Ubunzima bolwelo lokuqhekeka kwe-asidi bumisela uxinzelelo lokuqhekeka kwe-hydraulic fracturing olufunekayo ekuqaliseni ukuqhekeka kwaye lulawula ukwanda kokuqhekeka ematyeni. Ukulinganisa ngokuchanekileyo kunye nokulawula ubunzulu bolwelo kubalulekile ekwenzeni ngcono i-geometry yokuqhekeka, ukuxhasa uphuhliso lokuqhekeka okugobileyo, kunye nokuqinisekisa ukusasazwa kwe-asidi efanayo kubuso bokwaphuka. Ukukhetha ubunzulu obufanelekileyo kuthintela ukuvuza kolwelo okugqithisileyo ekwakhekeni kwaye kuphucula ukugrumba kwe-asidi ukuze kuphuculwe ukuqhekeka, ekugqibeleni kuchaphazela umgangatho wokwandiswa kokuqhekeka yi-asidi kwaye kuvumela ukulungiswa okusebenzayo kwendawo yokuhambisa amanzi kwi-oyile reservoir.
Injongo Ephambili Yokuqhekeka Kwe-Acid Fructuring Fluid
Unyango lolwelo lokuqhekeka kwe-asidi luyenzekai-essi-ential inukuvuselelwa kwedamaofukwakheka kwe-shale okuphawulwa yi-porosity ephantsi kunye nokungangeni kakuhle kwamanzi. Injongo ephambili kukoyisa imiqobo yendalo yokuphuma kwamanzi kunye nokuphucula ukubuyiswa kwe-hydrocarbon ngokwenza iindlela zokuhambisa amanzi ngaphakathi kwe-tight rock matrices. Ukuqhekeka kwe-asidi kufezekisa oku ngendlela ephindwe kabini: ukwenza ukuqhekeka ngokufaka i-acid ecinezelweyo, kwaye emva koko kwandisa nokukrola la maqhekeka ngokusebenzisa ii-acid-rock reactions ezilawulwayo. Oku kwandisa indawo yokukhupha amanzi kwi-oyile reservoir kwaye kuphucula imveliso yeendawo ezazithintelwe ngaphambili kukonakala kokudalwa okanye ukungoneli kokungena kwamanzi.
Omnye umngeni kukulungelelanisa indlela yokwenza ulwelo lwe-acid fracturing ukuze luhambelane ne-lithology kunye ne-mechanics yendawo ekujoliswe kuyo. Indlela yokusabela kwi-acid-rock kunye ne-acid-rock rate ziyahluka kakhulu ngokwe-mineralogy, uxinzelelo, ubushushu, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezinto ezongeziweyo ze-hydraulic fracturing fluid. Oku akuchaphazeli nje kuphela isantya kunye nesitayile sokugrumba kodwa kukwachaphazela nomngcipheko wokuvaleka kokwakheka, ukudumba kodongwe, okanye ukusebenzisana okubi kwe-geochemical, konke oku kunokubeka emngciphekweni ukuhanjiswa kwee-fracture kwaye kuthintele inzuzo yemveliso yexesha elide.
Idama leoyile yeShale
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Iziseko zokuqhekeka kwe-asidi kwiindawo zokugcina ioyile ye-shale
Iindlela Zokudala Ukwaphuka Kwamathambo
Ukudalwa kokwaphuka kwiindawo zokugcina ioyile ye-shale kuxhomekeke ekoyiseni uxinzelelo oluphezulu lwangaphakathi kunye namandla elitye ngokusebenzisa ukuqhekeka kwe-hydraulic okanye i-acid. Kwezi ndawo ziphantsi kokungena kwamanzi, iindlela ezinkulu zokuhamba kweoyile azifumaneki rhoqo. Lo mgaqo ubandakanya ukufaka ulwelo lokuqhekeka kwe-acid kuxinzelelo olwaneleyo ukuze kudlule uxinzelelo lokuqhekeka kwe-hydraulic fracturing—ubuncinci obufunekayo ukuqala iintanda kwi-matrix yelitye. Le nkqubo ixhomekeke ngokuthe ngqo kwiindlela ezisisiseko zelitye: xa uxinzelelo olusetyenzisiweyo lugqitha umda wokuqhekeka, kuvela iintanda ezintsha, ezihlala zilandela iindlela zokumelana okuphantsi okulawulwa ziiplani zebhedi, iintanda zendalo, kunye ne-anisotropy yoomatshini ngaphakathi kwelitye.
Uxinzelelo lokuqhekeka luyahluka ngokwendlela ilitye elihamba ngayo kunye nolwelo lokuqhekeka. Izifundo zibonisa ukuba ulwelo olufana ne-CO₂ ludala uxinzelelo oluphezulu lokuqhekeka kunye neenethiwekhi zokuqhekeka ezintsonkothileyo xa kuthelekiswa ne-H₂O okanye i-N₂. I-mechanics ikwaxhomekeke kumandla okuxinana kokwakheka, i-modulus yokuthamba, kunye nobukho beendawo ezibuthathaka. Ithiyori yomgama obalulekileyo—eyaziswa yilabhoratri kunye novavanyo lwasentsimini—ibonisa uxinzelelo lokuqalisa ukuqhekeka olufunekayo njengomsebenzi woxinzelelo oluphezulu kwincam yokuqhekeka, ixela kwangaphambili ukuba ulwandiso lokuqhekeka olungazinzanga luya kuvela phi kwaye nini.
Ubunzima kwinethiwekhi yokuqhekeka eyenziweyo bufezekiswa ngakumbi ngokujolisa ekukhuleni kokuqhekeka kwimigca egobileyo endaweni yeendlela ezithe tye. Le ndlela yonyusa umthamo wereservoir okhuthazwayo. Iindlela ezifana nokuqhekeka koxinzelelo olujikelezayo zibangela ukuqhekeka koxinzelelo, okubangela ukuqaliswa okuphindaphindiweyo kunye nokuhlangana kwaqhekeka okuqhekeka okuqhekeka nokujika, okuhamba ngokufanelekileyo kwimiqobo ye-lithological kunye nokungafani kwe-lamination. Ukuqhekeka okuntsonkothileyo, okunamasebe amaninzi okwenziwe ngale ndlela kwandisa indawo yokukhupha amanzi kwaye kuphucule ukufikelela kwii-hydrocarbons ezazisele zihlukanisiwe.
