I-Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) idlala indima ephambili kwinkqubo yokuhluza igesi yeflue esetyenziswa ekwenzeni intsimbi ye-oxygen furnace. Kwezi nkqubo, i-NaOH isebenza njenge-mulbent, ne-detoxifying ngempumelelo iigesi ze-asidi ezifana ne-sulfur dioxide (SO₂), i-nitrogen oxides (NOx), kunye ne-carbon dioxide (CO₂). Ukugcina uxinano lwe-NaOH olufanelekileyo kwi-ulwelo lokukhuhlaibalulekile kwiindlela ezisebenzayo zokunyanga igesi yombhobho kwaye sisiseko setekhnoloji yokucoca igesi yombhobho esetyenziswa kwizityalo zentsimbi.
Ukulinganisa ngokuchanekileyo kunye nokulawula uxinaniso lwe-NaOH kuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo kunye nolawulo lokukhupha ukungcola. Xa idosi ye-caustic iphantsi kakhulu, amazinga okususa igesi ye-asidi ayehla, nto leyo ebeka emngciphekweni ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho kunye nokwandisa uxinaniso lokukhupha ukungcola. I-NaOH engaphezulu ayichithi nje kuphela iikhemikhali kodwa ivelisa iimveliso ezingafunekiyo, nto leyo ephakamisa uxanduva lweendleko kunye nolawulo lokusingqongileyo. Izifundo zokusebenza zibonise ukuba, umzekelo, isisombululo se-NaOH se-5% kwiinqaba zokutshiza ezinezigaba ezimbini sifikelela ekususweni kwe-SO₂ engama-92%, ngelixa ukuphuculwa kwenkqubo efana nokongezwa kwe-sodium hypochlorite kuphucula ngakumbi amazinga okubanjwa kongcoliseko.
Inkqubo yokwenza intsimbi ye-oksijini esisisiseko: Amanyathelo kunye nomxholo
Isishwankathelo seNkqubo yeSithando seOksijini esiSiseko (i-BOF)
Inkqubo esisiseko yokwenza intsimbi yesithando seoksijini ibandakanya ukuguqulwa ngokukhawuleza kwentsimbi yehagu enyibilikisiweyo kunye nentsimbi elahliweyo ibe yintsimbi esemgangathweni ophezulu. Inkqubo iqala ngokutshaja isitya se-BOF ngentsimbi yehagu enyibilikisiweyo—eveliswa kwisithando somlilo ngokunyibilikisa i-ore yentsimbi kusetyenziswa i-coke kunye ne-limestone—kunye nentsimbi elahliweyo efikelela kwi-30% ngobunzima. I-scrap inceda ekulawuleni ubushushu kunye nokurisayikilisha ngaphakathi kwenkqubo.
Ukwenza intsimbi ye-oksijini esisiseko
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Umkhonto opholiswe ngamanzi ufaka ioksijini ecocekileyo kakhulu kwisinyithi esishushu. Le oksijini isabela ngokuthe ngqo kwikhabhoni kunye nezinye izinto ezingcolileyo, izenze zibe yi-oksijini. Iimpendulo eziphambili ziquka i-C + O₂ eyenza i-CO kunye ne-CO₂, i-Si + O₂ eyenza i-SiO₂, i-Mn + O₂ evelisa i-MnO, kunye ne-P + O₂ evelisa i-P₂O₅. Iifluxes zelayimu okanye zedolomite zongezwa ukuze zibambe ezi oxides, zenze i-slag esisiseko. I-slag idada ngaphezulu kwentsimbi enyibilikisiweyo, inceda ukwahlula nokususa izinto ezingcolisayo.
Isigaba sokuvuthela sitshisa umbane ngokukhawuleza; i-scrap iyanyibilika kwaye ixube kakuhle, iqinisekisa ukwakheka okufanayo. Ngokwesiqhelo, le nkqubo ithatha imizuzu engama-30-45, ivelisa ukuya kuthi ga kwiitoni ezingama-350 zentsimbi ngebhetshi nganye kwizixhobo zanamhlanje.
Emva kokuvuthela, uhlengahlengiso kwikhemistri yentsimbi ludla ngokwenzeka kwiiyunithi zokucokisa zesibini ukuze kuhlangatyezwane nemigaqo echanekileyo. Intsimbi emva koko igalelwa kwiimashini zokubumba eziqhubekayo ukuvelisa iislabs, iibhilethi, okanye iintyatyambo. Ukuqengqeleka okushushu nokubandayo okulandelayo kudala ezi mveliso ukuze zisetyenziswe kumacandelo afana neemoto kunye nolwakhiwo. Imveliso edibeneyo ephawulekayo yi-slag, esetyenziswa kwisamente nakwiziseko zophuhliso.
Iimpembelelo zeNdalo kunye noKhupho lweMisi
Ukwenziwa kwentsimbi ye-BOF kusebenzisa amandla amaninzi kwaye kuvelisa ubungakanani obukhulu beegesi zeflue kunye nee-particles. Ukukhutshwa okukhulu kuvela kwi-oxidation ye-carbon (CO₂), ukushukuma koomatshini, kunye nokuphuma komoya ngexesha lokuvuthuza i-oxygen.
CO₂yigesi ephambili yegreenhouse eveliswayo, eqhutywa ziimpendulo ze-decarburization. Ubungakanani be-CO₂ ekhutshwayo buxhomekeke kumxholo wekhabhoni wesinyithi esishushu, umlinganiselo we-scrap eyongeziweyo, kunye nobushushu bokusebenza. Ukusebenzisa i-scrap ephinda isetyenziswe kunokunciphisa imveliso ye-CO₂ kodwa kunokufuna uhlengahlengiso ukugcina umgangatho wentsimbi kunye nokulinganisela ubushushu.
Ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayoziquka ii-oxides zesinyithi ezincinci, iintsalela zeflux, kunye nothuli oluvela kwimisebenzi yokutshaja okanye yokucofa. Ezi ziqwenga ziphantsi kolawulo olungqongqo olufuna ukubekwa esweni okuqhubekayo kunye nobuchwepheshe bokunciphisa.
