Potash izwi rinoshandiswa kureva munyu wakasiyana-siyana une potassium muchimiro chinonyunguduka mumvura, kunyanya potassium chloride (KCl) uye sulfate ye potash (SOP). Inokosha zvikuru mukurima, ichishanda senzvimbo huru ye potassium—imwe yezvinovaka muviri zvitatu zvakakosha zvinodiwa nezvirimwa. Potassium inokosha pakukurudzira mashandiro ema enzyme, kutsigira photosynthesis, kudzora kufamba kwemvura muzvirimwa, uye kusimbisa kurwisa kusanaya kwemvura nezvirwere. Kubatsira kwayo kunotungamira mukuwedzera kwegoho rezvirimwa, kuvandudzwa kwemhando yemichero, uye kusimba kukuru pakurwisa zvinokanganisa nharaunda, zvichitsigira kurima kunochengetedza nharaunda pasi rese.
Muchikamu chemigodhi, maitiro ekuchera potash anoshandura zvicherwa zvine potassium zvakasikwa kuita fetereza yakachena yakakosha pakupa chikafu kuvanhu vari kukura. Maitiro aya anotanga nekuburitswa kwepotash ore, iyo inogona kuwanikwa kuburikidza nekuchera pasi pevhu, kuchera mhinduro, kana kuchera pamusoro zvichienderana nekudzika kwedhipoziti uye geology. Mapepa ekuwedzera kwemvura anowanzo shandisa maitiro ekugadzira potash, apo potassium salts inoparadzaniswa nevhu nemunyu, ichiteverwa nekuparadzaniswa kwegiravhiti mukugadzirisa zvicherwa uye matanho ekupisa makristaro kuti asvike pakuchena kunodiwa.
Kugadzirisa nhanho imwe neimwe yenzira dzekugadzira potash kwakakosha pakugadzirwa kwemiti, kushanda zvakanaka, uye mhando yezvigadzirwa. Apa ndipo panotanga kuyerwa huwandu hwepotash slurry. Nzira dzakarurama dzekuyera huwandu hweslurry mumigodhi dzinobatsira vashandi kudzora ma process parameters, kuvandudza mineral separation efficiency, uye kuwedzera concentrate recovery rate. Nekuchengetedza optimal slurry density, nzvimbo dzinogona kuwedzera flotation recovery mumigodhi yepotash, kugadzirisa potash crystallization kuti ive yakachena, uye kushandisa nzira dzakanakisisa dzekuparadzanisa gravity mumigodhi. Mhedzisiro yacho inguva dzose concentrate quality uye mashandiro asingadhuri.
Kuchera Potash
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Kunzwisisa Maitiro Ekuchera Potash
1.1 Mhando dzeMadhosi ePotash uye Nzira dzeKuchera
Potash inobva mumadhaka epasi anoumbwa kuburikidza nekubuda kwemvura yemunyu yekare. Mhando huru dzemadhaka aya i sylvinite, carnallite, uye zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvinobva mukubuda kwemvura.
- Mari yeSylvinite:Izvi zvinosanganisira potassium chloride (KCl, inozivikanwa se sylvite) yakasanganiswa ne sodium chloride (NaCl, kana halite). Ndidzo dzinonyanya kugadzirwa pasi rose nekuda kwekukora kwadzo, giredhi radzo repamusoro, uye kugadziriswa kwadzo kuri nyore. Mienzaniso mikuru inosanganisira Saskatchewan Basin muCanada nePermian Basin muRussia.
- Mari yeCarnallitite:Izvi zvine mineral carnallite yakanyungudutswa (KMgCl₃·6H₂O) pamwe chete nehalite. Kugadzira kwacho kwakaoma zvikuru nekuda kwehuwandu hwemagnesium. Zvinhu zvikuru zvinowanikwa muZechstein Basin (Germany/Poland), Solikamsk (Russia), uye dunhu reDead Sea.
- Zvinhu zvinobuda mumvura (Salt Lake):Mumadhamu emunyu nemitambo yekutamba—yakadai seyepaQinghai-Tibet Plateau—potash inoumbwa nekubuda kwemvura mumvura inoyerera. Nzvimbo idzi dzinogona kuburitsa zvicherwa zvakawanda, zvinosanganisira sylvite, carnallite, polyhalite, uye langbeinite.
Nzira dzekuchera dzichienzaniswa
Kubvisa potash kunonyanya kushandiswa nenzira mbiri: kuchera pasi pevhu nenzira dzechinyakare uye kuchera mvura ine mhinduro.
- Kuchera Migodhi Yepasi Pevhu:Inonyanya kushandiswa pamibhedha isina kudzika, yakakora, yepamusoro-soro senge sylvinite. Mhangura inotorwa nenzira dzemakamuri nembiru, zvichiita kuti zviwanikwa zviwanikwe zvakanaka uye zvive zvakachengeteka.
- Kuchera Mhinduro:Inoiswa panzvimbo dzakadzika kana dzakaoma, kusanganisira dzakawanda carnallite formations. Mvura kana saline inopinzwa kuti inyungudise potash, iyo inozopombwa pamusoro kuti iite crystallization.
- Kuchera kweSalt Lake:Kubviswa kwemvura kubva muzuva kunoshandiswa munzvimbo dzakaoma kuti kudzore potash kubva mumvura ine huswa.
Maitiro akanakisa anoshandisa otomatiki yepamusoro, kuchera kwakasarudzwa, uye mhinduro dzakabatanidzwa kuti goho rive rakachengeteka uye riwedzere kunaka. Mabasa emazuva ano anowanzo sanganisa kuchera pasi pevhu nekwemvura ine mhinduro; nzvimbo dzakasanganiswa dzinoshandisa zvese izvi, kusarudza nzira zvichibva pahudzamu hwedhipoziti uye mineralology. Kugadzirwa kwepotash kwakafambira mberi ikozvino kunosanganisira matekinoroji akasiyana-siyana ekuchera nekubvisa kuti zviwedzere kushanda zvakanaka uye mhando.
1.2 Pfupiso yeMatekiniki eKugadzira Potash Ore
Kana yangobviswa, simbi yepotassium inozopinda mumatanho akasiyana-siyana ekugadzirisa zvinhu kuti iwane kucheneswa kwakanyanya.
1. Kubvisa uye Kuputsa
- Matombo anocherwa (angave akabviswa pasi pevhu kana kuti akanyungudutswa opombwa muchimiro chemvura).
