I. Imfuneko yokuxinana kwe-Hydrocarbon
Ukulungiswa kweoyile eluhlaza—inkqubo equlethwe yiinkqubo yokuphelelwa ngamanzi kwioyile eluhlaza kunye nokususa ityuwa(D/D/D)—limele elinye lawona manyathelo abalulekileyo nabiza kakhulu ekuvelisweni nasekucocweni kwee-hydrocarbon. Ezi nkqubo zibaluleke kakhulu, njengoko ukungaphumeleli ukwahlula amanzi kunye neetyuwa ngokufanelekileyo kuphazamisa ngqo umgangatho wemveliso kwaye kubeka emngciphekweni imisebenzi yokucoca esezantsi ngokugqwala okukhawulezileyo kunye nokucima i-catalyst.
Ukuqina komzimba kubonwa njengophawu olubalulekileyo, olubonisa ixesha langempela le-kinetics yokwahlukana kunyei-emulsionUzinzo. I-emulsion ene-viscosity ephezulu isebenza njengomqobo womzimba, ithintela kakhulu ukuhla okufunekayo komxhuzulane kunye nokuhlangana kwamaconsi amanzi asasazekileyo.
Nangona kunjalo, imeko yokusebenza ye-D/D/D—ebonakaliswa ziingcinezelo ezigqithisileyo, amaqondo obushushu aphezulu, ukubola, kunye nokubakho kolwelo oluntsonkothileyo, olungelulo olweNewtonian, olunezigaba ezininzi—yenza iindlela zokulinganisa i-viscosity zemveli zingathembeki kwaye zinokungaphumeleli. Ubuchwepheshe obuqhelekileyo, obuhlala buxhomekeke kwiindawo ezihambayo okanye kwiityhubhu ezincinci ze-capillary, ngokukhawuleza buwela kwi-fluid, ukuguguleka, kunye nokonakala koomatshini.
Isicoci se-oyile ekrwada
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Imarike ifuna utshintsho olufana nolwezixhobo eziqinileyo ezikwaziyo ukulinganisa ngokuqhubekayo nangokuthembekileyo. I-Lonnmeter Inline Vibrational Viscometer inika olu thembeko lufunekayo. Isebenzisa isakhiwo esiqinileyo nesilula soomatshini esingenazo iindawo ezihambayo, izitywini, okanye iibheringi, le teknoloji inika ukuchaneka okungenakuthelekiswa nanto kunye nokuqina kwiimeko ezingathandekiyo. Ngokudibanisa le mpendulo ye-viscosity yexesha langempela kwiNkqubo yoLawulo oluSasazwayo (i-DCS), abaqhubi bafumana amandla okwenza ngcono idosi ye-demulsifier kunye neeprofayili zokufudumeza ngokuguquguqukayo. Olu buchule luvelisa imbuyekezo ebalulekileyo, enokulinganiswa kutyalo-mali ngokuthintela iindleko ezinkulu zeekhemikhali, ukonga amandla, ukuthobela umgangatho wemveliso okuphuculweyo, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle okwandayo.
II. Ii-Emulsion ze-oyile ekrwada: Ukwakheka, Uzinzo, kunye neenjongo zeNkqubo
2.1. IKhemistri kunye neFiziksi yokuZinza kwe-Emulsion ye-Crude Oil
Ukuveliswa kweoyile eluhlaza kuhlala kuphumela ekudalweni kwee-emulsions ezizinzileyo, eziqheleke kakhuluamanzi kwioyile kunye neoyile emanziniuhlobo, apho amathontsi amanzi asasazeka kakuhle kulo lonke ixesha le-oyile eqhubekayo. Uzinzo lwale emulsions lubangelwa kukwakheka kweekhemikhali kunye neempawu zomzimba, ekufuneka zoyiswe ukuze kubekho imeko-bume ephumelelayo.
Ukuzinza kwexesha elide kwezi emulsions kuqhutywa ikakhulu zii-arhente zendalo ezisebenzayo kumphezulu ezifumaneka kwi-crude. Ezi emulsifiers zemveli ziquka iimolekyuli ze-polar ezintsonkothileyo ezifana ne-asphaltenes, i-resins, i-naphthenic acids, kunye namaqhekeza aqinileyo ahlulwe kakuhle avela kwimisebenzi yemveliso, njengodongwe,udaka lokubholaiintsalela, kunye neemveliso eziphuma kumhlwa. Ezi zinto zinomsebenzi obalulekileyo: zingena ngokukhawuleza kwindawo ebalulekileyo yokudibana namanzi eoyile, apho zihlangana khona zibe yifilimu eqinileyo nekhuselayo. Le filimu ithintela ngokwasemzimbeni amathontsi amanzi asasazekileyo ukuba angadibani kwaye ahlangane, inciphisa i-Interfacial Tension (IFT) kwaye izinzise inkqubo.
Imingeni edibeneyo yomzimba neyekhemikhali ebangelwa yi-crude chemistry idityaniswe kwaye ibonakala ngokuthe ngqo kwiimpawu ezininzi ze-rheological zolwelo. I-crude oil viscosity ephezulu yinto ephucula ngqo ukuzinza kwe-emulsion. I-viscosity isebenza njengomqobo osisiseko womzimba kwi-kinetics yokwahlukana.
2.2. Iinjongo zokususa ityuwa emzimbeni, ukuphelisa amanzi emzimbeni, kunye nokususa ityuwa emzimbeni (D/D/D)
Inkqubo edibeneyo ye-D/D/D ijolise ekulungiseleleni umjelo weoyile ekrwada ukuze ithuthwe kwaye ihlanjululwe emva koko, ukuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kwemigangatho yokhuseleko engqongqo kunye nomgangatho.
