakheka kwe-sulfate yesibini. Njengoko i-pH inyuka ngaphezulu kwe-4, izinga lokuphendula kunye nokusebenza kakuhle liyehla kakhulu, okubangela ukuncipha okungaphelelanga kunye neendleko eziphezulu zeekhemikhali. Ke ngoko, ukulinganisa uxinano olungaphakathi kunye netekhnoloji yemitha yoxinano olujikelezayo, efana neyenziwe yiLonnmeter, isetyenziswa ngakumbi ekujongeni uxinano lwe-sodium bisulfite ngexesha langempela, ukuqinisekisa ukuba uxinano oluchanekileyo lwe-reagent longezwa ukuhlangabezana neethagethi zokususa i-chromium ene-hexavalent ngelixa kulungiswa iindleko kunye nokunciphisa inkunkuma.
Ukubeka iliso kuxinzelelo lwe-sodium bisulfite kukwavumela uhlengahlengiso lwesantya sokutya kwaye kunciphisa ukusetyenziswa ngokugqithisileyo, nto leyo ibalulekileyo ekugcineni ukuthobela ukukhutshwa kwamanzi amdaka kunye nokunciphisa umthwalo wemijelo yamanzi amdaka etyebileyo kwi-sulfate.
Ukuna kunye nokususwa
Xa i-hexavalent chromium incitshiswe ngokweekhemikhali ibe yi-trivalent chromium, inyathelo elilandelayo kukuwa kwemvula. I-Cr(III) yenza i-chromium hydroxide enganyibilikiyo xa i-pH yesisombululo iphakanyisiwe, ngesiqhelo ngokongeza i-alkali efana ne-sodium hydroxide.
Ukuna kwemvula okusebenzayo kufuna ulawulo olucokisekileyo lwe-pH. I-pH efanelekileyo yokuna kwe-chromium hydroxide idla ngokuba phakathi kwe-7.5 ukuya kwi-9.0. Ukuba i-pH iphantsi kakhulu, i-hydroxide ayizukubakho okanye iya kuphinda inyibilike; ukuba i-pH iphezulu kakhulu, ukunyibilika kwe-amphoteric kunokwenzeka, okukhokelela ekwandeni kwe-chromium kwisisombululo. Ukuxinana kwe-chromium ye-trivalent kukwachaphazela ukwakheka kwamasuntswana kunye nokuzinza; ukuxinana okuphezulu kwe-Cr(III) kukhuthaza ukukhula kwamasuntswana okuqinileyo, kuphucula iipropati zodaka kunye nokulula kokuhlukana.
Ukuze kulawulwe kakuhle udaka ekulawuleni inkunkuma nge-electroplating, ukwahlula i-chromium hydroxide precipitate ngokufanelekileyo kubalulekile. Iindlela ezinje ngokutsalwa kwe-gravity sedimentation, ukucacisa, kunye nokuhluza ziyasetyenziswa. Iindlela ezilungileyo ziquka ukugcina i-pH ehambelanayo, ukuphucula ukongeza kwe-flocculant, kunye nokusebenzisa ukulinganisa uxinano oluzenzekelayo ukujonga ukuhambelana kodaka, okuhambelana nokuthobela imithetho kunye nokuzinza kwenkqubo kunyango lwamanzi amdaka lwe-chromium.
Ukulinganisa uxinano oluphakathi kwe-electroplating, kusetyenziswa izixhobo ezinjeiimitha zoxinano ezijikelezayo(umgaqo we-density meter oscillation), unika abaqhubi ingxelo yexesha langempela malunga nomxholo wezinto eziqinileyo kwaye unceda ekuhlengahlengisweni kwenkqubo ukuqinisekisa ukususwa kodaka ngokufanelekileyo ngaphandle kwamanzi amaninzi okanye ii-ion ze-chromium ezingancitshiswanga. Ukwahlulwahlulwa kunye nokuphathwa ngokufanelekileyo kwe-precipitate kunciphisa ungcoliseko lwesibini kwaye kunceda ukufezekisa ukuthotyelwa okungqongqo kwendalo kwizibonelelo ze-electroplating.
Ngamafutshane, ukudityaniswa kokusetyenziswa ngokuchanekileyo kwe-sodium bisulfite kwi-electroplating, ulawulo oluqinileyo lwe-pH, kunye nokubeka esweni inkqubo ngexesha langempela-okuququzelelwa zizixhobo eziphambili ezifana nezo zivela eLonnmeter-kwakha umqolo weendlela zanamhlanje zokunciphisa i-chromium kwi-electroplating kwaye kuqinisekisa imisebenzi yonyango lwamanzi amdaka ekhuselekileyo nehambelanayo.
Ulawulo lweNkqubo kunye neZixhobo
Iiparamitha zokubeka esweni ezibalulekileyo
Ukubeka esweni rhoqo ukunciphisa i-hexavalent chromium kubalulekile ekuthobeleni inkqubo ye-electroplating yemizi-mveliso kunye nokukhuselwa kokusingqongileyo. Iiparameter eziphambili zokusebenza ziquka i-pH, amandla okunciphisa i-oxidation (ORP), kunye noxinzelelo lwe-chromium ion. Ukugcina i-pH ngaphakathi koluhlu olufanelekileyo lwe-2.0–3.0 kwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle kokunciphisa i-hexavalent chromium kwaye kuvumela ulawulo oluchanekileyo malunga notshintsho kwi-trivalent chromium, ukunciphisa umngcipheko wongcoliseko kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho ekuthobeleni ukukhutshelwa kwamanzi amdaka.