- Kupwanyika kwemuchina kunoderedza mapundu makuru kuti zvive nyore kubata.
- Matombo akapwanyika anotamiswa nepaipi inoendesa zvinhu kana kuti inodonhedza tsvina kuenda kumafekitori ekugadzirisa.
- Kuumbwa kwetsvina kunogonesa kufamba zvakanaka uye kubata zvinhu zvakapfava.
- Zvigayo zvinopwanya matombo nematombo zvinoderedza matombo kusvika pahukuru hwezvinhu zvakagadziriswa.
- Kuyera zvicherwa zviri mujecha kunowedzera kushanda zvakanaka uye kunowedzera mukana wekuwana zvinhu zvakasanganiswa.
- Kuyangarara:Maitiro makuru ekugadzira sylvinite nematombo akawanda ecarnallite. Zvicherwa zvePotash zvinoparadzaniswa zvakasiyana kubva kuhalite nedzimwe gangue. Kugadzira sliming kunowedzera kupora nekuchena, nematanho eflotation akajairika achiwana mwero wekupora we85–87% uye 95% kushanda zvakanaka kwekubvisa sliming.
- Kuparadzaniswa Kwesimba Rekukwevera:Dzimwe nguva inoshandiswa; inonyanya kukosha mumhando dzakasiyana dzematombo ane huwandu hwakasiyana, zvichibatsira kugadzirisa kushanda zvakanaka kwekupatsanurwa kwezvicherwa.
- Kupisa uye Kugadzira Makristalo:Inoshandiswa pakugadzira matombo ane carnallite akawanda uye kucheneswa kwekupedzisira. Potash yakanyungudutswa inodzokororwa kuti iwedzere kuchena kwechigadzirwa, ichiwanzosvika 95–99% KCl.
- Kubatanidzwa Kwemaitiro:Inenge 70% yezvirimwa zvepotash pasi rose zvinoshandisa froth flotation senzira huru, nekupisa-kunyungudika-uye-kuita crystallization kuti zvive nemazinga epamusoro ekuchena.
2. Kutakura
3. Kupwanya uye Kukuya
4. Maitiro Ekuparadzanisa Zvicherwa
5. Kubata Slurry uye Kudzora Density
Mukati mekugadzirisa, pfungwa yeslurry—musanganiswa wezvinhu zvakasimba zvakasungirirwa mumvura—yakakosha. Kudzora density yepotassium slurry kunotsigira kushanda zvakanaka kwekupatsanurana uye mashandiro emidziyo. Nzira dzekuyera density dzakarurama dzeslurry mukuchera dzakakosha pakugadzirisa mwero wekuyerera, kugadzirisa kudzoreredzwa kweflotation, uye kuwedzera mwero wekudzoreredzwa kweconcentrate. Masensa nemasystem otomatiki anotarisa uye anotonga density kuti ave nechokwadi chekuti potash inotorwa uye inogadziriswa zvakanaka.
Basa Rakakosha reKuyera Kuwanda kweSlurry
2.1 Kutsanangura Slurry muPotash Mining Context
Mukuchera potash, slurry musanganiswa wesimbi yepotash yakakuyiwa zvakanaka nemvura kana brine. Iyi slurry inogonawo kunge iine munyu wakanyungudutswa uye makemikari ekugadzira, kunyanya panguva yekudonha kwepotash, crystallization, kana matanho ekuparadzanisa gravity. Zviri mukati mesimbi zvinosiyana zvakanyanya zvichienderana nedanho rekugadzirisa, kubva paslurry dzakasanganiswa mumasekete ekuparadzanisa kusvika kuslurry dzakakora mukubata marara. Maumbirwo uye hunhu hwepanyama hweslurry idzi zvinochinja kazhinji, zvichikonzerwa ne geology yesimbi uye kugadziriswa kwemaitiro.
Kuwanda kwemvura inoyerera—huremu pahuwandu hwehuwandu hwemusanganiswa uyu—kunowanzo kuyerwa pamatanho akati wandei akakosha:
- Mushure mekupwanya nekukuya, kudzora chikafu kumasekete eflotation
- Mushure mekudonha, kugadzirisa mashandiro e thickener uye clarifier
- Munguva yekugadzika kwekristaro, uko huwandu hwakajeka hunotungamira kuchena kwechigadzirwa uye kupora kwacho
- Mukutakura mapaipi, kuderedza kushandiswa kwemapaipi nemitengo yekupomba
Kuyera kwakarurama kwehuwandu hweslurry kunotsigira kudzora otomatiki matanho ekugadzira potash uye kunoita kuti basa rega rega riwane chikafu chakakodzera.
2.2 Mhedzisiro yeKuyera Kuwanda kweSlurry Kwakarurama
Kushanda Nesimba Kwemaitiro uye Kuburikidza
Kuyerwa kwehuwandu hwakakwana kunokanganisa zvakananga kuburitswa kwemiti yese mukuchera potash. Mapombi nemapaipi zvakakura zvichienderana nezvinodiwa nehuremu. Matope akakora zvakanyanya anogona kukonzera kupera zvakanyanya, kuvharika, kana kutadza kushanda kwepombi, ukuwo matope achideredza simba uye achideredza kushanda zvakanaka kwekupatsanurwa kwezvicherwa.
Mwero weKudzoreredza Kuisa Pfungwa Pamwe Chete uye Hunhu hweChigadzirwa
Kudzora huwandu hwezvinhu mumasekete ekuyerera kwemvura kwakakosha pakuvandudza kudzoreredzwa kwemvura mumasekete ekuyerera kwemvura mukuchera potash. Kuwanda kwemvura yakawanda kana yakaderera kunogona kukanganisa kugadzikana kwetsvina, kuderedza kusarudza, uye kuderedza huwandu hweKCl. Semuenzaniso, kuchengetedza huwandu hwezvikafu hunoenderana neflotation kunopa 85-87% yekudzoreredzwa uye mamakisi ezvigadzirwa ari pamusoro pe95% KCl. Saizvozvowo, mukuita kwekristaro yepotash, huwandu husina kunaka hunotungamira kumakristaro asina kuchena uye kuderera kwegoho rezvigadzirwa, zvichikanganisa mashandiro ehupfumi hwechirimwa.
