Tekanyo ea khatello e ka hare ho mothapo oa benzine e bohlokoa haholo ka lebaka la taolo e thata e hlokahalang maemong a reactor. Nakong ea ts'ebetso ea benzene nitration, tlhokomelo e nepahetseng ea khatello e thusa ho boloka sekhahla se setle sa phetoho le ho thibela ho kheloha ho ka behang boleng ba sehlahisoa kapa polokeho ea semela kotsing. Moralo oa reactor ea nitrate o tlameha ho sebetsana le likotsi tse amanang le likarabelo tsa mekhahlelo e meraro tsa khase-mokelikeli-e tiileng. Liketsahalo tse potlakileng tsa exothermic, ho lokolloa ka tšohanyetso ha li-oxide tsa naetrojene, kapa ho thibeloa ka phoso ho ka baka liphetoho tse potlakileng tsa khatello, tse bakang likotsi tsa ho phatloha ha lisebelisoa kapa ho lokolloa ha tikoloho.
Nitrojene ea Benzene
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Nitration ea Benzene le Mathata a eona a Ts'ebetso
Nitration ea benzene e eme e le ts'ebetso ea motheo tlhahisong ea lik'hemik'hale tse kholo, e fetola benzene le asiti e tsoakiloeng hore e be nitrobenzene, e leng karolo ea bohlokoa ea lik'hemik'hale tse ntle. Tšebeliso e pharaletseng ea Nitrobenzene e akaretsa tlhahiso ea meriana, lidae, liqhomane tse kang TNT, le li-precursors tsa polymer tse tsoetseng pele. Bohlokoa ba indasteri ea ts'ebetso ena ha boa itšetleha feela ka boleng ba moruo ba lits'ebetso tsa nitrobenzene empa hape le ka thata eo liparamente tsa ts'ebetso li lokelang ho laoloa ka eona.
Kakaretso e Felletseng ea Ts'ebetso ea Nitration ea Benzene ea Indasteri
Nitration ea indasteri ea benzene ke mohato oa motheo oa ho hlahisa nitrobenzene, e leng selelekela sa lik'hemik'hale tse ntle tse kang tlhahiso ea aniline. Motheong oa eona, phetoho ena e sebelisa phetolo ea monko o monate oa electrophilic, moo benzene e fetoloang nitrobenzene ka karabelo ka motsoako oa nitrating—hangata e nang le nitric acid e kopaneng le sulfuric acid. Asiti e tsoakiloeng e thusa ho thehoa ha nitronium ion (NO₂⁺), e leng electrophile e ka sehloohong, ka karabelo:
2 H₂SO₄ + HNO₃ → NO₂⁺ + H₃O⁺ + 2 HSO₄⁻
Ion ea nitronium e hlasela lesale la benzene, e hlahisa nitrobenzene ha e ntse e lokolla mocheso ka lebaka la tlhaho ea exothermic ea karabelo. Taolo e matla holim'a mocheso, mahloriso a asiti, le sekhahla sa phallo ea reactant ke ea bohlokoa; liphetoho tse feteletseng tsa mocheso kapa mahloriso li ka baka lihlahisoa tse sa batleheng le ho se tsitse ha ts'ebetso, e leng se etsang hore liparamente tsa ts'ebetso tse hlophisitsoeng hantle li be tsa bohlokoa bakeng sa tlhahiso e ntle ea nitrobenzene le ho qoba liketso tse kotsi tse ka bang teng.
Ha ho raloa li-reactor tsa nitrate tsa indasteri, baenjiniere ba tlameha ho sebetsana le liphephetso tse 'maloa tsa tekheniki. Exothermicity e kholo ea karabelo e hloka li-exchanger tsa mocheso kapa lijakete tse pholileng tse kopantsoeng ka har'a likepe tsa reactor. Lisebelisoa tsa kaho ea reactor li tlameha ho mamella ho pepesehela li-acid tse nang le oxidative le tse senyang haholo. Li-reactor tsa tšepe tse nang le khalase le fluoropolymer li tloaelehile, empa li-alloy tsa tantalum le tse hananang le mafome li ka fana ka nako e telele libakeng tsa bohlokoa, haholo-holo ka ho hlahisoa ha li-transmitter tsa khatello ea tantalum diaphragm bakeng sa tekanyo e nepahetseng le e tsitsitseng ea khatello. Ho se sebetse ha lik'hemik'hale tsa Tantalum tlas'a maemo a motsoako oa asiti ho fokotsa tlhokomelo le nako ea ho se sebetse.
Ho lekanya khatello ka katleho ho li-reactor tsa nitration ho bohlokoa. Ho boloka khatello ka har'a meeli e sireletsehileng, e entsoeng ho netefatsa botšepehi ba sebopeho, ho fokotsa likotsi tse amanang le ho thiba ha lijo, 'me ho nolofalletsa taolo e koetsoeng bakeng sa litsamaiso tse iketsang. Tlhokomelo ea khatello ea nako ea sebele, ho sebelisa li-transmitter tse tsoetseng pele tse etselitsoeng libaka tse mabifi, ho tšehetsa polokeho le ntlafatso ea ts'ebetso. Li-reactor tsa sejoale-joale li sebelisa li-transmitter tsa khatello tse behiloeng ka mokhoa o bohlale tse nang le likou tse itlhoekisang le lipotoloho tsa ho hloekisa khafetsa ho thibela litšitiso tse tsoang linthong tse tiileng tse bakang pula kapa likhase tse fetohang tse tloaelehileng motswakong oa mekhahlelo e meraro oa khase-mokelikeli-o tiileng o fumanoang nakong ea ts'ebetso e tsoelang pele.