Ukubeka iliso kwi-ORP kunika impendulo ekhawulezileyo kwimeko ye-redox, isebenza njengesalathisi sokuqala sokususwa kwe-chromium engaphelelanga. Ii-electrode zegolide, ezithandwa ngenxa yokungangeni kakuhle kweekhemikhali kunye nokuzinza kwazo, zibonelela ngokusebenza okuphezulu kwi-matrices zamanzi amdaka afunekayo. Ngokungafaniyo nezinye iintsimbi, igolide iyamelana nokungcoliswa kwaye igcina imiqondiso echanekileyo ye-ORP, ingakumbi apho ubuninzi be-chloride, iintsimbi ezinzima, okanye ungcoliseko lwezinto eziphilayo beziya kuphazamisa ezinye izinto ze-electrode. Umzekelo, ngexesha leenkqubo zokunciphisa i-chrome ephezulu, ii-electrode zegolide zigcina ulungelelwaniso kwimisebenzi ende kwaye zibonelela ngeziphumo eziphindaphindwayo nangona ziphantsi kwemithwalo yeekhemikhali eguquguqukayo.
Ukubeka iliso kwi-ion ye-chromium, okwenziwa ngabahlalutyi bexesha langempela, kulinganisa inkqubela yokunciphisa kwaye kuqinisekisa ukuguqulwa okupheleleyo. Eli nyathelo libaluleke kakhulu njengoko i-chromium ene-hexavalent ehlala ixesha elide ibangela umngcipheko omkhulu kwimpilo kunye nokuthobela imithetho ekuphathweni nasekulawulweni kwamanzi amdaka nge-electroplating.
Izixhobo zokulinganisa ezingaphakathi kunye nezizenzekelayo
Ukubeka iliso elichanekileyo loxinzelelo lwe-sodium bisulfite kubalulekile ekulawuleni inkqubo yokunciphisa, njengoko i-sodium bisulfite isetyenziswa rhoqo njenge-arhente yokunciphisa ukususwa kwe-chromium ene-hexavalent. Umlinganiselo we-sodium bisulfite engamanzi kufuneka uhambelane nomthwalo ongcolisayo, nto leyo eyenza ukuba umlinganiselo woxinano olungaphakathi ube yimfuneko kunyango lwamanzi amdaka kwimizi-mveliso.
Imitha yoxinano olujikelezayo inika umlinganiselo ozenzekelayo nowe-inline ngokumisela uxinano lwesisombululo ngokusebenzisa umgaqo woxinano lwemitha yoxinano. Njengoko uxinano lwesisombululo se-sodium bisulfite luhambelana ngokuthe ngqo noxinano, ezi zixhobo zibonelela ngomlinganiselo oqhubekayo, ongangeneleliyo. Umzekelo, iimitha zoxinano olujikelezayo zeLonnmeter ngokufanelekileyoutshintsho loxinano lomkhondo, okwenza kube lula uhlengahlengiso olukhawulezileyo lwedosi ukuze kuphuculwe ukusetyenziswa kwe-sodium bisulfite kwiimeko ze-electroplating.
Iimitha zoxinano zanamhlanje, kuquka nezo zivela eLonnmeter, zikhupha isignali eqhelekileyo ye-4–20 mA, nto leyo evumela ukuhlanganiswa okungenamthungo neenkqubo zolawulo lwenkqubo ezenzekelayo. Xa zidityaniswe nezixhobo ze-pH kunye ne-ORP, zenza indlela yokuphendula evaliweyo. Le nkqubo ilungisa imilinganiselo yeekhemikhali kunye neeparameter zokusebenza ngexesha langempela, ithintela ukusetyenziswa kakhulu, ukungasebenzi kakuhle, okanye ukwaphulwa kwemithetho kwiinkqubo zokunciphisa i-chrome. Idatha evela kwezi zixhobo ikwasetyenziselwa uxwebhu oluqhubekayo kunye nengxelo kwiigunya zolawulo.
Iiprotokholi zokulinganisa nokugcina zibalulekile ekulinganiseni okuthembekileyo. Izixhobo zokulinganisa uxinano olungaphakathi zifuna ukulinganiswa okuqhelekileyo kwe-zero kunye ne-span kusetyenziswa imigangatho eyaziwayo yesisombululo se-sodium bisulfite okanye amanzi asuswe iiminerali. Iimitha ze-ORP kufuneka ziqinisekiswe ngee-redox buffers eziqinisekisiweyo, kunye nezixhobo ze-pH ezilinganiswe ngezisombululo ze-pH ezinokulandeleka ze-NIST ngaphambi kotshintsho ngalunye lokusebenza, ingakumbi kunyango lwamanzi amdaka lwe-chromium.
