Isishwankathelo seIBayerInkqubo kwiMveliso yeAlumina
IIBayerInkqubo yokuvelisa i-alumina iguqula i-ore ye-bauxite ibe yi-alumina ecocekileyo ngokulandelelana kwamanyathelo abalulekileyo obunjineli. Inqanaba ngalinye lisebenzisa izixhobo ezichanekileyo kunye nolawulo lokusebenza ukwandisa isivuno kunye nobunyulu.
I-Bauxite iqala icolwe ize icolwe ukuze kwandiswe indawo yayo engaphezulu ukuze ikwazi ukusabela kwiikhemikhali. Ubungakanani obuncinci beentwana ezifunyanwa zii-mineral crushers bubalulekile ukuze i-sodium hydroxide ingene kakuhle ngexesha lokugaya. Emva koko izinto ezisemhlabeni zinikwa inkqubo yokugaya.
Ngexesha lenkqubo yokugaya i-bauxite, i-bauxite ecoliweyo ixutywa nesisombululo se-sodium hydroxide esishushu nesixineneyo phantsi koxinzelelo oluphezulu kunye namaqondo obushushu aphakathi kwe-140°C kunye ne-280°C. Kule meko, i-sodium hydroxide inyibilikisa ngokukhethekileyo iiminerali ezine-aluminium (i-gibbsite, i-boehmite, i-diaspore) ngenxa yeempawu zazo ze-amphoteric, iguqula i-alumina ibe sisisombululo se-sodium aluminate. Iimpendulo eziqhelekileyo ziquka:
- Al(OH)₃(s) + NaOH(aq) → NaAlO₂(aq) + 2H₂O(l)
Izinto ezingcolisayo ezifana ne-iron oxides, i-silica, kunye ne-titanium dioxide azinyibiliki kakhulu kwaye zenza udaka olubomvu. Uxinzelelo lwe-sodium hydroxide olulungiselelwe ukugaywa kwe-bauxite lubalulekile—luphantsi kakhulu kwaye luthintela ukutsalwa kwe-alumina, ngelixa ukugqithisa kunyusa iindleko kunye neemfuno zokujikeleza kwe-caustic.
Izisombululo zokuCoca iAlumina
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Ukwahlulwa kolwelo oluqinileyo kwinkqubo yeBayer kulandela ngokukhawuleza ukugaya. Iiyunithi zokucacisa—ezisebenzisa iitanki zokuhlalisa okanye iinkqubo zokucoca—zenza kube lula ukwahlula udaka olubomvu ngokukhawuleza (intsalela enganyibilikiyo) kwi-sodium aluminate liquor. Ukulinganisa uxinano lwe-slurry olusebenzayo kwinkqubo yeBayer kusetyenziswa izixhobo ezifana neemitha zoxinano lweLonnmeter kuqinisekisa ukuba izixhobo zondliwa ngoxinano lwe-pulp oluhambelanayo, olubaluleke kakhulu ekusebenzeni kakuhle kokwahlulwa kunye nokukhupha.
Ukuveliswa kodaka olubomvu yinto engenakuphepheka kweli nqanaba. Iquka ikakhulu ii-iron oxides, i-silica, i-trace alumina, kunye neekhompawundi zesodium. Ulawulo lodaka olubomvu lugxile ekugcinweni okukhuselekileyo, ukuthomalalisa, kwaye ngakumbi, ekuphuculeni inkunkuma ngokubuyisela isinyithi, ukwenziwa kwezinto zokwakha, kunye nokuhluzwa okuphucukileyo kusetyenziswa i-steel slag kunye nesamente kunceda ukunciphisa ukufuma kunye nomthamo.
Emva kokucaciswa, i-sodium aluminate liquor ingena kwinqanaba lokuna kwemvula. I-aluminium hydroxide inyibilikiswa ngaphandle kwesisombululo—idla ngokubangelwa kukutyalwa kweekristale ezenziwe ngaphambili, ukupholisa, kunye nokuxutywa. Eli nyathelo livelisa i-Al(OH)₃ precipitate ngelixa ivuselela i-sodium hydroxide ukuze isetyenziswe kwakhona kule nkqubo ngokusebenzisa:
- NaAlO₂(aq) + 2H₂O(l) → Al(OH)₃(s) + NaOH(aq)
I-Al(OH)₃ eqokelelweyo emva koko iyahlanjwa ize inyibilikiswe. Ii-kilns ezisebenza ngaphezulu kwe-1000°C ziyayibolisa i-hydroxide, nto leyo evelisa i-alumina eyomileyo, engenamanzi (Al₂O₃) efanelekileyo ukucocwa ibe yi-aluminium yesinyithi.
Inqanaba ngalinye—ukutyumza, ukugaya, ukucacisa, ukuna kwemvula, kunye ne-calcination—kufuna ukwenziwa ngcono ngononophelo. Umzekelo, ukulawula uxinano lwe-slurry kwinkqubo yokutya ye-bauxite digester feed inefuthe ngqo kwimveliso ye-alumina kunye nokusebenza kokwahlulwahlulwa. Ulawulo olufanelekileyo lwesisombululo se-sodium hydroxide lunciphisa ilahleko ye-caustic kwaye luphucula ukuphinda kusetyenziswe. Izixhobo zenkqubo yokucoca i-alumina eziphambili ngoku zincediswa zizinto ezintsha ekugayweni kwe-electroreductive kunye ne-oxidative, ezivumela ukubuyiselwa kwe-alumina ephezulu, ngakumbi kwi-bauxites ezikumgangatho ophantsi okanye ezityebileyo nge-chlorite.
Iindlela zokulahla udaka olubomvu ezisebenzayo kunye nobuchwepheshe bokusetyenziswa azinciphisi nje kuphela umngcipheko wokusingqongileyo kodwa zikwaphucula uzinzo lwenkqubo ye-bauxite yaseBayer. Iiyunithi zoshishino ngoku zidibanisa ulawulo loxinano lwe-slurry ekucutshungulweni kwezimbiwa kwaye zisasaza izixhobo zokulinganisa ngexesha langempela, kunyeImitha yoxinano lweLonnmeteridla ngokubhekiselwa ekuchanekeni okuqinileyo kwimizila yenkqubo ye-alumina yaseBayer. Ukufezekisa i-alumina ecocekileyo kakhulu kunye nokunciphisa umngcipheko wendalo esingqongileyo kulawulo olucokisekileyo lwesinyathelo, i-strategic chemical dosage, kunye nolawulo olukrelekrele lwemveliso kuyo yonke inyathelo lenkqubo yokukhupha i-alumina.