Bothata bo itseng ba ts'ebetso ke ho koaloa ha kanale ea khatello. Ka lebaka la phallo ea mekhahlelo e mengata le ho thehoa ho tiileng nakong ea nitration, lipompo tsa khatello li ka sitisoa, e leng se lebisang ho lipalo tse sa nepahalang kapa ho phahama ha khatello ka tšohanyetso. Litharollo tse kang meralo ea li-transmitter tse itlhoekisang, ho beoa ha koung e ntlafalitsoeng hole le libaka tse kotsing ea ho ba le deposition e tiileng kapa phetoho ea khase, le mekhoa ea ho hloekisa kamehla e fokotsa haholo nako ea ho se sebetse le ho kenella tlhokomelong. Taolo ena e tsoelang pele ea khatello e lumella basebetsi ho qoba keketseho e potlakileng, e kotsi ea khatello ea reactor ha ba ntse ba boloka ts'ebetso e sa robeheng.
Dintshetsopele tsa moraorao tsa catalysis e fapaneng—haholo-holo ka di-catalyst tsa acid e tiileng tse amohelang tikoloho—di fana ka chai e ngata le phokotso ya tshebediso ya sulfuric acid. Tlhahiso ena e ntlafatsa botsitso ba tsela ya tlhahiso ya nitrobenzene mme e fokotsa kotsi ya ho bola e amanang le tshebediso e feteletseng ya di-acid tse matla. Ka ho sebedisa di-nanocatalyst tse iketseditsweng kapa thepa ya oxide e kopaneng, bahlahisi ba fihlella tlhahiso e sebetsang ya nitronium ion dikarabelong tsa mokelikeli, ho nolofatsa tshebetso ya reactor, ho fokotsa tshusumetso ya tikoloho, le ho nolofatsa taolo ya kgatello.
Khetho ea thepa bakeng sa lintho tse ka hare tsa reactor le lisebelisoa e ntse e le ea bohlokoa, kaha li-acid tse tsoakiloeng li baka litšokelo tse matla tsa mafome. Li-transmitter tsa khatello ea diaphragm tsa Tantalum li tloaelehile lits'ebetsong tsa sejoale-joale bakeng sa ho hanyetsa tlhaselo ea lik'hemik'hale, li fokotsa ho nkeloa sebaka ho turang le ho lumella linako tse telele tsa ts'ebetso ntle le litšitiso tsa ts'ebetso.
Ka kakaretso, nitration ea benzene ea indasteri e sebelisa k'hemistri e nepahetseng, boenjiniere ba reactor bo laoloang, lisebelisoa tse ikhethileng, le thepa e tsoetseng pele e hanelang mafome ho fana ka tlhahiso ea nitrobenzene e bolokehileng le e ka atolosoang. Tsoelo-pele e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe moralong oa reactor, theknoloji ea catalyst, kapa taolo ea khatello ea nako ea sebele e tšehetsa ka ho toba bokhoni le ts'epo e hlokahalang tlhahisong e ntle ea lik'hemik'hale.
Tlhahiso ea Nitrobenzene ka Benzene Nitration
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Mathata Ts'ebetsong ea Nitrate Reactor
Matlotlo a Asiti a Tsoakiloeng le Tikoloho e Matla
Ts'ebetso ea ho ntša metsi ka benzene e itšetlehile ka motsoako oa li-acid tse ngata tsa nitric le sulfuric, tse etsang sebaka se matlafatsang oksijene le se senyang haholo. Tikoloho ena e tsoakiloeng ea asiti e hlasela ka matla thepa e tloaelehileng ea kaho, e baka ho senyeha ha lisebelisoa ka potlako, ho sesefala ha mabota a liphaephe, le ho hloleha ha gasket ka potlako. Ho senyeha ha nitrate reactor ha ho khutsufatse feela nako ea bophelo ea likarolo tsa bohlokoa empa hape ho eketsa kotsi ea ho lutla ha ts'ebetso, e leng se ka bakang maemo a kotsi a ts'ebetso ka lebaka la chefo ea lik'hemik'hale le monyetla oa liketso tse balehang. Li-transmitter tsa khatello ea diaphragm tsa Tantalum li hlalosoa khafetsa hobane tantalum e hanela tlhaselo ea lik'hemik'hale esita le tlas'a ho pepesehela acid e tsoakiloeng ka matla. Ho khetha thepa e kolobisitsoeng hantle bakeng sa li-sensor tsohle tsa reactor le libaka tsa ho tobetsa ho bohlokoa bakeng sa ho fokotsa makhetlo a tlhokomelo le ho boloka taolo e tšepahalang ea ts'ebetso ea ho ntša metsi ka benzene.