Ukuze kuthotyelwe ngokufanelekileyo ukusingqongileyo kokusetyenziswa kwe-electroplating kunye nolawulo longcoliseko lwe-chromium olune-hexavalent, ezi zixhobo zokulinganisa zixhasa:
- Ukulinganiswa koxinano oluzenzekelayo ukuqinisekisa ukuba idosi yeekhemikhali iyafana
- Ukubeka iliso kuxinano ngexesha langempela lokulungisa inkqubo eqinileyo
- Impendulo ngqo kwiinkqubo ze-PLC okanye ze-SCADA usebenzisa i-4–20 mA output
Iiprotokholi zicebisa ukuhlolwa kwemihla ngemihla, ukucocwa kwesensor nyanga zonke, kunye nokuqinisekiswa rhoqo ngokuchasene neendlela zokulinganisa i-laboratory ukugcina ukuchaneka nokunciphisa ukushukuma. Le ndlela ingqongqo yenzelwe ukugcina uzinzo lwenkqubo, ukukhusela ukuthotyelwa, kunye nokwenza ngcono iindlela zokunciphisa i-chromium kwiindawo zamanzi amdaka ezisebenzisa i-electroplating.
Ukuqinisekisa Ukususwa kweChromium eneHexavalent kunye nokuthotyelwa kwemithetho yendalo esingqongileyo
Iinkqubo zonyango lwamanzi amdaka ezenziwe ngombane zenzelwe ukuthobela imigangatho engqongqo yokukhupha amanzi kwi-hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)). Umsebenzi uqala ngokwahlulwahlulwa kwemithombo ethwala i-chromium kwaye ulandele inkqubo yokunciphisa nokubeka iliso enamanqanaba amaninzi.
Ulandelelwano oluqhelekileyo lonyango luqala ngokulungisa i-pH yamanzi amdaka, emva koko kongezwe i-arhente yokunciphisa efana nesisombululo se-sodium bisulfite esingamanzi. Inyathelo lokunciphisa liguqula i-chromium enetyhefu ene-hexavalent ibe yi-trivalent chromium (Cr(III)), engenabungozi kangako kwaye inokufakwa njenge-hydroxide. Ukubeka iliso kuxinzelelo lwe-sodium bisulfite kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukunciphisa okwaneleyo kunye nokuphepha ukusetyenziswa kakhulu, okukhokelela kwiindleko ze-reagent ezingeyomfuneko kunye nongcoliseko lwesibini.
Ulawulo lwenkqubo oluphambili luxhomekeke ekulinganisweni koxinano olukwi-intanethi, olunikezelwa ziiteknoloji ezifana neemitha zoxinano ezijikelezayo ezivela kwiLonnmeter. Uxinano olujikelezayo lulinganisa uxinano lwe-sodium bisulfite yolwelo ngexesha langempela, ukuqinisekisa ukuba idosi isetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo ngexesha lenkqubo yokunciphisa i-chrome. Ukulinganiswa koxinano olukwi-inline ye-electroplating kwenza ukuba kulandelelwe ngokuzenzekelayo, ngokuqhubekayo amandla e-reagent, kuncitshiswe ukungenelela komqhubi kunye nempazamo.
Emva kokunciphisa, ukucaciswa okulandelayo kunye nokuhluzwa kususa i-chromium ye-trivalent ekhawulezileyo. Ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukungcola kuyahlangabezana nemigangatho elawulwayo yokuxinana kwe-chromium ion, iiprotokholi zokuthobela ukukhutshwa kwamanzi amdaka zifuna ukujongwa ngokuchanekileyo kohlalutyo. I-Atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) yindlela esemgangathweni wegolide yokufumanisa amanqanaba omkhondo we-Cr(VI) kunye ne-chromium iyonke; ukucaciswa kwayo kuxhasa ingxelo ethembekileyo yokulawula. Uhlalutyo lwe-colorimetric, olusekelwe kwi-diphenylcarbazide reaction, lubonelela ngesixhobo sokuvavanya ngokukhawuleza i-chromium eseleyo ye-hexavalent, evumela ukujonga rhoqo, kwindawo enovakalelo oluphezulu.
Ukugcina ukuthotyelwa kokusingqongileyo kwimisebenzi yokufakelwa kwe-electroplating kuxhomekeke kubuchule bokujonga nokulawula iintlobo ze-chromium rhoqo kulo lonke unyango lwamanzi amdaka ukuze kusebenze i-chromium. Ukulinganiswa koxinano oluzenzekelayo kubonelela ngempendulo ekhawulezileyo yokusetyenziswa kwe-sodium bisulfite kwi-electroplating, kuxhasa ulawulo oluphendulayo lwamazinga okulinganisa. Iziphumo zokubeka esweni ezivela kwi-AAS kunye novavanyo lwe-colorimetric zijongwa ngemigangatho yolawulo—ngokuqhelekileyo ≤0.1 mg/L ye-Cr(VI)—ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kakuhle kolawulo longcoliseko kunye nokubhala ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho kwabasemagunyeni.
Ukuba inkqubo yonyango ifumanisa amanqanaba aphezulu e-chromium eseleyo ye-hexavalent, amaqhinga okuguquguquka anjengokongezwa kwe-reagent ekhulayo, ukulungiswa kwakhona kwe-pH, okanye amaxesha okugcinwa ande ayaqaliswa. Olu hlengahlengiso oluguquguqukayo, oludibene nokubeka esweni okuthembekileyo koxinano oluvela kwiimitha zeLonnmeter, luqinisekisa ukusebenza kakuhle kokususwa kwe-chromium ye-hexavalent. Ngokudibanisa ezi zinto, inkqubo yokunciphisa i-chrome ihambelana nemigangatho yokukhupha eguqukayo kwaye inciphisa iingozi zempilo zokusingqongileyo nezemisebenzi ezinxulumene nokuvezwa kwe-chromium ye-hexavalent.
