Chinangwa chikuru chekubvisa mhangura muropa ndechekushandisa chinhu chinobvisa mhangura (senge acid, alkali, kana munyu) kuti chiite makemikari nemaminerari emhangura ari mudombo (senge malachite mu oxide ores uye chalcopyrite mu sulfide ores) kushandura mhangura yakasimba kuita maion emhangura anonyungudika mumvura (Cu²⁺), zvichigadzira "leachate" (mhinduro ine mhangura). Zvadaro, mhangura yakachena (senge mhangura ye electrolytic) inobviswa mugomba kuburikidza nekuburitsa, kuisa electrodeposition, kana kunaya kwemvura.
Kugadziriswa kwemaitiro emazuva anomaitiro emhangura ehydrometallurgyZvinonyanya kutsamira pakuyera kwakarurama uye kwenguva chaiyo kwemaitiro akasiyana-siyana. Pakati peizvi, kuongorora online kwehuwandu hwezvinhu zvakasanganiswa ne leach slurry kungangove ndiyo nzvimbo inonyanya kukosha yekudzora tekinoroji, inoshanda sechisungo chakananga pakati pekusiyana kwezvinhu zvakabikwa uye mashandiro ekushanda ari pasi.
Maitiro Ekutanga eCoperaHydrometallurgy
Kuitwa kwe copper hydrometallurgy kwakarongeka zvine matanho mana akasiyana, anoenderana, zvichiita kuti simbi iri kucheneswa uye idzorerwe zvakanaka kubva mumatombo akasiyana-siyana.
Kurapwa Kwesimbi Nekusunungurwa
Danho rekutanga rinotarisa pakuwedzera mukana wekuwana zvicherwa zvemhangura kune chinhu chinonyungudutsa mvura. Izvi zvinowanzo sanganisira kupwanya nekugaya—kupwanya nekukuya—kuwedzera nzvimbo chaiyo yechinhu chacho. Kune zvinhu zvine oxide shoma kana kuti coarse oxide zvakagadzirirwa leaching copper heap, kupwanya kunogona kuva kushoma. Chinonyanya kukosha ndechekuti, kana chikafu chiri chesulfidic zvakanyanya (semuenzaniso, chalcopyrite, CuFeS2), danho rekutanga kugocha kana oxidative rinogona kudiwa. "Oxidative roasting" iyi inoshandura recalcitrant copper sulfides (yakadai seCuS) kuita chemically labile copper oxides (CuO2), zvichiwedzera zvakanyanya kushanda kwe copper leaching process.
Danho reKuburitsa Mvura (Kunyunguduka Kwezvicherwa)
Chikamu chekubviswa kwesimbi chinomiririra shanduko huru yemakemikari. Matombo akagadziriswa kare anosangana nemushonga wekubviswa kwesimbi (lixiviant), kazhinji mushonga une acidic, pasi pemamiriro ekupisa akadzorwa uye pH yekunyungudutsa zvicherwa zvemhangura. Sarudzo yenzira yekushanda inoenderana zvakanyanya nerudzi rwematombo uye mineralogy:
Kubvisa Murwi Wemvura:Inonyanya kushandiswa pamatombo asina kunyanya kunaka uye matombo asina kunaka. Matombo akapwanywa anoiswa pamapedhi asingapindi mvura, uye chinhu chinopfapfaidzwa chinopfapfaidzwa pamusoro pemurwi. Mhinduro yacho inoyerera ichidzika, ichinyungudutsa mhangura, uye inounganidzwa pasi.
Kubvisa Matangi (Kubvisa Matangi):Yakachengeterwa zvinhu zvine hunyanzvi hwepamusoro kana kuti zvakakuyiwa zvakanaka. Matombo akakamurwa zvakanaka anosanganiswa zvakanyanya nechinhu chinonyungudutsa mumidziyo mikuru yereaction, zvichipa kinetics yepamusoro yekufambisa huwandu uye kudzora mashandiro kwakasimba.
