Kunzwisisa Maitiro eVinyl Chloride Monomer
Vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) ndiyo musimboti weindasitiri yemazuva ano yepurasitiki, ichipa chivako chakakosha chekugadzirwa kwepolyvinyl chloride (PVC). Semakemikari anoshandiswa muzvinhu, VCM inoshandiswa chete pakugadzira polymerization yePVC, iyo inogonesa kugadzirwa kwezvese kubva pamidziyo yekurapa nezvinhu zvekuvaka kusvika pakuputira waya nezvinhu zvevatengi. Kudiwa kweVCM kunoenderana zvakanyanya nekubuda kwePVC pasi rose, zvichiita kuti kugadzirwa kwayo kwakachengeteka, kwakanaka, uye kwakachengeteka kuve kwakakosha zvikuru mumaindasitiri.
VCM igesi risina ruvara, rinobvira moto zvakanyanya mumamiriro ekunze, rinowanzo shandiswa semvura ine pressurized munzvimbo dzakatsaurirwa. Maumbirwo ayo emakemikari, CH₂=CHCl, ane vinyl group yakabatana neatomu imwe chete yechlorine. Kurongeka uku kwemamorekuru kunoita kuti polymerization ive nyore, hunhu hwe reactivity hunotsigira vinyl chloride polymerization reaction inokosha mumatanho ePVC polymerization. Hunhu hwemuviri hwevinyl chloride—senge boiling point ye −13.4°C uye density ye 0.91 g/mL pa 20°C—inoda simba rakasimba rekutonga maitiro uye masisitimu ekuchengetedza akasarudzika anochengetedza compound semvura ye downstream vinyl chloride monomer manufacturing process operations.
Maitiro eVinyl Chloride Monomer
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Mashandisirwo eVCM kunze kwePVC haana basa, zvichiratidza basa rayo semonomer yakazvipira pakugadzira polymerization. Nekuda kweizvozvo, zvese zvinoitwa pakugadzira vinyl chloride monomer plant, kubva pakurongeka kwereactor train kusvika kuzvigadzirwa.kunatswauye kudzoreredza, zvinogadziriswa kuti zvive zvakakura, zvinogara zvichishandurwa kuti zvipe tekinoroji yePVC polymerization.
Zvisinei, kubata nekuchengetedza VCM kune njodzi huru. VCM inorongwa seCategory 1 carcinogen, ine humbowo hwakasimba hunobatanidza iyo nehepatic angiosarcoma nezvimwe migumisiro yakaipa yehutano mushure mekusangana nayo kwenguva refu. Hunhu hwayo hwechepfu hunowedzerwa nekuumbwa kwe reactive metabolites, iyo inosunga macromolecules emasero uye inovhiringidza maitiro ehupenyu. Kusangana nayo nekukurumidza kunotungamira mukuora mwoyo kwetsinga, nepo kusangana nayo kwenguva refu kubasa kuchibatanidzwa ne "vinyl chloride workers' disease" - chirwere chine kukuvara kwechiropa, zviratidzo zvakafanana nescleroderma, uye mapfupa akakuvara. Miganhu yekusangana nayo yakaomesesa: kubva muna 2024, Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) inoisa muganho unobvumidzwa wemaawa masere we1 ppm, uye mwero wakaderera unokurudzirwa neACGIH neNIOSH kuratidza kunzwisisa kuri kuchinja kwechepfu.
VCM inogonawo kutsva zvakanyanya, ine huwandu hwekuputika huri pakati pe3.6% ne33% mumhepo. Kusanganiswa kwechepfu uye kutsva kwakatungamira kumatanho akasimba ekuchengetedza munzvimbo yega yega yekugadzira VCM. Mitsetse yemaitiro yakavharwa zvizere uye inochengetwa pasi pemhepo isina simba - kazhinji nitrogen - ine kuona kudonha kuri kuramba kuchiitika uye masisitimu emhepo ekukurumidza aripo. Kufefetera kwemhepo inobuda mumhepo, nzvimbo yekuvharira process, kurambidzwa pamoto wakavhurika, uye nzvimbo dzinodzorwa zvakanyanya dzinoderedza njodzi. Liquid VCM inochengetwa uye inotakurwa pasi pekumanikidzwa mumatangi anodzivirira ngura, inowanzo gadziriswa nepolymerization inhibitors senge phenol kudzivirira kubva kune njodzi autoinitiated reactions.
Nzira Huru dzeKugadzira VCM
Kugadzira VCM kunotungamirwa nenzira mbiri dzemaindasitiri: chlorination yakananga uye oxychlorination. Zvose zvinotenderera pakugadzirwa nekushandurwa kwe ethylene dichloride (EDC), iyo inonyanya kupararira iyo inozobva yatsemuka kuti ibudise VCM.
Munzira yekutsvaira chlorine zvakananga, ethylene inosangana negesi rechlorine muchikamu chemvura chinodziya zvakanyanya, kazhinji pamusoro pe ferric chloride kana catalyst yakafanana kuti igadzire EDC kuburikidza ne:
C₂H₄ + Cl₂ → C₂H₄Cl₂
Neimwe nzira, maitiro e oxychlorination anosanganisa ethylene, hydrogen chloride, uye oxygen achishandisa copper(II) chloride catalyst, zvichigadzira EDC nemvura:
C₂H₄ + 2HCl + ½O₂ → C₂H₄Cl₂ + H₂O
Nzira iyi inopa mikana yehupfumi uye yekudya kwezvikafu kuburikidza nekudzokorodza HCl inogadzirwa panguva yekugadzirwa kweVCM, izvo zvingadai zvakakonzera matambudziko ekurasa marara.