2.2.1. Ukususa i-mulsification kunye nokuphelelwa ngamanzi emzimbeni
Ukususa ioyile ekrwada kubandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezikhethekileyo ezisebenzayo kumphezulu ezenzelwe ukuphazamisa ifilimu yokuzinzisa i-interfacial. Ezi molekyuli ze-demulsifier ziyafunxa kwindawo ehambelanayo, zisusa ngokufanelekileyo ii-emulsifiers zemveli, zinciphisa kakhulu uxinzelelo lwe-interfacial, kwaye zenze buthathaka amandla oomatshini e-membrane ekhuselayo. Nje ukuba olu nyathelo lwekhemikhali lugqityiwe, inkqubo iyaqhubekaukuphelelwa ngamanzi kweoyile eluhlaza(ukwahlulwa kwesigaba).
Injongo ephambili yeinkqubo yokuphelelwa ngamanzi kwioyile eluhlazakukufezekisa ukwahlulwahlulwa okupheleleyo kwesigaba, ukuqinisekisa ukuba ioyile eluhlaza ephumayo ihlangabezana neemfuno ezingqongqo zeBasic Sediment and Water (BS&W). Ngokwesiqhelo, iinkcukacha zothutho lwemibhobho ziyalela ukuba ioyile eluhlaza enyangiweyo ibe ne-BS&W engaphantsi kwe-0.5% ukuya kwi-1.0%. Izifundo zibonise ukuba iifomyula ze-demulsifier ezifanelekileyo kufuneka zifezekise ukusebenza kakuhle kokwahlulwahlulwa, kunye neefomyula ezisebenzayo ezibonisa amazinga okwahlulwahlulwa angama-88% nangaphezulu ngexesha lovavanyo. Ngaphezu koko, le nkqubo kufuneka ivelise amanzi amdaka anomxholo weoyile ophantsi ngokwaneleyo (umz., ngaphantsi kwe-10 ukuya kwi-20 mg/L) ukuze kuhlangatyezwane neemfuno zokukhutshwa okanye zokufakwa kwakhona kwendalo.
2.2.2. Ukususa ityuwa
Ukususa ityuwa ngumsebenzi obalulekileyo wokuhlamba amanzi owenzelwa ukunciphisa umxholo wetyuwa kwi-crude, olinganiswa ngeeponti ngee-Thousand Barrels (PTB). Le nkqubo, eyenziwa kwintsimi yemveliso okanye kwindawo yokuhluza, ibandakanyaukuxubaioyile ekrwada eshushu ngamanzi okuhlamba kunye neekhemikhali eziqhekeza i-emulsion. Emva koko umxube ufakwa kwi-electrostatic field ene-voltage ephezulu ngaphakathi kwitanki yokumisa umxhuzulane ukuze kube lula ukuqhekeka kwentsalela.ioyile emanzini kunye namanzi kwi-emulsion yeoyilekunye nokususwa kwesigaba se-brine.
Imfuneko yokususa ityuwa ngamandla ayinakuxoxiswana ngayo. Ukuba iityuwa kunye neentsimbi ezinzima azisuswanga, ziyanyibilika xa zifudunyezwa kumanqanaba okucoca alandelayo, zivelise ii-asidi ezibolayo (ezifana ne-hydrogen chloride). Le asidi ibangela ukubola okukhulu kwezixhobo zenkqubo esezantsi, kubandakanya abatshintshi bobushushu kunye neekholamu zokunyibilikisa, kwaye inokubangela ubuthi obubi kakhulu be-catalyst. Ke ngoko, ukufikelela ekusebenzeni kakuhle kokwahlulwa kwetyuwa malunga ne-99% kubalulekile ekusebenzeni kakuhle nasekusebenzeni kakuhle kwezoqoqosho. Ulawulo lobushushu lubalulekile ekususeni ityuwa, njengoko ubushushu bokususa ityuwa budla ngokufikelelwa ngokufudumeza umxube wegesi/umphunga, okukhawulezisa ukwahlulwa kwamanzi kunye nezinto ezingcolisayo.
III. Indima Ebalulekileyo Yokulinganisa Ubungakanani Be-Viscosity Ngexesha Langempela
3.1. Ukuqina njengeParamitha yoLawulo lweNkqubo yeXesha langempela
Ukuqina akusiyonto nje echazayo; yiparameter esisiseko etshintshatshintshayo elawula i-kinetics yokwahlukana. Lonke inyathelo lokulawula elisetyenziswa kwinkqubo ye-D/D/D—nokuba kukufakwa kweekhemikhali, ukufakwa kobushushu, okanye ukuxubana koomatshini—ekugqibeleni lijolise ekoyiseni okanye ekunciphiseni umqobo we-viscosity ukuze kukhawuleziswe ukuhlangana kwamathontsi.
Ukubeka iliso kwi-viscosity kusebenza njengendlela ebalulekileyo yokuphendula ngokuguquguqukayo yokuvavanya ukusebenza kwe-demulsifier. Ukwaphuka ngempumelelo kweekhemikhali kwi-emulsion ezinzileyo kufuneka kuvelise ukwehla okulinganiselweyo nokuqhelekileyo ngokukhawuleza kwi-viscosity yolwelo oluninzi. Olu tshintsho lwe-rheological lunokulinganiswa kwinkqubo evaliweyo, okuvumela uvavanyo oluqhubekayo lokusebenza kweearhente zeekhemikhali. Olu tshintsho lwempendulo yexesha langempela lubalulekile kuba luvumela abaqhubi ukuba badlule ngaphaya kovavanyo lwelabhoratri oluzinzileyo nolwexesha elithile, olunokuphoswa ziimpazamo ngenxa yokwaluphala kwesampuli yeoyile eluhlaza kunye nokulahleka kwezinto zokukhanya.