Mathata a Karabelo ea Mekhahlelo e Meraro ea Khase-Metsi-e Tiileng
Ts'ebetso ea sehatsetsi sa nitrate e na le boteng ba khase, mokelikeli le mekhahlelo e tiileng ka nako e le 'ngoe. Li-oxide tsa naetrojene le mouoane lia fetoha e le likhase; li-acid le benzene li theha mohato oa mokelikeli; lihlahisoa tsa karabelo tse sa qhibiliheng li hlaha e le metsoako e tiileng. Sistimi ena ea mekhahlelo e meraro e lebisa ho mekhoa ea phallo e feto-fetohang haholo. Li-Eddies, ho potoloha le ho thehoa ha plug li ka etsahala liphaepheng le lipompong. Likaroloana tse tiileng le li-deposit tse khomarelang li sokela ho koala liteishene tsa ho tlanya tsa transmitter ea khatello le mela ea li-impulse, haholo-holo ho diaphragm ea sensor kapa li-tubing bends. Ho koala ho beha ka kotloloho botšepehi ba lipalo tsa khatello ea nako ea sebele, tse ka bakang likarabelo tse liehang kapa tse fosahetseng tsa ts'ebetso le ho ama boleng ba nitrobenzene. Mekhoa ea tlhokomelo ea thibelo, joalo ka ho ntša metsi nako le nako le ho sebelisa meralo ea mela ea li-impulse ka li-deadleg tse fokolitsoeng, ke mekhoa e tloaelehileng ea indasteri ho loantša liphephetso tsena. Ho beoa ka nepo ha li-sensor tsa khatello tse tsoetseng pele libakeng tse nang le ho kenngoa ho fokolang ho ntlafatsa ts'ebetso e tsoelang pele ea ho lekola.
Khatello e Tšohanyetso ea Phahama le Litšokelo tsa Polokeho
Nitration ea benzene ke karabelo e matla ea exothermic. Keketseho e sa lebelloang ea sekhahla sa mocheso kapa phallo ea asiti e ka lebisa ho phahama ha khatello ka tšohanyetso. Ntle le tlhokomelo ea nako ea sebele, keketseho ena ea khatello e ka feta meeli ea moralo oa likepe tsa reactor le liphaephe, ea beha kotsing ea ho phatloha ha mechini, ho lokolloa ho kotsi ha likhase tse chefo, le ho beha kotsing polokeho ea limela kotsing. Tlhokomelo ea khatello ea nako ea sebele ka li-transmitter tse matla, tse kang tse nang le li-diaphragm tsa tantalum, e fana ka temoho ea pele ea mekhoa e sa sireletsehang. Ho kenella hang-hang ha opereishene, liprothokholi tsa ho tima ka boiketsetso, le tatellano ea tlhokomeliso li itšetleha ka tlhahiso e tšepahalang ea sensor. Ho leka-lekanya khafetsa le tlhokomelo ea li-transmitter tsa khatello ho netefatsa polokeho ea ts'ebetso, ho thibela liketsahalo tse feteletseng le ho boloka tikoloho e sireletsehileng bakeng sa tlhahiso e tsoelang pele ea nitrobenzene. Li-sensor li tlameha ho beoa sebakeng se hlophisitsoeng le ho sireletsoa ka ho lekaneng ho tsoa ho litšila tsa ts'ebetso ho fana ka ts'ebetso e sa sitisoeng tlas'a maemo a thata a nitration.
Tekanyo e Tsoetseng Pele ea Khatello ea Inline: Ho Sebetsana le Litlhoko tsa Taolo ea Reactor
Li-Transmitter tsa Khatello ho Benzene Nitration
Taolo e nepahetseng ea khatello ea bohlokoa ho nitration ea benzene, moo thepa ea oxidizing le e senyang ea acid e tsoakiloeng e hlahisang maemo a boima a reactor. Li-transmitter tsa khatello tse kang Rosemount 3051 li entsoe ho tobana le liphephetso tsena. Li sebelisa li-diaphragm tse sa senyeheng ke mafome—hangata safire kapa tantalum—ho mamella ketso e mabifi ea nitric le sulfuric acid. Kaho ea transmitter e netefatsa hore lipalo tse tsitsitseng, tse se nang ho hoholeha ha metsi nakong ea ts'ebetso e telele, e leng tšobotsi ea bohlokoa kaha esita le ho kheloha ho honyenyane khatellong ho ka ama bohloeki ba nitrobenzene le polokeho ea reactor.
Lintlha tsa khatello ea nako ea sebele tse tsoang ho transmitter li lumella likarabo tsa taolo ea ts'ebetso hang-hang. Kaha khatello e ka har'a sehatsetsi sa nitrate e ka eketseha ka potlako ka lebaka la phetoho e potlakileng ea khase kapa liketso tsa exothermic, litsamaiso tse iketsang li sebelisa lipalo tsena ho fetola sekhahla sa phepelo le mekhoa ea ho ntša moea. Sena se thusa ho boloka khatello e le ka har'a meeli e tiileng e hlokahalang bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea tlhahiso ea nitrobenzene le ho fokotsa lihlopha tse sa hlalosoang.
Bonolo ba tlhokomelo le ho lekanya ke ntlha e 'ngoe ea bohlokoa. Rosemount 3051 e tšehetsa ho lekanya tšimo, e lumella litsebi ho lekanya bocha kapele sebakeng seo ntle le ho qhaqha sesebelisoa, e leng se fokotsang nako ea ho se sebetse le ho netefatsa tlhahiso ea nitrobenzene e sireletsehileng le e sebetsang hantle, joalo ka ha ho hlalositsoe litokomaneng tsa tekheniki tsa moetsi.