I-Sulfur dioxide (SO₂)Ivela ikakhulu kwisalfure kwintsimbi yehagu enyibilikisiweyo. Izisombululo zolawulo kufuneka zijongane nokusebenza okulinganiselweyo kokususa kwizigaba zenkqubo yokuqala kunye nokwenzeka kokwakheka kwemvula ene-asidi ukuba ayinyangwanga.
Imisebenzi yanamhlanje ye-BOF isebenzisa izisombululo ezidibeneyo zokulawula ukukhutshwa kwezinto:
- Iinkqubo zokuhluza igesi yolwelo (umz., i-limestone oxidation emanzi, ukomisa i-lime spray) zijolise ekususweni kwe-SO₂ kwaye zivumela ukuguqulwa zibe ziimveliso eziluncedo ezifana ne-gypsum.
- Ubuchwepheshe obuphambili bokucoca igesi yolwelo, izihluzi zelaphu, kunye ne-dry sorbent injection zinciphisa ukukhutshwa kwee-particles.
- Iindlela zokubamba kunye nokususa i-CO₂ ziya ziqwalaselwa ngakumbi, kwaye ubuchwepheshe—obufana nokuhlafuna i-amine kunye nokwahlulahlula i-membrane—buvavanywa ukuze kujongwe ukusebenza kakuhle kweendleko.
Iindlela ezisebenzayo zonyango lwegesi yolwelo zixhomekeke ekubekweni esweni ngexesha langempela kunye nokulungiswa kwenkqubo. Ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zokubeka esweni uxinano lwe-alkali kwi-intanethi, kuqukaiimitha zoxinzelelo lwesoda ebangelwa yi-caustic sodakunye neemitha zoxinzelelo ezikwi-intanethi ezifana neLonnmeter, ziqinisekisa ukucocwa kakuhle kwegesi yolwelo kunye nokuthobela imigangatho yokukhupha ukungcola. Ngokusebenzisa ezi teknoloji, izityalo zeBOF zinokufikelela ekunciphiseni okungaphezulu kwama-69% kwi-SO₂ kunye nokukhupha ukungcola okuncinci, zixhasa ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho kunye nokugcinwa kwendalo.
Ukucocwa kwegesi yeFlue kwiNkqubo yeSithando seOksijini esiSiseko
Injongo kunye neZiseko zokuCoca iGesi yoMngxunya
Ukuhlafuna igesi yeflue kubhekisa kwiinkqubo kunye neendlela ezenzelwe ukususa i-sulfur dioxide (SO₂) kunye nezinye izinto ezine-asidi kwiigesi zokukhupha umoya eziveliswa ngexesha lamanyathelo enkqubo yokwenza intsimbi ye-oxygen furnace (BOF). Injongo ephambili kukunciphisa ungcoliseko lomoya kunye nokuhlangabezana nemida yolawulo lwe-sulfur kunye nezinye izinto ezikhutshwayo. Kwimveliso yentsimbi, ezi nkqubo zokuhlafuna zinceda ukunciphisa impembelelo yokusingqongileyo yezinto ezingcolisayo emoyeni ezikhutshwa ngexesha lokuhlafuna isinyithi esinyibilikisiweyo kunye neendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuhlafuna.
Umgaqo wekhemikhali osemva kokuhlafuna igesi emanzi kukuguqula i-SO₂ yegesi ibe ziikhompawundi ezingenobungozi okanye ezilawulekayo ngokusabela igesi kunye nee-alkaline sorbents kwizigaba zamanzi okanye eziqinileyo. Impendulo ephambili ekuhlafuneni okumanzi okusekelwe kwi-NaOH yile:
- I-SO₂ (igesi) iyanyibilika emanzini ukuze yenze i-sulphurous acid (H₂SO₃).
- Emva koko i-asidi ye-sulfurous iphendula ne-sodium hydroxide (NaOH), ivelise i-sodium sulfite (Na₂SO₃) kunye namanzi.
- SO₂ (g) + H₂O → H₂SO₃ (aq)
- H₂SO₃ (aq) + 2 NaOH (aq) → Na₂SO₃ (aq) + 2 H₂O
Oku kuthomalalisa ngokukhawuleza nangokungakhathaliyo kwenza iinkqubo ze-NaOH zikwazi ukususa kakuhle. Kwi-limestone okanye i-lime-based scrubbing, ezi mpendulo zilandelayo ziphambili:
- I-CaCO₃ okanye i-Ca(OH)₂ isabela kwi-SO₂, yenze i-calcium sulfite, kwaye xa i-oxidation inyanzelisiwe, i-calcium sulfate (i-gypsum).
- I-CaCO₃ + SO₂ → I-CaSO₃
- CaSO₃ + ½O₂ + 2H₂O → CaSO₄·2H₂O
Ukusebenza kwezi mpendulo zokukrwela kuxhomekeke kuxinzelelo lwe-sorbent, ukudibana kwegesi nolwelo, ubushushu, kunye neempawu ezithile zomjelo wegesi ophuma kwi-BOF.
Iintlobo zeendlela zokuCoca igesi yeFlue ekwenzeni intsimbi
Iinkqubo zokuhlafuna ngamanzi ezisebenzisa i-caustic soda (NaOH) kunye ne-limestone/lime slurry zezona ndlela zibalaseleyo zokunyanga igesi ye-BOF flue. I-NaOH ithandwa ngenxa ye-alkalinity yayo enamandla kunye ne-requisitive reaction kinetics, ifikelela ekususweni kwe-SO₂ epheleleyo phantsi kweemeko ezilawulwayo. Nangona kunjalo, ibiza kakhulu xa ithelekiswa ne-lime okanye i-limestone. Ezi nkqubo zemveli ezisekelwe kwi-calcium zihlala zisemgangathweni, zihlala zifikelela kwi-90–98% xa iiparameter zenkqubo ziphuculiwe.
Xa kukhuhlwa ngelitye lekalika okanye ilayimu emanzi, inkqubo idla ngokubandakanya igesi enyukayo isiya phezulu kwiinqaba ezipakishiweyo okanye ezitshizwayo ngelixa i-slurry ijikeleziswa ukuqinisekisa unxibelelwano olufanelekileyo phakathi kwegesi nolwelo. I-sulfite okanye i-sulfate ephumayo iyasuswa kwinkqubo, i-gypsum ibe yimveliso ephambili kwiinkqubo zelitye lekalika/likalika.