Ukugaya iBauxite: Iingcamango eziSisiseko kunye neNkqubo yoBuchule
Ukugaywa kweBauxite linyathelo lokuqala elibalulekileyo kwinkqubo yeBayer yokuvelisa i-alumina, eyenzelwe ukukhupha i-alumina kwii-ores ze-bauxite kusetyenziswa isisombululo se-caustic sodium hydroxide. Injongo ephambili kukuguqula iiminerali ezine-aluminium—ngokuyintloko i-gibbsite, i-boehmite, okanye i-diaspore—zibe yi-sodium aluminate enyibilikayo, nto leyo eshiya ukungcola ukuze kususwe kamva.
Iimpendulo zeKhemikhali eziPhambili kwiIBayerInqanaba lokuGcina
Ngexesha lenkqubo yokugaya i-bauxite, isisombululo se-sodium hydroxide sisebenza njenge-reactant kunye ne-solvent. Kwimeko ye-bauxites etyebileyo kwi-gibbsite, impendulo iqhubeka kakuhle kumaqondo obushushu aphakathi (140–150°C):
- Ukugaya i-gibbsite:
Al(OH)₃ (s) + NaOH (aq) → NaAlO₂ (aq) + 2H₂O
Kwi-boehmite kunye neeminerali ze-diaspore, kufuneka amaqondo obushushu aphezulu (220–280°C) ngenxa ye-kinetics yokunyibilika okucothayo:
- Ukugaya ukutya kweBoehmite:
AlO(OH) (s) + NaOH (aq) → NaAlO₂ (aq) + H₂O
Iiminerali zeSilica ezifana neQuartz kunye neKaolinite nazo ziyasebenzisana neCaustic, ngamanye amaxesha zikhokelela ekwakhekeni kweSodium-Silicate okungafunekiyo, okufuna ukunciphisa ngokulawula inkqubo kunye nokongezwa kweLayimu okunokwenzeka. Ukulawula ukuxinana kweSodium Hydroxide kubalulekile ekuphuculeni isivuno seAlumina kunye nokunciphisa ukulahleka kweCaustic kuDaka oluBomvu.
Inkqubo Yokutya Kwe-Digester: Ulwakhiwo kunye Nokuhambelana
Ukugaywa kweBauxite kwinkqubo ye-alumina Bayer kuqala ngokulungiselela i-slurry efanayo—umxube olungiselelwe kakuhle we-bauxite ecoliweyo kunye notywala obunongwe nge-caustic. Amanyathelo abalulekileyo ekulungiseleleni inkqubo yokutya kwe-digester ngala:
- Ukusila i-bauxite ukuze kwandiswe indawo yomphezulu kwaye kukhuthazwe ukusabela ngokukhawuleza.
- Ukuxuba ne-sodium hydroxide liquor ephinda isetyenziswe kwimilinganiselo elawulwayo ukuze kubekho uxinaniso olufanelekileyo lwe-reactant.
- Ukongezwa kwamanzi okuzenzela okanye ilayimu njengoko kuyimfuneko ukulungisa uxinano lwelindle kunye noxinzelelo lwe-caustic.
Izixhobo zanamhlanje zokucoca i-alumina zisebenzisa iinkqubo zokuxuba eziphambili. Uhlalutyo lwexesha lokuhlala lugxininise ukubaluleka kokufana kokutya: uyilo lwe-impeller, indawo yokubeka i-baffle, kunye noqwalaselo lokungena/lokuphuma kudlala indima ebalulekileyo kwi-kinetics yokugaya ukutya kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kokukhupha. Ukwakheka kwe-slurry efanayo kuxhasa ukukhutshwa kwe-alumina rhoqo, kulungelelanisa ukwahlukana kolwelo oluqinileyo kwinkqubo yeBayer, kwaye kwenza kube lula ukulawula udaka olubomvu olusezantsi.
Impembelelo yokuguquguquka kokutya, ukwakheka kodaka, kunye nobushushu ekusebenzeni kokugaya ukutya
I-mineralogy yokutya kunye nokwakheka kwe-slurry zizinto ezibalulekileyo ekusebenzeni kakuhle kokugaya ukutya kwinkqubo ye-bauxite yaseBayer. Ukuguquguquka kwe-bauxite—nokuba kukwimigodi, ukuxubana kwe-stockpile, okanye umahluko we-geological—kuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo umlinganiselo we-gibbsite, i-boehmite, i-silica phases, kunye ne-iron oxides. Olu mahluko luchaphazela ubushushu obufunekayo bokugaya ukutya, ixesha lokuhlala, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-sodium hydroxide.
Ubungakanani obukhulu be-silica okanye isinyithi bunokunciphisa isivuno se-alumina kwaye bunyuse ilahleko ze-caustic kwidaka elibomvu. Ukulinganisa uxinano lwe-slurry ngexesha langempela kwinkqubo yeBayer kusetyenziswa izixhobo ezifana ne-Lonnmeter density meter kubalulekile, okuvumela uhlengahlengiso olukhawulezileyo kumazinga okutya kunye needosi ze-reactant.
Ulawulo lobushushu lolunye undoqo—i-gibbsite digesters isebenza kakuhle kubushushu obuphakathi, ngelixa i-boehmitic kunye ne-diasporic bauxites zinokufuna ubushushu obuphezulu kunye nexesha elide lokuhlala. Uyilo lwe-CFD kunye nokulungiswa kweenjongo ezininzi ekulungiseleleni ukutya kunceda ukubonisa indlela utshintsho ekubunjweni kwe-slurry, ukushukuma, okanye ubushushu obuchaphazela ngayo ukubuyiselwa kwe-alumina kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla kwiindawo zoshishino.
Ukulungelelanisa Inkqubo Yokugaya I-Bauxite kwi-Ores Ezahlukeneyo
Ukujongana nokwahluka kwe-ore yingxaki eqhubekayo kwinkqubo ye-alumina yaseBayer. Ii-bauxites ezityebileyo kwi-gibbsite zilungile, zifuna amandla amancinci kunye neemeko ezipholileyo, ngelixa ii-bauxites ze-boehmitic kunye ne-diasporic zifuna ukulungiswa okuqinileyo:
- Ukusila kakuhleidla ngokusetyenziswa kwiintsimbi eziqinileyo, nto leyo eyonyusa ukusebenza kwazo kwaye iphucula amazinga okubuyisela i-alumina.
- Ukuxuba i-ore kunye "nokwenza incasa"— ukongeza amaqhezu acolwa lula—lungisa itshaja ye-bauxite kwaye uxhase ukusetyenziswa kakuhle kwesisombululo se-sodium hydroxide.
- Ulawulo oluqinileyo loxinano lwe-slurry kunye noxinzelelo lwe-sodium hydroxideinciphisa iingxaki ezivela kukuguquguquka kwezinto ezidityanisiweyo, ezifana nokuvaleka kwezihluzi kunye nokuna kwemvula okungafunekiyo.