Ngaphezu koko, i-viscosity inxulunyaniswa nokwenziwa ngcono kwamandla. Ubushushu obufanelekileyo bokusebenza kwe-desalter buxhomekeke ngokusisiseko kwi-viscosity kunye noxinano lwe-oyile ekrwada, kunye nokunyibilika kwamanzi ngaphakathi kwi-crude. I-crude enzima okanye ekrwada ifuna amaqondo obushushu aphezulu kakhulu ukunciphisa i-viscosity eyaneleyo ukuze kushukume amaconsi amanzi ngempumelelo kunye nokuhla komxhuzulane. Idatha ye-viscosity eqhubekayo ivumela iinjineli zenkqubo ukuba ziseke kwaye zigcine amaqondo obushushu aphantsi asebenzayo afunekayo ukuze kwahlulwe ngokufanelekileyo, zithintele ukufudumeza okugqithisileyo okubiza kakhulu kunye nokwahlukana okunganelanga okubangelwa ngamaqondo obushushu aphantsi kakhulu.
Olu lwalamano lubeka i-viscosity kwindawo yokulawula ukusebenza. Ukusebenza kwe-Desalter kuqhutywa zizinto ezine ezibalulekileyo: umgangatho wolwelo, iiparameter zokusebenza (P/T), idosi yeekhemikhali, kunye nemiba yoomatshini. Izinto zokusebenza kunye neekhemikhali zezona zinto ziphambili zokulawula. I-viscosity idibanisa ezi levers ngokuthe ngqo. Umzekelo, ukuba inkqubo yokubeka esweni eqhubekayo ibona ukwanda kwe-viscosity, i-DCS edibeneyo inokuvavanya imeko ngokuguquguqukayo kwaye ikhethe indlela engabizi kakhulu yokwahlukana—nokuba kukunyuka okuncinci kwamandla obushushu (kwimingeni yoxinano okanye yokunyibilika) okanye ukwanda okujoliswe kuko koxinzelelo lwe-demulsifier (kwimingeni yozinzo lweekhemikhali). Lo mandla wokungenelela okuguquguqukayo utshintsha ulawulo ukusuka kuhlengahlengiso olugcinayo, olusabelayo ukuya kulungiso oluchanekileyo nolusebenzayo.
3.2. Iziphumo zokulinganisa ukuxinana okungachanekanga okanye okulibazisekileyo
Ukungabikho kwedatha echanekileyo neqhubekayo yokuxinana kwezinto kuvelisa iingozi ezibalulekileyo zokusebenza kwaye kuqinisekisa ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwezoqoqosho.
Ukuthatha idosi engaphezulu kweekhemikhali kunye nokunyuka kwamaxabiso e-OPEX
Ukuba umlinganiselo we-viscosity uxhomekeke kwiisampuli zelebhu ezihlala zihleli, okanye ukuba isixhobo esingaphakathi sinikezela ngedatha engachanekanga, umthamo we-demulsifier awunakulungiswa xa kuthelekiswa nomngeni wokuzinza kwangoko komjelo ongcolileyo ongenayo. Ngenxa yoko, abaqhubi bakhetha ukufaka iidosi zeekhemikhali ezidlula kakhulu ubuncinci obufunekayo ukuqinisekisa ukwahlukana. Ekubeni ukufikelela kulwahlulo olufanelekileyo kudla ngokufuna umthamo wefomyula ophakathi kwe-50 ukuya kwi-100 ppm, ukujova kakhulu kwe-demulsifiers ezikhethekileyo nezibizayo kubangela ukunyuka okukhulu nokuphephekayo kwe-Operational Expenditure (OPEX).
Ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwamandla
Ngaphandle kwempendulo echanekileyo neyokuchukumisa i-viscosity ngexesha langempela, ukufudumeza inkqubo kufuneka kubekwe kwindawo eqinisekisiweyo ukunciphisa i-viscosity ye-crude embi kakhulu elindelweyo. Ukuxhomekeka kwiindawo ezimiselweyo, eziphezulu okanye idatha ebambezelekileyo kukhokelela ekufudumaleni rhoqo kwe-crude ngaphaya kobuncinci obufunekayo. Oku kuphumela kwinkunkuma enkulu neqhubekayo yamandla obushushu, nto leyo eyenza enye yezona ndleko zinkulu eziguquguqukayo ezinokulawuleka kuloliwe wenkqubo ye-D/D/D.
Ukusilela koMgangatho weMveliso kunye noMonakalo oNgaphantsi
Ukulinganisa okungachanekanga kuguqulela ngokuthe ngqo ekusebenzeni kokwahlulwa okungagqibelelanga. Ukuba i-emulsion ayisonjululwanga ngokwaneleyo, i-crude ephekiweyo ephumayo ayizukwanelisa iimfuno ze-BS&W okanye ze-PTB ezifunekayo. I-crude engachazwanga ayizisi nje kuphela izohlwayo zorhwebo kodwa, okubaluleke ngakumbi, ibeka emngciphekweni yonke imisebenzi yokucocwa kwe-downstream. Ungcoliseko lwetyuwa olunganyangwanga lukhawulezisa ukubola ngenxa yokwakheka kwe-asidi kwaye lukhokelela ekuvalekeni nasekungcoleni iindawo ezibalulekileyo zokutshintshiselana kobushushu kunye neenqaba zenkqubo. Ukusilela ukujonga nokulawula i-viscosity ke ngoko kunegalelo ngokungathanga ngqo kulondolozo olubiza kakhulu, ukuvalwa okungacwangciswanga, kunye nokutshintshwa kwezixhobo ezinkulu.