Mhedzisiro yeFlotation uye Crystallization
Matanho makuru ekuparadzanisa akadai sekuyerera kwepotash uye kugadzirwa kwekristaro zvinoda mahwindo akasimba ekuzara. Kuzara kwakanyanya kunotungamira pakusangana kusina kunaka pakati pezvikamu nemabubbles panguva yekuyerera, nepo kuwanda kwakanyanya kunowedzera gangue entrancement uye kusagadzikana kwemaitiro. Mukugadzirwa kwekristaro, kuwanda kwakarurama kunoenderana nekudzora supersaturation, kukura kwekristaro, uye pakupedzisira kuchena kwechigadzirwa chekupedzisira.
Kudzivirira Matambudziko Ekugadzirisa
Kuwanda kwakasimba kunodzivirirawo matambudziko ekushanda akadai sekuvharika kwemapombi, kupera kwepombi zvakanyanya, uye magiredhi asingachinji muzvigadzirwa zvekupedzisira zvepotashi. Kutsauka kubva pakuwanda kwezvinhu zvinogona kukonzera kugadzika kana kupatsanurwa kwemapombi, matangi ekugadzira tsvina, uye kugadzira magiredhi akasiyana-siyana ekuwedzera - zvichikonzera kugadziriswazve, kusavapo, kana zviitiko zvechigadzirwa zvisina kutsanangurwa.
2.3 Mitemo yeIndasitiri uye Tekinoroji Yekuyera Kuwanda Kwevanhu Yazvino
Kuyerwa kwakarurama kwehuwandu hwe potassium slurry kunoenderana nemusanganiswa we matekinoroji echinyakare uye epamusoro akagadzirirwa maitiro aya:
1Mamita eCoriolis Mass Flow
Mamita eCoriolis anoyera kuyerera kwehuwandu uye huwandu hwevanhu nekuona shanduko dzekufamba-famba mumachubhu e sensor. Anonyatsoita zvakanaka uye anogona kubata slurry makeup inoshanduka-shanduka, zvichiita kuti akwanise kudzora maitiro chaiwo. Pasinei nemutengo wakakwira wemari uye mukana wekupfekwa mumaslurry abrasive, anonyanya kufarirwa kune maapplication anotarisa kukwidziridza kugona kwekugadzirisa concentrate uye kubatanidzwa kwedhijitari. Kubuda kwavo kwedhijitari zvakananga kunobvumira zvinongedzo zvisina musono kune otomatiki yezvirimwa uye masisitimu ekuongorora.
2Mamita eUltrasonic Density
Zvichishandisa kumhanya kweruzha mumatope, ma ultrasound metres anopa ongororo ye inline density pasina kufamba kwezvikamu. Kunyange zvazvo zvichikwezva kubva pakuona kwekuchengetedza nekugadzirisa, kururama kwawo kunogona kupikiswa nekuchinja-chinja kwehukuru hwezvikamu kana huwandu hwazvo—zvinowanzoitika munzizi dze potassium tailings.
3Kuongororwa kweMaoko uye Kuongorora Murabhoritari
Kuyerwa kwemurabhoritari—kungave kwegravimetric kana kuburikidza nepycnometry—kunoisa mwero wekuyerwa uye kuvimbiswa kwemhando. Kunopa kururama kwakanyanya asi hakukodzeri kudzorwa panguva chaiyo nekuda kwezvinodiwa nebasa uye kunonoka kwekutora sampuli.
Maitiro Ekusarudza
Sarudzo ye tekinoroji yekuyera huwandu hwezvinhu mukugadzira mineral ye potash inofanira kuenzana:
- Kururama (kugadzikana kwemaitiro, mhando)
- Zvinodiwa zvekugadzirisa
- Kuchengetedzeka kwevashandi (kunyanya kune manyuko e radiometric)
- Kugona kubatanidza nekugadzira otomatiki kwezvirimwa uye kuongorora maitiro panguva chaiyo
Mabasa mazhinji anobatanidza mita dzinoenderera mberi dzepamhepo nekutarisa nguva nenguva murabhoritari kuti vaone kana paine simba uye vanokwanisa kutevedza.
Maitiro eDigitalization
Mafekitori emazuva ano ari kufambira mberi akananga kuongororo yenguva chaiyo uye kudzora mashandiro otomatiki, achibatanidza density gauges zvakananga ne distributed control systems (DCS) kuti zvigadziriswe nekukurumidza. Izvi zvinotsigira kuvandudzwa kwesimba remagetsi, kunaka kwechigadzirwa kunogara kuripo, uye zvinoderedza zvikanganiso zvevanhu.
Matekiniki emazuva ano ekuyera huwandu hwezvinhu uye kudzora kwakakosha pakugadzira potash zvinobudirira, kugadzirisa kupatsanurwa kwesimba rinokwevera pasi mukugadzirisa zvicherwa, uye kusangana nezvinodiwa zvakasimba zvezvigadzirwa nezvakatipoteredza.
Maitiro ePotash Flotation: Kugadzirisa neKudzora Kuwanda kweMafuta
3.1 Maitiro eKuyangarara kwePotash: Zvinokosha
Potash flotation inonyanya kushandiswa kuparadzanisa sylvite (KCl) kubva kuhalite (NaCl) uye isinganyungudike. Maitiro aya anoenderana nemusiyano uripo pakati pemaminerari ari pamusoro. Sylvite inosanganiswa nemvura uchishandisa zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana, zvichibvumira kupatsanurwa kwefuro, nepo halite nevhu zvichidzvinyirirwa nemishonga inodzvinyirira.
KuzvidzaZvakakosha usati wadonha. Inobvisa ivhu rakatsetseka uye silicates, izvo zvinogona kufukidza pamusoro pemaminerari, zvinokanganisa kushanda kwe reagent, uye kuderedza kusarudza. Kubvisa sliming zvinobudirira kunogona kusvika pa95%, zvichitsigira zvakananga kupora kwepamusoro-soro mudunhu reflotation. Mashandiro anogara achiwana giredhi re 61–62% K₂O concentrate nenzira iyi, zvichisimbisa kukosha kwe desliming mukupatsanurwa kwemunyu we potash.
Macircuit eFlotation anogadziriswa nekupatsanura chikafu kuita zvikamu zvakakora uye zvitete mushure mekubviswa kwemasero. Chikamu chimwe nechimwe chinoongororwa ne reagent dosing uye conditioner kuti sylvite iwane simba rakawanda. Zvinhu zvikuru zvinosanganisira:
- Vaunganidzi vemhando yemunyu(ye sylvite),
- Mishonga yekudzvinyirira inonzi polymer yakagadzirwa(senge KS-MF) kudzvinyirira halite isingadiwe uye isinganyunguduki,
- Zvinopisa uye zvinoparadzirakuti vawedzere kukurudzira kusarudza uye kuderedza migumisiro yetsvina.