Ukutshiza ngokufutha kusebenzisa amaconsi e-slurry okanye i-dry sorbent injection (DSI) ukunyanga iigesi ngokuthe ngqo kwiimeko ezomileyo kancinci. I-Trona, i-hydrated lime, kunye ne-limestone zizinto ezisetyenziswa kakhulu njenge-sorbents. I-Trona ifikelela kwizinga eliphezulu lokususa i-SO₂ phakathi kwezi (ukuya kuthi ga kwi-94%), kodwa i-lime kunye ne-limestone zibonelela ngezinye iindlela ezinokuthenjwa nezingabizi kakhulu kwizityalo ezininzi zentsimbi. Iinkqubo zokutshiza ngokufutha ziphawulwa ngokusetyenziswa kwamanzi okuncinci, ukulungiswa okulula, kunye nokuguquguquka kokususa izinto ezingcolisa ukungcola okuninzi kuquka ii-particles kunye ne-mercury.
Ngokwezixhobo, ukuhlafuna okusekwe kwi-NaOH kusebenza nge-liquid-phase chemistry, kuthintela ukuveliswa kwemveliso eqinileyo kwaye kwenza kube lula ukunyanga ukungcola okulula. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iinkqubo zelime/limestone zixhomekeke ekufunxeni uthuli, nto leyo evelisa i-gypsum efuna ukuphathwa okanye ukulahlwa ngakumbi. Ukuhlafuna ngokutshiza kudibanisa ukufunxa kwegesi kunye ne-liquid-phase, kunye neemveliso zempendulo ezomileyo eziqokelelwe njengezinto eziqinileyo ezincinci.
Ngokuthelekisa, i-NaOH inikezela:
- Ukusebenza kakuhle okuphezulu kunye nolawulo lwenkqubo.
- Akukho nkunkuma iqinileyo, nto leyo eyenza kube lula ukulawula okusingqongileyo.
- Iindleko eziphezulu ze-reagent, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ingabi nomtsalane kwizicelo ezinkulu, kodwa ifanelekile apho kufuneka kususwe khona i-SO₂ eninzi okanye ukulahlwa kwemveliso eqinileyo kuyingxaki.
Iindlela zeLimestone/Lime:
- Iindleko ze-reagent eziphantsi.
- Ukusebenza kakuhle, kulula ukukuhlanganisa nokwakha i-gypsum.
- Kufuneka iinkqubo zokuphatha udaka oluqinileyo kunye neenkqubo zokuphatha imveliso engasemva.
Iinkqubo ze-sorbent zokutshiza-zokomisa nezomileyo:
- Ukuguquguquka kokusebenza.
- Ukusebenza kakuhle okunokwenzeka okuphezulu nge-trona, nangona iindleko kunye nobonelelo zinokuthintela ukwamkelwa okusebenzayo.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-NaOH Scrubbing kwimisebenzi ye-BOF
Iiyunithi zokuhlafuna zeNaOH zidityaniswe ngezantsi kweendawo eziphambili zokuqokelela igesi ngaphandle kwe-BOF, zihlala zilandela amanqanaba okuqala okususa uthuli afana nee-electrostatic precipitators okanye ii-baghouses. Igesi yolwelo iyapholiswa ngaphambi kokuba ingene kwinqaba yokuhlafuna, apho idibana khona nesisombululo seNaOH esijikelezayo. Ukungcola kujongwa rhoqo ukuze kujongwe uxinano lwe-alkali, kusetyenziswa izixhobo ezifana ne-online concentration meter, i-caustic soda concentration meter, kunye neenkqubo ezenzelwe ukujonga uxinano lwe-alkali kwi-intanethi—umzekelo, iLonnmeter—ukuqinisekisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-reagent efanelekileyo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kokubamba i-SO₂.
Ukubekwa kwe-NaOH scrubbing kubaluleke kakhulu; inqaba yokukhuhla kufuneka ibekwe kwindawo efanelekileyo ukuze ikwazi ukusingatha ukuhamba kwegesi okuphezulu kwaye igcine ixesha elaneleyo lokudibana. Ukungcola okuvela kwi-scrubber kudla ngokuthunyelwa kwinkqubo yokuthomalalisa okanye yokubuyisela umva, nto leyo enciphisa uxanduva lokusingqongileyo kwaye iququzelele ukusetyenziswa kwakhona kwamanzi.
Ukudibanisa i-NaOH yokuhlafuna kwinkqubo ye-basic oxygen furnace kuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo ngoku:
- Ukunciphisa kakhulu ukukhutshwa kwe-SO₂.
- Ukususa inkunkuma eqinileyo ekucoceni igesi yolwelo, ukwenza kube lula ukuthotyelwa kweteknoloji yokucoca igesi yolwelo kunye nemigaqo emitsha.
- Ukuvumela uhlengahlengiso lwenkqubo ngexesha langempela ngokulinganisa uxinaniso lwe-NaOH kwi-intanethi, ukuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo igcina iindawo ezimiselweyo zokususwa kwe-SO₂.
Olu manyano luxhasa inkqubo epheleleyo yokukhupha i-flue gas desulfurization. Isombulula imingeni yokukhupha ukungcola ekwimo yokwenziwa kwentsimbi ye-oxygen furnace ngokubonelela ngeendlela zonyango lwe-flue gas ezinokuthenjwa neziguquguqukayo ezifanelekileyo kwiimfuno zanamhlanje zomthetho kunye nokusebenza. Ukwamkelwa kokubeka esweni okuphambili kwe-alkali kwi-intanethi kuphucula ngakumbi ukusetyenziswa kwe-NaOH, kuthintela ukuthathwa kweekhemikhali ezininzi, kwaye kuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo yolawulo lokukhupha ukungcola isebenza ngaphakathi kwemida engqongqo.