Ukungazinzi kokusebenza
Ii-emulsion zeoyile ekrwada zihlala zibonisa ukuziphatha okuntsonkothileyo okungengokwaseNewtonian, apho i-viscosity yazo ebonakalayo itshintsha ngokuxhomekeke kwisantya sokucheba esisetyenzisiweyo. Ukulinganisa okungachanekanga kwenza kube nzima ukumodela nokulawula i-multiphase flow dynamics, nto leyo enokukhokelela kwiingxaki zokuhamba kwamanzi ezifana neempawu ze-slug ezinengxaki, ukubanjwa okungazinziyo, kunye nokusasazwa kwesigaba okungalinganiyo. Ngaphezu koko, ukususwa kwe-demulsification okunganelanga kunokubangela ukuba kubekho amaxesha okugcinwa kwamanzi kwisitya sokuzinza, nto leyo enokubangela ukuba i-emulsification iphindwe kwakhona, inciphise ukusebenza kakuhle kwaye inyuse iingozi.
Funda Ngakumbi ngeeMetha zoBuxinano
Iimitha zeNkqubo ezingakumbi kwi-Intanethi
IV. Imingeni yokulinganisa ubungqindilili kwi-Crude Oil Conditioning
4.1. Imeko-bume yeNkqubo enobutshaba ifuna ukuba kubekho ukuqina
I-viscometer ekwi-inline ekhethiweyo kwizicelo ze-D/D/D kufuneka ikwazi ukumelana neemeko zokusebenza ezidlula kakhulu imida yoyilo lwezixhobo zelebhu okanye zoshishino.
Iimeko zoxinzelelo olugqithisileyo kunye nobushushu
Inkqubo ye-D/D/D idla ngokubandakanya uxinzelelo oluphezulu lokusebenza kunye namaqondo obushushu aphezulu. Umzekelo, abaxumi basebenzisa i-oyile eshushu ekrwada, kwaye imilinganiselo ekhethekileyo efana ne-Reservoir Fluid Analysis (RFA) idla ngokufuna ii-sensors ezinokusebenza kuzo zonke iimeko zamanzi kwihlabathi liphela. Isixhobo esikhethekileyo kufuneka sibe namandla, kwaye ukumelana namaqondo obushushu kufuneka kufikelele kwi-450 ℃ kunye novavanyo loxinzelelo olukwaziyo ukusingatha uxinzelelo oluqhelekileyo lokusebenza (umz., ukuya kuthi ga kwi-6.4 MPa) okanye izisombululo ezenziwe ngokwezifiso zeenkonzo ezigqithisileyo ezidlula i-10 MPa.
Ukubola, Ukungcola, kunye nokukhula
Ulwelo olucutshungulwayo lunamandla kakhulu. Ioyile eluhlaza ekrwada iqulethe iibrines, izinto ezine-asidi (ezifana ne-naphthenic acids), kwaye ngamanye amaxesha i-hydrogen sulfide (H2S), nto leyo edala imeko-bume ekrwada eyonakalisa ngokukhawuleza izinto ezisemgangathweni. Ngaphezu koko, ubukho bezinto eziqinileyo ezahlulwe kakuhle (udongwe, isanti, i-asphaltenes) kunye neetyuwa kukhokelela ekungcoleni okuqhubekayo kunye nokuqhekeka kwiindawo zesensor. Izixhobo kufuneka zakhiwe ngezinto ezihlala ixesha elide, ezifana ne-316 Stainless Steel, kunye neendlela zokwenza ngokwezifiso ezisebenzisa ii-coatings ezikhethekileyo ezimelana nokugqwala okanye izinto (umz., ii-coatings zeTeflon) ukuqinisekisa ukuba zihlala ixesha elide xa zidibene ne-corrosive brine phase.
Ubunzima be-Multiphase kunye ne-Non-Newtonian
Imijelo yeoyile ekrwada kwisigaba sokulungisa ayifane ibe yodwa. Yimixube enzima, enezigaba ezininzi equlethe igesi/amaqamza afakwe ngaphakathi, amathontsi amanzi asasazekileyo, kunye nezinto eziqinileyo ezixhonyiweyo. Olu bunzima luqiniswa yi-rheology engeyiyo iNewtonian eqhelekileyo ye-crude enzima okanye i-asphaltene emulsions ephezulu. Ukulinganisa i-viscosity yolwelo olunendlela oluhamba ngayo ixhomekeke kwisantya sokucheba ngokukhawuleza, kwaye olunezigaba ezininzi kunye namaqhekeza axhonyiweyo, luzisa umngeni omkhulu kuyo nayiphi na iteknoloji ye-sensor.
4.2. Imida Esisiseko yeViscometry Eqhelekileyo
Imida ekhoyo kwiindlela zokulinganisa i-viscosity zesiqhelo ibonisa ukuba kutheni zingafanelekanga ngokupheleleyo kulawulo oluqhubekayo, olungaphakathi kwi-intanethi lokucubungula ioyile eluhlaza.