Kana EDC yangogadzirwa, inopwanyika nekupisa pa500°C, kazhinji muchikamu cheutsi pamusoro pepumice kana ceramic packing, kuti igadzire VCM nehydrogen chloride:
C₂H₄Cl₂ → CH₂=CHCl (VCM) + HCl
Chigadzirwa cheVCM chinobuda muchoto chinotsemuka chinosanganiswa nemusanganiswa wakaoma wezvigadzirwa zvitsva nezvikafu zvisina kugadziriswa. Matanho akawanda ekuchenesa—kunyanyakudiridza—anoshandiswa pakuparadzanisa, kunyanya pakuchenesa vinyl chloride monomer. Kushanda kweVCM distillation tower uye zvirongwa zvekubatanidza kupisa zvakagadziridzwa kuti zviwedzere kuchena (kazhinji >99.9%), zvakakosha pakugadzira PVC polymerization yemhando yepamusoro. Mamita ekudzikira kwemvura akafanana neaya akagadzirwa neLonnmeter anowanzo shandiswa kutarisa huwandu hwemvura yeVCM patembiricha dzakasiyana, zvichibatsira vashandi kukurumidza kuona mabheti asina kutsanangurwa kana zviitiko zvekusvibiswa.
Mafekitori ekugadzira anofarira marongero akabatanidzwa anosanganisa ma reactors e chlorination zvakananga uye oxychlorination, kudzokorodza hydrogen chloride pamwe chete, uye nzira dzekugadzirisa simba. Aya magadzirirwo ehybrid anotsigira mitengo yakaderera yekudya uye kushandiswa kwesimba kuri nani. Tekinoroji ye vinyl chloride monomer process yazvino inoedza kuwana goho rakakura, kuchengetedzeka, uye kuchinjika mukubata nemhando dzakasiyana dzezvinhu zvakabikwa, ukuwo kutarisa kwakasimba kwezvinhu zvakakosha (kusanganisira kuwanda uye kuchena) munzvimbo dzakasiyana dze process kunovimbisa kutevedzera kwePVC kunaka uye mitemo yehutano, kuchengetedzeka, uye nharaunda.
Maitiro Akadzama Ekufamba Kwekugadzirwa kweVinyl Chloride Monomer
Dhizaini Yekuyerera Kwemaitiro Ekugadzira Vinyl Chloride
Kugadzirwa kwevinyl chloride monomer (VCM) yemazuva ano kunoenderana nekufamba kwakabatana, kunowanzoonekwa nedhayagiramu yakazara inoratidza danho rega rega rakakosha. Maitiro acho anotanga nekupinda kwezvinhu zvisina kugadzirwa—kunyanya ethylene, chlorine, hydrogen chloride, uye oxygen. Mukati mekugadzirwa kwechivakwa chevinyl chloride monomer, zvinhu izvi zvinofambiswa kuburikidza ne direct chlorination uye oxychlorination reactors kuti zvigadzire ethylene dichloride (EDC), iyo iri pakati nepakati.
Mukushandiswa kwechlorination zvakananga, ethylene inosangana nechlorine pasi pekupisa kwakadzorwa (40–90°C) kuti igadzire EDC. Saizvozvowo, oxychlorination unit inosanganisa hydrogen chloride (inowanzo shandiswazve kubva pamatanho ekugadzirisa gare gare), ethylene, uye oxygen—ichishandisa catalyst inobva mumhangura pakupisa kwakakwirira (200–250°C) kugadzira EDC nemvura. Nzira dzese dzekuita dzakabatana kuti dzidzokorore magasi asina kugadziriswa uye kuwedzera mwero wekushandiswa, zvichiumba musimboti wekugadzirwa kwe vinyl chloride monomer yakaenzana.
Kucheneswa kweEDC isina kucheneswa kunosanganisira makoramu ekunyungudutsa anobvisa mvura, zvinhu zvinobva mu hydrocarbon ine chlorine, nezvimwe zvinhu zvisina kuchena. EDC yakacheneswa inobva yadyisa pyrolysis, kana kuti cracking furnace—maitiro anoshanda pa480–520°C uye kumanikidzwa kuri pakati nepakati. Pano, kuora kwekupisa kunoburitsa VCM uye kunoburitsa hydrogen chloride, iyo inowanzo dzorerwa kuoxychlorination loop. Kudzima nekutonhodza nekukurumidza kwemagasi akatsemuka kunodzivirira mhedzisiro isingadiwe uye kushatisa kuumbwa kwezvigadzirwa zvine njodzi.