Kubvisa Zvinhu Munzvimbo Yacho:Nzira isingaburitse mvura apo mushonga unopinzwa zvakananga muchikamu chezvicherwa chiri pasi pevhu. Nzira iyi inoderedza kukanganiswa kwenzvimbo asi inoda kuti chikamu chematombo chive nemhepo yakakwana inoyerera.
Kucheneswa uye Kuwedzerwa kweMhinduro yeLeach
Mhinduro yePregnant Leach (PLS) inobuda ine maion emhangura yakanyungudutswa pamwe chete netsvina dzakasiyana-siyana dzisingadiwi, dzinosanganisira iron, aruminiyamu, uye calcium. Matanho makuru ekuchenesa nekuisa mhangura mumhangura anosanganisira:
Kubviswa Kwetsvina: Kazhinji kunoitwa nekugadzirisa pH kuti iite zvinhu zvinokanganisa zvinonamira uye zvinoparadzanisa zvinhu zvinokanganisa.
Kubvisa Zvinyungudutsi (SX): Iri idanho rakakosha rekuparadzanisa apo chinhu chinobvisa zvinhu zvakasikwa chinoshandiswa zvakanyanya kusanganisa maion emhangura kubva kuPLS yemvura kuita chikamu cheorganic, zvichinyatsoparadzanisa mhangura kubva kune dzimwe tsvina dzesimbi. Mhangura inobva "yabviswa" kubva muchikamu cheorganic uchishandisa mhinduro ye acid yakawanda, zvichiita kuti "Rich Copper Electrolyte" (kana kuti strip solution) ive yakasimba uye yakachena yakakodzera kuhwina electromagnetic.
Kudzoreredza Mhangura uye Kugadzira Cathode
Danho rekupedzisira kudzoreredzwa kwemhangura yakachena yesimbi kubva mu electrolyte yakaomeswa:
Kukunda Electrolyte (EW): Electrolyte yemhangura yakapfuma inopinzwa musero remagetsi. Mwenje wemagetsi unopfuudzwa pakati peanode dzisina simba (dzinowanzova lead alloys) uye cathodes (dzinowanzova stainless steel starter sheets). Maion emhangura (Cu 2+) anoderedzwa uye anoiswa pamusoro pecathode, zvichigadzira chigadzirwa chemhangura chehydrometallurgy chakachena kwazvo, chinowanzo pfuura 99.95% kuchena—kunozivikanwa secathode copper.
Dzimwe Nzira: Hazviwanzoitiki pakugadzirwa kwekupedzisira, makemikari anodonhedza mvura (semuenzaniso, simende uchishandisa simbi yakachekwa) anogona kushandiswa kudzoreredza upfu hwemhangura, kunyange zvazvo kuchena kwacho kwakaderera zvakanyanya.
MabasaKuyerwa kweHuremu muCopper Hydrometallurgy Process
Kusiyana kwezvicherwa zvemhangura kunoda kuti zvinhu zvirambe zvichigadziriswa mukushanda kwezvose zviri zviviri.maitiro ekuburitsa mhangurauye matanho anotevera ekubvisa solvent (SX). Nzira dzechinyakare dzekudzora, dzinoshandisa sampling yerabhoritari yakaderera, dzinounza mwero we latency usingagamuchirwi, zvichiita kuti ma algorithms ekutonga ane simba uye ma Advanced Process Control (APC) models asashande. Kuchinja kuenda ku online density measurement kunopa data streams rinoenderera mberi, zvichibvumira mainjiniya eprocess kuverenga real-time mass flow uye kugadzirisa reagent dosage zvinoenderana ne true solid mass load.