Ukwakhiwa kokwaphuka kuxhomekeke ekudibaniseni iimeko zejoloji kunye nolawulo lokusebenza. Izinto zejoloji—ezifana nolawulo loxinzelelo, ukwahlulwahlulwa kweendawo, i-mineralogy, kunye nokubakho kwemithungo ebuthathaka—zilawula iindlela ezinokuthathwa kukwaphuka. Uhlengahlengiso lobunjineli, kubandakanya ukwakheka kolwelo lokuqhekeka kwe-asidi kunye nolawulo loxinzelelo oluguquguqukayo, kwenza kube lula ukuyilwa kweenethiwekhi ezihambelana kakuhle neempawu zendalo zedama.
Iimpawu zeDama ezichaphazela ukuqhekeka kwe-asidi
Ukungangeni kakuhle kwamanzi kunye nokungangeni kakuhle kwamanzi zizinto ezichaza iimpawu zeendawo zokugcina ioyile ye-shale. Zombini ezi mpawu zithintela ukuhamba kolwelo lwendalo, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ukusasazeka kokwaphuka kube yinto ebalulekileyo kwimveliso. Kwiinkqubo ze-matrix eziqinileyo kakhulu, ukwaphuka okubangelwayo kufuneka kube kukhulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze kudibane neenethiwekhi ze-pore ezikhoyo okanye ii-microfractures. Nangona kunjalo, ukwandiswa kokwaphuka ngamanzi nge-asidi kudla ngokungalingani ngenxa yokungafani kokwakheka kwamatye, i-mineralogy, kunye nobume bawo.
Ukuvuleka kunye nokuphuma kwamanzi kulawula ukuvuza kolwelo kunye nokuthuthwa kwe-asidi. Kumatye anesakhiwo esibi seembobo okanye ii-microfractures ezidibeneyo ezincinci, ukuvuza kwe-asidi kuyathintelwa, okwenza ukugrumba kwe-asidi kwi-hydraulic fracturing kungasebenzi kakuhle. Apho imijelo yendalo yokuvuza ingekho okanye i-tortuous kakhulu, iindlela zokuphucula unxibelelwano lwemijelo ziba zibalulekile. Izisombululo zemijelo yendalo yokuvuza i-seepage zinokubandakanya imijikelo ephindaphindwayo yokuqhekeka, ukusetyenziswa kwee-diverters, okanye ulandelelwano lwe-hybrid treatment.
Ukwahluka kwamatye—iileya ezahlukeneyo, ubuninzi bamaqhekeza, kunye nokusasazwa kweeminerali—kudala iindlela ezikhethekileyo zokusasazeka kwamaqhekeza kunye nokuvuza. Indlela yokusabela kwi-acid-rock kunye nesantya sokusabela kwi-acid-rock ziyahluka kulo lonke i-reservoir, ingakumbi kufutshane neendawo eziphakathi kweentlobo zamatye ahlukeneyo. Apho i-acid idibana nemiqolo etyebileyo kwi-carbonate, impendulo ekhawulezayo inokudala ububanzi bokwaphuka obungalinganiyo kunye neepateni zokwaphuka ezinamasebe. Oku kunokukhuthaza okanye kuthintele unxibelelwano ngokuxhomekeke kukwahluka kwendawo.
Ukuvuza kolwelo ngomnye umceli mngeni kwii-shales eziqhekekileyo ezahlukeneyo. Ukuvuza okuphezulu kwiindawo ezine-porosity eyandayo okanye ii-fractures ezivulekileyo kunokunciphisa ulwandiso olusebenzayo lwee-fractures eziphambili ezibangelwayo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iindawo ezivuzayo ezincinci zinokuthintela ukungena kwe-asidi kunye nokwandiswa okulandelayo kwenethiwekhi yee-fractures. Ukwenziwa kwee-acid fracturing fluids—kuquka ukusetyenziswa kwee-asidi ze-gelled okanye ezidibeneyo, kunye nezongezo ze-fluid ezenzelwe uhlobo lwelitye—zichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ezi ziphumo, zivumela abaqhubi ukuba baphucule ukuvuleka kwelitye okuphantsi kunye nokuphucula indawo yokukhupha amanzi kwi-oyile reservoir.
Ukuvuselela okusebenzayo kwezi ndawo zintsonkothileyo kufuna ingqwalasela ephindwe kabini: ulawulo oluchanekileyo lweendlela zokuqhekeka kunye nokuphuculwa okujoliswe kuko kweempawu zokuthutha amatye ngokusebenzisa ukwenziwa kunye nokusebenza kolwelo lwe-hydraulic fracturing. Ukugrumba i-asidi yokuphucula ukuqhekeka, ukuvuza okulawulwayo, kunye nokuqhekeka kwiindlela ezigobileyo kubalulekile ekoyiseni imiqobo yendalo ebangelwa kukungena okuphantsi kunye nokunxibelelana okungekuhle kwendalo kwiindawo zokugcina ioyile ye-shale.
Ulwelo lokuQhekeza i-Acid: Ulwakhiwo, ukuxinana, kunye nokusebenza
Izinto ezidityanisiweyo kunye nokwakheka kolwelo lwe-asidi yokuqhekeka
Ukwenziwa kolwelo lokuqhekeka kwe-asidi kugxile ekulungiseni iinkqubo zeekhemikhali ukuze kwandiswe ukuhanjiswa kwee-fracture kunye nokubuyiselwa kweoyile. Inkqubo ye-asidi eqhelekileyo esetyenziswayo yi-hydrochloric acid (HCl), edla ngokuba ngamanani ukusuka kwi-5% ukuya kwi-28%, ekhethwe ngokusekelwe kwi-reservoir lithology kunye neenjongo zonyango. Ezinye ii-asidi ziquka ii-organic acids ezifana ne-acetic okanye i-formic acid ukuze zithambe okanye zithambile.ukwakheka okuthintela ubushushuIi-blends okanye iinkqubo ze-asidi ezicwangcisiweyo zingasetyenziselwa ukusebenzisa ii-reactivities ezahlukeneyo ngexesha lonyango.
Izongezo ezibalulekileyo zihamba ne-asidi. Izithinteli zokubola, iziqinisi, ii-arhente zokulawula isinyithi, kunye nee-non-emulsifiers zikhusela iityhubhu, zinciphisa imvula, kwaye zithintela ukwakheka kwe-emulsion. Iipolymers ezenziweyo ziya kuhlanganiswa ngakumbi njengeziqinisi—ezidla ngokuba yi-polyacrylamide (HPAM) okanye ii-copolymers ezintsha—ukuphakamisa i-viscosity ukuze kubekho i-asidi engcono, ukumiswa kwe-proppant, kunye nolawulo lokuvuza. Ii-surfactants, zombini i-anionic (umz., i-sodium dodecyl sulfate) kunye ne-non-ionic (umz., i-ethoxylated alcohols), zibalulekile ekuzinziseni iinkqubo ze-foam, ukuphucula utshintsho lokumanzi, kunye nokunciphisa uxinzelelo lomphezulu ukuze kubekho unxibelelwano olusebenzayo lwe-rock-acid.