IiViscometers ezijikelezayo
Ii-viscometer ezijikelezayo zixhomekeke ekulinganiseni i-torque efunekayo ukuze kujikeleziswe i-spindle ngaphakathi kolwelo. Lo mgaqo ufuna uyilo oluntsonkothileyo oluquka iindawo ezihambayo, izitywini, kunye neebheringi. Kwimeko-bume ye-D/D/D, ezi nxalenye zisengozini enkulu yokusilela: izinto eziqinileyo ezirhabaxa kunye ne-brines ezirhabaxa zibangela ukuguguleka ngokukhawuleza kunye nokungaphumeleli kwe-seal, okukhokelela kwiindleko eziphezulu zokugcinwa kunye nokusebenza okwethutyana. Ngaphezu koko, izixhobo ezijikelezayo zilinganiselwe kwiindawo eziphezulu kakhulu ze-viscosity, azikwazi ukuphatha ngokufanelekileyo amasuntswana amakhulu, kwaye zinovelwano kakhulu kutshintsho lobushushu, nto leyo eyenza ukuba zibe sengozini yokufumana iziphumo ezixhomekeke kumqhubi endaweni yempendulo ethembekileyo eqhubekayo.
Iindlela zeCapillary kunye nezinye iindlela zesintu
Iindlela ezifana ne-capillary viscometry zixhomekeke ekulinganiseni izinga lokuhamba ngetyhubhu ethintelayo. Nangona zichanekile phantsi kweemeko zelebhu, azinakusebenza kwinkonzo yemizi-mveliso. Ziyasokola ukubonelela ngeziphumo ezichanekileyo zee-non-Newtonian fluids kwaye zisengozini enkulu yokuvaleka kwiisuntswana ezixhonyiweyo kunye neediphozithi eziqinileyo ezikhoyo kwimithombo yeoyile ekrwada. Olu buthathaka lufuna ukugcinwa okuphezulu, lubangela ukuphazamiseka rhoqo kokusebenza, kwaye ngokusisiseko luthintela ukusetyenziswa kwazo ngexesha eliphezulu, ulawulo oluqhubekayo kumjelo wenkqubo.
Ukudibana kweendlela zokungaphumeleli kwii-viscometers eziqhelekileyo—ubuthathaka boomatshini (ii-seal, iibheringi) kunye nobuthathaka kwiimeko zokuhamba okungcolileyo nokubolayo (ukuvaleka, ukukrala)—kuseka imfuneko ecacileyo yobunjineli. Ukulinganisa i-oyile ekrwada emgceni ngempumelelo kufuna iteknoloji yesensa esusa ngokupheleleyo iindawo ezihambayo kunye neendlela zokuhamba ezithintelweyo, isusa umthwalo wokulinganisa kude neendlela zoomatshini ezibuthathaka ukuya kwimigaqo yefiziksi ezinzileyo.
V. I-Lonnmeter Inline Vibrational Viscometer: Isisombululo Esiqinileyo
5.1. Uyilo olukhethekileyo kunye noMgaqo wokusebenza
I-Lonnmeter inline vibrational viscometer yenzelwe ngokukodwa ukujongana nezikhewu ezibalulekileyo ezishiywe bubuchwepheshe bendabuko kwiindawo ezinobutshaba.
Umgaqo Wokusebenza
I-viscometer isebenza ngokomgaqo wokudambisa ukungcangcazela kwe-axial. Le nkqubo isebenzisa into eqinileyo yesensor, edla ngokuba yi-conical, ekhuthazwa ukuba iqhubeke ijikeleza rhoqo kwi-frequency echanekileyo kwicala layo le-axial. Njengoko i-emulsion yeoyile eluhlaza idlula kwaye inqunyulwa yile nto ingcangcazelayo, ulwelo lufunxa amandla ngenxa yokutsala okuxineneyo—isiphumo sokudambisa. Amandla alahlekileyo avela kwesi senzo sokucheba alinganiswa ngesekethe ye-elektroniki kwaye ahambelana ngokuthe ngqo kwaye aguqulwe abe yi-dynamic viscosity reading, edla ngokulinganiswa kwi-centipoise (cP). Le ndlela ngokusisiseko ilinganisa amandla afunekayo ukugcina i-amplitude yokungcangcazela engaguqukiyo.
Ulwakhiwo olulula lweMishini
Inzuzo enkulu yobugcisa yeI-viscometer engaphakathi kwe-Lonnmeterbubulula bayo. Ukucheba ulwelo kufezekiswa kuphela ngokungcangcazela, okuvumela isakhiwo esilula ngokupheleleyo soomatshini—esingenazo iindawo ezishukumayo, izitywini, okanye iibheringi. Olu lwakhiwo lubaluleke kakhulu: ngokususa izinto ezichaphazeleka kakhulu kukuguguleka, ukugqwala, kunye nokusilela kwiindawo ezinoxinzelelo oluphezulu, ezirhabaxa, iLonnmeter iqinisekisa ukuqina okuphezulu kakhulu kunye neemfuno ezincinci zokugcinwa, yoyisa ngokuthe ngqo imida ephambili yezixhobo ezijikelezayo. Uqwalaselo oluqhelekileyo lusebenzisa i-316 Stainless Steel eqinileyo, enokulungiswa okufumanekayo kwiimidiya ezirhabaxa, kubandakanya ukusetyenziswa kweengubo zeTeflon okanye ii-alloys ezithile zokulwa nokugqwala.