Moralo o matla oa phetisetso o boetse o hanela litšila tse tsoang mouoaneng oa asiti kapa lihlahisoa tse ling tsa karabelo, o qoba litšitiso tsa ts'ebetso. Ho lemoha le ho hlaphoheloa ka potlako ho thibela ho phahama ha khatello e kotsi le ho netefatsa tlhahiso e tsoelang pele ea lik'hemik'hale tse ntle bakeng sa meriana le lits'ebetso tse ling tsa nitrobenzene.
Melemo ea Tantalum Diaphragm
Diaphragm ea tantalum e ratoa haholo bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea reactor ea nitrate ka lebaka la ho hanyetsa ho hoholo ha mafome. Ho fapana le tšepe kapa li-alloy tse tloaelehileng, tantalum e boloka botsitso ba eona boteng ba li-acid tse kopaneng mochesong o phahameng le khatellong. Bakeng sa liphephetso tsa karabelo ea mekhahlelo e meraro ea khase-mokelikeli ho benzene nitration, sena se bohlokoa; thepa e fokolang e ka 'na ea phunya, ea phatloha, kapa ea baka liketso tse sa batleheng tse sa batleheng.
Ho hanyetsa ha Tantalum tikolohong e tsoakiloeng ea asiti ho fokotsa liphetoho tse sa reroang tsa transmitter. Sena se fokotsa litšenyehelo tsa nako ea ho se sebetse le tsa tlhokomelo, ho netefatsa hore ho baloa ha khatello ka nako ea sebele ho li-reactor tsa lik'hemik'hale hoa etsahala. Ha e le hantle, basebetsi ba na le liketsahalo tse fokolang tsa ho koaloa kapa ho hloleha ha sensor, tseo ka bobeli li ka lebisang ho phahama ha khatello ka tšohanyetso - kotsi e kholo ea polokeho ho li-reactor tsa nitration.
Litšobotsi tsena li etsa hore li-sensor tse tsoetseng pele tsa khatello tse nang le li-diaphragm tsa tantalum li be tsa bohlokoa bakeng sa ho fihlela litebello tsa ts'epo le polokeho tsa moralo oa se-nitrate reactor ea sejoale-joale, haholo-holo ha ho hlahisoa nitrobenzene e hloekileng haholo bakeng sa lik'hemik'hale tse nyane tse mahareng.
Mekhoa ea ho Kopanya le ho Kenya Lihlahisoa
Ho kenya ka nepo di-sensor tsa kgatello le di-transmitter tse tswetseng pele tshebetsong ya benzene nitration ho bohlokwa bakeng sa bokgoni le polokeho. Dintlha tse kgothalletswang tsa ho kenya di kenyeletsa hodimo le tlase ho nitrate reactor, dibaka tsa ho kopanya pakeng tsa sethala, le dibaka tse haufi le ho thiba kgatello ho ka thibanang. Ho beha dibakeng tsena ho nolofalletsa ho beha kgatello leihlo ka nako ya sebele, ho fana ka temoso ya pele ya diphetoho tsa kgatello tse ka hlahang ka lebaka la sekgahla se sa tlwaelehang sa phepo, ho silafatsa di-catalyst, kapa ho thibana ha mela e kopaneng ya asiti.
Ho beha di-transmitter tsa kgatello ka bohlale ho thusa ho lemoha ka potlako diphetoho tse poteletseng tse amanang le thepa ya oxidizing le e senyang ya asiti e tswakilweng. Mohlala, ho kenya di-sensor haufi le sebaka sa ho kena ha reaktara ho netefatsa ho hlwaya ka potlako diphetoho tsa kgatello ya phepelo, ho fokotsa kotsi ya maemo a sa bolokehang nakong ya tlhahiso ya nitrobenzene. Ka ho tshwanang, ho kenya disebediswa tsa ho beha leihlo haufi le dibaka tsa ho kopanya tse pakeng tsa sethala ho dumella basebetsi ho lekola katleho ya ho kopanya ha khase-mokelikeli-solid, e leng phephetso ya mantlha dikarabelong tsa mekhahlelo e meraro. Setha sena se tshehetsa tshebetso e bolokehileng mme se ntlafatsa tlhahiso e ntle ya dikhemikhale bakeng sa di-intermediate tsa meriana.
Ho kopanya di-inline analyzer tse kang di-concentration metres, di-density metres—ka Lonnmeter—di-viscosity metres, di-level transmitter, le di-temperature transmitter ho theha sistimi ya ho lekola tshebetso ka botlalo ho pholletsa le mokgwa wa karabelo ya nitration. Di-inline density le viscosity metres di netefatsa hore thepa ya mmele ya sebaka sa karabelo e tsamaellana le dipheo tsa tshebetso, ho thusa ho thibela ho thibana ho sa rerilweng ho bakwang ke ho kheloha maemong a tlhahiso ya nitrobenzene.