Ulawulo lokuvuza kunye nentsalela kubalulekile. Izongezo zokulahlekelwa lulwelo ezifana neepolymers ezisekwe kwisitatshi okanye eziphucukileyo zokwenziwa zinciphisa ukungena kwi-matrix, zigcina i-asidi ngaphakathi kwaqhekeka. Ii-breakers—i-oxidative (umz., i-persulfate) okanye i-enzymatic—zisetyenziselwa ukonakalisa ii-thickeners emva konyango, zinciphisa umngcipheko wentsalela kunye nomonakalo olandelayo wokwakheka. Nangona kunjalo, ukusebenzisana namanzi avelisiweyo okanye ii-breakers ezingaphantsi kobushushu kunokuvelisa imvula yesibini yezimbiwa njenge-barite, nto leyo efuna uqwalaselo olucokisekileyo lokuhambelana kwenkqubo.
Imizekelo yeefomyula eziqhubekekayo ibandakanya:
- Iinkqubo ze-asidi ezingasebenzi kakuhle: ukusebenzisa ii-surfactant-polymer gels ukunciphisa ukusabela kwe-asidi-rock ukuze kungene nzulu kwiileya ze-carbonate eziqinileyo.
- Iipolymers ezinobushushu obuphezulu, ezinyamezela ityuwa (umz., ii-P3A synthetic copolymers) zokuqinisa ukuqina kunye nentsalela encinci kwimingxuma enzulu.
- I-chemistry eluhlaza, equka i-L-ascorbic acid, evumela ukugcinwa kwe-viscosity kunye nokukhuselwa kwe-antioxidant ukuya kuthi ga kwi-300°F ngaphandle kweemveliso ezihlala zihleli kwindalo.
Ukulinganiswa kobungqindilili kunye nokubaluleka kokuqhekeka kwe-asidi
Ukulinganiswa ngokuchanekileyo kolwelo oluqhekeka i-asidi kufuna i-viscosity yolweloii-viscometers zoxinzelelo oluphezulu, ubushushu obuphezulu (HPHT)iyakwazi ukulinganisa uxinzelelo olungaphantsi komhlaba kunye neeprofayili zobushushu. Iindlela eziphambili ziquka:
- Ii-viscometer ezijikelezayo zokumisela isiseko se-viscosity.
- Ii-viscometer ze-HPHT zeenkqubo eziphambili, ezivavanya ukuziphatha kwe-viscoelastic phantsi kwemithwalo yobushushu okanye yoxinzelelo olujikelezayo.
Ukubaluleka kwe-viscosity kubanzi:
- Iipateni zokuQopha kunye nokwandiswa kokuqhekeka: I-asidi engaphantsi kwe-viscosity ikhokelela kwiipateni ze-wormholing okanye i-pitting etch ezinamandla ngakumbi; i-viscosity ephezulu ikhuthaza uphuhliso olubanzi nolufanayo lwe-channel, olulawula ngokuthe ngqo ukuhamba kwe-fracture kunye nokukwazi ukwandisa. Ukunyusa uxinano lwe-thickener, umzekelo, kukhokelela kwindawo ebanzi e-etched kunye nokukhula kwe-fracture enzima, njengoko uvavanyo lwelabhoratri lokulandelela idayi luqinisekisa.
- Ukufikeleleka kunye nokusasazwa kwezaphuko: Ulwelo olune-viscous lulawula ngcono ukubekwa kwe-asidi, lukhuthaza ukungena kwe-asidi kwiindawo zokuqhekeka zendalo zesibini kwaye luphucula indawo yokukhupha amanzi kwi-oyile. Uvavanyo lobungakanani olusebenzisa imilinganiselo yokuqhuba emva kokuqhekeka ludibanisa i-viscosities ephezulu kwiinethiwekhi zokuqhekeka ezisasazekileyo neziqhubekayo, ezinxulumene namazinga aphezulu emveliso.
Umzekelo, kwi-Marcellus shale etyebileyo kwi-carbonate, kusetyenziswa iinkqubo ze-asidi ezizivelisayo okanye ezidityanisiweyo—apho i-dynamic viscosity igcinwa khona nokuba kubushushu be-reservoir—kubangela ubuncinci ubunzima bokuqhekeka kunye nokugutyungelwa kokukhupha amanzi ngaphezulu kwama-20–30% xa kuthelekiswa ne-HCl engatshintshwanga.
I-Acid-Rock Reaction kwi-Acid Fracturing
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I-Acid-Rock Reaction Kinetics kunye nolwalamano lwayo ne-Viscosity
Indlela yokusabela kwi-acid-rock ichaphazeleka kakhulu yi-fluid viscosity. Iinkqubo ze-acid zakudala zisabela ngokukhawuleza kunye neeminerali ze-carbonate, zigxila ekunyibilikeni kufutshane ne-wellbore kwaye zithintela ubunzulu bokungena. Iinkqubo ze-acid ezirhoxisiweyo, zisebenzisa ii-surfactants ze-viscoelastic okanye ii-polymer-acid emulsions, zinciphisa izinga lokusasazwa kwee-hydrogen ions, zinciphisa izinga lokusabela kwi-acid-rock iyonke. Oku kwenza i-acid ingene nzulu kwi-low-permeability okanye i-low-porosity formations ngaphambi kokuba ichithwe, nto leyo ekhuthaza ukugruzuka okubanzi kunye nokuqhekeka okude.
Ukuguqulwa kwesantya sokusabela kunokulungiswa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
- Ukulungisa ii-surfactant/polymer ratios ukuze kulungiswe kakuhle ukusasazeka kwe-asidi.
- Ukufaka i-asidi ngokulandelelana—ukufaka i-alternating retarded kunye ne-asidi rhoqo—kufezekisa ibhalansi yokugrumba okukufutshane kunye nokwakheka okunzulu, njengoko kubonisiwe kuvavanyo lwe-injection olulandelelanayo apho iinkqubo ze-asidi ezitshintshanayo zivelisa ukugrumba okulinganisiweyo kunye nokukhuthaza okuphuculweyo kwe-reservoir.