Umlinganiselo woXinzelelo lwe-NaOH: Ukubaluleka kunye neendlela
Indima Ebalulekileyo Yokubeka Esweni Uxinzelelo lwe-NaOH
IchanekileUmlinganiselo woxinzelelo lwe-NaOHibalulekile kwinkqubo ye-basic oxygen furnace (BOF), ingakumbi kwinkqubo yokuhluza igesi yeflue. Ulawulo olusebenzayo lokulinganisa i-NaOH luchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukusebenza kakuhle kokususa i-SO₂. Ukuba isisombululo se-caustic soda sibuthathaka kakhulu, ukubanjwa kwe-SO₂ kuyancipha, okukhokelela ekukhutshweni okuphezulu kwe-stack kwaye kubeke emngciphekweni wokungathotyelwa kwemigaqo yokusingqongileyo. Kwelinye icala, ukulinganisa i-NaOH ngokugqithisileyo kwandisa iindleko ze-reagent kwaye kudala inkunkuma yokusebenza, oko kongeza umthwalo wonyango lokungcola kunye nokuphathwa kwezinto.
Uxinzelelo lweNaOH olungalunganga luyonakalisa yonke inkqubo yokucoca igesi yolwelo. Uxinzelelo olunganelanga lubangela iziganeko zokuqhambuka, apho i-SO₂ idlula kwi-scrubber enganyangwanga. Uxinzelelo olugqithisileyo luchitha izixhobo kwaye luvelise iimveliso ezithintelwayo ze-sodium sulfate kunye ne-carbonate, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima unyango lwenkunkuma olusezantsi. Zombini ezi meko zinokuphazamisa ukuthotyelwa kwemida yomgangatho womoya kwaye zonyuse iindleko zokusebenza kwesityalo sentsimbi.
Itekhnoloji yeMitha yoXinzelelo kwi-Intanethi
Iimitha zoxinzelelo ezikwi-intanethi, kuquka imitha yoxinzelelo lwesoda ebangela ubushushu eLonnmeter, ziguqula iindlela zonyango lwegesi yolwelo ngokubonelela ngovavanyo oluqhubekayo nolwexesha langempela. Ezi zixhobo zisebenza ngokulinganisa i-pH, ukuhanjiswa kombane, okanye zombini; indlela nganye inika iingenelo ezahlukeneyo.
Izinzwa ezikwi-intanethi zifakelwa ngqo kwimigca yotywala ejikelezayo okanye kwiitanki. Amanqaku aphambili okudibanisa aquka:
- ii-electrodes ze-pH (iglasi okanye i-solid-state) zokulandelela ngokuthe ngqo i-alkalinity.
- Iiprobe zokuqhuba (intsimbi engatyiwayo okanye ii-electrode ze-alloy ezimelana nokugqwala) zokulinganisa umxholo we-ionic ngokubanzi.
- Iintambo zombane eziphuma kwisignali okanye uqhagamshelo lwenethiwekhi ukuze kudityaniswe kwinkqubo yolawulo olusasazwe kwisityalo, okuvumela ukudosa ngokuzenzekelayo.
Iingenelo zokulinganisa uxinaniso lwe-NaOH kwi-intanethi ziquka:
- Ukufunyanwa kwedatha rhoqo, okungayekiyo.
- Ukufunyanwa kwangoko kokuphelelwa yiNaOH okanye ukugqithisela kwayo.
- Ukuncipha kwenani leesampuli ezenziwe ngesandla kunye nomsebenzi.
- Ulawulo lwenkqubo oluphuculweyo, njengoko idatha yexesha langempela ivumela uhlengahlengiso oluguquguqukayo kwidosi ye-caustic ngokusekelwe kwiimfuno zokwenyani.
Indlela yokusebenza kwezoshishino ibonisa ukuba ukudibanisa zombini iintlobo zesensor ngaphakathi kweLonnmeter okanye amaqonga afanayo eesensor ezininzi kwandisa ukuqina kokujonga uxinano lwe-alkali kwi-intanethi. Le ndlela idibeneyo ngoku iphambili kwiiteknoloji zanamhlanje zokucoca igesi yolwelo, ingakumbi kwimisebenzi emikhulu neguquguqukayo ephezulu efana nenkqubo yokwenza intsimbi ye-oxygen furnace esisiseko.
Iindlela ezilungileyo zokubeka esweni nokugcina ugxininiso lwe-NaOH
Ukulinganiswa okufanelekileyo kunye nokugcinwa kubalulekile ukuze kulinganiswe ngokuchanekileyo kwi-intanethi. Iisensors zifuna ukulinganiswa rhoqo—iimitha ze-pH kufuneka zilinganiswe kwiindawo ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu kusetyenziswa izisombululo ze-buffer eziqinisekisiweyo ezihambelana noluhlu lwe-pH olulindelekileyo. Iimitha zokuqhuba kufuneka zilinganiswe ngokuchasene nezisombululo eziqhelekileyo ezinamandla e-ionic aziwayo.
Ishedyuli yokulungisa esebenzisekayo iquka:
- Ukujonga ngamehlo rhoqo kunye nokucoca ukuze kuthintelwe ukungcola okanye imvula evela kwi-sodium carbonate okanye kwi-sulfate.
- Ukuqinisekiswa kwempendulo ye-elektroniki kunye nokulungiswa kwakhona emva kwayo nayiphi na ingxaki yeekhemikhali okanye yomzimba.
- Ukutshintshwa kwezinto zesensor okucwangcisiweyo ngamaxesha athile acetyiswa ngumvelisi, kuqatshelwe ukuguguleka okuqhelekileyo okuvela kwindawo enobungozi kakhulu.
Ukusombulula iingxaki eziqhelekileyo:
- Ukushukuma kwezixhobo kudla ngokubangelwa kukungcola okwandayo okanye ukuwohloka okunxulumene nobudala; uhlengahlengiso ludla ngokubuyisela ukuchaneka.
- Ukungcola okuvela kwiimveliso ezisetyenziswayo njenge-sodium sulfate kufuna ukucocwa ngeekhemikhali okanye ukususwa ngomatshini.
- Ukuphazamiseka kwezinye iityuwa ezinyibilikisiweyo, ezinokunyusa ukuhanjiswa kombane ngokungeyonyani, kulawulwa kukuhlolwa rhoqo kwelebhu kunye nokukhetha ii-algorithms ezifanelekileyo zokuhlawula ngaphakathi kwemitha.