Amaqhinga Okuphucula Imisebenzi Yemizi-mveliso
Ukubeka iliso elichanekileyo loxinzelelo lwe-sodium bisulfite kubalulekile ekunciphiseni ukusetyenziswa kweekhemikhali kunye neendleko kwinkqubo yokunciphisa i-chrome ngexesha lonyango lwamanzi amdaka nge-electroplating. Isisombululo se-sodium bisulfite sisebenza njenge-reagent ebalulekileyo ngokuguqula ii-ions ze-chromium (Cr(VI)) ezinetyhefu zibe yi-trivalent chromium (Cr(III) ekhuselekileyo, ngaloo ndlela ivumela ukuthotyelwa kwemigaqo yokukhupha inkunkuma kwindalo esingqongileyo.
Ukulinganisa uxinano oluphakathi—ukusebenzisa izixhobo ezifana neemitha zoxinano ezijikelezayo—kudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekujongeni nasekulawuleni amanqanaba e-sodium bisulfite. Imitha yoxinano oluphakathi kweLonnmeter iqhubeka nokulandelela uxinano lwesisombululo, inika ingxelo yexesha langempela enokuthi isetyenziselwe ngabaqhubi ukufumanisa uxinano oluchanekileyo lwe-sodium bisulfite elulwelo kumjelo wenkqubo. Olu lwazi ngqo lwenza uhlengahlengiso lokulinganisa idosi oluhamba ngesantya esiphezulu, lunciphise inkunkuma ye-reagent kwaye lunciphise iindleko zeekhemikhali. Ukulinganisa okuphuculweyo akuthinteli kuphela ukusetyenziswa kakhulu kwe-sodium bisulfite kodwa kunciphisa nomngcipheko wokunciphisa i-chromium ion engaphelelanga, okuya kukhokelela ekwaphulweni kwemithetho okanye isidingo sokurhoxiswa okubizayo.
Umzekelo: Kwinkqubo yokulungisa ephatha amanzi amdaka nge-electroplating, ukudibanisa i-density meter oscillation ukuze kujongwe i-bisulfite ngexesha langempela kuvumele ukunciphisa i-reagent ukuya kuthi ga kwi-15% ngelixa kugcinwa amanqanaba e-chromium ane-hexavalent ngaphantsi kwemida esemthethweni. Ukubeka iliso kuxinano ngexesha langempela kuxhasa uzinzo lokusebenza ngokufumanisa utshintsho olungalindelekanga lwenkqubo kwangethuba, njengokutshintsha ngequbuliso komxube wokungcola okanye umthamo wodaka. Oku kusabela kunciphisa ixesha lokungasebenzi elibizayo kwaye kunciphisa iingozi zokuthobela indalo.
Ukulawula i-sludge oxidation kunye nomgangatho we-dfluent kuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukusebenza kunye neendleko. Ukususwa kwe-hexavalent chromium kwi-industrial electroplating process effluent kuvelisa i-sludge, ethi ukuba i-over-oxidized, inokuthintela i-trivalent chromium sedimentation kunye ne-filtration elandelayo. Ukubeka esweni okusebenzayo—ukusebenzisa umlinganiselo woxinano oluphakathi kwizicelo ze-electroplating kunye nohlalutyo olujoliswe kuyo—kuqinisekisa ukuba iimpawu zomzimba ze-sludge zihlala zilungile ekuphathweni nasekulahlweni. Ulawulo olufanelekileyo lweemeko ze-oxidation kunye nokwakheka kwe-dfluent kunokunceda ukunciphisa imithwalo yamanzi emva kwenkqubo, ukunciphisa iindleko zokulahla, kunye nokunciphisa umngcipheko wokudlula imilinganiselo yokuthobela ukukhutshwa kwamanzi amdaka.
Ukubeka iliso kwi-ion ye-chromium, kunye nokulinganiswa koxinano olungaphakathi, kubonelela ngengqiqo esebenzisekayo yokuphucula ukusebenza. Umzekelo, ukuhlalutya amaxabiso oxinano kunye namazinga okunciphisa i-chromium kwenza amaqela akwazi ukunxulumanisa ngokukhawuleza utshintsho lwedosi kunye neziphumo zenkqubo yokwenyani. I-kinetic removal curve ibonisa ukuba ukugcina uxinzelelo lwe-sodium bisulfite kumlinganiselo ofanelekileyo kukhawulezisa ukuguqulwa kwe-Cr(VI) nge-35%, xa kuthelekiswa nokucutshungulwa kwebhetshi ngaphandle kwempendulo eqhubekayo:
-- ...
| Ixesha (umzuzu) | Ukususwa kwe-Cr(VI) (%) | Ubuninzi (g/cm³) |
|------------|----------------------|-------------------|
| 0 | 0 | 1.02 |
| 15 | 60 | 1.06 |
| 30 | 90 | 1.10 |
| 45 | 98 | 1.13 |
-- ...
Idatha yenkqubo kunye nohlalutyo ziphucula ngakumbi iindlela zokunciphisa i-chrome kwi-electroplating ngokuvumela i-predictive dosing kunye nokulungiswa kokuphambuka kwangoko. Ukubeka esweni rhoqo iipropati zesisombululo—ezifana noxinano nge-oscillating density meters—kuxhasa ukubonwa ngokukhawuleza kokungalingani kweekhemikhali. Uhlalutyo lwenkqubo oluphambili lusebenzisa ezi zilinganiso zexesha langempela ukukhokela ukusetyenziswa kwe-sodium bisulfite kwi-electroplating, ukunciphisa iindleko ze-reagent kunye nokwakheka kwemveliso, okuphucula ulawulo lwenkunkuma ye-electroplating kwaye kuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo iyonke.