Iziphumo ezihambelanayo zivela kwiindibaniselwano:
- Iipolymers ezidityaniswe nee-surfactants ezingezizo ii-ionic zenza ukuqina okuqinileyo kwaye zonyusa ukumelana nobushushu kunye netyuwa, njengoko kuqinisekiswe luvavanyo lwepropathi ye-rheological kunye ne-sand-carrier phantsi kweemeko zokulinganisa i-reservoir.
- Ii-alkali-surfactant-polymer (ASP) blends, kunye neenkqubo ze-nanocomposite (umz., i-graphene oxide-polymer), ziphucula zombini i-viscosity elawula izinga kunye nokuzinza kwe-asidi, ngelixa zikwanceda ulawulo lweprofayili kunye nokususwa kwe-asidi eseleyo—ezibalulekileyo ekwenzeni ngcono i-asidi fracturing kwiindlela zendalo ezahlukeneyo zokuntywila kunye nokuphucula ukubuyiselwa kwi-low-permeability okanye i-low-porosity formations.
Iimvavanyo zeglasi ezincinci kunye ne-coreflood ziqinisekisa ukuba ezi fomyula zenziwe ngendlela efanelekileyo zonyusa ixesha lokudibana kwe-asidi, ukusabela kancinci kunye neeminerali, ziphucula indawo eqhekeziweyo, kwaye ekugqibeleni zandisa ukugeleza kwamanzi kwi-oyile, zibonisa ubudlelwane obusebenzayo phakathi kokwakheka kolwelo lwe-acid fracturing, i-viscosity, i-acid-rock reaction kinetics, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kokuvuselela i-reservoir iyonke.
Impembelelo yeFracture Geometry ekungeneni kwe-asidi kunye nokusebenza kakuhle
Ijiyometri yokwaphuka—ngokukodwa ubude, ububanzi (imbobo), kunye nokusasazwa kwendawo—imisela ngokubalulekileyo ukungena kwe-asidi kwaye ngaloo ndlela ukusebenza kakuhle kokuqhekeka kwe-asidi. Ukuqhekeka okude, okubanzi kukhuthaza ukusasazwa kwe-asidi ebanzi, kodwa ukusebenza kakuhle kunokuncipha ngenxa “yokuphumelela” kwe-asidi, apho i-asidi engasetyenziswanga ifikelela ngokukhawuleza kwincopho yokuqhekeka ngaphandle kokusabela ngokupheleleyo endleleni. Ukwahluka kwembobo, ngakumbi ukuqhekeka okunemijelo okanye okuneendonga ezirhabaxa okwenziwe kukugrumba okungafanelaniyo, kukhuthaza ukungena okukhulu ngokubonelela ngeendlela ezikhethekileyo kunye nokunciphisa ukulahleka kwe-asidi kwangethuba.
- Ukwahluka kwesithuba sokuvuleka:Iindawo ezijikelezisiweyo eziphuhliswe yi-acid etching zigcina ukuhanjiswa komoya phantsi koxinzelelo kwaye zibonelela ngeendlela zokuthutha i-asidi ezikhethekileyo.
- Indawo yokubeka izinto:Ukwaphuka okukufutshane nomngxuma womlambo kuvumela ukusasazwa kwe-asidi ngokulinganayo, ngelixa ukwaphuka okukude okanye okunamasebe amaninzi kuxhamla kwi-asidi efakwe ngokwezigaba okanye kwi-slugs ezitshintshanayo ze-asidi/ulwelo olungathathi cala.
- Inaliti enamanqanaba amaninzi:Ukutshintshana kwe-asidi kunye nolwelo olunesithuba kunokuvuselela ukugrumba kobuso obude obuqhekekileyo, okukhokelela ekungeneni okunzulu kunye nokwandisa ngempumelelo ukwaphuka kwendalo kunye nokubangelwa kuko.
Uphando lwasentsimini nolwelebhu olusebenzisa i-micro-CT scanning kunye ne-numeral modeling lubonisa ukuba ubunzima bejometri kunye noburhabaxa kulawula amazinga okusabela kwe-acid-rock kunye nomlinganiselo wokugqibela wokuphucula ukuvuleka. Uyilo olufanelekileyo lwe-acid fracturing luhambelana kakuhle neepropati zenkqubo ye-acid kunye nezicwangciso zokujova kwiijiometri ezithile zokuqhekeka kwe-reservoir, ukuqinisekisa ukuqhuba okuphezulu nokuhlala ixesha elide kokuqhekeka kwe-fracture kunye nokubuyiselwa kwe-oyile okuphuculweyo.
Amaqhinga Okuphucula Ukusebenza Kokuqhekeka Kwe-Acid
Ukukhethwa kweeNkqubo ze-Acid kunye nezongezo
Ukuphucula ukuqhekeka kwe-asidi kuxhomekeke kakhulu ekukhetheni iinkqubo ze-asidi ezifanelekileyo. Iinkqubo ze-asidi ezibuyiselweyo, ezifana nee-asidi ze-gelled okanye ze-emulsified, zenziwe ukuze zinciphise izinga lokusabela kwe-asidi-rock. Oku kwenza ukuba ukungena nzulu ecaleni kokuqhekeka kunye nokugrumba kwe-asidi okufanayo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iinkqubo ze-asidi eziqhelekileyo—eziqhele ukuba yi-hydrochloric acid engaguqukiyo—zisabela ngokukhawuleza, zihlala zithintela ubunzulu bokungena kwe-asidi kwaye zinciphise ulwandiso lokuqhekeka, ingakumbi kwiindawo zokugcina i-carbonate kunye ne-shale ezinobushushu obuphezulu. Uphuhliso lwakutshanje luquka iinkqubo ze-asidi eqinileyo, ezenzelwe iindawo zokugcina i-asidi ezinobushushu obuphezulu kakhulu, ezithi zithintele ngakumbi amazinga okusabela, zinciphise ukugrumba kwaye zinyuse ukusebenza ngokusebenza ixesha elide kwe-asidi kunye nokuphuculwa kokunyibilika kwelitye.
Xa kuthelekiswa iinkqubo ezilahliweyo xa kuthelekiswa nezesiqhelo:
- Iiasidi ezingasebenzi kakuhleZikhethwa kwiindawo apho ukusetyenziswa kwe-asidi ngokukhawuleza kufutshane nomngxuma womlambo kunciphisa ukufikelela kunye nokufana konyango. Ezi asidi zibonakaliswe ukuba zinceda ukwandisa ngcono ukwaphuka kwe-asidi kwaye ziphucula ukuhamba komoya emva kokuqhekeka kunye nendawo yokukhupha ioyile.