Sesebelisoa sena se felletseng se boetse se tšehetsa tšebeliso e betere ea li-catalyst le phokotso ea litšila. Ha motsoako oa li-sensor o bontša lipalo tse sa tloaelehang—mohlala, khatello e tlase hammoho le ho se lekane ha lintho—mokhoa ona o ka fetoloa pele sehlahisoa se sa hlahlojoeng kapa maemo a kotsi a hlaha. Li-inline analyzer li thusa ho kenella ka potlako le ho ntlafatsa moralo oa nitrate reactor bakeng sa katleho le ts'epo ea tlhahiso.
Ho hlokahala tlhokomelo e khethehileng ha ho kenngwa kgahlanong le ho thibana ha kgatello ho ka bang teng. Ho sebedisa di-sensor tse nang le tantalum diaphragm dibakeng tsena ho fana ka tshireletso ho tswa ho tlhaho ya acid e tswakilweng e mabifi le e etsang hore e be oxidize, ho netefatsa ho nepahala ha nako e telele le ho fokotsa nako ya ho se sebetse ha tlhokomelo. Tekanyetso e nepahetseng le tlhokomelo ya di-transmitter tsa kgatello, haholoholo tse nang le dikarolo tse tswetseng pele bakeng sa ho sebetsana le dikhemikhale, di bohlokwa bakeng sa tshebetso e tswelang pele le polokeho ya mosebedisi.
Ho hokahanya haufi-ufi ha disebediswa tsohle tsa ho lemoha ho matlafatsa dihlopha tsa dimela ho boloka diprofaele tse tsitsitseng tsa tshebetso. Sena se fokotsa dikotsi tsa polokeho tse amanang le diphetoho tse tshohanyetso tsa kgatello, se ntlafatsa botsitso ba sehlahiswa, mme se tshehetsa ditshebediso tsa nitrobenzene tsa boleng bo hodimo tlhahisong e ntle ya dikhemikhale le meriana.
Ho Loantša Mathata a Ts'ebetso le ho Fokotsa Litšenyehelo
Li-transmitter tsa khatello tse ka hare li bohlokoa haholo ho ntlafatseng nitration ea benzene ka ho nolofalletsa ho beha leihlo khatello ka nako ea sebele nakong eohle ea ts'ebetso ea tlhahiso ea nitrobenzene. Li-sensor tsena li bokella data e tsoelang pele le e nepahetseng haholo ho tsoa ho reactor ea nitrate, e leng se felisang tlhoko ea ho nka sampole khafetsa ka letsoho. Ho fokotsa ho nka sampole ka letsoho ho fokotsa litšenyehelo tsa basebetsi le ho fokotsa ho pepesehela ha opereishene tikolohong e senyehileng haholo le e eketsang oxidation ea asiti e tsoakiloeng, e eketsa bokhoni le polokeho.
Ka melapo ea data e sa sitisoeng, lits'ebetso tse kang karabelo ea benzene nitration li ka hlahlojoa bakeng sa mekhoa e bontšang ho senyeha kapa matšoao a pele a ho se sebetse hantle. Sena se tšehetsa tlhokomelo e boletsoeng esale pele, ho fokotsa ho tima ha lisebelisoa ho sa reroang le ho koaloa ho turang bakeng sa litokiso tsa tšohanyetso. Ka ho sebelisa liprofaele tse qaqileng tsa khatello, lihlopha tsa tlhokomelo li ka hlophisa mehato e ipapisitseng le bopaki ba 'nete feela, eseng linako tse thata, ho eketsa nako ea ho sebetsa ha lisebelisoa le tšebeliso ea mehloli.
Tlhokomelo e tsoelang pele ke li-sensor tse tsoetseng pele tsa khatello e nolofalletsa sistimi ea taolo ho fetola lintho tse kenang ka asiti le matla, ho ntlafatsa stoichiometry ea mokhoa oa karabelo ea nitration. Mokhoa ona o lumella reactor ho boloka maemo a ts'ebetso a matle. Ka lebaka leo, tšebeliso ea matla ea fokotseha, pokello ea asiti ea bolokoa, 'me phallo ea nitrobenzene - e leng karolo ea bohlokoa ea lik'hemik'hale tse ntle bakeng sa meriana le lits'ebetso tse ling - ea ntlafala. Tsena li fokotsa litšenyehelo tsa tlhahiso ea yuniti ka kakaretso le ho ntlafatsa tlholisano ea limela.
Tšebeliso ea lintlha tse ka hare ho eona e boetse e matlafatsa tšireletso ea polokeho. Ho phahama ha khatello—ho bakoang ke mathata a kang ho koaloa ha lihlahisoa tse tiileng kapa liphetoho tse potlakileng tsa sekhahla sa karabelo—ho bonoa hang-hang ke li-transmitter. Li-interlock tsa polokeho tse iketsang li arabela ka ho arola likarolo tse amehileng kapa ho lokisa lijo, ho sireletsa basebetsi le thepa ea tlhahiso. Litšebetso tsena tse potlakileng li bohlokoa haholo ka lebaka la tlhaho ea exothermic ea ts'ebetso ea nitration le kotsi e amanang le ho sebetsana le li-acid tse matla le li-aromatics tse nang le nitrate.
Khetho ea li-sensor e bohlokoa bakeng sa ho eketsa nako e telele le taolo ea litšenyehelo tikolohong ena e thata. Li-diaphragm tse entsoeng ka tantalum, joalo ka ha li atisa ho sebelisoa li-transmitter tse tsoetseng pele tsa khatello, li hanela asiti e tsoakiloeng e senyang e fumanoang ka har'a reactor. Thepa ena e fokotsa makhetlo a tlhokomelo, e thibela ho hoholeha ha lipalo tsa khatello, 'me e tšehetsa ho tšepahala ha litsamaiso tsa polokeho le taolo.