Rukova rwegasi runobuda runopatsanurwa uye runocheneswa uchishandisa mamwe makoramu ekunyungudutsa uye mapaseparators. Nzira dzakatsaurirwa dzekuchenesa VCM, dzinosanganisira kunyungudutsa uye kunyungudutsa muzvikamu zvakawanda, dzinoita kuti kuchena kwechigadzirwa kuwedzere kupfuura 99.9%. EDC isina kugadzikana inodzokororwa, zvichiita kuti kushandurwa kuwedzere uku ichideredza kuburitswa kwemhepo. Masisitimu ekudzivirira akasimba uye kutarisa maitiro nguva nenguva zvinodzivirira kubva pakubuda kwemvura uye zvinovimbisa kutevedzera mitemo yekuchengetedza yemvura inobvira, inokonzeresa kenza, vinyl chloride.
Mukati mekugadzirwa kwevinyl chloride monomer, kutonga simba uye kudzoreredza kupisa kwakakosha kuti zvinhu zvirambe zviripo. Kupisa kwekunze kunobva muchlorination uye oxychlorination kunodzoserwa, kuchidziisa zvekudya zvemangwana kana kugadzira process steam. Kuongorora kwepinch uye nzira dzekubatanidza kupisa zvinoshandiswa pamagetsi ekupisa, zvichideredza kushandiswa kwemafuta uye kukanganisa nharaunda.
Mapuratifomu ekuenzanisa maitiro—kunyanya Aspen Plus—akakosha pakugadzira, kuwedzera, uye kugadzirisa. Aya mamodheru edhijitari anotevedzera kuenzana kwezvinhu, reaction kinetics, phase behavior, uye simba rinoyerera padanho rega rega, zvichigonesa kukurumidza kusimbisa mashandiro emiti pasi pemamiriro akasiyana-siyana. Kushanda nesimba, goho reEDC-to-VCM, uye mutoro wezvakatipoteredza zvinogadziriswa nguva dzose uchishandisa data rekuenzanisa, zvichitsigira zvinangwa zvehupfumi uye zvemutemo zve tekinoroji yepamusoro ye vinyl chloride monomer.
Mashandiro Echikamu Chakakosha Mufekitari yeVCM
Kugadzirwa kweEDC uye Kucheneswa
Kugadzirwa kweEDC kunoshandisa nzira mbiri dzinoenderana dzekuita—kupinza chlorine zvakananga uye oxychlorination—imwe neimwe ine zvinodiwa zvakasiyana zvekushanda. Mukupinza chlorine zvakananga, kusanganiswa kwe ethylene ne chlorine kwakanyatsodzorwa kunoitika mu liquid-phase reactor, nekudzora tembiricha kudzivirira kuumbwa kwakanyanya kwezvigadzirwa. Kana ichipiswa ne exothermically, reactor iyi inoda kutonhora kwakabatana uye kupatsanurwa kwegasi-phase kuchengetedza kushanda zvakanaka kwekushandura.
Oxychlorination inoshandisa reactor ine mubhedha wakagadzika kana kuti ine fluidized-bed reactor, ichishandisa copper chloride catalyst inotsigirwa nealumina. Ethylene, hydrogen chloride inodzokororwa, uye oxygen zvinosanganiswa uye zvinosangana pa 200–250°C. Maitiro aya anogadzira EDC newater vapor. Kudzora tembiricha nekungwarira uye stoichiometric balancing zvinoderedza njodzi dze chlorine.
Nzizi dzeEDC dzisina kucheneswa dzakasanganiswa kubva munzira dzese dziri mbiri dzinocheneswa zvishoma nezvishoma. Matanho ekutanga anobvisa mvura inoumbwa panguva ye oxychlorination kuburikidza nekupatsanurwa kwezvikamu uye distillation. Makoramu echipiri anobvisa macompounds akareruka (senge chloroform) uye magumo anorema, zvichikonzera kuchena kweEDC kwakakodzera pyrolysis inoshanda zvakanyanya. Kudzokorodza marobhoti kunodzoreredza zvinhu zvisina kuchinjika uye zvigadzirwa, zvichivandudza kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvisina kucheneswa muchimiro ichi che closed-loop.
Kutsemuka kweThermal kuenda kuVinyl Chloride
Kupwanya kwemafuta, kana kuti pyrolysis, ndiyo chinetso chekugadzira VCM. Pano, utsi hweEDC hwakachena kwazvo hunopiswa kusvika 480–520°C mukati mevira retubhu, hunowanzo piswa zvisina kunanga kuti hugadzikane nekupisa uye kudzivirira nzvimbo dzinopisa. Iyi nzira yekupisa inotsemura EDC kuti igadzire vinyl chloride monomer uye hydrogen chloride ne free-radical mechanism.
Zvinhu zvakakosha zvinochinja-chinja maitiro—tembiricha, nguva yekugara, uye kumanikidzwa—zvinogadziriswa uchishandisa masisitimu epamusoro ekudzora maitiro uye mamodheru ekutevedzera. Kupisa kwakanyanya kunogona kukurudzira kusvibiswa kwepolymeric uye kuumbwa kwezvigadzirwa zvakaita setar kana macompounds ane chlorine yakawanda. Kudzima nekukurumidza mushure mekutsemuka kunomisa mhedzisiro uye kunounganidza zvikamu zvinobatsira zvezvigadzirwa. Kuongororwa kwemaitiro kunotevera kugadzirwa kweHCl, iyo inowanzo dzorerwa uye kudzoserwa kuoxychlorination.