Ukulinganisa okuthembekileyo koxinano lwe-inline kwi-electroplating akuxhasi nje kuphela ulawulo longcoliseko lwe-chromium olune-hexavalent, kodwa kukwaqinisa ukuthotyelwa kokusingqongileyo kwimisebenzi ye-electroplating. Ngobuchwepheshe beLonnmeter obudityaniswe kwiindawo eziphambili kumjelo wenkqubo, izakhiwo zinokugcina ngokuzithemba amazinga e-chromium, zihlangabezane nemigangatho yomthetho, kwaye zigcine imisebenzi yemizi-mveliso ezinzileyo ngaphandle kokusetyenziswa kakhulu kweekhemikhali okanye umngcipheko wokusingqongileyo.
Ukusombulula iingxaki kunye nokugcinwa
Imingeni eqhelekileyo: Utyhefu lweSensor, Ukungasebenzi kakuhle kweReagent, Ukuqhuba kweZixhobo
Kwinkqubo yokunciphisa i-chrome yonyango lwamanzi amdaka, ukujonga ngexesha langempela ukuxinana kwe-sodium bisulfite kunye nokunciphisa i-chromium ion kuxhomekeke kwiisensa ezivezwe kwiindawo ezinobundlongondlongo kakhulu. Ityhefu yesensa, edla ngokubangelwa kukubekwa kwe-hexavalent chromium, i-trivalent chromium, kunye nezinye izinto ezingcolisayo, iphazamisa ukulinganiswa ngokuchanekileyo koxinano lwe-inline kunye nokujonga isisombululo se-sodium bisulfite. Iidiphozithi zenzeka kwiiprobes kunye nee-electrodes, okukhokelela ekunciphiseni uvakalelo, ukufundwa okungaguqukiyo, okanye ukulahleka ngokupheleleyo komsebenzi. Ii-heavy metal ion kunye nezinto eziqinileyo ezixhonyiweyo zinokuvimba iindawo zesensa, ngelixa iimeko ze-acidic okanye ze-oxidative zinokutshabalalisa izinto zesensa, zikhawulezise ukushukuma kwezixhobo kunye nokungazinzi kwesignali.
Ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwe-reagent, ingakumbi nge-sodium bisulfite engamanzi, kwenza kube nzima ngakumbi ukulawula inkqubo. Ukusetyenziswa ngaphantsi kwe-dose kunokubangela ukwehla okungaphelelanga kwe-hexavalent chromium, nto leyo enokubangela ukungathotyelwa kwemigaqo yokukhupha amanzi amdaka. Ukusetyenziswa kakhulu kwe-dose kwandisa iindleko zeekhemikhali kwaye kunokungenisa ungcoliseko olungeyomfuneko. Ukutshintsha kwezixhobo—ukutshintsha kwempendulo esisiseko ngenxa yobudala be-sensor, ukungcola, okanye ukuwohloka kwezinto—kubangela ukujonga uxinzelelo lwe-sodium bisulfite ngokungathembekanga kwaye kufuna ukuhlaziywa rhoqo ukuze kuthintelwe iimpazamo kwiinkqubo ze-automatic dosing okanye ze-feedback. Ezi ngxaki zenza ukulinganisa okuqinileyo, okuqhubekayo kokuguqulwa kwe-chromium kubaluleke kakhulu ekuthobeleni indalo kwizicwangciso zenkqubo ye-electroplating yemizi-mveliso.
Iingcebiso zoLondolozo lweeProbes, iiElectrodes, kunye neeMeter zoBuninzi
Ukugcinwa rhoqo kubalulekile ukunciphisa imiphumo yetyhefu ye-sensor kunye nokushukuma kwezixhobo. Iiprobe kunye nee-electrode kufuneka zihlolwe rhoqo ukuze kubonwe ukungcola okubonakalayo, ukutshintsha kombala, okanye umonakalo ngokwasemzimbeni. Iindlela zokucoca zixhomekeke kuhlobo lwe-sensor kunye neemeko zenkqubo. Ukucoca ngoomatshini (umz., iibhrashi ezithambileyo okanye ii-wipers) kunokususa izinto ezincinci kunye neefilimu zomphezulu. Ukucoca nge-ultrasonic ngokuzenzekelayo okudityaniswe kwindibano ye-probe kunceda ukukhupha iidipozithi ngexesha langempela ngaphandle kokufuna ixesha lokungasebenzi kwenkqubo.
Iindlela zokucoca ngamakhemikhali—ukusebenzisa ii-asidi ezinyibilikisiweyo, iziseko, okanye izinyibilikisi ezikhethekileyo—zisusa isikali esiqhubekayo, iileya ze-metal oxide, kunye nokungcoliswa kwendalo. Emva kokucoca, ii-sensors kufuneka zihlanjwe kakuhle ngamanzi acocekileyo ukuthintela ungcoliseko lwesibini. Iiprobes kunye nee-electrodes ezakhiwe nge-PTFE, iplatinum, okanye ezinye izinto ezimelana nokugqwala zihlala zibonisa ukumelana okuphuculweyo nokungcoliswa kwaye zifuna ukucoca okuncinci.