Ukuqinisekisa umgangatho we-reagent ohambelanayo kuthetha ukujonga i-NaOH engenayo ukuze kujongwe ubumsulwa kunye neemeko zokugcina ukuthintela ukufunxwa kwe-CO₂ (eyenza i-sodium carbonate kwaye yehlise amandla e-caustic asebenzayo). Ukuhlolwa rhoqo kobonelelo kunye namaxwebhu kuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo ihlala isebenzisa ii-reagents ngaphakathi kweenkcukacha, ixhasa ukusebenza kwenkqubo kunye nokuthotyelwa komthetho.
Ezi ndlela zixhasa umlinganiselo woxinzelelo lwe-NaOH othembekileyo kunye nokusebenza okuqhubekayo kwiinkqubo zokukhupha i-flue gas ezifunekayo eziphambili kumanyathelo enkqubo yokwenza intsimbi ye-oxygen furnace.
Isithando se-oksijini esisisiseko
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Ukuphucula ukuCoca igesi nge-NaOH ekwenzeni intsimbi
Amaqhinga oLawulo lweNkqubo
Iinkqubo zokucola igesi ye-flue kwimizi-mveliso ekwenzeni intsimbi ye-oksijini esitovini zixhomekeke kwidosi ye-NaOH echanekileyo yokususa ngempumelelo i-sulfur dioxide (SO₂) kunye ne-nitrogen oxides (NOₓ). Iinkqubo zokulinganisa ezizenzekelayo zidibanisa idatha yexesha langempela evela kwiimitha zoxinzelelo ezikwi-intanethi ezifana neLonnmeter, zivumela ukujonga rhoqo uxinano lwe-alkali. Ezi nkqubo zilungisa amazinga okufakwa kwe-NaOH ngoko nangoko, zigcina uxinano olujoliswe kulo ukuze kuphuculwe ukunganyamezeli kwegesi kunye nokunciphisa inkcitho yamakhemikhali.
Iingenelo zokusingqongileyo
Ukukhuhla ngamanzi nge-NaOH, xa kulawulwa ngokuqinileyo, kufikelela kwi-92% yokususwa kwe-SOx ngesisombululo se-5% se-NaOH, njengoko kungqinwe kwizifundo zokuthelekisa izityalo. Le teknoloji idla ngokudityaniswa ne-NaOCl, inyusa amazinga okususwa kwezinto ezininzi ezingcolisayo, ezinye iinkqubo zifikelela kwi-99.6% yokusebenza kakuhle kwe-SOx kunye nokunciphisa okukhulu kwe-NOx. Ukusebenza okunjalo kuhambelana nezibophelelo zemozulu zecandelo lesinyithi phantsi kweenjongo zeSivumelwano saseParis, kunceda ukuqinisekiswa komntu wesithathu kunye nokuqinisekiswa kokuthobela imithetho kubavelisi besinyithi. Ukubeka iliso ngexesha langempela kunye nokulinganisa ngokuzenzekelayo kukwaxhasa ukubonwa ngokukhawuleza kunye nokulungiswa konyango lwegesi olungekho mveliso, ukuthintela ukwaphulwa kwemithetho kunye neentlawulo ezibizayo.
Ixabiso kunye nokusebenza kakuhle
Ukulinganisa ngokuchanekileyo uxinaniso lwe-NaOH kusetyenziswa izixhobo zokujonga uxinaniso lwe-alkali ezikwi-intanethi, ezifana neemitha zoxinaniso ze-caustic soda ze-Lonnmeter, ziqhuba iindleko ezinkulu kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwinkqubo ye-oxygen furnace esisiseko. Iinkqubo zokulinganisa ngokuzenzekelayo zilungisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-reagent, zinciphisa ngokuthe ngqo iindleko zeekhemikhali ngokuthintela ukulinganisa ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi. Izifundo zemiba yoshishino zihlala zibonisa ukonga kweekhemikhali ngaphezulu kwe-45% xa ukulinganisa kulungiswa ngokulinganisa ngexesha langempela.
Ezi ndlela zokusebenza zikwanciphisa ukuguguleka kwezixhobo kwaye zinciphisa ixesha lokungasebenzi. Ukugcinwa kwangaphambili okuqhutywa kukubeka esweni okuqhubekayo kubonelela ngesilumkiso kwangethuba sokuphambuka kunye nokungahambi kakuhle kwenkqubo, okuvumela imisebenzi yolondolozo ukuba icwangciswe ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke ukusilela kwezixhobo. Iindlela ezifana novavanyo lwe-thermographic kunye nohlalutyo lokungcangcazela zandisa ubomi bezixhobo. Izityalo zibika ukonga kweendleko zolondolozo nge-8-12% kuneendlela zokuthintela, kwaye ukuya kuthi ga kwi-40% kunezilungiso ezisabelayo. Ngenxa yoko, amanyathelo enkqubo yokwenza intsimbi ye-oxygen furnace asisiseko ahlala ezinzile, kunye nomngcipheko oncitshisiweyo wokuvalwa okungacwangciswanga, ukhuseleko oluphuculweyo, kunye nokuthotyelwa kwemithetho ethembekileyo. Ukusebenzisa ezi ndlela zolawulo lwenkqubo kunye neendlela zonyango lwegesi yombhobho kwenza abenzi bentsimbi bakwazi ukulinganisela iinjongo zokusingqongileyo kunye noqoqosho ngokufanelekileyo.
Imingeni eqhelekileyo kunye nezisombululo kwiNaOH Concentration Measurement
Ukulinganisa ngokuchanekileyo uxinaniso lwe-NaOH kwinkqubo yesiseko se-oksijini kubalulekile ekucoceni igesi yeflue ngempumelelo, ukulawula inkqubo, kunye nokunamathela kwimigangatho yomgangatho wentsimbi. Imingeni emithathu eqhubekayo kukuphazamiseka kwezinye iikhemikhali, ukungcola kwesensor, kunye nesidingo sokunciphisa imisebenzi yokuvavanya ngesandla.
Ukulawula Ukuphazamiseka Kweminye Ikhemikhali Kwigesi Yeflue
Inkqubo yokuhluza igesi yolwelo idla ngokusebenzisa i-NaOH ekunciphiseni ungcoliseko olune-asidi. Nangona kunjalo, ukubakho kwezinye ii-ion—ezifana nee-sulfates, ii-chloride, kunye nee-carbonates—kunokutshintsha iipropati zomzimba zotywala bokuhluza kwaye kube nzima ukumisela uxinano.