Kucheneswa kweVCM uye Kunyungudutsa
Kuchenesa mvura kubva pasi pemvura kwakakosha kuti pave nekuchena kwakanyanya kwevinyl chloride monomer. Kupatsanurwa kwegasi nemvura kunobvisa mvura nezvinosara zvinorema pamberi pemakoramu makuru ekunyungudutsa. Maitiro ekunyungudutsa vinyl chloride monomer anoshanda nekungwarira nekudzora tembiricha, zvichiita kuti pave nekuparadzaniswa kubva kuEDC, HCl, uye azeotropes zvisina kugadziriswa nezvimwe zvinhu zve chlorine.
Kumanikidzwa kwekoramu uye reflux ratios zvakagadziridzwa kuti zvienzanise kushandiswa kwesimba nezvinangwa zvekuchena—reflux yakakwira inovandudza kupatsanurwa kwesimba nekuda kwesimba remhepo nerekutonhodza. Masisitimu ekudziyisa mvura yakawanda uye reboiler anovandudza kushanda zvakanaka, kunyanya kana akabatanidzwa nekudzikisa kupisa kwakabatana.
Kunze kwekuparadzaniswa kwemuviri, nzira dzepamusoro dzekudzora maitiro dzinogonesa kugadzirisa mamiriro ekoramu panguva chaiyo, zvichienderana nekusiyana kwezvikafu kana zviitiko zvisiri zvekuongorora. Kuongororwa kwengozi yehuwandu kunotsigira kuchengetedzeka kwekushanda, zvichitsigira kuonekwa kwekudonha kwemvura uye kuderedza kuburitswa kwemhepo kwakakosha kune iyi kemikari inoshanduka. Kushandiswa kwemhinduro dzekuyera online, dzakadai se inline density uye viscosity metres kubva kuLonnmeter, kunopa kutarisa kwakarurama, kwenguva chaiyo kwakakosha kune mhando yechigadzirwa uye kushanda kwakachengeteka.
Hunhu hweMakemikoro neMakemikoro Hune chekuita nekugadzirwa kweVCM
Kuwanda kwemvura yeVCM uye Kubata Mvura yeVCM
Kuwanda kwemvura yeVCM kunosiyana zvakanyanya zvichienderana netembiricha nekumanikidzwa—chinhu chakakosha pakubata nekuchengetedza vinyl chloride monomer. Pamamiriro ezvinhu akajairwa (20°C), kuwanda kwevinyl chloride monomer kunowanzo kutaurwa se0.911–0.913 g/cm³. Sezvo tembiricha ichikwira, kuwanda kunoderera, zvichikanganisa mwero wekuyerera kwemvura uye kuverenga kwekuchengetwa kwematangi.
Semuenzaniso, pa0°C, huwandu hwezvinhu hunogona kukwira kusvika pa0.930 g/cm³, nepo pa50°C huchisvika pa0.880 g/cm³. Kuchinja kwakadaro kunoda kugadziriswazve kwemidziyo yekufambisa uye kutarisisa maitiro, sezvo kusiyana kunokanganisa matanho ekuita polymerization yePVC. Mamita eLonnmeter einline liquid density anowanzoiswa mumasekete aya kuti arambe achisimbiswa, achitsigira kudzora zvinhu uye kutamiswa kwekuchengetedzwa kwemidziyo nekupa kuverenga nekukurumidza mumamiriro ezvinhu anochinja.
Hunhu hwekunyungudika kwevinyl chloride yemvura hwakakoshawo. VCM inonyungudika zvishoma mumvura asi inogona kusanganiswa zvakanyanya nezvinonyungudutsa zvakasikwa, zvichikanganisa sarudzo yezvinhu zvinodzivirira uye matanho ekudzivirira ekukurumidza panguva yekubata nekuchengetedza.
Kuchengetedzwa uye Kudzora Zvakatipoteredza
Vinyl chloride imvura inobvira uye utsi hunogona kutsva zvakanyanya, ine flashpoint yakaderera kusvika -78°C uye inogona kuputika zvakanyanya. Chepfu yayo yakanyanya uye kenza inozivikanwa inoda matanho akasimba ekuchengetedza vinyl chloride monomer. Mukugadzira, mapaipi ane madziro maviri, nitrogen blanketing, uye network dzakawanda dzekuona leak dzinoshandiswa mukugadzira vinyl chloride monomer.
Kutakurwa nekuchengetwa kwemidziyo kunoshandisa midziyo ine simba rekudzivirira ine masisitimu ekurerutsira uye nzvimbo dzakachengetwa mufiriji kuderedza kumanikidzwa kwemhepo uye nokudaro kuburitsa njodzi. Maitiro ekutarisa utsi hwemhepo panguva chaiyo uye ekudzivirira anoshanda kuchengetedzeka kwebasa uye kutevedzera nharaunda. Kune hova dzine mhepo, masisitimu ekukwesha uye maincinerator anoderedza kuburitswa kwechlorine hydrocarbons, zvichitevedzera mitemo inochinja-chinja mukushanda kwemakemikari emaindasitiri. Kuronga njodzi uye kudzidzira nguva dzose zvinoramba zviri tsika dzinofanirwa kuitwa muzvivakwa zvese zvemazuva ano zveVCM, zvichipiwa mukana wekuti pave nenjodzi dzinokonzeresa njodzi dzinokonzeresa njodzi dzinokonzeresa njodzi dzinokonzeresa njodzi idzi.