Iimitha zoxinano ezitshintshayo, ezifana nezo zenziwe yiLonnmeter, kufuneka zilinganiswe kusetyenziswa ulwelo oluqinisekisiweyo olungqinisisiweyo ngamaxesha athile oluchazwe kukuzinza kwenkqubo kunye neengcebiso zomenzi. Ukuqinisekiswa rhoqo kuqinisekisa ukuba ukutyibilika okanye ukungcoliswa akuchaphazeli ukuchaneka komlinganiselo woxinano olungaphakathi, nto leyo ibalulekileyo kulawulo loxinano lwe-sodium bisulfite ngexesha lokususwa kwe-chromium ene-hexavalent. Naziphi na iimpawu zengxolo okanye ukungazinzi kwisignali yokungcoliswa kwemitha yoxinano kunokubonisa ukungcoliswa okanye ukonakala kwezixhobo kwaye kufuneka kubangele ukuhlolwa nokucocwa ngokukhawuleza.
Tshintsha ii-gasket, izitywini, kunye neendawo ezimanzi ezinxulumene nazo ngamaxesha acetyiswayo ukuthintela ukuvuza nokuqinisekisa ukuba i-sensor ihlala ixesha elide kwimijelo yamanzi amdaka afuna iikhemikhali. Gcina irekhodi yenkonzo eneenkcukacha ebhala izenzo zolondolozo, iziganeko zokulungiswa kwakhona, iimpazamo ezingalindelekanga, kunye namaxesha okuphendula ukunceda ekuchongeni imiba ephindaphindayo kunye nokuphucula ulondolozo lwexesha elizayo.
Uqwalaselo lwe-Alarm kunye ne-Fail-Safe
Iinkqubo ze-alamu kunye neenkqubo ezikhuselekileyo zokungaphumeleli zisisiseko sokugcina ukuthobela umthetho kunye nokuthintela ukuphazamiseka kwenkqubo ekusetyenzisweni kwamanzi amdaka nge-electroplating. Iiparameter ezibalulekileyo—kuquka ukuxinana kwe-sodium bisulfite, ukuxinana kwe-inline, amandla okunciphisa, kunye namazinga okuhamba acutshungulwayo—kufuneka zibe nemida ye-alamu ecwangcisiweyo kwiinkqubo zolawulo lwenkqubo yesityalo. Ii-alamu eziphambili kufuneka ziqalise ukuba umlinganiselo woxinano lwe-inline ubonisa ukuphambuka kwiindawo ezimiselweyo zesisombululo se-sodium bisulfite okanye ukuba iinjongo zokunciphisa i-chromium ion azifikelelwanga.
Izixhobo zokulumkisa ezivela kwiisensa eziphambili, ezifana neemitha zoxinano lwe-Lonnmeter, kufuneka ziqhagamshelwe ngqo kwiindlela zokudibanisa ezixhoma iipompo zokulinganisa okanye ziguqulele amanzi amdaka angahambelaniyo nemithetho ukuya kwiitanki zokubamba. Ingqiqo ekhuselekileyo kufuneka iqinisekise ukuba, kwimeko yokungasebenzi kakuhle kwesensa (njengophawu oluqhubekayo lwe-zero okanye ukufundwa okungaphandle komgama), inkqubo ibuyela kwindlela yokusebenza ekhuselekileyo kangangoko—umzekelo, ukuyeka ukulinganisa ukunciphisa i-chromium okanye ukwahlula imigca yonyango echaphazelekayo.
Ukulibaziseka kwe-alamu kunye nee-deadbands kunciphisa ii-alamu eziphazamisayo ezibangelwa kukuguquguquka okuncinci kwenkqubo, kodwa iindawo zokuseta ii-alamu kufuneka zibonise imida yokukhupha i-chromium kunye nezinye izinto ezinobungozi. Kwizinto ezifakelweyo eziqinisekisiweyo, ukungasebenzi kakuhle—ukusebenzisa ii-sensors ezihambelanayo okanye iimitha zoxinano lwe-backup—kunokukhusela ekulahlekelweni kwedatha ngenxa yetyhefu ye-sensor okanye ukusilela kwezixhobo. Uvavanyo olusebenzayo rhoqo lwee-alamu kunye nee-interlocks, eziqinisekisiweyo ngokuchasene nohambo lwenkqubo yokwenyani, luyimfuneko ukuqinisekisa ixesha lokuphendula komqhubi kunye nokuthintela ukwaphulwa komthetho ekukhutshweni kwamanzi amdaka kwimizi-mveliso.
Ukugcinwa ngendlela ecwangcisiweyo, uqwalaselo lwe-alamu ngexesha elifanelekileyo, kunye nokuphendula okuqinileyo okukhusela ukungaphumeleli kwakha isiseko sokujonga uxinano lwe-sodium bisulfite oluthembekileyo, ulawulo longcoliseko lwe-chromium olune-hexavalent, kunye nolawulo oluzinzileyo lwenkunkuma ye-electroplating.