5.2. Iiparameters zokujongana nemingeni ethile yenkqubo
Iinkcukacha zobugcisa zeLonnmeteri-viscometer yokungcangcazela emgceniibonise ukufaneleka kwayo kwiimfuno ezigqithisileyo zoqeqesho lwenkqubo ye-D/D/D:
Iinkcukacha Eziqinileyo zeLonnmeter Viscometer
| Ipharamitha | Inkcazo | Ukubaluleka kweMingeni ye-D/D/D ye-Oyile ekrwada |
| Uluhlu lwe-Viscosity | 1 – 1,000,000 cP | Ugutyungelwe ngokupheleleyo kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo ze-crude, kuquka ioyile enzima, i-bitumen, kunye ne-high-viscosity emulsions. |
| Ukuchaneka / Ukuphindaphinda | ±2% ~ 5% | Ukuchaneka okuphezulu kubalulekile ekubaleni ngokuchanekileyo ukusetyenziswa kweekhemikhali ze-demulsifier kunye neendawo zokumisela amandla. |
| Ukumelana nobushushu obukhulu | < 450℃ | Iqinisekisa ukusebenza okuthembekileyo kwimisebenzi yokutshisa i-heater nokususa ityuwa kubushushu obuphezulu. |
| Uvavanyo oluphezulu loxinzelelo | < 6.4 MPa (Inokulungiselelwa >10 MPa) | Iphatha uxinzelelo lwenkqubo oluqhelekileyo, ngobunjineli obukhethekileyo kwizicelo eziphezulu zoxinzelelo oluphezulu. |
| Izixhobo | 316 Intsimbi Engagqwaliyo (Esemgangathweni) | Ulwakhiwo oluqhelekileyo lubonelela ngokumelana okuphezulu nokugqwala ngokubanzi; izixhobo ezenzelwe wena zijongana netyuwa ethile kunye ne-H2Imingeni ye-S. |
| Inqanaba loKhuselo | IP65, ExdIIBT4 | Ihlangabezana nemigangatho engqongqo yokumelana nokuqhuma kunye neyokusingqongileyo kwiindawo zoshishino ezinobungozi. |
5.3. Iingenelo zobugcisa nezokusebenza
Ukusebenza Okugqwesileyo kwiMigqaliselo Eyinkimbinkimbi
Umgaqo wokungcangcazela ubonelela ngeengenelo zangaphakathi ekusingatheni uhlobo oluntsonkothileyo nolunezigaba ezininzi ze-oyile ekrwada. Ukungcangcazela okuqhubekayo okuphindaphindeneyo kubonelela ngesiphumo esithambileyo, esizicocayo kumphezulu wesenzi, okuthintela ngokukhutheleyo ukuqokelelana kwenkunkuma, ukwakheka kwe-scaling, kunye ne-wax deposits. Ngokungafaniyo ne-vortex okanye i-rotation technologies, isenzi seLonnmeter asichaphazeleki kakhulu kwimpazamo yokulinganisa ebangelwa ziibhamu zegesi ezifakwe ngaphakathi okanye amasuntswana aqinileyo axhonyiweyo (ukuhamba kwezigaba ezininzi). Oku kuxhathisa ukungcoliswa kunye nokuqokelelana okuqinileyo kuqinisekisa ukuqhubeka kokulinganisa apho izixhobo zesiqhelo ziya kusilela okanye zifuna ukulungiswa rhoqo.
Ukungabikho kwezitywino kunye neebheringi kubonisa ukhuphiswano olubalulekileyo. Ekubeni imeko-bume ye-D/D/D ichazwa ziityuwa zayo ezirhabaxa kunye namathuba aphezulu okungcoliswa kwezinto eziqinileyo, ukususa izinto ezinobungozi kakhulu zoomatshini kususa owona mthombo mkhulu wexesha lokusebenza kunye nokugcinwa okubiza kakhulu okunxulunyaniswa nokusilela kwezixhobo kwinkonzo eluhlaza. Esi sigqibo sobunjineli esisisiseko siqinisekisa ixesha eliphezulu lokusebenza kwe-critical viscosity feedback loop.
Umlinganiselo ochanekileyo ongengoweNewtonian
Inkqubo yeLonnmeter isebenza ngokungenisa amazinga aphezulu okucheba kulwelo ngokungcangcazela. Kwiioyile ezikrwada ezintsonkothileyo, ezingezizo ezeNewtonian eziqhelekileyo kwiD/D/D, apho ukucheba kuxhomekeke kwizinga lokucheba, olu vavanyo lokucheba oluphezulu lubalulekile. Lubamba ngokuchanekileyo "utshintsho lokwenyani lokucheba" oluhambelana ne-high-flow dynamics yokwenyani yomgca wenkqubo, luthintela izinto ezinokwenzeka nge-rheological ezinokwenzeka ngezixhobo ezicheba kancinci, ezifana nee-viscometer ezithile ezijikelezayo, ezinokuthi ngokungazi zitshintshe ukucheba okusebenzayo kolwelo ngexesha lokulinganisa.
Ubunkokeli boHlanganiso lweDijithali olungenamthungo
Ukuze kufezekiswe amandla okwenziwa ngcono ngokupheleleyo, i-viscometer kufuneka ibonelele ngedatha enokusebenziseka lula ziinkqubo zolawulo. I-Lonnmeter ibonelela ngemveliso eqhelekileyo yemizi-mveliso (4–20 mADC, Modbus) zombini i-viscosity kunye nobushushu. Le datha yedijithali engenamthungo inceda ukuhlanganiswa ngokukhawuleza kwiiNkqubo zoLawulo eziSasazwayo (DCS) okanye iiplatifomu ze-SCADA ezikhoyo. Ukusebenzisa le teknoloji iphambili kufuna indlela yokuguqula idijithali ngokwezigaba, ukuqala ngokuhlanganiswa kwedatha yesenzwa ukunciphisa ubunzima bokuqala kunye nokubonisa imbuyekezo yangethuba kutyalo-mali (ROI). Le datha idibeneyo yakha isiseko se-diagnostic matrix, evumela abaqhubi ukuba badibanise ngokukhawuleza ukungalingani kwe-viscosity kunye neminye imithombo yedatha (umz., ubushushu, umahluko woxinzelelo) ukukhokela isenzo sokulungisa esisebenzayo.