Kuvandudza Maitiro uye Kubudirira
Kugadzirisa Simba uye Kubatanidzwa
Kubatanidzwa kwekupisa kwave nzira huru mukugadzira maitiro ekugadzira vinyl chloride monomer. Kuongorora pinch ndiyo nzira yekutanga yekutarisa ma "hot and cold process" emvura, zvichiratidza nzvimbo yekuoma - chinetso chekupisa uko kudzoreredzwa kwekupisa kunonyanya kuwedzerwa. Muchirimwa chevinyl chloride monomer, hova huru dzinoda kutonhodzwa, dzakadai seEDC pyrolysis effluent, dzinoenderana nehova dzinoda kudziiswa, dzakadai sereboilers mumatanho ekuchenesa eVCM. Ma "composite curves" anowanikwa anobatsira kuona zvinodiwa zvekupisa nekupisa zvishoma, zvichiita kuti maitiro acho ashande pedyo nemiganhu yekushanda kwe thermodynamic.
Manetwork ekuchinjana kupisa (HENs) akagadziridzwa anodzosa kupisa kubva munzizi dzinopisa dzinobuda kuti dzipise zvinotonhora zvinouya. Kushandiswazve kwesimba uku kunoderedza mari yekushandisa yekupisa nekutonhodza ne10–30% kana ikashandiswa zvakasimba, sezvakaratidzwa muzvidzidzo zvemafekitori eVCM akazara. Mashandisirwo ekugadzirisa zvinhu akajairika, anogamuchira michina iripo nekuwedzera maexchange akafanana kana kugadzirisa kuyerera kwemvura pasina nguva yakawanda yekudzikira. Kuitwa uku kwakarongwa, kwakasimbiswa kuburikidza ne steady-state simulation, kunoita kuti kuchengetedza simba kuve pachena ukuwo mari yemari ichiramba iri pakati nepakati.
Kubatanidzwa kwePinch-based hakungogumiri pakuderedza mari yekushandisa. Kunochinjawo mashandiro enzvimbo yese—kushomeka kwemafuta kunoreva kudzikira kweCO₂, zvichitsigira kutevedzera mitemo yekusimbaradza kuburitsa magasi. Kuchengetedza magasi kunowanzoenderana nekuchengetedzwa kwesimba; mafekitori anotaura kudzikira kweCO₂ kusvika ku25% kubva muchikamu cheVCM chete mushure meHEN retrofit yakasimbiswa necomposite curve analysis.
Matekiniki Ekuvandudza Maitiro Epamusoro
Kutevedzera maitiro kunotsigira kugadziriswa kwemaitiro ekugadzira vinyl chloride monomer. Vachishandisa steady-state simulation, mainjiniya vanogadzira uye vanokura mayunitsi matsva, vanoedza mamiriro akasiyana-siyana ekushanda, uye vanoona kuti simba nezvinhu zvakaenzana. Izvi zvinovimbisa kushanda kwakasimba mukusiyana kwemaitiro uye mwero wekugadzirwa unotarisirwa.
Kugadzirisa zvinhu zvine chinangwa chakawanda, uchishandisa nzira dzakadai sema genetic algorithms, kunoenzanisa zvinhu zvinokwikwidzana. Mukushanda kweVCM, zvinangwa zvikuru kukohwa kwechigadzirwa, kushandiswa kwesimba shoma, uye kuderedzwa kwemhepo inoburitsa magasi egreenhouse. Nzira dzemazuva ano dzinosanganisa masvomhu neruzivo rwemaitiro eheuristic kuti dzigadzire marongero emiti anochinjika uye anoshanda. Matekiniki aya anowanzo kupa mhinduro nekuvandudza kudzoreredza kupisa uku uchichengetedza mwero wekubudirira uye kuchena kwechigadzirwa zvakakosha pamatanho ekuita polymerization yePVC.
Kugadzirisa kwakajairika kwakakosha. Mushure mekunge HEN configuration yekutanga yasarudzwa kuburikidza nesimulation, plant data analytics uye digital monitoring zvinopa ongororo yekushanda kwayo panguva chaiyo. Vashandisi vanogona kugadzirisa zvidiki—sekugadzirisa process flow rates kana heat exchanger duty allocations—zvichienderana netembiricha chaiyo uye composition data. Iyi feedback loop inovimbisa kushanda kwakasimba pedyo ne optimized design set points kunyangwe feedstock kana production demand ichichinja.
Zvishandiso zvakaita se inline density metres uye viscosity metres kubva kuLonnmeter zvinopa kuyera zvakananga hunhu hwemvura panguva chaiyo. Kuyera uku kunoratidza kutsauka kunogona kuitika nekuda kwekusvibiswa, kukanganiswa kwemaitiro, kana zvinhu zvekudyisa zvisiri pamutemo. Neruzivo rwakarurama, rwekuwanda uye viscosity panguva chaiyo, vashandi vanochengetedza zvinangwa zvekushanda zvakatarwa panguva yekugadzira nekutanga.