Ukwenziwa kwemodeli yenkqubo kunceda ekuphuculeni iiparameter zokusebenza kwiintlobo ezithile ze-ore, ngelixa ulawulo oluqhubekayo loxinano lwe-slurry ekucutshungulweni kwezimbiwa luqinisekisa ukuba ukutya kwe-digester kuhlala kukwizinga elifanelekileyo lokukhupha kunye nokwahlulahlula ngezantsi.
Izifundo zemizekelo zibonisa ukuba izityalo zoshishino ezisebenzisa ulawulo lokutya oluhambelanayo—ezifana neendlela zokuxuba kunye nokuchonga i-ore—zisebenza ngcono, nokuba zifakelwe i-bauxite enzima. Olu hlengahlengiso lubalulekile ekutsalweni kwe-alumina okuzinzileyo, okuvelisa isivuno esiphezulu kwaye luxhasa iindlela ezisebenzayo zokulahla udaka olubomvu.
Ukuphatha ii-ore ze-bauxite ezahlukeneyo kwinqanaba lokugaya ukutya kufuna indlela edibeneyo: ukuchazwa kweeminerali, ukulinganiswa koxinano lwe-slurry ngexesha langempela, ukwenziwa ngcono kwezixhobo, kunye nolawulo oluqhubekayo lwenkqubo yokwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle kokugaya ukutya kunye nemveliso ye-alumina ngelixa kunciphisa ilahleko ye-caustic, imfuno yamandla, kunye nempembelelo yokusingqongileyo.
Indima Ebalulekileyo Yokulinganisa Ubuninzi Be-Slurry kunye ne-Pulp
Ukulinganisa uxinano lwe-bauxite pulp ngexesha langempela kubalulekile kulawulo lwenkqubo kwinkqubo yeBayer yokuvelisa i-alumina. Ulawulo oluchanekileyo loxinano lwe-slurry kwinkqubo yokutya kwe-digester lugcina ibhalansi efanelekileyo phakathi kwezinto eziqinileyo kunye nesisombululo se-sodium hydroxide kwinkqubo yeBayer, luphucula i-dissolving kinetics kunye ne-veety ngexesha lokugaya i-bauxite. Impendulo ekhawulezileyo evela kwi-iimitha zoxinanoNjengeLonnmeter iqinisekisa amanyathelo okulungisa ngokukhawuleza, inciphisa ukuphambuka kwaye igcina iindawo ekujoliswe kuzo ukuze kusebenze kakuhle ekugayweni kokutya.
Uxinano lwe-slurry luchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo isantya kunye nokuphelela kwamanyathelo enkqubo yokukhupha i-alumina. Uxinano lwe-slurry oluphezulu lunokuthintela ukuxubana kunye nokudluliselwa kobushushu, lunciphise ukusebenza kwe-bauxite kunye ne-caustic soda kwaye lunciphise ukubuyiselwa kwe-alumina iyonke. Uxinano lwe-slurry oluphantsi, ngokuchaseneyo, lunokunciphisa uxinano lwe-caustic kwaye lucothise impendulo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekusetyenzisweni okungaphantsi kweekhemikhali kunye nokwanda kokuveliswa kodaka olubomvu. Izifundo zibonisa ukuba ukulawula uxinano ngaphakathi kwemigangatho efanelekileyo kukhokelela kwimilinganiselo ye-caustic eqinileyo, ukwahlukana okusebenzayo kolwelo oluqinileyo kwinkqubo yeBayer, kunye nesivuno esiphezulu se-alumina-kuquka ulawulo oluphuculweyo lokungcola kunye nokusetyenziswa okuncitshisiweyo kwe-reagent.
Ukulinganiswa koxinano kunye nolawulo nako kuchaphazela ukusebenza kwezixhobo. Umzekelo, i-slurry etyebileyo kakhulu ithwala iimpompo, ii-agitators, kunye neziseko zophuhliso lwemibhobho, ikhulisa ukuguguleka, iphakamisa amaxesha okugcinwa, kunye nokunyusa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ngexesha lokuxuba, ukufudumeza, i-crystallization, kunye ne-calcination kwimveliso ye-alumina. Uxinano olulawulwa rhoqo lufezekisa uxinzelelo oluphantsi loomatshini kunye nemithwalo yamandla eqikelelweyo ngakumbi. Ukungqinelana komgangatho wemveliso, njengokusasazwa kobungakanani beesuntswana kunye nomxholo wokufuma, kuxhomekeke ngokuthe ngqo kulawulo loxinano oluzinzileyo kuzo zonke iindawo zezixhobo zenkqubo yokucocwa kwe-alumina.
Ukubeka iliso kuxinano lwepulp kudityaniswe kuyo yonke inkqubo ebanzi ye-alumina Bayer, kungekuphela nje ekugayweni. Iindawo eziphambili zojongano ziquka ukugaywa, ukutya kwe-digester, iisekethe zokuhlamba, kunye nokuphathwa kwentsalela yokugqibela yokulawulwa kunye nokulahla udaka olubomvu. Ukudibanisa neenkqubo ze-SCADA kwenza ukuba kubonwe idatha ephakathi kunye nolawulo lwexesha langempela phezu kwamazinga okuhamba okubalulekileyo kunye noxinzelelo oluqinileyo. Ngokunika idatha yoxinano oluvela kwizixhobo ezifana ne-Lonnmeter density meter ukuya kwii-automatic process loops, ii-refineries zigcina iinkcukacha zemveliso, ziphucule uluhlu lweekhemikhali, kwaye zinciphise ukukhutshwa kwenkunkuma.
Ekugqibeleni, ulawulo loxinano lwe-slurry aluhlukanisiwe—lubumba iziphumo zokusebenza, ezoqoqosho, kunye neemeko ezingqongileyo zenkqubo yonke ye-bauxite Bayer. Umlinganiselo ochanekileyo, impendulo ekhawulezileyo, kunye nokuhlanganiswa okuqhubekayo kunye neziseko zolawulo kugcina ukwenziwa ngcono kwenkqubo ukusuka ekuphathweni kwe-ore eluhlaza ukuya ekugqityweni kwemveliso ye-alumina.
Iindlela zokulinganisa uxinano lwe-Slurry kunye ne-Bauxite Pulp
Ukulawula uxinano lwe-slurry kunye ne-bauxite pulp kubalulekile kwinkqubo yeBayer yokuvelisa i-alumina. Iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokulinganisa zisetyenziswa, nganye inamandla kunye nemida.