VI. Ukuphucula kunye neSindululo sexabiso lezoqoqosho
Ixabiso lokwenyani kwezoqoqosho leLonnmeterI-Viscometer yokuVibrational ekwi-Inlineiqatshelwa xa umlinganiselo ongasebenziyo uguqulwa ube lulawulo lwenkqubo olusebenzayo noluvaliweyo. Umjelo wedatha ochanekileyo nophezulu useka indlela yokuphendula efunekayo ukulawula ngokuguquguqukayo iindleko ezimbini zokusebenza ezinkulu eziguquguqukayo: ukusetyenziswa kweekhemikhali kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla obushushu.
6.1. Ukuqhagamshelanisa i-Real-Time Viscosity kuLawulo lweNkqubo eDynamic
Icebo lokwenza ngcono lixhomekeke ekudibaniseni ukufundwa kwe-viscosity kunye nee-levers zolawulo eziphambili—idosi ye-demulsifier kunye nobushushu bokufudumeza—ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-kinetics yokwahlulwa okulungileyo igcinwa ngexabiso eliphantsi kangangoko.
Injongo ephambili yolawulo kukuchonga nokugcina indawo ye-viscosity yokwahlulwa okusebenzayo. Ukuba inkqubo ibona ukuphambuka, impendulo ibalwa ngokusekelwe kwiindleko zokusebenza zangoku.
I-Optimization Feedback Loop
| I-Viscosity Trend Eboniweyo (Ngexesha Langempela) | Ukuxilongwa kweMeko yeNkqubo | Isenzo Sokulungisa (Ezenzekelayo/Umqhubi) | Impembelelo yoQoqosho elindelweyo |
| Ukuqina komzimba kuyanda emva kokuxuba/ukufaka inaliti | Ukususwa kwe-Demulsification okungaphelelanga okanye izinga lokuxinana elingonelanga | Nyusa iDemulsifier Dosage (PPM) OKANYE Nyusa iHeavy Heating Testing Set Point | Iphucula kakhulu i-output; Ithintela ukuphinda i-emulsification kunye ne-slugging |
| Ukuqina okuzinzileyo nokungaguquguqukiyo, kodwa idatha yembali ibonisa ukuba iphezulu kunokuba kuyimfuneko | Ubushushu bokusebenza obungaphantsi kweyona ifanelekileyo kwi-rheology yangoku | Nciphisa i-Pre-heater/Desalter Temperature Setpoint iye kwi-T ephantsi esebenza kakuhle | Inciphisa ngokuthe ngqo ukusetyenziswa kwamandla obushushu; Ukonga okuphambili kwe-OPEX |
| Ukuqina kuncipha ngokukhawuleza kwaye kuzinze kwindawo ephantsi | Ukwahlulwa okuphantse kube semgangathweni kufezekisiwe / Umngcipheko wokuguga kakhulu kweekhemikhali | Nciphisa iDemulsifier Dosage (PPM) ukuya kwidosi ephantsi esebenzayo | Inciphisa ngokuthe ngqo iindleko zokuthengwa kweekhemikhali kunye nokulahla |
Ukwenziwa ngcono kweDosage yeDemulsifier
Inkqubo yolawulo isebenzisa i-viscosity yexesha langempela njenge-metric yokusebenza ukuze ilungise ngokuguquguqukayo izinga lokujova i-demulsifier. Olu buchule luphelisa umkhwa obizayo noqhelekileyo wokusebenzisa iikhemikhali ngokugqithisileyo ukuze kulungiswe ukuguquguquka okuluhlaza okanye ukuxhomekeka kwiziphumo zelebhu ezilibazisekileyo. Ngokunciphisa idosi ukuya kumlinganiselo ophantsi osebenzayo ofunekayo ukuze kufezekiswe ulwahlulo olujoliswe kulo, abaqhubi baqinisekisa ukusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo kwee-arhente zeekhemikhali ezibizayo ngelixa begcina ukusebenza kakuhle okuphezulu (umz., ukufikelela kulwahlulo lwetyuwa lwe-99%).
Ulawulo lwaMandla obushushu
Ekubeni iimfuno zobushushu be-desalter zilawulwa yiprofayili ye-rheological ye-crude, ukufundwa okuchanekileyo kwe-viscosity kuvumela inkqubo ukuba igcine amaqondo obushushu angaphambi kwe-heater kunye ne-desalter kwindawo ephantsi kakhulu efunekayo yokwahlulahlula isigaba. Olu buchule luthintela inkcitho enkulu yamandla engafunekiyo enxulumene nokufudumeza i-oyile eluhlaza, nto leyo ebangela ukonga okukhulu nokuqhubekayo kwe-OPEX.
Ngokugcina ulawulo oluguquguqukayo kwezi zinto ziguquguqukayo, isityalo sitshintsha ukusuka ekusebenzeni okusekwe kwindawo ethile ukuya kwinkqubo esebenzayo, ephuculiweyo ye-rheology. Olu luhlu lwedatha luvumela abaqhubi ukuba batshintshele kwifilosofi yolondolozo oluqikelelweyo. Umzekelo, ukunyuka ngequbuliso, okungachazwanga kwe-viscosity, xa kuthelekiswa nobushushu obuzinzileyo kunye nedosi ye-demulsifier, kunokubonisa ingxaki ezayo yoomatshini, njengokungcolisa kakhulu okanye ukuguguleka kwepompo, okuvumela ukungenelela kwangaphambili ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke ukusilela okukhulu kokusebenza.
6.2. Iinzuzo eziBalwayo kunye nokufezekiswa kwe-ROI
Ukuhlanganiswa kweLonnmeter Inline Vibrational Viscometer kuzisa imbuyekezo yemali ebonakalayo nehlala ihleli kulo lonke uthotho lwexabiso lwemveliso.