Zvinodiwa pakushanda zvakaita sehuwandu hwekuyerera kwemvura, kumhanya kwemasero, uye huwandu hwe reagent zvinogadziriswa kuti zvive zvakapatsanurwa zvakanaka. Pasi rose, inenge 70% yekugadzirwa kwepotash inotsamira pakuyerera kwemvura, nezvigadzirwa zve high-purity zvinowanikwa nekubatanidza flotation nenzira dze thermal dissolving-crystallization.
3.2 Kuyerwa kweDensity muFlotation Circuit
Kuwanda kwetsvina muchikamu cheflotation chinhu chakakosha pakudzora. Zvinokanganisa zvakananga kudyidzana kwemabubble-particle, zvichikanganisa kushanda zvakanaka kwe sylvite, mwero wekushandiswa kwe reagent, uye pakupedzisira kupatsanurwa.
Mhedzisiro yeKuwanda kweSlurry:
- Kuwanda Kwakaderera:Kusangana kwezvimedu zvemabubbles kunovandudzika, asi kupora kunogona kukanganiswa nekuda kwekusagadzikana kwefuro uye kuwedzera kwemvura inoyerera.
- Kuwanda Kwevanhu:Kubonderana kwakawanda kunoitika, asi zvinhu zvakawandisa zvinokanganisa kusungirirwa kwakasarudzwa, zvinoda huwandu hwakawanda hwe reagent, uye zvinogona kuderedza kunaka kwe concentrate.
Kugadzirisa huwandu hwezvinhu zvakakosha kunodiwa kuti zvive nyore kushandisa zvikamu zvidiki uye zvidiki kuti zviwedzere kushanda zvakanaka kwekupatsanurana kwezvicherwa uye kuderedza kurasikirwa. Vashandi vanoshandisa mita dzehuwandu hwezvinhu, magauge enyukireya, uye masensa ari mumutsara kuti vape mhinduro chaiyo, zvichibvumira kugadziriswa kunogara kuchienderera mberi kunosimudzira giredhi remakontena uye kudzoreredza.
Basa raDesliming:
Zvidzidzo zvinoratidza kuti kuderedzwa kwesimba kwe sylvite—kunotariswa nekuyera huwandu hwezvinhu—kunounza mwero wekudzoreredzwa kwe 85–87% ye sylvite uye kunochengetedza kusarudzwa kwakanyanya kwe flotation. Kubvisa zvinhu zvisinganyunguduke usati watanga flotation kunovandudza mashandiro e reagent uye kunosimudzira mhando yechigadzirwa chekupedzisira, kunyanya kana zvikasanganiswa nekudzora huwandu hwezvinhu.
Semuenzaniso, panzvimbo dzinoshandisa mishonga yekudzvinyirira yakagadzirwa, kugadziriswa kwehuwandu hwevanhu mushure mekubvisa sliming kwakaratidzwa kuti kunowedzera mwero wekupora neinopfuura 2% - kukanganisa kukuru muhunyanzvi hwekugadzira mineral yepotassium yakawanda.
Maitiro ePotash Crystallization: Basa reKuwanda kweZvekudya
4.1 Pfupiso yeNhanho yePotash Crystallization
Kuumbwa kwePotash crystallization inzira yekupisa mushure mekudonha nekudonhedzwa kwemvura mukuchera potash. Mushure mekudonha—apo sylvite (KCl) inoparadzaniswa nehalite (NaCl) nedzimwe gangue—musanganiswa wacho unobviswa nekupisa. Izvi zvinosanganisira kusanganisa sylvinite ore yakapwanywa nebrine inopisa, kazhinji pa85–100°C, ichinyungudutsa KCl yakawanda kupfuura NaCl nekuda kwekusiyana kwayo pakunyunguduka kwemvura pakupisa kwakakwira.
Leachate, yakapfuma muKCl, inoparadzaniswa nezvinhu zvisina kunyungudutswa. Inobva yatonhodzwa, zvichiita kuti KCl iite crystallike zvakanyanya sezvo kunyunguduka kwayo kunodonha zvakanyanya nekupisa. Aya makristaro eKCl anodzoserwa nekusefa kana kutenderera, ogezwa, uye aomeswa. Izvi zvinotevedzana—kuyerera, kudziya, uye kupenya—zvinowedzera kupora kwepotash uye kuchena kwechigadzirwa, zvichigadzira zvigadzirwa zvekupedzisira zvine 85–99% yekupora uye 95–99% yeKCl.
4.2 Kuwanda kweSlurry Kunokanganisa Sei Kushanda Kwemakristaro?
Kuwanda kweslurry chinhu chakakosha mukuita kwe potassium crystallization. Izvi zvinoreva huwandu hwezvinhu zvakasimba zvakasungirirwa muchikamu chemvura uye zvinokanganisa zvakananga mwero we nucleation, kukura kwekristaro, uye kuchena.
- Mitengo yeNucleation: Kuwanda kwetsvina kunowedzera mukana wekuti crystal iite nucleation, zvichikonzera kuti crystals dzive diki asi dzakawanda. Kuwanda kwakanyanya kunogona kukonzera kuti system ifarire nucleation pane kukura, zvichikonzera zvidimbu zvidiki panzvimbo pemakristaro makuru, anogona kudzoserwa.
- Kugoverwa kweSaizi yeKristaro: Kupinza kwakawanda kunowanzo buritsa makristaro eKCl akapfava, izvo zvinogona kuoma kusefa nekusuka pasi. Kuwanda kwakaderera kunobatsira kuti manuclei mashoma uye kukura kwemakristaro makuru zvive nyore, zvichiita kuti kupora kuve nyore.
- Kuchena: Kana tsvina yacho yakanyanya kuwanda, tsvina yakaita seNaCl nezvimedu zvisinganyunguduke zvinogona kunaya pamwe chete, zvichideredza kunaka kwechigadzirwa. Kudzora huwandu hwakakodzera hwezvinhu izvi kunoderedza zvinhu izvi, zvichiita kuti kuchena kuwedzere.