Iindlela Zokulinganisa Uxinano Oluqhelekileyo
Iindlela zemveli zixhomekeke ekuthathweni kweesampuli ngesandla kunye nohlalutyo lwelebhu. Abaqhubi bezityalo batsala iisampulu ze-slurry ezicwangcisiweyo ngexesha kwimithombo yenkqubo—ngokuqhelekileyo kwiindawo zokutya kwe-digester okanye kwindawo yokukhupha ukutya. Ubuninzi bumiselwa kusetyenziswa iibhalansi ze-gravimetric, ii-pycnometers, okanye ukufundwa kwe-hydrometer.
Ezi ndlela zijongene nemingeni emininzi:
- Impendulo engapheliyo:Ixesha eliphakathi kokuqokelelwa kweesampuli kunye neziphumo zelebhu linokubangela ukulibaziseka kwenkqubo kwaye linciphise ukusabela.
- Ukuxhomekeka koMsebenzisi:Impazamo yomntu ekuthatheni iisampulu okanye ekulinganiseni inokubangela ukungangqinelani.
- Ukhuseleko olulinganiselweyo:Kuphela ngamanqaku ahlukeneyo kwindlela ye-bauxite yeBayer alinganiswayo, akukho tshintsho lwenkqubo.
Iindlela eziPhambili zokulinganisa uxinano olukwi-intanethi nolukwi-intanethi
Ukuze boyise le miqobo, izityalo zisebenzisa iinkqubo zokulinganisa uxinano olungaphakathi nolukwi-intanethi ukuze kugaywe i-bauxite kunye nokwahlulahlula ulwelo oluqinileyo kwinkqubo yeBayer.
Ezi nkqubo zibonelela:
- Ukubeka iliso rhoqo:Ukufundwa koxinano kuhlaziywa ngexesha langempela, okunika abaqhubi ulwazi oluphilayo lwenkqubo yokutya kwe-digester kunye nolawulo lwesekethe yokucacisa.
- Ingxelo yeNkqubo:Ivumela ukulungiswa okukhawulezileyo, okuzenzekelayo koxinzelelo lwe-sodium hydroxide ukuze kugaywe i-bauxite kunye namazinga okuhamba komlambo.
Imizekelo ibandakanya ii-sensors ezisebenza nge-loop, ii-flow meter ze-coriolis, kunye nee-nuclear density meter. Uninzi lufuna ukuhlanganiswa neephaneli zolawulo kunye nokulinganiswa rhoqo.
Imitha yoxinano lweLonnmeter: Umgaqo kunye neenzuzo
Imitha yoxinano lweLonnmeter yenzelwe ngokukodwa ukusetyenziswa okuqinileyo, okuxhonywayo kunye nokudlala kwizixhobo zenkqubo yokucoca i-alumina.
Umgaqo Wokusebenza:
- Imitha isebenzisa imigaqo yokungcangcazela okanye yokudlulisela amandla ukuze ibone utshintsho kubunzima bokutyibilika ngevolumu yeyunithi nganye.
- Imiqondiso yexesha langempela, efana ne-4–20 mA okanye i-RS485, ithunyelwa kwiinkqubo zolawulo, inika idatha eqhubekayo yokwenza izinto ngokuzenzekelayo.
Iingenelo ngaphezu kweendlela eziqhelekileyo:
- Idatha ekhawulezileyo, yexesha langempela:Akukho kulinda iziphumo zelebhu. Abaqhubi bafumana impendulo yenkqubo ngoko nangoko, ebalulekileyo kwizigaba zenkqubo eziguqukayo ezifana nokugaya kunye nokwakheka kwekristale kwimveliso ye-alumina.
- Ukuchaneka Okuphuculweyo kunye Nokungaguquguquki:Ukwenziwa kwezinto ngokuzenzekelayo akubandakanyi ukwahluka kwabantu, kugcina ulawulo oluthembekileyo loxinano ekugayweni kwe-bauxite kunye nolawulo loxinano lwe-slurry kwiukucubungula izimbiwa.
- Ukusebenza Okungenasondlo:ILonnmeter ifuna ukulinganiswa okuncinci kwaye iyakwazi ukumelana nemeko enzima yenkqubo ye-alumina yaseBayer—ukuthatha iisampuli rhoqo kunye nokucoca akufuneki.
- Ukuhlanganiswa Okungenamthungo:Iqhagamshela ngokulula kwiinkqubo ze-DCS/SCADA zezityalo ukuze kulungiswe iinkqubo ngokuzenzekelayo, ihambelana namaqhinga olawulo aphucukileyo ngakumbi.
Amanqaku okusetyenziswa kwiIBayerInkqubo:
- Inkqubo Yokutya I-Digester:Iimitha zeLonnmeter ezikwi-Inline ziqinisekisa uxinano lwe-bauxite pulp engena kwi-digesters. Ziqinisekisa ukulayisha okuchanekileyo kwezinto eziqinileyo kunye nomthamo we-sodium hydroxide ukuze kuthathwe amanyathelo asebenzayo enkqubo yokukhupha i-alumina.
- Indawo yokugaya ukutya:Ukubeka iliso kuxinano kwenza kube lula ukulawula ukuguqulwa kwempendulo, kuphucula imveliso ye-alumina kwaye kunciphise ukwakheka kodaka olubomvu.
- Iisekethe zokucacisa:Iimitha zeLonnmeter zinceda ukugcina uxinano olujoliswe kulo ukuze kwahlulwe ulwelo oluqinileyo ngempumelelo kwinkqubo yeBayer, ziphucula ukukhupha kwamanzi kwaye zinciphise iindleko zokulahla udaka olubomvu.
Ukuhlanganiswa neeNkqubo zoLawulo lweZityalo kunye neMpembelelo kwiZenzekelayo
Iimitha zoxinano lweLonnmeter zidibana ngokuthe ngqo neenethiwekhi zokwenza izinto ngokuzenzekelayo kwizityalo ngokubanzi.
Iingcamango eziphambili zokudibanisa:
- Isiphumo seSignali:I-analog esemgangathweni (4–20 mA) okanye imveliso yedijithali (RS485) ixhasa ukutshintshiselana kwedatha ngexesha langempela.
- IiLoops zoLawulo lweNkqubo:Ukufundwa koxinano kulungelelanisa ngokuzenzekelayo idosi ye-reagent, isantya sepompo, kunye nezixhobo zokwahlula eziqinileyo ngeNkqubo zoLawulo eziSasazwayo (i-DCS).
- Utshintsho oluncitshisiweyo:Impendulo ezenzekelayo inciphisa ukungenelela ngesandla, izinzisa ukusebenza kwe-digester kunye neenkqubo zokwahlulahlula ezisezantsi.
- Iingenelo Zokusebenza:Uzinzo lwenkqubo oluvelayo lunciphisa iindleko zokusebenza, luphucula umgangatho wokugqibela we-alumina, kwaye luqinisekisa ukusebenza kakuhle nge-crystallization kunye ne-calcination kwimveliso ye-alumina.