Iindleko zokusebenza ezincitshisiweyo:
Ukonga iiKhemikhali: Ulawulo olunamandla lwedosi lunciphisa ukufakwa kwee-demulsifiers zeekhemikhali ezibizayo, nto leyo eqinisekisa ukuphepha iindleko ngokukhawuleza.
Ukonga Amandla: Ukuphucula ubushushu bokufudumeza ngokusekelwe kwidatha ye-rheological yexesha langempela kunciphisa kakhulu ukusetyenziswa kwepetroli/umphunga okuninzi okufumaneka ekufudumaleni ioyile eluhlaza.
Ukonga Ulondolozo: Isakhiwo esilula, esingenazo iindawo ezishukumayo, izitywini, kunye neebheringi, kunye nepropati yokuzicoca ye-vibrational sensor, sisusa iindleko eziphezulu zokugcinwa kunye nokulungiswa ezinxulumene nezixhobo zesiqhelo kwinkonzo yokubola nokungcolisa.
Umgangatho weMveliso oPhuculweyo kunye neXabiso: Ukufikelela okuqinisekisiweyo kwiithagethi ezisemgangathweni ezingqongqo, ezifana nokufikelela kwi-0.5$% BS&W kunye nokususwa kwe-PTB ephezulu, kuqinisekisa ukuba i-oyile ekrwada iyahlangabezana neemfuno zokuthengisa, kuthintelwe izohlwayo zorhwebo kunye neendleko ezinkulu ezihambelana nokulungiswa kwakhona okanye ukunciphisa ukugqwala.
Ukwanda Kokusebenza Kakuhle Nokusebenza Kakuhle: Ukuphucula ukufakwa kweekhemikhali kunye nobushushu kukhokelela kwi-kinetics yokwahlulwa ngokukhawuleza nangokuhambelanayo. Oku kunciphisa ixesha lokuphumla elifunekayo kunye nexesha lokugcina, ngaloo ndlela kwandisa amandla okusebenza ngempumelelo kwesakhiwo.
Ukhuseleko oluphuculweyo kunye nokuThembeka: Ukunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kwisampuli ezenziwe ngesandla kunye novavanyo lwelebhu kunciphisa ukuvezwa komqhubi kwimigca yenkqubo enoxinzelelo oluphezulu, ubushushu obuphezulu, kunye nokubola. Ukuthembeka okuphezulu kwesakhiwo senzwa esomeleleyo kunciphisa kakhulu amathuba okuvalwa okungacwangciswanga okunxulumene nezixhobo.
Ukususa ityuwa ngokufanelekileyo, ukuphelisa amanzi emzimbeni, kunye nokususa ityuwa ngokufanelekileyo zizinto ezisisiseko sempumelelo yezemali kunye nokuthembeka kokusebenza kweshishini le-hydrocarbon. Ubunzima benkqubo, ukuguquguquka okuluhlaza, kunye neemeko zokusebenza eziqatha kakhulu zifuna inqanaba lokuchaneka kokulinganisa kunye nokuqina kwenzwa okungekho nto iteknoloji eqhelekileyo engenakuyinika. Ubunzima bemishini, ukuthambekela ekuboleni, kunye nokuba sesichengeni sokungcola kwenza ii-viscometer zemveli zibe noxanduva, nto leyo ebeka emngciphekweni ukusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo kunye nokukhuselwa kwempahla.
I-Lonnmeter Inline Vibrational Viscometer imi njengesisombululo esiqinisekileyo, eyenzelwe ngokukodwa ukuphumelela kule ndawo inzima yezoshishino. Uyilo lwayo olulula, olungashukumiyo luqinisekisa ukuhamba kwedatha okuqhubekayo, okugqibeleleyo, ukoyisa iindlela zokusilela zangaphakathi zeenkqubo eziqhelekileyo zokujikeleza kunye nee-capillary. Ngokulinganisa ngokuchanekileyo i-viscosity yokwenyani, ephezulu ye-oyile ekrwada eyinkimbinkimbi, engekho ye-Newtonian, i-Lonnmeter ivumela icebo lokulawula elinamandla neliqikelelweyo. Eli cebo libonelela ngesiseko sobunjineli sokwenza ngcono idosi ye-demulsifier kunye neeprofayili zokufudumeza, ukuqinisekisa umgangatho wemveliso ohambelanayo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle okuphezulu.
Ukuhlanganiswa kobu buchwepheshe buphambili kutshintsha inkqubo ye-D/D/D ukusuka ekusebenzeni ngendlela egcina umngcipheko, ukuya kwinkqubo echanekileyo nephucukileyo. Le ndlela inika imbuyekezo ekhawulezileyo nenokulinganiselwa kutyalo-mali ngokunciphisa kakhulu ukusetyenziswa kweekhemikhali kunye nenkunkuma yamandla.
Cela iNgcebiso eneenkcukacha ze-RFQ.
Thatha inyathelo elibalulekileyo lokuqinisekisa umgangatho we-crude ohambelanayo ngelixa uphucula imbuyekezo yezoqoqosho. Qala ukonga kwiindleko zeekhemikhali namandla namhlanje ngokusebenzisa isisombululo se-viscometry esiqinileyo kushishino. Banga isicelo sakho sengcebiso yesisombululo senkqubo esenziwe ngokwezifiso kunye nesicelo esineenkcukacha ze-Quotation (RFQ). Nxibelelana neengcali zethu zobunjineli ngoku ukuze uqalise imephu yakho yokwenza ngcono eyenzelwe i-crude rheology yakho ethile, imida yokusebenza, kunye neenjongo ze-ROI ezifuna ukwenziwa.