- Kushanda Kwekubvisa Mvura: Makristasi akapfava anobva muzvikafu zvine huwandu hwakawanda anogona kuungana zvakasimba, zvichitadzisa kuyerera kwemvura mufiriji kana mufiriji. Izvi zvinowedzera hunyoro muzvigadzirwa zvekupedzisira uye zvinowedzera simba rekuoma.
Kuwanda kwetsvina kunopindirana nemazinga ekudzoreredza simbi, giredhi rezvigadzirwa, uye kugona kwekuparadzanisa mineral. Kusadzora kwakakwana kunogona kuderedza goho reKCl uye kuchena, zvichikanganisa mhedzisiro yehupfumi nekushanda kwemaitiro ekugadzira potash crystallization.
4.3 Kutarisa uye Kudzora Kuwanda kweMafuta panguva yeKristaro
Kuyera nekudzora huwandu hweslurry kwakakosha kuti potash ibudiswe zvakanaka uye kuti pave nemhedzisiro yekristaro yepamusoro. Kuenzanisa huwandu hweinline density inzira yakajairika, uchishandisa vibrating tube densitometers, Coriolis metres, kana nuclear density gauges. Ruzivo rwenguva chaiyo runogonesa kutarisa nguva dzose uye kugadzirisa nekukurumidza kana paine kutsauka.
Maitiro akanakisa anosanganisira:
- Kuiswa KwemaSensor Nenzira Yakarongeka: Tsvaga zvishandiso zvekutora sampuro mumitsetse yekudyisa inopinda mu crystallizer uye muzvishwe zvekudzokorodza. Izvi zvinoita kuti zvive nechokwadi chekuti kuverenga kwacho kwakakodzera panguva uye kwakarurama.
- Kudzora Mhinduro Dzega: Batanidza zviratidzo zvehuwandu hwevanhu nezvirongwa zvehurongwa hwekugadzirisa zvinhu (PLCs) kana masisitimu ekudzora akaparadzirwa (DCS). Masisitimu aya anogadzirisa kuyerera kwemvura inotsvedza, mwero wekudzokorodza, kana kuwedzera kwemvura ine brine kuti irambe iine huwandu hwezvinhu zvakatarwa.
- Kubatanidzwa kweData neFlotation Systems: Nekuti slurry density inobuda muflotation circuit inoisa mamiriro ekutanga ecrystallization, kuchengetedza static float concentrate density inobatsira kushanda kwakasimba kwecrystallizer. Kuverengwa kwedensity kubva kuma flotation nema crystallization units kunofanirwa kubatanidzwa mu feedback loop, zvichibvumira kugadziriswa kwakarongeka kunovandudza huwandu hwekudzoreredza concentrate uye kushanda zvakanaka kwekupatsanurwa kwemaminerari.
Mienzaniso inosanganisira macircuit ekudzivirira mvura anoshandiswa ne counter-current, uko kudzora huwandu hwemvura muchikamu chimwe nechimwe kunotsigira kukura kwakanaka kwekristaro uye kubvisa mvura kubva murwizi. Miti inowanzo gadzira maalarm ekudzivirira huwandu hwemvura uye ma process interlocks kudzivirira kuwanda kwemvura kana kusakwana kwayo, zvichidzivirira mhando yezvigadzirwa nemidziyo.
Kudzora zvinobudirira huwandu hwetsvina ndiyo nheyo huru yenzira dzemazuva ano dzekugadzira potash, zvichipa nzira dzekuvandudza kuchena kwekristaro, kuwedzera kupora, uye kuderedza kushandiswa kwesimba nemvura kuburikidza netsika dzakanakisisa dzekugadzira mineral yepotash.
Kupatsanurwa Kwesimba Rekukweva Mukugadzira Mineral: Kuwedzera Potash Recovery
5.1 Nhanganyaya yeNzira dzekuparadzanisa Simba reGravity Dzine chekuita nePotash
Kupatsanurana kwesimba remuchadenga inzira yekugadzira zvicherwa inoshandisa musiyano wehuwandu hwezvimedu uye kumhanya kwekugadzirisa kuti ipararire. Mukuita kwekuchera potash, kupatsanurana kwesimba remuchadenga kune mashandisirwo akakosha, zvichiwedzera mamwe marapirwo ekutanga akadai se flotation, desliming, uye crystallization. Nzira dzekupatsanurana kwesimba remuchadenga dzine chekuita ne potash dzinosanganisira heavy media separation (HMS), jigging, uye spiral concentrators, kunyangwe flotation ichiri chinhu chikuru muma potassium flowsheets.
Nheyo yekupatsanurwa kwesimba remagetsi inotsamira pazvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvekuwanda uye saizi dzinogara pamatanho akasiyana kana dzakasungirirwa mumvura. Muzvirimwa zvepotash, iyi nheyo inoshandiswa kuparadzanisa zvinhu zvakakora zvakaita sevhu, zvicherwa zvisinganyunguduke, kana sodium chloride (halite) kubva kuzvikamu zve sylvite (potash ore). Maitiro aya anonyanya kushanda kana paine musiyano wakakwana pakati pehuwandu hwezvicherwa—sylvite (KCl) ine huwandu hunosvika 1.99 g/cm³, nepo halite (NaCl) iri 2.17 g/cm³. Kunyangwe musiyano wehuwandu uri mudiki, mune mamwe matanho e flowsheet, inoshandiswa kuwedzera kuunganidza potash uye kubvisa tsvina pamwe chete nematanho ekuyangarara uye ekuita crystallization.
Kupatsanurwa kwesimba regiravhiti kunowanzoitwa mushure mekuongorora kwekutanga uye kubvisa simbi, kazhinji pamwe chete nedzimwe nzira dzekugadzira mineral yepotash. Inoshanda sedanho rekuwedzera apo kuchena kwakakosha kana kudzoreredzwa kwakasimba kunofanirwa kuwanikwa uye inopa nzira inodhura yekupatsanurwa kwakakora/kutetepa kana kusarudza kutsetseka kwesimbi kusina kukwana. Semuenzaniso, kubviswa kwevhu risinganyungudike muzvikafu kuita flotation, kana kusimudzira zvikamu zvakakura pasi pevhu kubva pakushambidzwa kwechiso, zvese zvinogona kubatsirwa nekupatsanurwa kwesimbi. Mune zvimwe zvirimwa, macircuit ekare egiravhiti anoramba aripo ekubata marara chaiwo kana zvikamu zvemunyu, kunyanya apo mashandiro ekutsetseka asina kunaka kune zvidimbu zvakakura kana mumunyu une saline unokanganisa reagent chemistry.