Tšusumetso e kopaneng ea tlhokomelo ea esale pele, ntlafatso ea lisebelisoa, le polokeho e iketsahallang e fana ka poloko e kholo ho pholletsa le ts'ebetso ea tlhahiso ea nitrobenzene. Ho kenya tšebetsong mahlale a ho lemoha a kahare joalo ka lisebelisoa tsa ho lekola khatello ea nako ea sebele le khetho e matla ea lisebelisoa ke habohlokoa ho hlola liphephetso tsa karabelo ea mekhahlelo e meraro le ho fihlela tlhahiso ea lik'hemik'hale ea moruo, e bolokehileng le e tsitsitseng.
Mehato ea Bohlokoa ea Polokeho bakeng sa Tsamaiso ea Li-Reactor
Tlhokomelo ea nako ea sebele ka har'a nitration ea benzene ke ea bohlokoa bakeng sa ho boloka maemo a sireletsehileng le a tsitsitseng a reactor. Li-sensor tse tsoetseng pele tse ka hare-hare—joalo ka li-transmitter tsa khatello tse nang le li-diaphragm tsa tantalum—li lula li latela boleng ba 'nete ba khatello ka har'a reactor ea nitrate. Karabelo ena e phelang e bohlokoa nakong ea likarabelo tse rarahaneng tsa mekhahlelo e meraro ea khase-mokelikeli-e tiileng, moo khatello e ka 'nang ea phahama ka tšohanyetso ka lebaka la ho koaleha, phetoho e potlakileng ea khase, kapa thepa e matla ea oxidizing le e senyang ea li-acid tse tsoakiloeng.
Li-sensor tsa khatello tse ka hare le li-meter, ho kenyeletsoa le tse entsoeng ke Lonnmeter, li fana ka litekanyo tse matla, tse sa senyeheng ke mafome tse hlokahalang ha ho sebetsoa nitrobenzene, lik'hemik'hale tse ntle tse mahareng bakeng sa meriana, le lihlahisoa tse ling tse bonolo. Li-diaphragm tsa Tantalum li fana ka ho lumellana ho hoholo ha lik'hemik'hale bakeng sa libaka tsa nitric le sulfuric acid, e leng se ntlafatsang haholo nako e telele ea sensor le ts'epo. Tlhokomelo ea khatello ea nako ea sebele li-reactor tsa lik'hemik'hale e lumella basebetsi ho lemoha ho kheloha hang-hang, e leng ntho ea bohlokoa haholo nakong ea mekhoa ea tšohanyetso ea ho ntša moea kapa ea ho fokotsa khatello ea maikutlo ho thibela liphello tse kotsi.
Matshwao a kgatello a tswang ho di-sensor tsena tse tswetseng pele a kopana ka ho toba le ditsamaiso tsa taolo tse arotsweng. Kgokelo ena e se nang moedi e netefatsa karabelo ya hang-hang maemong a sa bolokehang—e leng tshireletso ya bohlokwa kgahlanong le mekgwa ya karabelo ya nitration e balehang. Haeba kgatello e nyoloha ho feta meedi e seng e setilwe, sistimi ya taolo e ka qala ka boiketsetso diketso tsa tokiso, tse kang ho ikarola maemong a tshohanyetso, ho ntsha moya, kapa ho fokotsa kgatello butle-butle ya reactor. Diketso tsena di thusa ho fokotsa kotsi ya kgatello e feteletseng ya reactor, ho lokollwa tikolohong, le ho netefatsa ho latela maemo a thata a polokeho ditshebetsong tsa tlhahiso ya nitrobenzene.
Ho lekanya le ho hlokomela di bohlokwa bakeng sa ho tshepahala ha sensor. Mohlala, di-transmitter tsa kgatello (tse kang Rosemount 3051) di hloka ho lekanya kamehla ho boloka ho nepahala tlasa meroalo e fapaneng ya tshebetso. Ho netefatsa tlhokomelo e potlakileng ya sensor ho tlisa tshepo e tsitsitseng, ho fokotsa ho ata ha dialamo tsa bohata le ho netefatsa karabelo e nepahetseng ha ho etsahala diphetoho tse tshohanyetso tsa kgatello.
Ho thibela ho thibana ke ntlha e 'ngoe ea bohlokoa—limithara tsa density inline le limithara tsa viscosity tse tsoang Lonnmeter li etselitsoe ho mamella litšila le ho boloka lipalo tse nepahetseng maemong a thata a benzene nitration reactor. Tshebetso e tšepahalang ea sensor e netefatsa hore data e fetisetsoang lits'ebetsong tsa taolo e lula e tšepahala, e matlafatsa ho etsa liqeto tse sireletsehileng le ho fokotsa monyetla oa ho lokolloa ha nitrobenzene e sa laoleheng.