- Iiasidi eziqhelekileyoinokwanela unyango olungenanzulu okanye iindawo ezivumela ukungenwa kwamanzi kakhulu apho impendulo ekhawulezileyo kunye nokungena okuncinci kwamkelekileyo.
Ukukhethwa kwee-viscosity modifiers—ezifana nee-viscoelastic surfactants (iinkqubo ze-VCA) okanye ii-polymer-based gelling agents—kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezithile ezichaphazela i-reservoir:
- Ubushushu bedama kunye ne-mineralogy zilawula uzinzo lweekhemikhali kunye nokusebenza kwee-viscosity modifiers.
- Kwizicelo zobushushu obuphezulu, ii-gel breakers ezizinzileyo kubushushu ezifana nee-oxidizing agents ezifakwe kwiikhaphu okanye ii-acid-etching capsules ziyimfuneko ukuqinisekisa ukuchithwa kwe-gelled acid kunye nokucocwa ngokufanelekileyo emva konyango.
- Iprofayili ebonakalayo ye-viscosity kufuneka ilungiswe ukuze ulwelo lwe-acid fracturing luhlale lukhonaukuqina okwaneleyongexesha lokumpompa (ukwandisa ububanzi bokuqhekeka kunye nokumiswa kwepropant) kodwa kunokonakala ngokupheleleyo zii-gel breakers ukuze kusebenze ukubuya kwe-flowback.
Ukukhetha izongezo ezifanelekileyo kunciphisa umonakalo wokwakheka, kuqinisekisa ukugrumba okusebenzayo kwe-asidi ukuze kuphuculwe ukuqhekeka, kwaye kwandisa ukuphuculwa kweendawo zokugcina amanzi ezingakwazi ukungena kakuhle kunye nezingenamibhobho iphantsi. Izicelo zakutshanje zibonisa ukuba iifomyula zolwelo lwe-asidi ezisekelwe kwi-VCA, ezinee-gel breakers ezihambelanayo ngononophelo, zivelisa ukucoca okuphuculweyo, ukulahleka kolwelo okuncinci, kunye nokuvuselelwa kweendawo zokugcina amanzi okuphuculweyo xa kuthelekiswa neenkqubo zemveli.
Iiparameters Zokusebenza Ezichaphazela Impumelelo Yokukhuthaza I-Acid
Ulawulo lokusebenza ngexesha lokuqhekeka kwe-asidi luchaphazela kakhulu iziphumo. Iiparameter eziphambili zokusebenza ziquka isantya sepompo, umthamo we-asidi efakwe kwi-injection, kunye nolawulo lweprofayili yoxinzelelo:
- Isantya sokumpompa: Imisela isantya sokusasazeka kwee-fracture kunye ne-geometry. Isantya esiphezulu sikhuthaza ukungena kwe-asidi enzulu kunye nokusebenzisana okuqhubekayo kwe-asidi ne-rock, kodwa kufuneka ilinganiswe ukuze kuthintelwe ukusetyenziswa kwe-asidi ngaphambi kwexesha okanye ukukhula kwe-fracture okungalawulwayo.
- Umthamo wenaliti ye-asidi: Ichaphazela ubude nobubanzi bee-fractures eziqhekekileyo nge-asidi. Ii-volumes ezinkulu zihlala zifuneka kwiindlela ezivumela ukuba i-acid ingasebenzi kakuhle, nangona ukuphucula i-asidi kunye ne-viscosity modifiers kunokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kweekhemikhali okungeyomfuneko ngelixa kugcinwa i-conductivity.
- Ulawulo loxinzelelo: Ukulungiswa kwengcinezelo yomngxuma osezantsi kunye nomphezulu ngexesha langempela kuqinisekisa ukuba ukwaphuka kuhlala kuvulekile, kwamkela ukulahleka kolwelo, kwaye kuyalathisa ukubekwa kwe-asidi kwiindawo ezijoliswe kuzo ukwaphuka.
Enyanisweni, iishedyuli zokujova i-asidi ezicwangcisiweyo okanye ezitshintshanayo—apho iintlobo ze-asidi okanye ubunzulu zitshintshaniswa—ziye zabonakala ziphucula ukwakheka kwemisele, zikhuthaza uphuhliso lokuqhekeka okugobileyo, kwaye ziphucule indawo yokukhupha amanzi kwi-oyile reservoir. Umzekelo, ukujova i-asidi etshintshanayo enamanqanaba amabini kunokudala imijelo enzulu neqhubayo, iphumelele iindlela zesigaba esinye kuzo zombini iindawo zelebhu kunye nemimandla.
Ukudibanisa iindlela zokwenza i-acidization kunye nokungafani kwee-reservoir kubalulekile. Kwi-shale reservoirs ezine-mineralology eguquguqukayo kunye nokwaphuka kwendalo, imodeli yokuqikelela kunye nokubeka esweni ngexesha langempela kuyasetyenziswa ukukhokela ixesha kunye nolandelelwano lwe-injections. Uhlengahlengiso olusekelwe kwiimpawu zokwaphuka (umz., ukuqhelaniswa, uqhagamshelo, ukuphuculwa komjelo wendalo) kuvumela abaqhubi ukuba balungise iiparameter zokusebenza ukuze bakhuthaze kakhulu kwaye banciphise umonakalo owenziweyo.
UkuModeli okuQikelelweyo kunye nokuHlanganisa idatha
Uyilo lwanamhlanje lokuqhekeka kwe-asidi ngoku ludibanisa iimodeli zokuqikelela ezidibanisa iiparameter zokusebenza, iipropati zolwelo lokuqhekeka kwe-asidi, kunye nokuqhuba kombane emva kokuqhekeka kwe-asidi. Iimodeli eziphambili zibandakanya oku kulandelayo:
- Indlela kunye nesantya sokusabela kwe-asidi-rock, ibamba indlela i-acid morphology kunye ne-etching eziguquka ngayo phantsi kweemeko zasentsimini.
- Izinto eziphathelele idamaezifana nokuvuleka kunye nokuvuleka, ukungafani kwezinto ezidityanisiweyo, kunye neenethiwekhi zokuqhekeka esele zikhona.
Ezi modeli zisebenzisa idatha yobungqina, iziphumo zelebhu, kunye nokufunda koomatshini ukuqikelela indlela utshintsho kwi-viscosity, amazinga epompo, uxinzelelo lwe-asidi, kunye neeprofayili zobushushu ezichaphazela ngayo iindlela zokudala ukwaphuka kwi-hydraulic fracturing kunye nokwenza ngcono indawo yokukhupha amanzi kwidama ixesha elide.