Kuongorora Hupfumi uye Maitiro Ekuchengetedza Kugara Kwakagadzikana
Ongororo yakazara yehupfumi yefekitori yeVCM inoyera mari inoshandiswa pakudyara, mari yekushandisa, uye nguva yekubhadhara. Mari yekutanga inoshandiswa pakudyara inosanganisira mari yevashanduri vatsva, mapombi, uye masisitimu ekudzokorora zvinodiwa kuti pave ne network yekuchinjana kupisa. Kune vanogadzirisa, mari inowedzera inoramba iri shoma nekuti michina mikuru inoshandiswazve kana kushandiswazve. Kuchengetedza mari yekushandisa—kunyanya simba—kunowanzo deredza mari inoshandiswa mukati memakore 1-3, kunyanya munzvimbo dzine mitengo yakakwira yegesi yechisikigo kana yeutsi.
Zviyero zvekuchengetedza nguva mukugadzirwa kwevinyl chloride monomer zvinosanganisira zvinopfuura kushandiswa kwesimba chete. Zviyero zvikuru zvinosanganisira kushanda zvakanaka kwezviwanikwa, kuburitswa kweCO₂ patani yechigadzirwa, uye kushandiswa kwemvura mumasekete ekutonhodza. Kuongororwa kwezvidzidzo zvechangobva kuitwa kunosimbisa kuti kubudirira kweHEN kugadzirisa nguva dzose kunosimudzira kuvandudzwa kwezviyero izvi. Huwandu hwezviwanikwa zvinoiswa patani yeVCM hunodonha, kuburitswa kwemhepo kunoderera, uye kutevedzera hurongwa hwemishumo yekuchengetedza nguva dzose kunovandudza.
Mamiriro ekubhadhara anowanzo sanganisira kuchengetedza zvakananga kwemagetsi uye mabhenefiti asina kunanga akadai sekudzikisa mutero wekabhoni uye mitengo mishoma inobvumidza kuburitswa kwemhepo. Munzvimbo dzine kumanikidzwa kuri kuramba kuchiwedzera kwemitemo, kugona kwefekitari yevinyl chloride monomer kuratidza kuvandudzwa kuri kuramba kuchiitika pane izvi kunokanganisa zvakanyanya kushanda kwenguva refu uye kukwikwidza.
Muchidimbu, kugadzirisa mashandiro uye kubatanidzwa kwesimba—kwakavakirwa pakushandisa simulation yepamusoro, kugadzirisa zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana, uye kuyerwa kwakananga (sekunogoneswa netekinoroji yeLonnmeter)—ndizvo zvinoumba musimboti wedhizaini yezvirimwa zvemonomer zvemazuva ano, zvinoshanda, uye zvinogara kwenguva refu.
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Polymerization Ichishandisa VCM
Nhanganyaya yePVC Polymerization Process
Vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) ndiyo chinhu chakakosha pakugadzirwa kwepolyvinyl chloride (PVC). Kugadziriswa kwevinyl chloride polymerization kunoshandura mvura iyi isina ruvara, isina ruvara kuita imwe yemapurasitiki anoshandiswa zvakanyanya pasi rose. Kugadziriswa kwePVC polymerization kunonyanya kuitwa uchishandisa nzira dzesuspension uye emulsion.
Mumaitiro ekugadzirisa polymerization yekumiswa, VCM inoparadzirwa mumvura nerubatsiro rwezvinhu zvinomisa zvakaita sepolyvinyl alcohol kana methyl cellulose. Maitiro acho anotanga nekunyungudika kwakanyanya kuti agadzire madonhwe eVCM akasungirirwa muchikamu chemvura. Zvinhu zvinotanga kugadzira polymerization, kazhinji organic peroxides kana azo compounds, zvinozoiswa. Pasi pekupisa kwakanyatsodzorwa (kazhinji 40–70°C), madonhwe eVCM anonyungudika, achigadzira mabhedhi kana zvidimbu zvePVC. Batch inobatwa pasi pekunyungudika, uye reaction rate inotemwa nerudzi rwekutanga, concentration, uye tembiricha. Kugadzirisa ma parameter aya kwakakosha kuti uve nechokwadi chekupararira kwehukuru hwezvidimbu zvakamanikana uye zvakafanana. Kana zvapera, reaction musanganiswa inotonhodzwa, VCM isina kugadziriswa inobviswa, uye zvinogadzirisa zvinogona kuiswa zvisati zvatevera matanho ekusefa, kusuka, uye kuomesa.
Iyonzira ye emulsion polymerizationinoshanda nezvinodiwa zvakasiyana. Pano, VCM inosanganiswa mumvura ichishandisa ma surfactants (mamorekuru akafanana nesipo), ichigadzira madonhwe madiki zvikuru kana tichienzanisa nemaitiro ekumisikidza. Nzira iyi inogadzira PVC latex—kupararira kwecolloidal kwakanakira kushandiswa kwakakosha, senge machira kana matehwe ekugadzira. Masisitimu ekutanga anowanzo vimba nema redox pairs, anoshanda patembiricha yakaderera. Emulsion polymerization inobvumira kudzora kwakanyanya kwehunhu hwezvikamu, senge morphology uye porosity, kunyangwe ichisanganisira matanho akaomarara ekudzoreredza chigadzirwa.