Ka ho sebelisa mahlale ana le liprothokholo tse thata, mehaho e ka sebetsana le liphephetso tse ikhethang tsa polokeho tse hlahisoang ke ts'ebetso ea oxidizing le e senyang ea nitrate reactor. Mokhoa ona o netefatsa tlhahiso e sebetsang hantle ea nitrobenzene le tsamaiso e matla ea polokeho nakong eohle ea mehato ea ts'ebetso ea lik'hemik'hale.
Hobaneng o Lokela ho Khetha Li-transmitter tsa Khatello e Inthaneteng tsa Lonnmeter?
Li-transmitter tsa khatello tse ka hare ho Lonnmeter li entsoe ho fihlela litlhoko tse thata tsa ts'ebetso ea benzene nitration. Karabelo ena e etsahala libakeng tse senyang haholo, moo sistimi ea asiti e tsoakiloeng—hangata e leng sulfuric le nitric acid—e bakang liphephetso tse tebileng ho bolelele ba sensor le ho nepahala. Li-transmitter tsa Lonnmeter li fana ka lintlha tse nepahetseng, tsa khatello ea nako ea sebele tse bohlokoa bakeng sa ho boloka katleho ea karabelo, polokeho le tlhahiso ea sehlahisoa tlhahisong ea nitrobenzene.
Molemo o ka sehloohong oa moralo oa Lonnmeter ke ts'ebeliso ea eona ea thepa e ikhethang. Ho kenngoa ha diaphragm ea tantalum ho netefatsa khanyetso e phahameng ka ho fetisisa ea mafome khahlanong le mecha ea litaba e matla ea asiti e tsoakiloeng. Tantalum e fana ka ho se sebetse hantle ho hoholo ha ho bapisoa le litšepe tse tloaelehileng tse sa hloekang, e fokotsa haholo ho senyeha ha sensor le ho kheloha ha tekanyo maemong a mabifi a oxidizing le a senyang a teng nakong ea nitration ea benzene. Sena se tšehetsa ka ho toba nako ea ho sebetsa ha reactor le ts'ebetso e tšepahalang.
Li-sensor tsa khatello ho li-reactor tsa nitrate li tlameha ho tobana le liprofaele tsa khatello tse matla le tse sa lebelloang tse bakoang ke liphephetso tsa karabelo ea mekhahlelo e meraro ea khase-mokelikeli. Li-transmitter tsa Lonnmeter li entsoe bakeng sa ho mamella tlas'a maemo ana, li fana ka lipalo tse tsitsitseng esita le ha khatello e phahama ka potlako kapa liphetoho tse potlakileng li etsahala. Ho tiea hona ho bohlokoa bakeng sa mehato ea polokeho, haholo-holo ha ho thibeloa liketso tse balehang kapa ho hloleha ha lisebelisoa ho bakoang ke maeto a khatello.
Ho nolofatsa tlhokomelo ke phapang e 'ngoe ea lisebelisoa tsa Lonnmeter. Moralo o nolofalitsoeng o fokotsa ho thijoa ke lintho tse tiileng 'me o lumella ho hloekisoa kapa ho hlophisoa bocha habonolo sebakeng seo—senotlolo sa ho fokotsa nako ea ho se sebetse tlhahisong e tsoelang pele ea nitrobenzene. Ho feta moo, li tsamaisana le mekhoa e tloaelehileng ea ho lekanya limela, e leng se etsang hore ho kopanngoa le mesebetsi e thehiloeng ho be bonolo.
Ho kopanngoa ho se nang sekoli le meralo ea taolo ea limela ho eketsa thuso ea li-transmitter tsa Lonnmeter. Tlhahiso ea tsona ea matšoao e etsa mokokotlo oa lisebelisoa tse tsoetseng pele tsa ho lekola ts'ebetso, e lumellang maikutlo a tobileng lits'ebetsong tsa taolo tse ajoang (DCS). Lintlha tse tšepahalang, tse nang le qeto e phahameng li tšehetsa moralo le ts'ebetso ea reactor ea nitrate e hlophisitsoeng hantle, e nolofalletsang ho lokisoa ha maemo a karabelo, karabelo e potlakileng ho kheloha, le tlhahiso e betere ea lik'hemik'hale tse ntle tse sebelisoang meriana.
Ho lekola khatello ka nako ea sebele ho sebelisa li-transmitter tsa Lonnmeter ho thusa ho thibela maemo a kotsi a kang khatello e feteletseng. Ha mekhoa e sa tloaelehang e fumanoa, mehato ea polokeho e iketsang e ka fetola sekhahla sa phepelo kapele kapa ea kenya tšebetsong litsamaiso tsa thuso ho sireletsa basebetsi le thepa. Likarolo tsena lia hlokahala bakeng sa taolo ea likotsi lits'ebetsong tsa nitrobenzene moo tahlehelo efe kapa efe ea taolo ea khatello e ka sokelang botšepehi ba sehlahisoa le polokeho ea limela.
Ka bokhutšoanyane, mehloli ea Lonnmeter e ipabola ts'ebetsong ea benzene nitration ka ho kopanya thepa e tšoarellang, e sa senyeheng ke mafome, ho mamella ts'ebetso, bonolo ba tlhokomelo, le kopanyo ea data e se nang sekoli, e matlafatsang tlhahiso e bolokehileng le e sebetsang ea nitrobenzene le li-intermediate tse tlase.
Lipotso Tse Botsoang Khafetsa (Lipotso Tse Botsoang Khafetsa)
Tekanyo ea khatello e ka hare e bapala karolo efe ho nitration ea benzene?