Kutsanangura Kuyera Kuwanda Kwemvura Pamhepo: Zviri Mukati Uye Kuwanda Kwemvura
Mita dze inline density dzinoshanda nekuyera physical parameter ye density (ρ), iyo inozoshandurwa kuita mayuniti einjiniya anogona kushanda akadai semass percentage solids (%w) kana concentration (g/L). Kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti data iri real-time rinoenzana uye rinoenderana mumamiriro akasiyana ekupisa, chiyero chinofanira kazhinji kusanganisira kugadzirisa tembiricha panguva imwe chete (Temp Comp). Chinhu ichi chakakosha chinogadzirisa kukosha kwakayerwa kune mamiriro akajairwa (semuenzaniso, 0.997g/ml yemvura yakachena pa20∘C), ichiva nechokwadi chekuti shanduko mukuverenga dzinoratidza shanduko chaiyo mu concentration yakasimba kana composition, pane kungowedzera kupisa chete.
Matambudziko Anokonzerwa Nekuyera Kusviba Kwemvura
Nzvimbo yemhangura yehydrometallurgyine matambudziko makuru pakushandisa zvishandiso nekuda kwesimba guru re leach slurry.
Kuora uye Kushushikana Kwezvinhu
Mishonga yemakemikari inoshandiswa mumaitiro ekuburitsa mhangura, kunyanya sulfuric acid yakawanda (inogona kudarika 2.5mol/L) pamwe chete nekupisa kwakanyanya kushanda (dzimwe nguva kusvika 55∘C), inoita kuti zvinhu zve sensor zviwedzere kushushikana nemakemikari. Kubudirira kushanda kunoda kusarudzwa kwezvinhu zvinodzivirira kurwiswa nemakemikari zvakanyanya, zvakaita se316 stainless steel (SS) kana superior alloys. Kukundikana kutsanangura zvinhu zvakakodzera kunoguma nekukuvadzwa nekukurumidza kwe sensor uye kutadza kushanda zvakanaka nguva isati yakwana.
Kusagadzikana uye Kukukurwa Kwevhu
Zvidimbu zvakasimba zvakanyanya, kunyanya munzizi dzinobata leach residue kana kuti thickener underflow, zvine zvidimbu zvakaoma, zvemakona. Zvidimbu izvi zvinokonzera kupera kukuru kwekukura kwechinhu chipi nechipi che sensor chakanyorova uye chinopindira. Kukukurwa uku kunogara kuripo kunokonzera kuyerera kwekuyerwa, kutadza kushanda kwemidziyo, uye kunoda kupindira kakawanda uye kunodhura pakugadzirisa.
Kuomarara kweRheological uye Kusvibisa
Maitiro ekuburitsa mhanguraMadhaka anowanzo ratidza maitiro akaomarara e rheological. Madhaka akasimba (mamwe ma sensor eforogo anodedera anogumira ku <2000CP) kana ane sediment yakakura kana scaling agents anoda kuiswa kwakagadzirwa nehunyanzvi kuti ave nechokwadi chekuti anoramba achibatana uye akasimba. Zvinokurudzirwa zvinowanzo sanganisira kuiswa kweflange mumatangi ekuchengetera akavhunduka kana kuti vertical pipe runs kudzivirira kuti zvinhu zvakaoma zvigadzikane kana kutenderedza chinhu chinonzwa.
Nheyo yehunyanzvi yeInline DensityIniters
Kusarudza tekinoroji yakakodzera yekuyera huwandu hwezvinhu chinhu chakakosha kuti uwane kururama kwenguva refu uye kuvimbika munzvimbo ine makemikari uye panyama inorwisa zvinhu.hydrometallurgy yemhangura.
Nheyo dzeKushanda kweKuyera Slurry
Tekinoroji yeVibrational (Tuning Fork)
Madhigirii ekudzikisa simba, senge Lonnmeter CMLONN600-4, inoshanda nepfungwa yekuti huwandu hwemvura hunoenderana nehukuru hwe resonance hwechinhu chinodedera (tuning forogo) chakanyudzwa mu medium. Zvishandiso izvi zvinokwanisa kuita nemazvo, uye zvirevo zvinowanzo ratidza kururama kwakasimba se0.003g/cm3 uye resolution ye0.001. Kunyatsojeka kwakadaro kunoita kuti zvive zvakakodzera kutarisa huwandu hwemakemikari kana mashandisirwo eslurry asina kusimba. Zvisinei, dhizaini yavo inopindira inoita kuti ive nyore kupfeka uye inoda kuomerera zvakanyanya pakuisirwa, kunyanya maererano nemiganhu yepamusoro ye viscosity (semuenzaniso,<2000CP) pakubata zvinwiwa zvine viscosity kana settleting.