Ukulinganisa ngokufanelekileyo uxinano lwe-slurry kusetyenziswa izixhobo zanamhlanje ezifana neLonnmeter kuxhasa ulawulo oluthembekileyo noluzenzekelayo kuzo zonke izigaba ezibalulekileyo zenkqubo ye-bauxite yeBayer, ukusuka ekugayweni ukuya ekucacisweni nangaphezulu.
I-Bayer Process ivelisa i-Alumina evela kwi-Bauxite
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Amaqhinga Okuphucula Inkqubo Anikwe Amandla yiSilinganiselo soBuninzi obuchanekileyo
Ukulinganisa ngokuchanekileyo uxinano lwe-bauxite pulp kusekela amaqhinga amaninzi okwenza ngcono inkqubo kwinkqubo yeBayer yokuvelisa i-alumina. Ukubeka iliso ngexesha langempela, ngakumbi ngezixhobo ezifana ne-Lonnmeter density meter, kubonelela ngempendulo ekhawulezileyo evumela ulawulo oluchanekileyo kuyo yonke inqanaba lenkqubo.
Uhlengahlengiso kwiiParameters zoKugaywa okusekelwe kwiixabiso zobuninzi beSlurry ngexesha langempela
Kwinkqubo yokugaya i-bauxite, ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokukhetha isisombululo se-sodium hydroxide kwinkqubo yeBayer kuxhomekeke kakhulu kuxinano lwe-slurry. Ngokuhlala ulinganisa uxinano lokutya, abaqhubi banokulungisa uxinano lwe-sodium hydroxide, ubushushu, kunye nexesha lokuhlala ngaphakathi kwemithambo yokugaya. Umzekelo, ukunyuka ngequbuliso koxinano lwe-pulp kunokubonisa ukuba i-bauxite igqithisile, nto leyo ebangela utshintsho kuxinano lwe-caustic okanye izinga lokuxuba ukuze kugcinwe ukusebenza kakuhle kokukhupha i-alumina kunye nokuthintela ukwanda kwenkqubo yokutya yokugaya.
Ukulinganiswa koxinano lwe-slurry ngexesha langempela kwinkqubo yokutya kwe-digester kuzinzisa umlinganiselo wolwelo kwizinto eziqinileyo kwaye kuxhasa ukunyibilika rhoqo kweeminerali ze-alumina, kunciphisa amandla ezinto ezingaphendulwanga kunye nokuphambuka kwenkqubo esezantsi.
Ukuphuculwa Kokusebenza Kokwahlulwa Kolwelo Oluqinileyo Nokunciphisa Ukuthwala Udaka Olubomvu
Ukwahlulwa kwezinto eziqinileyo ngumceli mngeni ophambili kwinkqubo ye-alumina Bayer, ngakumbi kwizigaba ezilandelayo emva kokugaywa. Ulawulo oluchanekileyo loxinano lwe-slurry luchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukutyibilika kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kokucoca. Ngokujonga nokulungisa uxinano, abaqhubi banokunciphisa ukuthuthwa kwamasuntswana odaka abomvu amancinci, banciphise ukulahleka kwe-sodium hydroxide exabisekileyo kwaye baqinisekise ukubuyiswa kotywala okucacileyo okusebenzayo.
Ngexesha lokujiya nokuhlanjwa, ukulinganiswa koxinano lwe-bauxite pulp kwenza kube lula ukuhlalisa, kunceda ukulawula uxinano lodaka oluphumayo, kuthintelwe ukuxutywa kakhulu, kwaye kulawulwe iindlela zokulahla udaka olubomvu. Uxinano olulinganayo lukhuthaza ukwakheka okukhulu kwe-aggregate, lukhawulezisa amazinga okuhlalisa kwaye lunciphise umthwalo kwizixhobo zokucoca ezisezantsi, luqinisa ulawulo lodaka olubomvu ngokubanzi kunye nokwahlukana kolwelo oluqinileyo kwinkqubo yeBayer.
Impembelelo kwiSigaba seCrystallization—Ulawulo lweSupersaturation kunye nokuNciphisa kweMbewu
Ukulinganiswa koxinano lwe-slurry kwinkqubo yeBayer kubaluleke kakhulu kwizixhobo zenkqubo yokucoca i-alumina ngexesha le-crystallization. Ulawulo lwe-Supersaturation lulawula i-nucleation kunye ne-dynamics yokukhula kweekristale ze-alumina hydrate. Izixhobo ezifana neLonnmeter, okanye ii-quartz crystal sensors, zibona utshintsho kwi-pulp density ebonisa ukuqala kwemvula. Le ngxelo yexesha langempela ivumela ukulungiswa kwangoko kwiiprofayili zobushushu, amazinga okongezwa kwembewu, kunye namazinga okuhamba, ukunciphisa i-nucleation engafunekiyo okanye ukuhlanganiswa kwekristale okugqithisileyo.
Enyanisweni, amaqonga olawulo lwedijithali asebenzisa igalelo loxinano lwexesha langempela ukulawula ibhalansi ethambileyo yokuna kwembewu. Umzekelo, ukuba imilinganiselo yendawo ibonisa ukunyuka koxinano ngaphaya kwemida efanelekileyo, idosi yembewu inokwandiswa okanye amazinga okuphuma komphunga ancitshiswe ukuze kuzinziswe ukugcwala okuphezulu kunye nokukristala kwinkqubo yokuvelisa i-alumina.
Igalelo kwiCalcination eQhubekekayo kunye noMgangatho oPhezulu weAlumina yokugqibela
Uxinano olufanayo lokutya olungena kwizixhobo ze-calcination lubalulekile ukuze imveliso ihambelane kumgangatho kumanyathelo enkqubo yokukhupha i-alumina. Udaka oluxineneyo kakhulu lunokubangela ubushushu obungalinganiyo, ukuphelelwa ngamanzi emzimbeni okungaphelelanga, okanye ukungcola okushiyekileyo kwi-alumina ene-calcined. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ukutya okungaphantsi kobunzima kunokubangela ukulahleka kwamandla kunye namazinga okuguqulwa angaphantsi.
Ngokufaka ulawulo oluchanekileyo loxinano lwe-slurry ekucutshungulweni kwezimbiwa ukuya kuthi ga kwi-calcination kwisigaba sokuveliswa kwe-alumina, abaqhubi bafezekisa ukusasazwa kwamasuntswana afanayo kunye nomxholo wokufuma, bevelisa i-alumina enokwakheka kwesigaba okuqikelelweyo kunye neempawu zomzimba. Olu kuthembeka kwenkqubo kuthetha ukuba kukho iibhetshi ezimbalwa ezingaqhelekanga kunye nokusebenza kwezixhobo okubushelelezi.