Ukunciphisa i-chrome ngokufanelekileyo kwinkqubo ye-electroplating yemizi-mveliso kuxhomekeke kwindlela eqeqeshekileyo yokulawula iikhemikhali, ukubeka esweni, kunye nokuthobela okusingqongileyo. Eyona nto iphambili yokususa i-chromium ye-hexavalent ethembekileyo kukugcina iimeko ezifanelekileyo ze-asidi—ngesiqhelo kwi-pH 3—ukuze kusetyenziswe i-sodium bisulfite, ukuqinisekisa ukuguqulwa okupheleleyo kwe-chromium ye-hexavalent enobungozi (Cr(VI)) ibe yi-chromium ye-trivalent ekhuselekileyo (Cr(III)) njengoko kucetyiswa ziiarhente ezilawulayo kwaye ixhaswa yimisebenzi yemizi-mveliso. Ukugcina isisombululo se-sodium bisulfite silinganiswe ngokuphindwe kathathu ukuya kahlanu kumxholo we-molar Cr(VI) kunceda ukuqinisekisa ukunciphisa ngokukhawuleza, ngokupheleleyo kunye nokuhla kwe-chromium okuqikelelweyo ngexesha lamanqanaba onyango alandelayo.
Ukubeka iliso kuxinzelelo lwe-sodium bisulfite ngexesha langempela kubalulekile ekugcineni ukuchaneka kokusebenza. Iiteknoloji zokulinganisa uxinano olungaphakathi, ezifana nezo zisekelwe kwimigaqo yemitha yoxinano olujikelezayo, zinika abaqhubi iindlela zokulandelela ngokuqhubekayo amandla kunye nokuzinza kwe-sodium bisulfite feeds engamanzi. Ukudibanisa iimitha zoxinano oluzenzekelayo kwinkqubo kwenza kube lula ukulungiswa kwedosi ngokuchanekileyo, kunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kakhulu kweekhemikhali, kwaye kufumanisa ngokukhawuleza naluphi na utshintsho kwiimeko ezifanelekileyo zokutya. Eli nqanaba liphezulu lolawulo lixhasa i-kinetics yokunciphisa i-chromium rhoqo kunye nokuthobela imigangatho yokukhupha yangaphakathi kunye nezibophelelo zomthetho zokuthobela ukukhutshwa kwamanzi amdaka.
Ukubeka iliso ngokuchanekileyo kwi-ion ye-chromium kuxhasa ngakumbi ukuthotyelwa okuqinileyo kwendalo kwizibonelelo ze-electroplating. Ukulinganiswa koxinano oluphakathi kwe-electroplating akulandeli nje kuphela ukunciphisa ukutya kwee-agent kodwa kukwazisa nezinye iindawo zolawulo ezibalulekileyo kunyango lwamanzi amdaka lwe-chromium, kunceda abaqhubi ukuba bafikelele kumazinga okususa ungcoliseko oluthembekileyo kwaye banciphise ngokukhawuleza imingcipheko yokulawula ungcoliseko lwe-chromium ene-hexavalent. Ukusebenzisa ukubeka iliso koxinano oluzenzekelayo, ngexesha langempela kuyo yonke inkqubo yokunciphisa i-chrome kunciphisa iimpazamo zabaqhubi kwaye kunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kwisampulu yesandla ethatha ixesha elide, ukuxhasa ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokuthotyelwa kwemigaqo yokusingqongileyo.
Ukuhlanganiswa kobugcisa, okubonisa izixhobo eziphambili ezifanauxinano olusemgcenikwayeiimitha ze-viscosityevela kwiinkampani ezifana neLonnmeter, iqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo yokunciphisa i-chrome ihlala ithembekile kwaye isebenza kakuhle kuzo zonke iinguqu kunye nemithwalo yamanzi amdaka eyahlukeneyo. Ukulinganisa okuthembekileyo kwenza iinjineli zeenkqubo zikwazi ukuphendula ngokukhawuleza kutshintsho, zihlangabezane neendlela zokunciphisa i-chromium kwiindlela ezilungileyo zokufaka i-electroplating, kwaye zihlengahlengise amaqhinga okulinganisa njengoko kufuneka ukuze kuthotyelwe imimiselo yokusingqongileyo. Le ndlela ixhasa ulawulo lwenkunkuma oluzinzileyo lwe-electroplating kwaye ivumela ukudibana okuphindaphindiweyo kwemiqathango yokukhupha ngaphandle kokusetyenziswa kweekhemikhali ngokungeyomfuneko okanye umngcipheko wokusingqongileyo.
Ukudityaniswa kokubeka esweni ngokuchanekileyo uxinano lwe-sodium bisulfite, umlinganiselo woxinano olungaphakathi, kunye nolawulo olupheleleyo lwenkqubo kwakha isiseko sendlela yanamhlanje yokususa i-chromium, ethobela umthetho, nesebenzayo. Ukubeka esweni okuqinileyo kunye nokuhlanganiswa kwetekhnoloji akupheleli nje ekuphuculeni—ngoku ziimfuno eziphambili ekufezekiseni ukusebenza okusebenzayo, okucacileyo, kunye noxanduva lokusingqongileyo.
Imibuzo ebuzwa qho
Isisombululo se-sodium bisulfite sikunceda njani ukususwa kwe-chromium ene-hexavalent emanzini amdaka asebenzisa i-electroplating?
Isisombululo se-sodium bisulfite sisithinteli sokunciphisa esisetyenziswa kwinkqubo yokunciphisa i-chrome ukuguqula i-hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)), into ebangela umhlaza kwaye inobungozi obukhulu, ibe yi-trivalent chromium ekhuselekileyo (Cr(III)).