- Ukuphazamiseka komzimba:Ezi zingcolisi ze-ionic zinokutshintsha uxinano okanye i-viscosity yesisombululo, nto leyo echaphazela ngokuthe ngqo imilinganiselo evela kwiimitha zoxinano ezisekwe kwi-density ezifana neLonnmeter. Umzekelo, amanqanaba aphezulu e-SO₂ enyibilikisiweyo asenokusabela ekuveliseni i-sodium sulfite, nto leyo ephazamisa ukufundwa koxinano lwe-NaOH ngaphandle kokuba iimitha zilinganisiwe okanye zihlawulelwe izisombululo ezinamacandelo amaninzi.
- Isisombululo:Izixhobo zanamhlanje zeLonnmeter ziquka ii-algorithms eziphambili zokwahlula-hlula uxinano kunye nokuhlawula ubushushu, ezinciphisa iimpazamo ngenxa yokubakho kwezinto eziphazamisayo. Ukulinganiswa rhoqo ngokuchasene nemigangatho eyaziwayo kunye neeprofayili zokungcola ezifanayo kuphucula ngakumbi ukuchaneka kokulinganisa kwamanyathelo enkqubo ye-BOF aquka imijelo yegesi yolwelo eyinkimbinkimbi yeekhemikhali. Ukuhlanganiswa kwee-sensors ezininzi zeekhemikhali kukwanceda ukwahlukanisa ukufundwa kwe-NaOH ukuze kulawulwe ngokuchanekileyo i-reagent.
Ukujongana nokungcola kweSensor kunye nokugcina ukuchaneka kokulinganisa
Ukungcola kwenzeka xa iinxalenye, ii-precipitates, okanye ii-reaction by products ziqokelelana kwiindawo ze-sensor. Kwiimeko ezinzima zokucoca igesi ye-BOF flue, ii-sensors zivezwa kwi-particle matter, i-scaling evela kwiityuwa, kunye nee-viscous residues—nganye inegalelo kwi-readings ephosakeleyo kunye nemiba yokugcinwa.
- Imithombo eqhelekileyo yokungcola:Izinto ezinje nge-calcium carbonate kunye ne-iron oxides zinokugquma i-sensor's vibrating element, zinciphise impendulo yayo ye-resonance kwaye zikhokelele ekufundweni okuphantsi okanye okushukumayo. Ukuqokelelana kwe-caustic sludge enamathelayo kuphazamisa ngakumbi ukuzinza kwesignali.
- Isisombululo:Iimitha zoxinzelelo zeLonnmeter ziyilelwe ngeendawo ezigudileyo, ezingamelani nokugqwala kunye neendlela zokucoca ezinokusetyenziselwa ukucoca ezifana nokuhlanjwa kwindawo ethile kunye nokushukunyiswa kwe-ultrasonic ukuthintela ukwakheka. Imijikelo yokucoca ezenzekelayo ecwangcisiweyo inokucwangciswa kusetyenziswa i-logic yenkqubo yolawulo, iphucula kakhulu ubomi be-sensor kwaye iqinisekise ukuchaneka okuqhubekayo. Ukuxilongwa okwakhelwe ngaphakathi kwazisa abaqhubi ukuba batshintshe okanye baphoxe, okubangela ukugcinwa ngokukhawuleza ngaphandle kokufuna ukuhlolwa rhoqo ngesandla.
Ukunciphisa iSampuli kunye noHlahlelo lweMisebenzi
Ukulinganiswa koxinzelelo lwe-NaOH yendabuko kudla ngokuxhomekeka kwisampuli eyenziwe ngesandla kunye nokulinganiswa kwelebhu. Le ndlela ithatha ixesha, inokuba neempazamo, kwaye izisa ukulibaziseka kwengxelo okuthintela uhlengahlengiso lwenkqubo ngexesha langempela olufunekayo ngexesha lamanyathelo enkqubo yokwenza intsimbi ebalulekileyo.
- Iingxaki zokuthatha iisampulu ngesandla:Amaphulo okuthatha iisampulu aphazamisa indlela yokusebenza, abeka emngciphekweni iikhemikhali ezinobungozi, kwaye anika idatha ixesha elide kakhulu, nto leyo ethintela ulawulo oluqinileyo lweendlela zonyango lwegesi yolwelo.
- Isisombululo:Ukuhlanganiswa kokubeka esweni i-alkali concentration ye-Lonnmeter kwi-intanethi ngqo kwi-PLCs okanye kwiinkqubo zolawulo ezisasazwe (i-DCS) kwenza ukuba kubekho impendulo yexesha langempela yokulinganisa ngokuzenzekelayo i-reagent dosing kunye nokufunyanwa kwe-endpoint. Ezi mitha zoxinzelelo lwe-caustic soda zihlala zithumela iilog zedatha kwigumbi lolawulo, zisusa umsebenzi wesiqhelo kwaye zenze ukuba abaqhubi bagxile ekujongeni isicwangciso. Amaxwebhu enkqubo aqinisekisa ukuba ezi nkqubo zokulinganisa i-concentration ze-intanethi zinciphisa umsebenzi wesampulu nge-80%, ngelixa zixhasa ubuchwepheshe bokucoca igesi yolwelo ukugcina ukuthotyelwa kunye nokufana kwemveliso.
Iifektri zentsimbi zokwenyani eziqhuba imisebenzi yanamhlanje ye-BOF ngoku zixhomekeke kwizisombululo zokulinganisa eziphambili kuquka nezixhobo zeLonnmeter ukujongana nale mingeni, ukuxhasa ukususwa kwegesi yolwelo oluqinileyo kunye nokuphucula ukusetyenziswa kwealkali.