Ukuncitshiswa kweNkunkuma kunye nokuBuyiselwa kweSodium Hydroxide Solution ngoLawulo loBuninzi oluQondisiweyo
Ukulinganisa uxinano lwe-bauxite pulp olusebenzayo kunceda ngokuthe ngqo ekunciphiseni inkunkuma kunye nokubuyiselwa kwesisombululo se-sodium hydroxide. Ukubeka iliso ngexesha langempela kwenza ukuba kulungiswe ngokukhawuleza iiparamitha zokuhlamba kunye nokucoca, kuphucula ukwahlula utywala obuxabisekileyo obunobuthi kudaka olubomvu kwaye kunciphise ilahleko ebangelwa bubuthi. Oku kunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwezinto eziluhlaza kwaye kunciphisa umthamo wodaka olubomvu olulahlwayo.
Umzekelo, ukulandelela rhoqo umahluko woxinano kumanqanaba okuhlamba kunceda abaqhubi ukuba bagcine imijikelo yokunyibilikisa efanelekileyo, ngaloo ndlela benyusa ukubuyiswa kwe-sodium hydroxide kwaye baphucule ukusebenza kakuhle kokulahla udaka olubomvu. Le ndlela ikwaxhasa ulawulo lwamandla ngokunciphisa ukunyibilikisa okungeyomfuneko kunye nokupompa, okunciphisa impembelelo iyonke kwindalo esingqongileyo yenkqubo ye-bauxite Bayer.
Ngamafutshane, ukudibanisa ukusetyenziswa kwemitha yoxinano lweLonnmeter ekulinganisweni kodaka kubonisa idatha esebenzisekayo kwinyathelo ngalinye—ukusuka ekugayweni nasekuhlukanisweni ukuya kwi-crystallization kunye ne-calcination—okuqhuba imisebenzi eqhubekayo, esebenzayo, nezinzileyo kuyo yonke inkqubo ye-Bayer alumina.
Imingeni Esebenzayo kunye Nezisombululo Ekuphunyezweni Kokulinganisa Uxinano
Ukulinganiswa ngokuchanekileyo koxinano lwe-bauxite pulp kwinkqubo yeBayer yokuvelisa i-alumina kujongana nemingeni emininzi esebenzayo. Ukuqinisekisa ukufundwa okuthembekileyo kubalulekile kungekuphela nje kulawulo lwenkqubo, kodwa nakwimilinganiselo yobunzima, ukulungiswa kokutya kwe-digester, kunye nokwahlulwahlulwa kwe-solid-liquid ezantsi.
Imithombo Eqhelekileyo Yempazamo Yokulinganisa
Iziphumo zoMoya eziQeqeshelweyo:
Amaqamza omoya aqunyiweyo ngaphakathi kwimilambo ye-bauxite slurry anokuphazamisa ukufundwa kobuninzi kunye nokuhamba komthamo. Oku kubangela uxinano oluphantsi kolu daka kunye namazinga okuhamba aphezulu, okuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ibhalansi yezinto kunye nokubalwa kwemveliso yenkqubo. Ukuphazamiseka komoya okuqunyiweyo kubhalwe phantsi ukuba kuvela kwi-pump cavitation, utshintsho lokuhamba oluguquguqukayo, kunye nokuvuza, okukhokelela kwimpazamo yokulinganisa kwiisensa zesiqhelo. Iisensa ze-sonar eziphambili, ezikwaziyo ukwahlula izigaba zolwelo kunye negesi, zilungisa ezi mpazamo kwaye zinokubona umoya oqunyiweyo usezantsi ukuya kwi-±0.1% ngomthamo.
Ukuguquguquka kobukhulu beParticle:
Uluhlu kunye nokusasazwa kobukhulu bee-particles kwi-bauxite slurries kutshintsha i-slurry rheology kunye ne-impact density meter calibration curves. Ii-bauxite particles ezinkulu zinokuhlala, zikhuthaza ukuhlukaniswa kunye nokugubungela i-partial sensor, ngelixa ii-fine particles zihlala zixhonywe ngokulinganayo. Olu tshintsho lunokungenisa i-bias kwimilinganiselo yoxinano olungaphakathi kwaye luchaphazele ukufundwa kweLonnmeter, okufuna ukulinganiswa ngononophelo kunye nokubekwa kwe-sensor.
Ukungcola kwezixhobo:
Inkqubo ye-alumina yeBayer iveza iisensa kwiindawo ezinobungozi kakhulu, ezirhabaxa, nezinobukhulu ngenxa yesisombululo se-sodium hydroxide kunye nezinto eziqinileyo ezixhonyiweyo. Ukungcola kwenzeka kwiindawo zesensa—ingakumbi kwindawo yokukhupha i-digester kunye nemijelo yokuhlalisa udaka—konakalisa impendulo kunye nokuchaneka kwesensa. Iingubo ezikhuselayo, iishedyuli zokucoca rhoqo, kunye neempawu zokuzixilonga kwiimitha ezifana neLonnmeter zibalulekile ekunciphiseni ukutyibilika okubangelwa kukungcoliswa.
Isishwankathelo sokuthelekisa iiNdawo zoFakelo
Ukutya kweDigester:
Ukufaka iiyunithi zeLonnmeter kwindawo yokutya kwe-digester kuqinisekisa ulawulo olufanelekileyo lwe-sodium hydroxide concentration kunye ne-bauxite pulp density, okuchaphazela ukusebenza kakuhle kokugaya kwe-bauxite. Iisensors apha zichatshazelwa kukungcola okuncinci, kodwa umoya ongaphakathi ovela kwiitanki zokuxuba eziphezulu unokuphazamisa ukufundwa.
Emva kokugaya:
Ukulinganisa emva kokugaywa kunika idatha malunga noxinano lokwenyani lwe-slurry oluthunyelwa kwiiyunithi zokwahlulahlula i-setting kunye ne-solid-liquid. Iingxaki apha ziquka ukuvezwa kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu, ubuninzi be-caustic, kunye nomthwalo onzima wee-particles, ukwandisa umngcipheko wokungcola kunye nokuhamba kwe-calibration.
Imijelo Yokwahlulwa Kodaka:
Kule migca, ukufundwa okuchanekileyo koxinano lwe-bauxite pulp kuxhasa ulawulo lodaka olubomvu kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kokwahlulwahlulwa. Ukungcola kunye notshintsho olukhawulezayo loxinano ngenxa yemvula kufuna iimpawu eziqinileyo zokuzicoca kunye nokuqinisekiswa kwedatha rhoqo. Ukufakelwa kwe-sensor kufuneka kuthathele ingqalelo ukuxinana kwegumbi kunye neempawu zokuhamba okuguquguqukayo.