Izikhokelo eziphambili zokulungelelanisa imida yentsimi kunye noyilo lokusebenza ziquka:
- Ukukhetha i-viscosity kunye ne-acid formulation ngokusekelwe kwi-kinetics ye-acid-rock reaction elindelweyo, iprofayili yobushushu obulindelekileyo, kunye neenjongo zokugqitywa (umz., ukwandisa ukuvuleka kwelitye okuphantsi okanye ukusombulula iingxaki zemijelo yokuntywila kwendalo).
- Ukusebenzisa iindlela ezisekelwe kwidatha ukulungisa ngokuguquguqukayo iishedyuli zokufakwa kwe-asidi, amazinga okumpompa, kunye needosi zokwaphuka, ukuphucula ubungakanani bokwaphuka kunye nokubuyiselwa emva konyango.
Imizekelo evela ekusetyenzisweni kwakutshanje kwentsimi ibonisa ukuba ezi ndlela zokuqikelela ziyandisa ukuhanjiswa kwe-oyile emva kokuqhekeka kwaye ziphucula uqikelelo lwemveliso yeoyile, nto leyo evumela amaqhinga okuqhekeka kwe-asidi asebenzayo nanokuthenjwa kuzo zonke iindawo zokugcina i-shale kunye ne-carbonate ezintsonkothileyo.
Ukwandisa Indawo Yokukhupha Ioyile kunye Nokuqhuba Ukuqhuba Ukuqhekeka Okuqhubekayo
Ukususwa kokuVimba koBume kunye noPhuculo loQhagamshelo
Ukugrumba i-asidi yindlela ephambili ekusebenziseni ulwelo lokuqhekeka kwe-asidi ukoyisa umngeni wokuvaleka kokwakheka, okufana nokuqokelelwa kwe-condensate kunye nokukhula kweeminerali, kwiindawo zokugcina i-shale. Xa i-asidi—eqhele ukuba yi-hydrochloric acid (HCl)—ifakwa, isabela kunye neeminerali ezisabelayo ezifana ne-calcite kunye ne-dolomite. Le ndlela yokusabela kwe-asidi-rock inyibilikisa iidiphozithi zeminerali, yandisa izithuba ze-pore, kwaye iqhagamshela ii-pores ezazikhe zahlulwa ngaphambili, iphucula ngokuthe ngqo i-porosity kunye nokuvuleka kwiindawo zokugcina ioyile. Izinga lokusabela kwe-asidi-rock, kunye nokwakheka kolwelo lokuqhekeka kwe-asidi oluthile olusetyenzisiweyo, kuyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwi-shale mineralogy kunye nokwakheka kwe-blockage.
Kwi-shales ezityebileyo kwi-carbonate, ubuninzi be-HCl buvelisa ukugrumba okucacileyo kunye nokususwa kokuvaleka ngenxa yempendulo ekhawulezayo nesebenzayo ye-acid-rock. Ukulungelelanisa ukwakheka kwe-asidi nomxholo othile we-carbonate kunye ne-silicate yedama lokukhupha amanzi kuphucula inkqubo yokususa, ukubuyisela ngempumelelo imijelo yendalo yokuvuza kwamanzi kunye nokujongana nezisombululo zendalo zokuvuza kwamanzi. Uburhabaxa bomphezulu kubuso obukhoyo bokuqhekeka buyanda ngenxa yokunyibilika kwe-asidi, okuhambelana ngokuthe ngqo nokuqhuba kakuhle kokuqhekeka kwamanzi kunye nemijelo yokuhamba kwamanzi eqinileyo kwi-hydrocarbons. Le ndlela iqinisekiswe yidatha yovavanyo ebonisa uphuculo olukhulu kwimveliso yegesi kunye ne-injectivity index emva konyango lwe-asidi olulungiselelweyo kwiifom eziphantsi kokungena kwamanzi.
Ukuqhuba umbane oqhubekayo kubalulekile kwimveliso yexesha elide yemigodi yeoyile ye-shale. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, ukuqhuma okubangelwayo kunokulahlekelwa kukuqhuba umbane ngenxa yokutyumza kwepropant, i-diagenesis, i-embedment, okanye ukufuduka kwe-fines. Ezi nkqubo zinciphisa iindlela ezivulekileyo ezidalwe kuxinzelelo lokuphazamiseka kwe-hydraulic fracturing, nto leyo echaphazela kakhulu ukubuyiswa kwee-hydrocarbons. Izifundo zezibalo kunye nezifundo zelebhu zibonisa ukuba ngaphandle kolawulo olufanelekileyo, ukonakala kwepropant kunokunciphisa imveliso ukuya kuthi ga kwi-80% kwiminyaka eli-10. Izinto ezinje ngoxinzelelo lokuvala, ubungakanani bepropant, kunye neempawu zomphezulu wokwaphuka kokuqala zidlala indima ebalulekileyo. Ukukhetha ipropant efanelekileyo kunye nokulawula uxinzelelo lwe-downhole ngokukhutheleyo kubalulekile ukugcina iindlela ezikhulisiweyo ezidalwe kukugrumba kwe-asidi ukuze kuqhubeke ukuhamba kweoyile kunye negesi.
Ukwandiswa kunye nokugcinwa koThungelwano loKwaphuka
Ukwandisa ngobuchule indawo yokukhupha amanzi kwi-oyile kuxhomekeke kuyilo olusebenzayo kunye nokusasazwa kweenkqubo ze-asidi ezilawulwayo. Ezi ziinkqubo zolwelo lwe-asidi ezicwangcisiweyo ezinezithako ezongeziweyo—ezifana nee-retarders, ii-gelling agents, kunye nee-surfactants—ukulawula ukufakwa kwe-asidi, ukulawula izinga lokuphendula kwe-asidi-rock, kunye nokunciphisa ukuvuza kolwelo ngexesha lonyango. Isiphumo yinkqubo yokugrumba ejolise ngakumbi ephucula iindlela zokudala ukwaphuka kwi-hydraulic fracturing kwaye ixhasa ukusasazeka kokuqhekeka okuphambili nokwesibini (okugobileyo).