Kuyerwa kweRadiometric
Kuyera huwandu hwemagetsi uchishandisa nzira isingabatanidzi gamma-ray attenuation. Iyi tekinoroji inopa mukana wakakura mukushandiswa kwakaoma kwetsvina. Sezvo zvikamu zve sensor zvakasungirirwa kunze kwepombi, nzira iyi haina njodzi yekurwadziwa kwemuviri sekukweshwa, kukurwa, uye ngura yemakemikari. Hunhu uhwu hunoguma nemhinduro isingapindi, isina kugadziriswa inopa kuvimbika kwenguva refu munzizi dzakaoma zvikuru.
Coriolis uye Ultrasonic Densitometry
MaCoriolis flowmeters anogona kuyera huwandu hwemvura inoyerera, tembiricha, uye kuwanda kwayo panguva imwe chete nekunyatsorongeka. Kuyera kwavo kwakanyatsojeka, kwakavakirwa pahukuru kunowanzo chengeterwa makemikari ane mutengo wakakwira, asina simba rakawanda kana kuti machira ekudzivirira anonyatsojeka, nekuda kwemutengo uye njodzi yekukukurwa kwemachubhu munzizi dzinodya zvinonaka. Neimwe nzira,mamita ehuwandu hwe ultrasonic, iyo inoshandisa acoustic impedance measurement, inopa sarudzo yakasimba, isiri yenyukireya. Zvakagadzirirwa zvakananga mineral slurry, zvishandiso izvi zvinoshandisa masensa anodzivirira kukweshana, zvichipa kutarisa kwakavimbika kwehuwandu kunyangwe pasi pemitoro yakawanda mupombi dzakakura. Iyi tekinoroji inobudirira kuderedza kuchengetedzeka uye kunetseka kwemitemo kunoenderana nemageji enyukireya.
Maitiro Ekusarudza Masensa Enzvimbo Dzekubvisa Mhangura
Pakusarudza zvishandiso zvemitambo yekurwisa ine hunhu hwemhangura yehydrometallurgy, nzira yekusarudza inofanira kukoshesa kuchengetedzeka kwekushanda uye kuwanikwa kwemiti pane kuvandudzwa kwakaderera mukunyatsorurama. Zvishandiso zvinopindira, zvine hungwaru hwepamusoro (Coriolis, Vibrational) zvinofanirwa kuganhurirwa kune nzizi dzisingakuvadzi kana dzinokwanisa kuparadzaniswa nyore nyore, dzakadai se reagent makeup kana chemical blending, uko kunyatsorurama kunoratidza njodzi yekusakara uye nguva yekusashanda. Kusiyana neizvi, kune nzizi dzine njodzi huru, dzine hungwaru hwepamusoro senge thickener underflow, matekinoroji asingapindi (Radiometric kana Ultrasonic) ari nani pane mamwe. Kunyangwe zvichigona kupa kunyatsorurama kwakaderera zvishoma, hunhu hwavo hwekusabatana hunovimbisa kuwanikwa kwakanyanya kwemiti uye kuderedzwa zvakanyanya kwemari yekushandisa (OpEx) ine chekuita nekugadzirisa, chinhu chine kukosha kwehupfumi kunopfuura mutengo wekuyera kushoma, asi kwakasimba. Nekuda kweizvozvo, kuenderana kwezvinhu kwakakosha: vatungamiriri vekudzivirira ngura vanokurudzira Nickel Alloys kuti ishande zvakanaka mukushandiswa kwakanyanya kwekukukurwa, ichipfuura standard 316 SS inowanzo shandiswa munzvimbo dzisinganyanyi kukwesha.