Izinto Ezibalulekileyo Eziqwalaselweyo Xa Kukhethwa Imitha Yoxinano
Xa ukhetha imitha yoxinano lweemeko zenkqubo ye-bauxite Bayer, cinga ngoku:
- Ukumelana neekhemikhali:Kufuneka imelane nokudibana rhoqo nesisombululo se-sodium hydroxide kwinkqubo yeBayer kunye nezinto eziqinileyo ezirhabaxa.
- Ukunciphisa Ukungcola:Khetha izinzwa ezineengubo ezithintela ukukhula okanye izixhobo zokucoca ezizenzekelayo (umz., ukucoca nge-ultrasonic kwiLonnmeter).
- Ubuchule bokulungisa umoya:Izixhobo ezikwaziyo ukuhlawula umoya oqeqeshwe ngaphakathi, ezifana nee-sensors ezisekwe kwi-sonar ephucukileyo okanye kwi-array, zibonelela ngeenzuzo ezahlukeneyo zozinzo lomlinganiselo.
- Ubungakanani beParticle Ukomelela:Izixhobo kufuneka zilungele uluhlu olubanzi lwee-bauxite slurry particles sizes, zigcine ukuchaneka nokuba kumanzi ahlukeneyo.
- Ukuguquguquka kokufakwa:Imitha kufuneka isebenze ngokuthembekileyo kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo enkqubo yokukhupha i-alumina—ukusuka ekutyeni kwe-digester ukuya ekususeni amanzi ngodaka kunye ne-calcination outputs.
- Inkxaso yoLungiselelo kunye noLungiselelo:Uyilo olufikelelekayo kunye neenkqubo zokulinganisa ezibhaliweyo zenza kube lula ukusebenza kwexesha elide kunye nokuhlanganiswa kwezixhobo zenkqubo yokucokisa i-alumina ezikhoyo.
Ukukhethwa kwezixhobo ezipheleleyo kunye nokuqinisekiswa okuqhubekayo zizinto ezifunekayo ukuze kulinganiswe ubuninzi be-bauxite pulp. Ukusebenzisa iimitha eziphambili ezifana neLonnmeter, ngokulinganisa ngononophelo kunye nokugcinwa okuqinileyo, kuphucula ulawulo lwenkqubo, ukubalwa kwezinto, kunye nemveliso kuzo zonke iinkqubo eziphambili ze-alumina Bayer.
Unxibelelwano Phakathi koLawulo loxinano kunye nokusebenza kokusingqongileyo
Ukulinganisa uxinano lwe-bauxite pulp ngokuchanekileyo sisiseko sokusebenza kokusingqongileyo kwinkqubo yeBayer yokuvelisa i-alumina. Xa abaqhubi bezityalo besebenzisa iimitha zoxinano ezikwimigca efana neLonnmeter, bafumana uxinano oluzinzileyo noluchanekileyo lwe-slurry kwinkqubo yokutya kwe-digester. Olu lawulo luqinileyo luchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo indlela izinto eziqinileyo kunye nolwelo ezahlukana ngayo kwinkqubo yokucoca i-alumina, ngokusisiseko zibumba imveliso yenkunkuma kunye nokubuyiswa kwezixhobo.
Udaka olubomvu yeyona nkunkuma iqinileyo iphambili evela ekugayweni kwe-bauxite. Ulawulo olungalunganga loxinano lunokubangela ukwahlulwa okungaphelelanga kolwelo oluqinileyo, okwandisa umthamo wodaka olubomvu ekufuneka lugcinwe okanye lulahlwe. Ngokusebenzisa umlinganiselo woxinano oluqhubekayo lwe-slurry kwinkqubo yeBayer, abaqhubi bagcina iimeko ezifanelekileyo zokuzinza kunye nokucoca. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba i-alumina engaphezulu ifunyanwa kwisigaba solwelo kwaye ilahleka kancinci ngezinto eziqinileyo ezixhonyiweyo, kunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwenkunkuma yodaka olubomvu kunye nokunciphisa umthwalo kwiinkqubo zokulahla. Umzekelo, ukuzinzisa uxinano lwe-pulp ngaphakathi kwe-±0.001 g/cm³ kunciphisa ukuhanjiswa kwezinto ezixabisekileyo, kuphucula ulawulo lodaka olubomvu kwinqanaba ngalinye lokucaciswa kunye nokuqina.
Isisombululo se-sodium hydroxide kwinkqubo yeBayer sibalulekile ekunyibilikiseni i-alumina kwi-bauxite. Ngolawulo oluphuculweyo loxinano lwe-slurry, i-sodium hydroxide encinci ihlala ibambekile kudaka olubomvu oluqinileyo kwaye ngaphezulu kusetyenziswa kwakhona ngokufanelekileyo ngaphakathi kwisekethe. Oku kunyusa amazinga okubuyisela i-sodium hydroxide, kunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kweekhemikhali, kwaye kunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwendalo. Njengoko izihluzi kunye nezihluzi zisebenza kwiindawo ezifanelekileyo zoxinano, ukwahlukana kwesisombululo kuba kucocekile—oku kwandisa ukubuyiselwa kwe-sodium hydroxide ngaphandle kokuxuba okanye ukungcola okugqithisileyo, kuxhasa ukusebenza okungabizi kakhulu kunye nemigangatho yomgangatho wokungcola ongqongqo.
Ulawulo loxinano lwepulp lukwaqinisa imigaqo yoqoqosho olujikelezayo kuyo yonke inyathelo lenkqubo yokukhupha i-alumina. Ngokuphucula ukwahlulwahlulwa kwezinto, ukunciphisa ilahleko zenkqubo, kunye nokunyusa ukuphinda kusetyenziswe i-sodium hydroxide, inkqubo ye-Bayer alumina isondela kwiinjongo zenkunkuma ezingenanto. Ukunciphisa umthamo wodaka olubomvu kunye nokwandisa ukubuyiselwa ngokusebenzisa ulawulo oluchanekileyo loxinano kuthetha ukuba ukutya okuninzi kuguqulwa kube yi-alumina exabisekileyo, kwaye kusetyenziswa i-reagent encinci ngetoni nganye yemveliso. Ukubeka esweni uxinano ngexesha langempela, okuboniswe kukusetyenziswa kwemitha yoxinano lweLonnmeter ekulinganisweni kodaka, kuxhasa ezi ziphumo, okuvumela inkqubo ye-bauxite yeBayer ukuba iphucule ukusebenza kakuhle kwezinto kunye nokuzinza.