Iingcebiso zoHlanganisa zoLawulo lweNkqubo olungenamthungo kunye noLawulo lweDatha
Ukulinganisa okuphumelelayo koxinzelelo lwe-NaOH kwi-intanethi kuxhomekeke ekudityanisweni okuqinileyo nolawulo lwenkqubo. Qhagamshela iimitha zoxinzelelo kwiinkqubo ze-DCS, PLC, okanye ze-SCADA ukuze kubekwe esweni nasekulawuleni okuphakathi. Qinisekisa ukuba imiqondiso yesenzwa ilinganiswe ngokuchanekileyo kwaye iqinisekisiwe ngaphambi kokuba isetyenziswe kwi-automation yenkqubo okanye kulawulo lwe-alamu. Lungiselela ii-alamu zoxinzelelo eziphezulu/eziphantsi ukuze uqalise isenzo somsebenzisi ngexesha lokuphambuka kwi-caustic soda dosing kwiiteknoloji zokucoca igesi yeflue.
Ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kwedatha:
- Sebenzisa iindlela zokulinganisa rhoqo usebenzisa izisombululo zesalathiso eziqinisekisiweyo.
- Sebenzisa ukuloga kwedatha ngokuzenzekelayo ukuze kuhlalutywe iindlela ezisetyenziswayo kunye nokuphononongwa kwemithetho.
- Sebenzisa i-redundancy apho ibaluleke kakhulu kwinkqubo; sebenzisa izinzwa zokugcina okanye iziteshi zesignali ezimbini.
- Idatha yenethiwekhi esuka kwimitha yoxinaniso ekwi-intanethi ngqo kwiinkqubo zembali yeenkqubo ukuze kuvunyelwe ukuphononongwa ngokunzulu ngexesha lokusombulula iingxaki okanye uphicotho lweenkqubo.
Ukuze kube nokusebenza kakuhle, iindlela zokudibanisa i-match kwi-plant scale—ukuxhomekeka kwi-DCS kwimisebenzi ye-BOF eqhubekayo nephezulu; okanye i-PLC/SCADA kwiinkqubo ze-modular okanye ze-pilot ezifuna uhlengahlengiso olukhawulezileyo. Ngexesha locwangciso lokudibanisa, bandakanya amaqela obunjineli kuvavanyo lwe-interface kunye nokuqinisekiswa ukuze kuthintelwe iimpazamo zonxibelelwano kunye nokulahleka kwedatha.
Isiphelo
Ukulinganisa uxinaniso lweNaOH olusebenzayo kubalulekile ekusebenzeni nasekuthembekeni kwenkqubo yokuhluza igesi yolwelo ekwenzeni intsimbi ye-oxygen furnace. Ukubeka iliso ngokuchanekileyo nangexesha langempela leNaOH kuqinisekisa ukuba i-SO₂ kunye ne-NOx zisuswa ngokufanelekileyo, nto leyo exhasa ngokuthe ngqo ukusebenza kakuhle kunye neemfuno zokuthobela imithetho eqinileyo. Ukugcina uxinaniso lweNaOH oluchanekileyo kuvumela ukusebenza kakuhle kokuhluza, ukunciphisa ukwakheka kwemveliso ephumayo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-reagent engeyomfuneko, ngelixa kuthintelwa imiba yokusebenza efana nokukhula kunye nokugqwala kwinkqubo.
Ukusasazwa kweenkqubo zokubeka esweni uxinaniso lwe-alkali ezikwi-intanethi eziphambili—ezifana nezo zisebenzisa i-multi-parameter conductivity, i-salinity, kunye nokufunyanwa kwe-alkali—kuye kwaba yindlela yokulinganisa ishishini. Ngokwamkela ubuchwepheshe obuqinileyo njengeemitha zoxinaniso ezikwi-intanethi kunye neemitha zoxinaniso ze-caustic soda ezizinikeleyo, abaqhubi bafumana ulwazi oluqhubekayo ngeemeko zenkqubo. Ezi nkqubo ziququzelela ulawulo lwenkqubo oluguquguqukayo kwaye zivumela ukulungiswa kokulungisa ukuphendula ekutshintsheni komthwalo okanye ukwakheka kwegesi, okuvumela amaziko ukuba ahlengahlengise amanyathelo awo enkqubo yokwenza isinyithi se-oxygen furnace ngokuchanekileyo.
Ukulungiswa kwenkqubo kuqiniswa ngokuhlanganisa izixhobo zokulinganisa ezichanekileyo kunye namaqhinga okulawula impendulo, okuvumela uhlengahlengiso lwedosi ye-NaOH olusebenzayo. Oku akugcini nje ngokugcina ukusebenza kakuhle kokususa igesi ye-flue kwinkqubo yokuhluza igesi ye-flue kodwa kunciphisa iindleko zokusingqongileyo nezemali ezinxulumene nokufakwa kwedosi engaphezulu okanye engaphantsi. Ukubeka iliso okuthembekileyo kwe-NaOH kuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo yesiseko se-oksijini ihlangabezana rhoqo neethagethi zokukhupha umoya eziphantsi kakhulu ngoku ezixhaphakileyo kwimigaqo yoshishino kwaye ihambelana neendlela ezilungileyo zonyango lwegesi ye-flue kunye neetekhnoloji zokucoca.
Kwimeko yolawulo efuna ulawulo oluqinileyo lokukhutshwa komoya ongcolileyo, iziseko zokulinganisa ezomeleleyo azikho nje mfuneko yobugcisa kodwa ziyimfuneko yeshishini. Ukwamkelwa kweemitha zoxinzelelo—ezifana nezo zibonelelwa yiLonnmeter—kunika amandla izityalo zentsimbi ukuba zifezekise iinjongo zongcoliseko ezigunyazisiweyo ngabalawuli ngokuzithemba, nto leyo exhasa zombini amanyathelo okuphucula inkqubo eqhubekayo kunye neemfuno zoxwebhu lokuthobela imithetho. Oku kubeka umlinganiselo ochanekileyo woxinzelelo lweNaOH embindini wobunjineli benkqubo obusebenzayo kunye nemisebenzi ezinzileyo kwimveliso yentsimbi.
Imibuzo ebuzwa qho
Kuthetha ukuthini ukukrwela igesi yolwelo kwaye kutheni kuyimfuneko kwinkqubo yesiseko se-oxygen furnace?