Kupatsanurwa kwesimba remuchadenga hakusi kutsiva maitiro ekutsetseka kwepotash, asi kunoiwedzera, kunyanya mumamiriro ezvinhu apo kuwedzera kudzoserwa kwesimba remuchadenga mukuchera potash kana kuwedzera huwandu hwese hwekudzoserwa kwesimba remuchadenga kwakakosha. Kana paine kudiwa kwekugadzirisa kushanda zvakanaka kwekupatsanurwa kwemineral—sekusvika pakuchena kwezvigadzirwa zvakanyanya kana kubvisa gangue inogara iripo—kupatsanurwa kwesimba remuchadenga kunokosha senzira yechipiri.
5.2 Kuwanda kweSlurry uye Kuparadzaniswa kweGravity
Kushanda kwekupatsanurwa kwesimba regiravhiti mukuita kwe potassium crystallization nedzimwe nzira dzekugadzira potash kwakabatana zvakananga nehuwandu hwe slurry. Hukama hukuru pano huri pakati pehuwandu hwe slurry, kumhanya kwe settlement ye particles, uye kushanda zvakanaka kwekupatsanurwa.
Sezvinotsanangurwa neStokes' Law, mukuyerera kwelaminar, kumhanya kwekugadzika kwezvikamu kunowedzera nemusiyano uripo pakati pehuwandu hwezvikamu nehunyoro uye sezvo saizi yezvikamu ichiwedzera. Mukuita kwekuchera potash, kudzora huwandu hwezvidimbu zvinogobvumira vashandisi kugadzirisa medium kuitira kuti sylvite kana zvicherwa zvine chekuita nazvo zvigare kana kuyerera padanho rakanaka. Kuwanda kwezvidimbu zvinogodzika kunotungamira pakugadzika kwakavharika—zvimedu zvinokanganisa kufamba kwemumwe nemumwe—zvichideredza kushanda zvakanaka kwekupatsanurana kwezvimedu uye zvichipa magiredhi asina kunaka e concentrate. Kusiyana neizvi, huwandu hwakaderera kwazvo hunogona kuderedza kupatsanurwa kwezvikamu uye kutungamira mukupinda kwe fine gangue, zvichideredza kupora.
Kugadzirisa huwandu hwechikafu, kunoyerwa kuburikidza nenzira dzakarurama dzekuyera huwandu hwepotash slurry, kunozivikanwa seimwe yenzira dzakanakisisa dzekuparadzanisa simba remagetsi mukuchera:
- Madota Akawanda:
- Mhedzisiro mukubatana kwezvikamu-zvikamu (kugadzikana kwakavharirwa)
- Kupinza kwekuparadzanisa kwakaderera
- Kuwedzera kwemari yefaindi inotamiswa
- Madota Akaderera:
- Kuwedzera kwekushandiswa kwemvura nesimba pakubata tsvina
- Kuderedzwa kwekushanda kwemaitiro
- Mikana yekurasikirwa nezvicherwa zvakakosha
Kuwanda kwezvinhu zvakatarwa zvinowanzosiyana kubva pa25% kusvika 40% nehuremu, zvichienderana nechinhu chakasiyana chegiravhiti uye mineralogy. Vashandi vanowanzo gadzirisa mazinga aya panguva yekutanga uye yekugeza, vachienzanisa zvinodiwa zvinokwikwidzana zvehuwandu hwekudzoreredza simba uye kuchena kwechigadzirwa.
Semuenzaniso, mudunhu rinotenderera potash, kugadzirisa huwandu hwechikafu mukati meiyi range yakakodzera kunokanganisa kupatsanurwa kweKCl mu concentrate yakachena zvichienzaniswa nepakati nemiswe. Upstream desliming, iyo inobvisa ivhu rakatsetseka uye silts, idanho rakakosha rekudzora kuona kuti kupatsanurwa kwechikafu kusvika pakukweva kunoramba kuri muhwindo rakakodzera rehuwandu. Matekiniki emhando yepamusoro ekuyera huwandu hweslurry mukuchera, akadai se nuclear density gauges kana Coriolis metres, anogonesa otomatiki masystem ekudzora kuchengetedza zvinangwa izvi, zvichitungamira mukushanda kwakarongeka uye kubviswa kwe potash zvinobudirira.
Kudzora kwakasimba kwehuwandu hwemadota padanho iri hakungobatsiri chete mhedzisiro yekudonha kana kugadzika kwesimbi asi kunotarisa zvakananga nzira dzekuwedzera kudzoreredzwa kwesimbi mukugadzirisa zvicherwa nekuderedza kurasikirwa panguva yekuparadzanisa kwepakati. Kutarisisa uku kwakadzama kwehuwandu hwemadota muzvikamu zvegravity kwakakosha kune matekiniki emazuva ano ekugadzirisa zvicherwa zvepotash uye kunotsigira nzira dzakakura dzekuvandudza kugadzika kwesimbi yepotash kuti ive yakachena uye goho.
Kudzorerwa kweMatsvina ePotash Brine
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Kubva paData kusvika paSarudzo: Kutarisa Maitiro uye Kuzvigadzira Otomatiki
6.1 Kubatanidzwa kweKuyera Kuwanda kweMafuta muKudzora Miti Yakafara
Kuzvigadzira otomatiki kwezvirimwa mumigodhi yepotash kunoenderana nekubatanidza zviyero zvakarurama zve slurry density muSCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition), DCS (Distributed Control Systems), uye vanodzora vakazvimiririra. Masisitimu aya anoronga kudzora maitiro panguva chaiyo, zvichigonesa maitiro anochinja-chinja kune shanduko dzemaitiro dzinokanganisa kunaka kwechigadzirwa uye mwero wekudzoreredza.
Kuve nechokwadi chekuti Data Rinovimbika uye kuti Mushandi Anogona Kushanda Nesimba:
- Kugadzirisa uye Kusimbisa:Kuongororwa kwakarongeka uchishandisa zviyero zvinozivikanwa uye maitiro aripo kunotarisa kuyerera kwemidziyo, kunyanya zvakakosha munzvimbo dzine slurry inokwesha kana yakasimba inowanzo shandiswa pakugadzira potash.