Iinkqubo ze-asidi ezilawulwayo, ngakumbi ii-asidi ze-gel ezifakwe i-gel kunye ne-in situ, zinceda ekulawuleni indawo kunye nexesha elide le-asidi ngaphakathi kwaqhekeka. Ezi nkqubo zicothisa ukusebenzisana kwe-asidi kunye namatye, zandisa umgama wokungena kwaye zivumela ukugrumba kwe-asidi okubanzi ngakumbi ukuze kuphuculwe ukwaphuka. Le ndlela yonyusa umthamo welitye ovuselelweyo, yandisa indawo yokukhupha amanzi kwi-oyile reservoir, kwaye ijongana nemingeni ngezisombululo zemijelo yokuntywila yendalo embi kwiindawo ze-carbonate kunye ne-shale. Amatyala asentsimini abonisa ukuba ezi ndlela zenza uthungelwano olubanzi noludibeneyo lwaqhekeka, oluqhuba ukubuyiswa okukhulu kwe-hydrocarbon.
Ukugcina ukuphuculwa kokuvuleka kwamanzi phantsi koxinzelelo olunamandla lwedama yenye into ebalulekileyo ekufuneka iqwalaselwe. Ukwanda kokuqhekeka kwamatye aphantsi koxinzelelo oluphezulu lokuvaleka kudla ngokukhokelela ekunciphiseni ububanzi bokwaphuka okanye ukuvalwa kwangaphambi kwexesha, nto leyo ebeka emngciphekweni ukuhanjiswa kwamanzi. Ukuthintela oku, kusetyenziswa amaqhinga aliqela:
- Itekhnoloji yokugqobhoza edibene noxinzelelo:Le ndlela ivumela ukuqaliswa nokwanda okulawulwayo kwamathambo aqhekekileyo, iphucula ulungelelwaniso phakathi kokufakwa kwamandla okukhuthaza kunye nokwandiswa kwenethiwekhi yamathambo aqhekekileyo. Umzekelo, kwiJiyang Depression, le teknoloji yehlise amandla afunekayo ngama-37% ngelixa iphucula zombini iziphumo zonxibelelwano kunye nokusingqongileyo.
- Unyango lwe-pre-asidi:Ukusebenzisa iinkqubo ze-polyhydrogen acid okanye ezinye ii-pre-acid fracturing fluids kunokunciphisa uxinzelelo lokuqhekeka kwee-fractures kwaye kunciphise ukuvaleka kokuqala kokwakheka, okubeka inqanaba lokwenziwa kwee-fractures ezisebenzayo nezihlala ixesha elide.
- Imodeli yeJiyomechanical:Ukudibanisaumlinganiselo woxinzelelo ngexesha langempelakunye nokubeka esweni i-reservoir kuvumela ukuqikelela kunye nokulungiswa kweeparamitha zonyango lwe-asidi, okunceda ukugcina ukuhanjiswa koxinzelelo nangona iimeko zoxinzelelo ezitshintshayo kwindawo ethile.
Ezi ndlela—zidibene nezongezo zolwelo lwe-hydraulic fracturing kunye ne-acid fracturing fluid formulation—ziqinisekisa ukuba i-permeability gains iyagcinwa. Zinceda abaqhubi beoyile ukuba bandise kwaye bagcine iinethiwekhi zokuqhekeka, ziphucula i-porosity rock permeability ephantsi kwaye zixhasa ukutsalwa kwezixhobo ixesha elide.
Ngokufutshane, ngokudityaniswa kweendlela ezintsha zokugrumba i-asidi, iinkqubo ze-asidi ezilawulwayo eziphambili, kunye namaqhinga okuqhekeza anolwazi ngejomekhiniki, iindlela zanamhlanje zokuvuselela amachibi ngoku zigxile ekuphuculeni iindawo zokukhupha amanzi nge-hydrocarbon ezikhawulezileyo kunye nokugcina ukuhanjiswa koqhekeko olufunekayo ekusebenzeni okuqhubekayo kwemveliso.
Isiphelo
Ukulinganisa okusebenzayo kunye nokwenza ngcono i-acid fracturing fluid viscosity zibalulekile ekwandiseni ukwenziwa kwee-fracture, ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-acid etching, kunye nokuphuma kwamanzi kwi-oyile reservoir reservoir ixesha elide kwi-shale formations. Iindlela ezilungileyo zisekelwe kukuqonda okucwangcisiweyo kwe-fluid dynamics phantsi kweemeko ze-reservoir, kunye nokuhlanganiswa kwedatha yelabhoratri kunye ne-field ukuqinisekisa ukufaneleka kokusebenza.
Imibuzo ebuzwa rhoqo
Umbuzo 1: Ibaluleke ngantoni i-acid fracturing fluid viscosity kwiindawo zokugcina ioyile ye-shale?
I-asidi fracturing fluid viscosity ibalulekile ekulawuleni ukwenziwa kwe-fracturing kunye nokwanda kwayo kwiindawo zokugcina ioyile ye-shale. Ii-fluids ezine-viscosity ephezulu, ezifana ne-crosslinked okanye i-gelled acids, zivelisa ii-fracturing ezibanzi nezinamasebe amaninzi. Oku kwenza kube lula ukubeka i-asidi kwaye kwandisa unxibelelwano phakathi kwe-asidi kunye namatye, kuphucula indlela yokusabela kwe-asidi-rock kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba i-etching inzulu kwaye iyafana. I-fluid viscosity efanelekileyo inyusa ububanzi be-fracturing kunye nobunzima bayo, ichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukusebenza kwe-acid etching ukuze kuphuculwe ii-fracturing kunye nokulungiswa kwendawo yokukhupha amanzi kwi-oyile reservoir. Umzekelo, ii-CO₂ fluids ezijiyileyo zibonakalisiwe ukuba ziphucula ububanzi be-fracturing kwaye zigcina ukungena emva konyango, ngelixa ii-fluids ezine-viscosity ephantsi zivumela ii-fracturing ezinde, ezincinci kunye nokwanda okulula kodwa zinokubeka emngciphekweni ukugruzuka okanye ukuhambisa amanzi okungafanelekanga. Ukukhetha i-viscosity efanelekileyo kwi-acid fracturing fluid formulation kuqinisekisa ukuqhekeka okusebenzayo kokuvaleka kwesakhiwo, ukuqhuba kwe-fracturing ixesha elide, kunye nokwandiswa okukhulu kwendawo yokukhupha amanzi enemveliso.
Umbuzo 2: Uxinzelelo lokuqhekeka kwe-hydraulic fracturing luchaphazela njani ukudalwa kokuqhekeka kwe-fracture?