Olu phuculo kulawulo loxinano lwe-slurry lusebenza kunye nezinye iindlela zokuphucula iinkqubo—ezifana nokuphuculwa kwe-crystallization kunye ne-calcination kwimveliso ye-alumina—ukudala ukusebenza okunobuchule ngakumbi nonoxanduva lokusingqongileyo. Ekugqibeleni, ukulinganiswa koxinano okuqhubekayo kunye nokuzisebenzela ngokuzenzekelayo kwenkqubo kwenza inkqubo yeBayer yemveliso ye-alumina icoceke, ikhuseleke, kwaye isebenze ngakumbi ngelixa ixhasa iinjongo zoshishino lonke zolawulo lokusingqongileyo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezijikelezayo.
Imibuzo Ebuzwa Rhoqo (Ii-FAQ)
Yintoni injongo ephambili yokwetyisa i-bauxiteIBayerinkqubo?
Ukugaywa kweBauxite linyathelo elisisiseko kwinkqubo yeBayer yokuvelisa i-alumina. Injongo yayo ephambili kukunyibilikisa i-alumina kwi-bauxite ore kusetyenziswa isisombululo se-sodium hydroxide eshushu. Ngexesha lokugaywa, iiminerali ze-alumina zisabela kwi-sodium hydroxide, zenze i-sodium aluminate enyibilikayo. Oku kwenza ukuba i-alumina yahlulwe kwizinto ezingcolileyo, ezifana ne-silica, i-iron oxides, kunye neeminerali ze-titanium, ezihlala zinganyibiliki njengodaka olubomvu. Ukunyibilika ngempumelelo kwe-alumina kubeka inqanaba lokubuyela kwayo njenge-alumina hydrate kumanyathelo enkqubo alandelayo.
Ukulinganiswa ngokuchanekileyo koxinano lwe-bauxite pulp kuluncedo njani kwi-IBayerinkqubo ye-alumina?
Ukugcina uxinano oluchanekileyo lwe-bauxite pulp kwinkqubo ye-Bayer alumina kuqinisekisa ukuba iimeko zokugaywa kwesisu zihlala zilungile. Xa uxinano lwe-pulp lulawulwa ngokuchanekileyo:
- Ukusebenza kakuhle kokunyibilika kwe-alumina kuyanda, nto leyo ephucula amazinga okutsalwa kwe-alumina.
- Imveliso yokwahlulwa kolwelo oluqinileyo iphezulu, kwaye udaka olubomvu luyancipha.
- Ukulahleka kwenkqubo kuyancitshiswa, njengoko ukusetyenziswa kwe-reagent kulawulwa ngcono.
- Umgangatho wemveliso yokugqibela uhlala ungaguquguquki, uxhasa ukwenziwa kwekristale kunye ne-calcination esebenzayo.
Utshintsho okanye ukuphambuka kuxinano lwepulp kunokukhokelela ekugayweni okungaphelelanga, ukwanda kokuveliswa kodaka olubomvu, kunye nokungasebenzi kakuhle kwenkqubo esezantsi. Ulawulo oluqinileyo loxinano luxhasa ukusebenza okuzinzileyo kunye nomphumo othembekileyo we-alumina.
Zeziphi iindlela eziqhelekileyo zokulinganisa uxinano lwe-slurry kwi-aluminaIBayerinkqubo?
Ukulinganisa uxinano lwe-slurry kubalulekile kulawulo lwenkqubo kunye nokukhusela izixhobo. Iindlela eziqhelekileyo ziquka:
- Uhlalutyo lweGravimetric:Ukuthatha isampuli ebonakalayo kunye nokulinganisa uludaka, kulandele ukubalwa koxinano, olufanelekileyo ukujonga rhoqo okanye ukujonga indawo.
- Iigeyiji zoxinano lwe-gamma-ray okanye i-nuclear density:Sebenzisa iteknoloji ye-radiometric ukulinganisa uxinano lwe-slurry ngexesha langempela, ukubonelela ngomlinganiselo oqinileyo wokungachukumisi kwiindawo ezixineneyo. Iinkqubo zanamhlanje ezisebenzisa imithombo ye-radioactivity ephantsi (umz., i-Na-22) ziphucula ukhuseleko kunye nokuthotyelwa kwemithetho.
- Iimitha ezikwimigca efana nemitha yoxinano lweLonnmeter:Ezi zibonelela ngokufundwa koxinano oluqhubekayo, ngexesha langempela ngqo kubaqhubi nakwiinkqubo zolawulo, zibonelela ngempendulo ekhawulezileyo yokulungiswa kwenkqubo kunye nokuphuculwa kokuzenzekela.
Kutheni isisombululo se-sodium hydroxide sibalulekile ekugayweni kwe-bauxite?
Isisombululo se-sodium hydroxide sibalulekile kwinkqubo yokugaya i-bauxite kuba sisabela ngokukhethayo kunye neeminerali ezine-alumina, siziguqule zibe yi-sodium aluminate enyibilikayo. Le mpendulo ibalulekile ekukhululeni i-alumina kwi-ore ukuze yahlulwe kwizinto ezingcolileyo ezinganyibilikiyo. Uxinzelelo lwe-sodium hydroxide lukwalawula isantya sokusabela, ukusebenza kakuhle, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-reagent, kwaye kufuneka ilinganiswe ngononophelo ukuze kuphuculwe isivuno ngaphandle kokuvelisa iikhompawundi ezingafunekiyo, ezifana neemveliso zokususa i-silica.
Ngawaphi amanqanaba enkqubo azuza ngokuthe ngqo kumlinganiselo woxinano lwe-bauxite pulp?
Amanqanaba aliqela enkqubo yeBayer axhomekeke kulawulo oluqinileyo lwe-bauxite pulp density:
- Ukugaya i-bauxite:Uxinano oluchanekileyo luqinisekisa ukunyibilika ngokupheleleyo kwe-alumina kwaye lulawula i-reaction kinetics.
- Ukwahlulwa kolwelo oluqinileyo (ukucaciswa):Uxinano olufanelekileyo luxhasa ukuhlaliswa kakuhle, ukuhluzwa, kwaye lunciphisa ukuthwalwa kodaka olubomvu.
- Ukwenziwa kwekristale kwimveliso ye-alumina:Iimeko zokutya ezizinzileyo zinceda ekulawuleni amazinga okugcwala kwamanzi kunye nokwakheka kwekristale.
- Ukwenziwa kwe-calcination kwimveliso ye-alumina:Uxinano oluhlala luhleli lwepulp luvumela ukufuma okuqikelelweyo kunye nokugcinwa kwe-calcination, okuqinisekisa ubunyulu bemveliso kunye nemveliso.
Kula manqanaba, ulawulo olubi loxinano lunokuphazamisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo, lunciphise umgangatho wokuphuma, kwaye lube nzima ukulawula nokulahla udaka olubomvu.
Ixesha leposi: Novemba-26-2025