Ukucocwa kwegesi yeflue yindlela yokulawula ukukhutshwa kweegesi eziyingozi ezifana ne-sulfur dioxide (SO₂) kwi-exhaust eveliswa ngexesha lenkqubo yokwenza intsimbi ye-oxygen furnace (BOF). Olu nyango lukhusela okusingqongileyo ngokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwegesi ye-asidi kunye nokukhululwa kwamasuntswana, okwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuba izityalo zentsimbi zithobele umgangatho womoya kunye nemigangatho yokukhutshwa kweegesi. Inkqubo ye-BOF ikhupha ubungakanani obukhulu be-carbon dioxide, i-carbon monoxide, kunye neegesi ezine-sulfur, ezifuna unyango oluqinileyo lwegesi ukunciphisa iimpembelelo zokusingqongileyo kunye nolawulo.
Isebenza njani inkqubo yokuhluza igesi yolwelo ekwenzeni intsimbi?
Kwizityalo zentsimbi ze-BOF, ukuhlafuna igesi ye-flue kuxhomekeke ekufunxeni iikhemikhali ukususa iigesi ze-asidi kwimveliso ekhutshwayo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, oku kubandakanya ukudlulisa iigesi ze-flue kwi-contactor apho i-mulbent—edla ngokuba yi-sodium hydroxide (NaOH, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-caustic soda) okanye i-limestone slurry—isabela kwi-sulfur dioxide kunye nezinye iintlobo ze-asidi. Umzekelo, xa kusetyenziswa i-NaOH, i-SO₂ isabela ukwenza i-sodium sulfite okanye i-sulfate enyibilikayo, nto leyo enciphisa igesi. Isisombululo sokuhlafuna sifunxa ungcoliseko, kwaye igesi ecociweyo iphuma umoya. Ukuhlafuna ngokufanelekileyo kuxhomekeke kulawulo oluchanekileyo kunye nokubeka esweni iikhemikhali zokuhlafuna kulo lonke eli nkqubo.
Ngawaphi amanyathelo enkqubo esisiseko yokwenza intsimbi yesithando seoksijini?
Inkqubo yokwenza intsimbi ye-BOF inamanyathelo ahlukeneyo, ajongiweyo ngokusondeleyo:
- Ukutshaja isithando somoya-mpilo esisisiseko ngentsimbi eshushu nenyibilikisiweyo (edla ngokuvela kwizithando eziqhumayo), isinyithi esilahliweyo, kunye ne-fluxes efana ne-limestone.
- Ukuvuthela ioksijini ecocekileyo kakhulu ngesinyithi esinyibilikisiweyo, kwandisa ngokukhawuleza ukungcola (ngokukodwa ikhabhoni, isilicon, kunye ne-phosphorus) okuguquka njengeegesi ezifana ne-CO₂ kunye ne-CO₂.
- Ukwahlulwa kwe-slag (equlethe ukungcola okuxilisiweyo) kwintsimbi enyibilikisiweyo efunekayo.
- Ukucocwa ngakumbi ngokulungisa umxholo we-alloy kunye nokuphosa imveliso yentsimbi.
Ngexesha la manyathelo, kuvela ukukhutshwa okukhulu okufuna ukucocwa kwegesi yolwelo, ingakumbi ngexesha lokuvuthelwa nokucocwa kweoksijini.
Kutheni imitha yoxinaniso ekwi-intanethi ibalulekile ekulinganisweni koxinaniso lwe-NaOH?
Iimitha zoxinzelelo ezikwi-intanethi zibonelela ngokulinganisa okuqhubekayo, ngexesha langempela koxinzelelo lwe-NaOH kwizisombululo zokuhlafuna. Oku kubalulekile ekususweni ngempumelelo kwe-sulfur dioxide, ukunciphisa inkunkuma yamakhemikhali, kunye nokugcina uzinzo lwenkqubo—ngaphandle kokungasebenzi kakuhle kwesampulu ngesandla okanye uvavanyo lwelebhu. Ukubeka iliso ngokuzenzekelayo kuvumela impendulo ekhawulezileyo ekuguqukeni kwenkqubo, kuthintela ukuchitha imali egqithisileyo kwiikhemikhali, kwaye kunciphisa iingozi zokusingqongileyo ezinxulumene nokunciphisa okanye ukugqithisela i-NaOH. Izixhobo ezifana neLonnmeter zibonelela ngempendulo rhoqo, zivumela abaqhubi ukuba baphucule ukusebenza kwaye baqinisekise ukuba iinjongo zokukhupha umbane ziyafezekiswa, ngempembelelo ethe ngqo kwiindleko kunye nokuthobela imithetho.
Zeziphi iindlela ezisetyenziswayo zokulinganisa uxinzelelo lwe-NaOH kwiinkqubo zokucola igesi yolwelo?
Uxinzelelo lwe-NaOH lunokulinganiswa ngoku:
- Uhlu lwezikhundla:Isampuli eyenziwe ngesandla kunye nokulinganisa i-laboratory nge-hydrochloric acid. Nangona ichanekile, le ndlela ifuna umsebenzi omninzi, icotha, kwaye inokubambezeleka ekulungiseni inkqubo.
- Iimitha zoxinaniso ezikwi-intanethi:Izixhobo ezifana neLonnmeter zisebenzisa iimpawu zomzimba (umz., ukuhanjiswa kwamandla, isantya sesandi), okanye iindlela eziphambili zokukhanya (ezifana ne-near-infrared photometry), ukuze zilinganiswe ngokukhawuleza nangokuthe ngqo.
Izinzwa zokuqhuba zisetyenziswa kakhulu kodwa zinokuchaphazeleka ziityuwa eziphazamisayo. I-NIR multiwave photometry inokujolisa ngokukodwa kwi-caustic, nokuba kukho ezinye iimveliso zempendulo. Izixhobo ezintsha zidibanisa imigaqo eyahlukeneyo yokulinganisa yokujonga i-alkali eqinileyo, ngexesha langempela phantsi kweemeko ezinzima ezifumaneka kwiinkqubo zokuhluza izityalo zentsimbi.
Ezi ndlela ziqinisekisa ukuba ubuninzi be-caustic soda bugcinwa ngaphakathi kwemida efanelekileyo, zixhasa ubuchwepheshe bokucoca igesi yolwelo obusebenzayo nobusebenzayo.
Ixesha leposi: Novemba-27-2025