Uxinzelelo lokuqhekeka ngamandla afunekayo ukuze kuqaliswe ukwaphuka kwelitye ngexesha lokuqhekeka kwe-hydraulic. Kwiindawo zokugcina ioyile ye-shale ezinokungena okuphantsi, ulawulo oluchanekileyo loxinzelelo lokuqhekeka lubalulekile. Ukuba uxinzelelo olusetyenzisiweyo luphantsi kakhulu, ukwaphuka kusenokungavuleki, nto leyo ethintela ukungena kolwelo. Kuphezulu kakhulu, kwaye ukwaphuka kusenokungalawuleki, nto leyo ebeka emngciphekweni ukwanda kokuqhekeka okungafunekiyo. Ulawulo olufanelekileyo lukhuthaza ukwaphuka ukuba kuphuhle kwiindawo zendalo nakwiindlela ezigobileyo, nto leyo ephucula ukukhuthazwa kwe-reservoir. Uxinzelelo oluphezulu lokuqhekeka, xa lulawulwa ngokufanelekileyo, luvelisa uthungelwano oluntsonkothileyo lokuqhekeka kwaye luphucula unxibelelwano olubalulekileyo ukuze i-asidi ifikelele kwaye ikrole indawo ebanzi. Iindlela ezifana nokutyumba imingxuma zisetyenziselwa ukunciphisa uxinzelelo lokuqhekeka kunye nokulawula ngcono ukuqaliswa kokuqhekeka, okuchaphazela zombini i-geometry yokuqhekeka kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kokusasazeka. Olu lawulo lunolwazi loxinzelelo lokuqhekeka kwe-hydraulic fracturing breakdown luphambili kwiindlela eziphambili zokudala ukwaphuka kwiindawo zokugcina ezingaqhelekanga.
Umbuzo 3: Kutheni ukugrumba kunye nokukhulisa i-asidi kuluncedo kwiindawo zokugcina amanzi eziphantsi kokungena kwamanzi kunye neendawo eziphantsi kokungena kwamanzi?
Iindawo zokugcina amanzi eziphantsi kunye neendawo eziphantsi kwamanzi zibonelela ngemijelo yendalo enomda wokuvuza, nto leyo ethintela ukuhamba kunye nemveliso yeoyile. Ukuqhekeza iasidi kwi-hydraulic fracturing kusebenzisa ulwelo olusebenzayo ukunyibilikisa iindawo ze-matrix yelitye ecaleni kobuso bokwaphuka, ngaloo ndlela kwandisa ezi ndlela zokuhamba. Oku kunciphisa ukuvaleka kokwakheka kwaye kubonelela ngemijelo emitsha yokuba ulwelo luhambe ngokukhululekileyo. Iindlela zakutshanje zokuvuselela iindawo zokugcina amanzi, kuquka iinkqubo ze-composite kunye ne-pre-acid, zifikelele ekuqhubeni okuphuculweyo, okuhlala ixesha elide kunye nokuphucula ukubuyiswa kweoyile. Ezi ndlela zixabiseke kakhulu ekuphuculeni iindawo zokugcina amanzi eziphantsi kwamanzi kunye nokuphucula ukujikeleza kwelitye okuphantsi kwamanzi, njengoko kubonisiwe kwizifundo zasentsimini naselebhu. Isiphumo kukwanda okukhulu kwemveliso yemithombo, kunye nokuqhekeka okukhuliswe yiasidi kunye nokwandiswa kokusebenza njengemijelo ephuculweyo yokuhamba kwe-hydrocarbon.
Umbuzo 4: Yeyiphi indima edlalwa yi-porosity kunye nokuvuleka kwamatye kwimpumelelo yokuqhekeka kwe-asidi?
Ukuvuleka kunye nokuvuleka komoya kumisela ngokuthe ngqo intshukumo yolwelo kunye nokufikeleleka kwe-asidi kwiindawo zokugcina ioyile. Amatye ane-porosity ephantsi kunye nokuvuleka okuphantsi athintela ukusasazeka kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kolwelo lwe-acid fracturing, nto leyo ethintela impumelelo yemisebenzi yokuvuselela. Ukujongana noku, ukwakheka kolwelo lwe-acid fracturing kulungiselelwe ngokukodwa ukubandakanya izongezo zokulawula ukusabela kunye neziguquli ze-viscosity. Ukuphucula ukuvuleka ngokusebenzisa i-acid-rock reaction kwandisa indawo engenanto ekhoyo yokugcina i-hydrocarbon, ngelixa ukunyusa ukuvuleka kuvumela ukuhamba lula kwiinethiwekhi zokuqhekeka. Emva konyango lwe-asidi, izifundo ezininzi zibonise ukwanda okukhulu kokuvuleka kunye nokuvuleka komoya, ingakumbi apho imijelo yendalo yokuvuza yayimbi ngaphambili. Ukuphucula ezi parameters kuvumela ukwanda kokuqhekeka komoya okulungiselelweyo, amazinga emveliso aqhubekayo, kunye nendawo yokunxibelelana nedama ende.
Umbuzo 5: Ukusabela kwe-acid-rock kuyichaphazela njani ukusebenza kakuhle kokwandiswa kwendawo yokukhupha amanzi?
Indlela yokusabela kwi-acid-rock ilawula indlela ilitye elinyibilikiswa ngayo kunye nendlela amaqhekeza aqhekeka ngayo aze akhuliswe ngayo ngexesha lokuqhekeka kwe-acid. Ulawulo olufanelekileyo lwesantya sokusabela kwi-acid-rock lubalulekile: ngokukhawuleza kakhulu, kwaye i-acid ichithwa kufutshane nomngxuma, nto leyo ethintela ukungena; kancinci kakhulu, kwaye ukuqhekeka kusenokunganeli. Ngokulawula impendulo ngokusebenzisa i-fluid viscosity, i-acid concentration, kunye nezongezo, ukuqhekeka okujoliswe kuko kubuso bokwaphuka kuyafezekiswa, okuvumela unxibelelwano olubanzi nolunzulu lokuqhekeka. Uyilo oluphambili kunye nophando lwelebhu luqinisekisa ukuba ukwenza ngcono impendulo ye-acid-rock kukhokelela kwiiqhekeka ezifana ne-channel, eziqhuba kakhulu ezikhulisa kakhulu indawo yokuphuma kweoyile. Umzekelo, iiqhekeka ezifakwe kwi-channelized acid-etched ziye zabhalwa ukuba zivelisa ukuqhutywa kombane okuphezulu ngokuphindwe kahlanu kuneeqhekeka ezingasetyenziswanga kwi-carbonate formations. Ukulungiswa ngononophelo kokwakheka kolwelo lwe-acid fracturing kunye neeparamitha zokujova ngaloo ndlela kumisela ngokuthe ngqo ubungakanani kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kokuphuculwa kwendawo yokuphuma kwamanzi.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Novemba-10-2025