Tekinoroji yemazuva ano yePVC polymerization inowanzo batanidza maturusi ekutarisa ari panzvimbo, akadai sema particle size analyzers kana in-line density metres (seyakagadzirwa neLonnmeter), mukuita kwayo. Maturusi aya anopa mhinduro chaiyo, zvichibvumira kugadziriswa nguva dzose kwekumhanya kwe agitation, tembiricha, uye kudya kwekutanga, nokudaro zvichiwedzera kuenderana kwechigadzirwa uye kuderedza marara.
Magadzirirwo Emhando yeVCM Ekugadzira PVC Zvinobudirira
Kushanda zvakanaka uye mhando yekugadzira PVC zvakabatana zvakanyanya nehunhu hwemuviri uye hwemakemikari hweVCM. VCM yakachena kwazvo yakakosha pakubudirira kwepolymerization uye kushanda zvakanaka kwepolymer pasi.
Kusachena kuri muVCM—kunge mvura yasara, acetylene, chlorinated organics, kana metal ions—kunogona kukuvadza vanotanga, kudzora mwero wepolymerization, uye kuunza zvikanganiso muPVC resin. Semuenzaniso, kuvapo kwemahydrocarbon ane chlorine, kunyangwe muzvikamu-pa-miriyoni, kunogona kuchinja kinetics ye reaction kana kukonzera chigadzirwa chisina ruvara. Maitiro ekuchenesa vinyl chloride monomer anoshanda anoitwa kumusoro, achishandisa matekiniki akadai se multi-stage distillation (inoshandiswa muVCM distillation towers dzakatsaurirwa) kuderedza kusvibiswa kusvika pamiganho inogamuchirika.
Hunhu hwemuviri—kunyanya huwandu hweVCM uye kutonga kwayo—hunoita basa rakananga mukubata nekugadzirisa maitiro. Huwandu hwemvura hweVCM hunosiyana zvakanyanya nekupisa, zvichikanganisa kurongeka kwedosi, maitiro echikamu panguva yepolymerization, uye kushanda zvakanaka kwe agitation. Semuenzaniso, pa0°C, huwandu hweVCM hunenge 1.140 g/cm³, zvichiderera nekuwedzera kwekupisa. Kutarisa kwakavimbika uye kwenguva chaiyo kwehuwandu hwemvura hweVCM (uchishandisa inline density meters senge idzo dzinobva kuLonnmeter) kunoita kuti zvive nechokwadi chekuti feed ratios dzakarurama, zvinoita kuti kuve nekuverengwa kwakarurama kwekupisa, uye kutsigira kufanana kwakasimba kwechigadzirwa chebatch-to-batch.
Zvinhu zvakasara zvinosvibisa, kunyanya VCM isina kugadziriswa, zvinogona kukanganisa kuchengetedzeka uye kunaka kwechigadzirwa. Kuwanda kweVCM yakasununguka muPVC yakapedzwa kunounza njodzi dzechepfu uye kunogona kukanganisa zvinhu zvakaita sekuoma kweganda, simba remuchina, uye kugadzikana kwemavara. Mitemo inowanzo raira matanho ekubvisa zvachose uye kutarisa nguva dzose kweVCM mukati menguva yese yekugadzira kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti chigadzirwa chinobuda zvakanaka uye chinoenderana nezvinodiwa.
Kukanganiswa kwemhando yeVCM paPVC kunopfupikiswa zviri nani muchati inotevera:
| Hunhu Hwemhando yeVCM | Mhedzisiro pamaitiro ePVC uye chigadzirwa |
| Kuchena (kuumbwa kwemakemikari) | Inokanganisa zvakananga mwero wepolymerization, kugoverwa kwehuremu hwemamorekuru, ruvara, uye kugadzikana kwekupisa |
| Mamiriro emuviri (huwandu hwemvura) | Zvinokanganisa kurongeka kwedosi, kushanda zvakanaka kwemusanganiswa, uye chimiro chepolymer |
| Zviri mukati mekusachena | Zvinokonzera kudzimwa kwemutangi, kudziviswa kwekuita, uye kusashanda zvakanaka kwemuchina/kumagumo. |
| Zvasara (semuenzaniso, mvura, zvinhu zvepanyama) | Zvinogona kukonzera zvikanganiso zvemaburi, mafambiro ezvimedu zvisina kuenzana, uye matambudziko ekugadzirisa zvinhu pasi pemvura |
Kuve nechokwadi chekuti VCM inodzorwa zvakasimba kuburikidza nekucheneswa kwepamusoro, kuchengetwa kwakakodzera, uye matekinoroji ekuyera huwandu hwezvinhu panguva chaiyo zvakakosha pakugadzira vinyl chloride monomer plant inoshanda uye pakuzadzisa matanho ekuchengetedza anodiwa muhunyanzvi hwemazuva ano hwevinyl chloride monomer.
Mibvunzo Inowanzo bvunzwa
Chii chinonzi maitiro e vinyl chloride monomer?