- Kusefa Zviratidzo:Kusefa kwedhijitari kwepamusoro kunogadzirisa zviratidzo zve density, zvichideredza kukanganiswa kwemabubble emhepo akavharirwa, kusvibiswa kwemasensa, kana kukanganiswa kwenguva pfupi kwemaitiro uku uchiramba uchipindura nekukurumidza kune shanduko dzechokwadi dzemaitiro.
- Kuona Hunhu hweData:Ma interface eSCADA/DCS anosanganisira zviratidzo zvemhando yedata renguva chaiyo, zviratidzo zvekuvimba, uye mafambiro ekare. Izvi zvinoita kuti vashandisi vagone kusiyanisa zviri nyore pakati pezviratidzo zvinogona kuitwa uye zvisina kujairika, zvichiwedzera kuvimbika kwemhinduro dzevashandisi.
Semuenzaniso, kana gauge yemagetsi ikaona kuwedzera kusingatarisirwi kwehuwandu hweslurry mu flotation cell, system yekudzora inogona kuzivisa operator otomatiki, kutanga ma alarm ekugadzirisa, kana kugadzirisa dosing yema reagents kuti ichengetedze nzvimbo dzakatarwa—kusimbisa kudzora pakudzoreredza concentrate uye kushanda zvakanaka kwekubvisa mvura.
6.2 Kuvandudza Kunoenderera Mberi: Kuongorora Kudzoreredza Uye Kushanda Nesimba
Kuwedzera kudzoreredzwa kwepotashi uye kuburitswa kwemiti kunoenderana nekushandisa data rekare uye renguva chaiyo rehuwandu hwezvirimwa kuti zvione mapatani, kufanotaura matambudziko, uye kukurudzira kugadziriswa kunoramba kuripo.
Kugadzirisa Kuwanda Kwekupora KweConcentrate:
- Kuongorora Data:Nekushandisa nzira dzekuverenga huwandu hwezvinhu munguva yakapfuura neyazvino muhuwandu hwezvinhu muhuwandu hwezvinhu muhuwandu hwezvinhu muhuwandu hwezvinhu, mainjiniya ezvirimwa vanogona kuona matambudziko kana mafambiro anotarisirwa—sekukwira kwehuwandu hwezvinhu muhuwandu hwezvinhu zvinoratidza mamiriro ehuwandu hwezvinhu muhuwandu hwezvinhu. Data rehuwandu hwezvinhu zvine resolution yepamusoro rinopa madhibhodhi ekuongorora anobatanidza kugadziriswa kwemaitiro (senge saizi yekukuya, reagent rates, kana kufamba kwemhepo mumasero) nekuvandudzika kwehuwandu hwezvinhu zvine KCl.
- Kugadzirisa Nzvimbo Yekugadzirisa:Pfungwa yekudzora inotungamirirwa nedata inogona kugadzirisa yega nzvimbo dzekuyera huwandu hwezvinhu pamatanho akasiyana-siyana ekuita, ichiva nechokwadi chekuti yuniti yega yega (semuenzaniso, zvinosimbisa, masero eflotation) inoshanda panzvimbo yayo inoshanda zvakanyanya, ichideredza kusiyana kwekristaro uye ichivandudza kuchena.
Kubatanidzwa kwakasimba kwenzira dzekuyera huwandu hwevanhu nehurongwa hwe automation hwezvirimwa—pamwe chete nekuongorora—kunoisa hwaro hwekuvandudzwa kunoenderera mberi mukuita kwekuchera potash. Nzira iyi inotsigira kusimudzira kudzoreredzwa kwemvura mukuchera potash uye kugadzirisa kucheneswa kwepotash ukuwo ichitungamira kushanda zvakanaka uye manejimendi yemidziyo.
Mabhenefiti Ezvakatipoteredza, Zvehupfumi, uye Kushanda
7.1 Kuvandudzwa Kwemaitiro Akananga uye Hunhu hweChigadzirwa
Kuyera huwandu hwepotassium slurry density kunogonesa kudzora kwakasimba maitiro ekudonha kwepotassium. Kuchengetedza huwandu hwakanaka hwe slurry density kunoita kuti pave nekupatsanurwa kwakanaka pakati pe sylvite (KCl) nema gangue minerals, zvichipa ma concentrates emhando yepamusoro. Semuenzaniso, ma flotation circuits ane slurry density mukati menzvimbo dzakatarwa anogara achichengetedza K2O grades ye61–62% ne desliming efficiencies inosvika 95%. Kuenderana uku kunoshandura zvakananga kune mashoma processing upset, sezvo yuniform slurry feed inotsigira stable froth formation uye controlled reagent interaction.
Hunhu hwechigadzirwa hunobatsirawo sezvo kudzora huwandu hwezvinhu kuchiita kuti potash yekupedzisira igare ichienderana nezvinodiwa pamusika—zvese zvemaindasitiri nezvekurima. Kusiyana kwemhando ye concentrate, hunyoro, kana saizi yezvikamu zvinodzikira, zvichiwedzera kugutsikana kwevatengi uye kutevedzera zvibvumirano. Kusangana nezvinodiwa chaizvo zvechigadzirwa kunodiwa mumisika yakaita sekugadzira fetereza, uko zvinodiwa nevatengi zvinosarudza kuumbwa kwezvikamu uye kuchena.
7.2 Kukosha Kwehupfumi Kwekuyerwa Kwakarurama Kwetsvina
Kuyera huwandu hwakarurama hwezvinhu zvine mhedzisiro huru muhupfumi. Kudzikamisa huwandu hwezvinhu zvine matope kunovandudza huwandu hwezvinhu zvinogadziriswa—masekete ekufamba anogona kuwedzera kushanda zvakanaka kwekupatsanurwa kwezvicherwa, zvinoratidzwa ne85–87% yehuwandu hwezvinhu zvinogadziriswa zvakanyanya. Kushanda zvakanaka uku kunoreva kuti potashi yakawanda inowanikwa patani yesimbi inocherwa, zvichideredza marara uye zvichiwedzera purofiti.
Kushandiswa kwesimba kunodzikirawo. Kuwanda kwakakodzera kunoita kuti mapombi nema mixers arambe ari munzvimbo dzakakodzera kushanda, uye zvinodzivirira kudhonza simba rakawanda. Kushandiswa kwema reagent kunodzikira, nekuti kuwanda kwakakodzera kunoita kuti reagent netipembere zvive nyore kubata, saka hapana chinoraswa pazvicherwa zvisiri zvechinangwa. Mari yekuchengetedza inodzikira nekuda kwekugadzikana kwemaitiro; kuwanda kwema slurry kwakafanana kunoderedza kupera kwepombi, mapaipi, uye masero ekutenderera nekudzivirira kuvharika uye kupururudza kwakanyanya.