Tafura 1: Kuenzanisa Kuongororwa kweMatekinoroji eOnline Density Meter eCopper Leach Slurry
| Tekinoroji | Nheyo yekuyera | Kubata Zvinhu Zvisina Kunaka/Zvine Simba | Kukodzera kweMedia Inoparadza | Kururama Kwakajairika (g/cm3) | Nzvimbo dzekushandisa dzinokosha |
| Radiometriki (Gamma Ray) | Kuderedza Kushandiswa kweMwaranzi (Hakupindiri) | Yakanaka (Yekunze) | Yakanaka kwazvo (Sensor yekunze) | 0.001−0.005 | Kuyerera Kwemvura Yakawanda, Mapaipi Anogumbura Zvikuru, Kusviba Kwakanyanya |
| Kudengenyeka (Kugadzirisa Fork) | Kuwanda kweResonance (Wetted Probe) | Kuongororwa kwakarurama (kwekupindira) | Zvakanaka (Zvinhu zvinoenderana nechinhu, semuenzaniso, 316 SS) | 0.003 | Kuyera Kemikari, Kudya Kwezvinhu Zvishoma, Kusviba <2000CP |
| Coriolis | Kuyerera Kwemvura/Kusashanda (Chubhu Yakanyoroveswa) | Zviri pakati nepakati (Njodzi yekukukurwa kwevhu/kuvharika kwevhu) | Yakanaka kwazvo (Inoenderana nezvinhu) | Yakakwira (yakavakirwa pahuwandu) | Kuyera Reagent Yakakosha, Kuyerera Kwepasi, Kutarisa Kutarisa |
| Ultrasonic (Acoustic Impedance) | Kutumira Chiratidzo Cheacoustic (Chakanyoroveswa/Chakasungirirwa) | Yakanaka kwazvo (masensa anodzivirira abrasion) | Zvakanaka (zvinoenderana nezvinhu) | 0.005−0.010 | Kutarisira Miswe, Kudya Kwetsvina (Kusanyanya Kudiwa Nenyukireya)
|
Kugadziriswa kweKuparadzaniswa kweSolid-Liquid (Kukora uye Kusefa)
Kuyera huwandu hwemvura kwakakosha pakuwedzera simba remvura inobuda uye kudzoreredza mvura mumayuniti ekuparadzanisa mvura yakasimba, kunyanya ma thickeners nema filters.
Kudzora Kuwanda Kwemafuta MuKuyerera Kwemafuta: Kudzivirira Kupfuura Torque Uye Kuvhara
Chinangwa chikuru chekudzora pakukora kwemvura ndechekuwana huwandu hwakagadzikana, hwakakwira hwemvura (UFD), kazhinji huchitarisa huwandu hwezvinhu zvakasimba zvinodarika 60%. Kuwana kugadzikana uku kwakakosha kwete chete pakuwedzera kudzokororwa kwemvura muzvinhu.maitiro emhangura ehydrometallurgyasiwo kuti ienderere mberi nekufamba kwenguva refu kwemvura. Zvisinei, njodzi yacho ndeye rheological: kuwedzera UFD kunokurumidza kuwedzera kushushikana kwegoho remvura. Pasina mhinduro chaiyo uye yenguva chaiyo, kuedza kusvika padanho rehuwandu hwemvura kuburikidza nekupomba zvine simba kunogona kusundira mvura iyi kupfuura muganho wayo wepurasitiki, zvichikonzera torque yakawandisa, kutadza kwemuchina, uye kuvharika kwepombi. Kushandiswa kweModel Predictive Control (MPC) uchishandisa chiyero cheUFD chenguva chaiyo kunoita kuti pave nekugadzirisa kumhanya kwepombi inofamba, zvichikonzera mhedzisiro yakanyorwa, kusanganisira kudzikira kwe65% mukudiwa kwekutenderera kwemvura uye kudzikira kwe24% mukusiyana kwehuwandu hwemvura.