Maitiro ekugadzira vinyl chloride monomer inzira yeindasitiri inoshandura ethylene kuita vinyl chloride monomer (VCM), iyo inonyanya kukosha pakugadzirwa kwePVC resin. Inotanga nechlorination ye ethylene, ichigadzira ethylene dichloride (EDC), kazhinji kuburikidza ne chlorination yakananga kana oxychlorination. Tevere, high-purity EDC inopwanyika mukupisa mumaoven pa480–520°C, zvichiburitsa VCM nehydrogen chloride (HCl). Pasi pemvura, madhiri akawanda e distillation anochenesa VCM, achibvisa tsvina nemvura kuti ape kuchena kwakakosha kupfuura 99.9% papolymerization. Kuoma uye kurongeka kwedhayagiramu yekugadzirwa kwevinyl chloride monomer zvinoenderana nekugadzirwa kwemiti, zvinangwa zvekushanda zvakanaka, uye kubatanidzwa kwemarara.
Chigadzirwa chemonomer chevinyl chloride chinoita sei kuti pave nekuchengetedzeka uye kutevedzera mitemo yezvakatipoteredza?
Nekuti VCM inogona kutsva, inokonzera kenza, uye ine njodzi kune nharaunda, dhizaini yemuchina we vinyl chloride monomer inonyanya kukosha kuchengetedza nekuderedza kusvibiswa. Zvivakwa zvinoshandisa nzira dzakawanda dzekudzora kusvibiswa kwemhepo kudzivirira utsi hwe organochlorine. Masisitimu ekuona kudonha kwemvura otomatiki uye nzira dzekudzima process dzinodzivirira kuburitswa kwemhepo netsaona. Nzvimbo dzakakosha dzinoshandisa zvisimbiso zvinodzivirira gasi uye mayuniti ekubvisa maburi. HCl byproduct inodzokororwa kana kurapwa kuderedza kusvibiswa kwemvura. Kudzima mushure mekupwanyika kweEDC kunomisa kuumbwa kwe dioxin. Kutevedzera zvinodiwa kunoonekwa kuburikidza nekutarisa kwakabatana panguva chaiyo uye kutevedzera miganhu yemutemo pamhepo nemvura.
Chii chinonzi liquid vinyl chloride, uye nei kuwanda kwayo kuchikosha?
Liquid vinyl chloride ndiyo fomu yeVCM yakamanikana, ine kumanikidzwa—inochengetwa uye inotakurwa patembiricha yakaderera kana kumanikidzwa kwakanyanya kudzivirira kupwanyika. Kuwanda kwemvura yevinyl chloride, inowanzova pakati pe0.910 kusvika 0.970 g/cm³ zvichienderana netembiricha nekumanikidzwa, chinhu chakakosha pakugadzira ngarava dzekuchengetera zvinhu, matangi emumugwagwa, uye mitsetse yekufambisa. Data reVCM liquid density rinokoshawo pakutevera zvinhu, kusanganisa mashandiro, kuyera huwandu hwemaseru, uye kusimbisa zvibereko zvemaitiro mukati mebasa rekugadzira. Inline density metres, senge idzo dzakagadzirwa neLonnmeter, dzinopa kutarisa kunogara kuchidikanwa kuti pave nekuchengetedzeka uye kushanda zvakanaka kwekushanda.
Sei shongwe yekunyungudutsa ichikosha mukuchenesa kweVCM?
Matowe ekugadzira zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana ndiwo musimboti wekuchenesa vinyl chloride monomer. Anoparadzanisa VCM kubva kuEDC yakasara, tsvina ine chlorine shoma, uye "magumo anorema" anogadzirwa panguva yekugadzira. Kushanda zvakanaka kweVCM distillation tower kunoita kuti monomer iite polymerization-feed inosangana nezvinodiwa zvemhando yepamusoro. Chero kusvibiswa, senge macompounds asina kuzara kana hunyoro, kunogona kukanganisa matanho ePVC polymerization, kukonzera resin isina kutsanangurwa, kana kukuvadza catalysts dziri pasi. Maitiro epamusoro ekuchenesa VCM anoshandisa ma rectifiers akawanda uye matray ehunyanzvi kuti agadzirise kupatsanurwa, kudzoreredza zvigadzirwa, uye kuderedza kusvibiswa kwe reboiler.
Maitiro ekugadzira PVC polymerization ane hukama hwakadii nekugadzirwa kwevinyl chloride monomer?
Kuchena uye kugadzikana kweVCM ndizvo zvinodiwa kuti pave nema polyvinyl chloride resins emhando yepamusoro. Maitiro ePVC polymerization anoshandisa zvakananga VCM muma polymerization reactors (kazhinji kuburikidza ne suspension, emulsion, kana bulk technology). Kudzora kwakarurama kweVCM composition kunokanganisa chimiro chemamorekuru, maprofiles ekusvibiswa, uye hunhu hwepanyama hwezvigadzirwa zvePVC zvekupedzisira. Kubatana kwepedyo pakati pemaitiro ekugadzira vinyl chloride monomer uye tekinoroji yePVC polymerization zvinoreva kuti chero kuchinja kwemaitiro muVCM—senge kuchinja kwehuwandu, tsvina, kana tembiricha—kunogona kupararira kusvika padanho repolymerization, zvichikanganisa kushanda zvakanaka uye mashandiro echigadzirwa.
Nguva yekutumira: Zvita-18-2025