7.3 Kuchengetedza Nguva Yekugara Uye Kuderedza Marara
Kugadzirisa huwandu hwetsvina mukuchera potash kunopa mabhenefiti makuru ezvakatipoteredza. Nekuwanda kwakarongeka, simbi, mvura, uye simba zvinoshandiswa zvinobudirira - zvinongodiwa chete kuti kupatsanurwa kubudirire. Izvi zvinotungamira kudzikira kwehuwandu hwetsvina uye kudzikira kwezvinodiwa zvemvura yakachena.
Kutarisirwa kwemarara kunovandudzawo. Kuparadzaniswa kwemarara kunowedzera zvinoreva kuti marara akachena ane potash shoma, zvichideredza njodzi yezvakatipoteredza uye zvichiita kuti kuraswa kuve nyore. Mamwe mabasa anobatanidza marara anoyerera mu cemented paste backfill (CPB) systems—achishandisa marara kuzadza makamuri akacherwa uye kudzikamisa mashandiro epasi pevhu. Zvidzidzo zvinoratidza kuti simba nekuyerera kweCPBs zvinogadziriswa kuburikidza nekudzora kwakaringana kwe slurry density, zvichienzanisa kubata zviri nyore uye structure integrity ukuwo zvichidzivirira kuburitswa kwezvinhu zvitsva zvakanyanya.
Kushandiswa kwezviwanikwa kunoderedzwa zvakanyanya nekushandisa matekinoroji ekudzosera marimu kubva pakurasa marara, pamwe chete nedosi re lime rakagadziridzwa nokungwarira. Kubatanidzwa kwakadaro hakungosimbisi zvivakwa zvepasi pevhu chete asiwo kunoderedza kukanganiswa kwekuchera nharaunda kwenguva refu. Pamwe chete, matanho aya anomiririra nzira dzakanakisisa dzekugadzirisa zvicherwa zve potash.
Kuyerwa kwehuwandu hwemadota ndiko kuri pakati pemashandiro ekuchera potash, zvichiratidza mashandiro ekugadzira simbi kuburikidza nekugadzira simbi. Kutarisa nekudzora huwandu hwesimbi hazvigoneke kuti pave nekushanda zvakanaka kwekuparadzanisa panguva yekudonha, kupatsanurwa kwesimba remugodhi mukugadzirisa simbi, uye matanho anotevera ekugadzira simbi yepotash. Aya ma parameter anodzora zvakananga kuti sylvite nezvimwe zvicherwa zvinokosha zvinoparadzaniswa sei kubva pakusvibiswa, zvichikanganisa kwete chete kugadzirisa kushanda zvakanaka kwekuparadzanisa simbi asiwo kuchena kwekupedzisira uye giredhi resimbi yesimbi. Kuwanda kusina kunaka kunowanzo kukonzera kurasikirwa kwekupora, kuwedzera kwemashure, uye kukanganiswa kwekushanda, zvichisimbisa kudiwa kwekuyera kwakanyatsojeka padanho rega rega rekugadzira simbi yepotash.
Hukama hwepedyo huripo pakati pekuwanda kwemvura inotsvedza uye huwandu hwakavandudzwa hwekudzoserwa kwemvura inotsvedza hunoratidzwa nedata remunda uye nzira dzakanakisisa dzeindasitiri. Semuenzaniso, kuchengetedza huwandu hwakakwana muchikamu cheflotation kunosimudzira kudzoserwa kwemvura inotsvedza mukuchera potash nekuwedzera kusangana kwebubble-particle uye kuderedza kubatwa kwezvicherwa zvegangue. Izvi zvinoguma nehuwandu hwakakwira hwekudzoserwa kweKCl - kazhinji 85-99% sezvakaratidzwa nevagadziri vanotungamira. Mukugadzira makristaro, kudzora huwandu hwemvura kunobvumira kugadzirisa huwandu hwemvura inotsvedza, kuderedza kushandiswa kwesimba, uye kuchengetedza zvinangwa zvekuchena kwechigadzirwa, izvo zvakakosha pakugadzirisa pasi kana kutengesa zvakananga. Chikamu chega chega, kubva pakugaya kusvika pakupatsanurwa kwesimba remagetsi mukuchera, kunobatsira kubva mukutarisira huwandu hwemvura - kuderedza nguva yekushanda kwemidziyo, kusimudzira kuchengetedza mvura, uye kuvandudza kubereka kwezvirimwa.
Kuenderera mberi nekuvandudzwa muhunyanzvi hwekuyera huwandu hwezvinhu zvakacherwa mumigodhi kuri kukurudzira kugona kwekushanda zvakanaka muindasitiri yese. Kuchinja kubva pakuongorora nemaoko, kunononoka murabhoritari uye magauge enyukireya kuenda kune tekinoroji dzenguva chaiyo, dzisingapindi muropa uye dzinobva kuCoriolis zvinoreva kuti vashandi vanoita nekukurumidza kuchinja kwemaitiro, zvichideredza kurasikirwa kwemuviri uye kwemari. Kubatanidzwa nehurongwa hwepamusoro hwekudzora maitiro kunowedzera kuvimbisa kugadziriswa otomatiki, kuderedza kukanganisa kwevanhu uye kutsigira nzira dzakachengeteka uye dzinogara kwenguva refu dzekugadzira potash. Sezvo mitemo ichisimba uye kushanduka kwemusika kuchichinja, nzira dzakanakisisa ikozvino dzinosimbisa kutarisa huwandu hwezvinhu zvinotungamirirwa ne sensor, kudzidziswa kwevashandi nguva dzose, uye kugadziriswa kwemidziyo nguva dzose kuti kusangane nekudiwa kuri kuwedzera uye kudzikira kwemhando dzeore. Kutora misimboti iyi kuchawedzera kushanda zvakanaka, kuwedzera kudzoreredza huwandu hwezvinhu uchishandisa nzira dzekuwedzera kudzoreredza huwandu hwezvinhu zvakacherwa mukugadzirisa zvicherwa, uye kugara uchipa zvigadzirwa zve potash zvepamusoro.
Nguva yekutumira: Zvita-02-2025