Le nkqubo yenzeka kakuhle kakhulu kwiimeko ze-asidi (pH 2–5), apho i-chromium enciphileyo ibangela ukuba i-chromium hydroxide inyuke xa ilungiswa i-pH ukuya kumanqanaba e-alkaline, nto leyo eyenza kube lula ukususwa kwayo emanzini amdaka. Le ndlela ivumela amaziko ukuba afikelele ekuthobeleni ngokuqinileyo ukukhutshwa kwamanzi amdaka ngokunciphisa amanqanaba e-Cr(VI) ngaphantsi kwemida yokubhaqwa, ukunciphisa iingozi zokusingqongileyo kunye nempilo.
Ibaluleke ngantoni indlela yokulinganisa uxinano olungaphakathi kwenkqubo yokunciphisa i-chrome?
Ukulinganisa uxinano oluphakathi kubalulekile ekulawuleni idosi ye-sodium bisulfite yolwelo ngexesha lokunciphisa i-chromium ene-hexavalent kwiinkqubo ze-electroplating zemizi-mveliso. Iimitha zoxinano ezitshintshayo, ezifana nezo ziveliswa yiLonnmeter, zibonelela ngokubekwa esweni ngokuzenzekelayo kwexesha langempela, ngokuzenzekelayo koxinzelelo lwe-sodium bisulfite. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba umlinganiselo ofanelekileyo we-reductant uyongezwa, ukwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle kokunciphisa i-Cr(VI) ngelixa kunciphisa inkunkuma ye-reagent. Amaza oxinzelelo lwale mitha ahambelana ngokuthe ngqo noxinano lwesisombululo, enika ingxelo ekhawulezileyo egcina ulawulo lwenkqubo oluhambelanayo, inciphisa iindleko zokusebenza, kwaye ithintele ukungaphumeleli kokuthobela imithetho.
Kutheni ukujonga rhoqo i-chromium ion kubalulekile ukuze kuthotyelwe imilinganiselo yokusingqongileyo xa kusenziwa i-electroplating?
Ukubeka esweni rhoqo ukuxinana kwe-chromium ion—ngokuqhelekileyo nge-spectrophotometry okanye i-colorimetry—kuyafuneka ukuqinisekisa ukuba amanzi amdaka asebenzisa i-electroplating ahlala ngaphakathi kwemida yokukhupha i-chromium ene-hexavalent. Ulawulo oluqinileyo kwi-0.1 mg/L okanye ngaphantsi ludla ngokufunwa ziingcali zemvelo ukuthintela ungcoliseko lwe-chromium ene-hexavalent. Ukulinganiswa kwexesha langempela kuvumela ukulungiswa kwenkqubo ngokukhawuleza, ukunciphisa umngcipheko wokwaphulwa kwemithetho, izigwebo, kunye nomonakalo kwindalo ngenxa yokunciphisa okungaphelelanga okanye ukuphazamiseka kwenkqubo.
Idlala yiphi indima i-pH ngexesha lokuguqulwa kwe-chromium ukusuka kwi-hexavalent ukuya kwi-trivalent?
Ukulawula i-pH kubalulekile kuzo zombini iindlela zokunciphisa iikhemikhali kunye namanyathelo okunciphisa i-chromium. Iimeko ze-asidi (ngesiqhelo i-pH 2–5) ziyafuneka ngexesha lokunciphisa i-reaction, njengoko zigcina i-chromium ene-hexavalent kwiifom zayo ze-ionic ezisebenzayo. Emva kokunciphisa, i-pH yesisombululo iyaphakanyiswa (ngokufuthi ingaphezulu kwe-8.5) ukuze i-Cr(III) ibe yi-chromium hydroxide. Ukulungiswa kwe-pH efanelekileyo kuqinisekisa ukusabela ngokukhawuleza, kwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle kokususa, kunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kweekhemikhali, kwaye kwenza kube lula ukwahlukana kunye nokulahlwa kwenkunkuma.
Iimitha zoxinano ezijikelezayo zingayiphucula njani indlela yokubeka esweni uxinano lwe-sodium bisulfite?
Iimitha zoxinano lwe-oscillating zisetyenziselwa ukujonga uxinano lwe-sodium bisulfite kuba zivumela ukuba kubekho umlinganiselo ochanekileyo,umlinganiselo ophakathingaphandle kwesidingo sokufumana isampuli ngesandla. Umgaqo wetyhubhu yokungcangcazela uhambelana ngokuthe ngqo notshintsho lwe-oscillation frequency kutshintsho kuxinano lwesisombululo, okuvumela impendulo ezenzekelayo kwiinkqubo zokulinganisa iikhemikhali. Ukubeka esweni ngokuchanekileyo uxinano ngexesha langempela kuthintela zombini idosi egqithisileyo, nto leyo enyusa iindleko zokusebenza kunye neemveliso ze-sulfate, kunye nedosi engaphantsi, nto leyo ebeka emngciphekweni wokuncipha kwe-chromium engaphelelanga kunye nokungathobeli. Ngokudibanisa izixhobo zeLonnmeter, uzinzo lwenkqubo kunye nolawulo lwedosi yokusetyenziswa kwe-sodium bisulfite kwi-electroplating kuphuculwe kakhulu, kuqinisekisa ukuba ukunciphisa i-chromate kuhlala kusebenza kakuhle kwaye kuthembekile.
Ixesha leposi: Disemba-10-2025