Ho lekanya khatello e ka hare ho mothapo ho bohlokoa haholo ho nitration ea benzene, ts'ebetso e feteletseng haholo le e bonolo ho sebetsana le litšitiso. Lintlha tse tsoelang pele, tsa nako ea sebele tse tsoang ho li-transmitter tsa khatello e ka hare ho mothapo li tšehetsa liphetoho tsa taolo hang-hang, li tsitsisa maemo a karabelo ho thibela ho phahama kapa ho theoha ha khatello ka tšohanyetso. Sena se fokotsa kotsi ea ho senyeha ha ts'ebetso, liketsahalo tsa khatello e feteletseng, le ho lokolloa ho kotsi, ho sireletsa lisebelisoa tsa fektheri le basebetsi. Li-transmitter tsa khatello li bohlokoa ho boloka litekanyo tse ntle tsa karabelo le chai ho pholletsa le ts'ebetso ea tlhahiso ea nitrobenzene.
Na li-transmitter tsa khatello ea tantalum diaphragm li ka mamella thepa e matla ea oxidizing le e senyang ea asiti e tsoakiloeng?
Li-diaphragm tsa Tantalum li khethiloe ka ho khetheha ka lebaka la ho hanyetsa ha tsona ka tsela e ikhethang tikolohong e senyang le e etsang hore oksijene e be oxidize, joalo ka metsoako ea nitric-sulfuric acid e sebelisoang ho benzene nitration. Li-diaphragm tsena li netefatsa hore li-transmitter tsa khatello li sebetsa ka mokhoa o tšepahalang ntle le ho senya kapa ho ntša litšila ts'ebetsong. Esita le ha li pepesehetse nako e telele, li boloka botšepehi ba sensor 'me li fana ka lipalo tse nepahetseng, e leng sa bohlokoa bakeng sa ts'ebetso e sireletsehileng ea reactor ea nako e telele tlhahisong ea nitrobenzene.
Liphephetso tsa karabelo ea mekhahlelo e meraro ea khase-mokelikeli-e tiileng li ama tekanyo ea khatello joang li-reactor tsa nitrate?
Likarabelo tsa mekhahlelo e meraro tse tiileng tsa khase-mokelikeli-khase li tloaelehile lits'ebetsong tsa nitration 'me li hlahisa liphephetso tse ikhethang. Lipululana tsa khase kapa likaroloana tse tiileng li ka thibela lintlha tsa khatello le mela ea li-implication, e leng se lebisang ho lipalo tse sa tšepahaleng kapa tsa bohata le ho se sebetse hantle ha transmitter. Ho koaleha ho ka baka linako tsa karabelo tse liehang le ho baka likotsi tsa polokeho. Li-transmitter tsa morao-rao tsa khatello tse ka hare li kenyelletsa likarolo tse kang li-diaphragm tse itlhoekisang kapa lialamo tsa ho lemoha ho koaleha, tse thusang ho netefatsa ho nepahala le ho tšepahala ha data ea khatello, esita le ka liphetoho tse etsahalang khafetsa tsa mohato le likotsi tsa ho silafatsa moralo oa reactor ea nitrate.
Litlhoko tsa tlhokomelo bakeng sa sesebelisoa sa khatello Rosemount 3051 ho li-reactor tsa nitration ke life?
Rosemount 3051, haholo-holo ha e na le diaphragm ea tantalum, e entsoe bakeng sa tlhokomelo e fokolang ea kamehla le ho lekanya ka mokhoa o bonolo. Ho hlahlojoa ka mokhoa o reriloeng le ho hlahlojoa ha nako le nako ho thusa ho boloka ho nepahala. Ho hloekisoa ka thibelo ha mela ea ho sisinyeha le ho hlahlojoa ha matšoao a litšila kapa ho thibana sebakeng sa diaphragm hoa eletsoa. Tlhokomelo e tsitsitseng e boloka ts'epo ea tekanyo, e lemoha kapele ho hoholeha ha sensor, 'me e fokotsa nako ea ho se sebetse e sa reroang ts'ebetsong ea tlhahiso ea nitrobenzene.
Ke hobane'ng ha ho hlokahala tlhokomelo ea khatello ea nako ea sebele bakeng sa polokeho ho benzene nitration?
Ho lekola khatello ka nako ea sebele ho bohlokoa bakeng sa ho lemoha hang-hang liphetoho tse potlakileng kapa tse sa tloaelehang tsa khatello ts'ebetsong ea benzene nitration. Bokhoni bo joalo bo nolofalletsa basebetsi ho kenella pele maemo a fetoha maemo a kotsi joalo ka khatello e feteletseng ea reactor kapa tahlehelo ea ho thibela. Sena se bohlokoa bakeng sa ho hlahisa lik'hemik'hale tse ntle tse mahareng bakeng sa meriana le lits'ebetso tse ling ka mokhoa o tšepahalang. Ho lekola ka nako ea sebele, ho kopantsoe le li-sensor tse matla le litsamaiso tse tsoetseng pele tsa alamo, ho bohlokoa ho boloka maemo a phahameng a polokeho li-reactor tsa lik'hemik'hale tsa sejoale-joale.
Nako ea poso: Pherekhong-16-2026