Kunzwisisa kwakakosha ndekwekubatana kweUFD neSolvent Extraction (SX). Kuyerera kwe thickener kunowanzo miririra Pregnant Leach Solution (PLS) feed stream, iyo inozotumirwa kuSX circuit. Kusagadzikana muUFD kunoreva kusawirirana kwe fine solids muPLS. Kuiswa kwe solids kunokanganisa zvakananga maitiro akaoma ekutamisa SX mass, zvichikonzera kuumbwa kwe crud, kusaparadzaniswa kwe phase, uye kurasikirwa kunodhura kwe extractant. Nokudaro, kugadzikana kwe density mu thickener kunoonekwa sedanho rinodiwa re pre-conditioner rekuchengetedza high-purity feed inodiwa neSX circuit, pakupedzisira kuchengetedza final cathode quality.
Kuvandudza Kusefa uye Kushanda Kwekubvisa Mvura
Masisitimu ekusefa, akadai semafirita evacuum kana ekumanikidza, anoshanda zvakanaka chete kana huwandu hwechikafu hwacho hwakafanana. Kuchinja-chinja kwehuwandu hwezvinhu zvakaoma kunokonzera kuumbwa kwekeke remafirita kusingawirirane, kupofumadza midziyo yemagetsi nguva isati yakwana, uye hunyoro hwekeke hunochinja-chinja, zvichireva kuti kushambidzwa kwacho kunowanzo shandiswa. Zvidzidzo zvinosimbisa kuti mashandiro ekusefa anonyanya kuenderana nehuwandu hwezvinhu zvakaoma. Kugadzikana kwemaitiro akaitwa kuburikidza nekutarisa huwandu hwezvinhu kunotungamira mukuvandudzwa kwekushanda kwekusefa uye kuenzanisa kugarika, kusanganisira kudzikiswa kwekushandiswa kwemvura kunoenderana nekusuka kwesefa uye mitengo mishoma inoenderana nenguva yekusashanda.
Kutarisira Zvishandiso uye Kuderedza Mutengo Munzira Yekubvisa Mhangura
Kugadzirisa ma "reagent", kunofambiswa nekudzora kwePD, kunoita kuti pave nekudzikiswa kwemari yekushandisa nekukurumidza uye zvinogoneka.
Kudzora Kwakarurama Kwekuwanda kweAcid muKuburitsa Copper Heap Process
Mune zvese zviri zviviri agitated leaching uyemaitiro ekuburitsa murwi wemhangura, kuchengetedza huwandu chaihwo hwemakemikari e leaching agents (semuenzaniso, sulfuric acid, iron oxidizing agents) kwakakosha kuti mineral dissolving kinetics ishande zvakanaka. Kune concentrated reagent streams, inline density meters inopa chiyero chakanyatsojeka, chinobhadharwa netembiricha. Kugona uku kunobvumira system yekudzora kuyera dynamically huwandu chaihwo hwe reagent hunodiwa. Iyi nzira yepamusoro inopfuura dosing yemazuva ano, inochengetedza flow-proportional, izvo zvinoguma nekushandiswa zvakanyanya kwemakemikari uye OpEx yakakwira. Zvinoreva zvemari zvakajeka: purofiti ye hydrometallurgical plant inonyanya kukanganiswa nekusiyana kwekushanda zvakanaka kweprocess uye mutengo wezvinhu zvakagadzirwa, zvichisimbisa kukosha kwe density-enabled precision dosing.
Kugadzirisa Flocculant kuburikidza nemhinduro yekusimbisa zvinhu zvine simba
Kushandiswa kweFlocculant mutengo unochinja-chinja mukupatsanurwa kwemvura yakasimba. Chiyero chakakodzera chemakemikari chinoenderana zvakananga nehuremu hwezvinhu zvakasimba zvinofanirwa kuunganidzwa. Nekuyera huwandu hwemvura inoyerera, sisitimu yekudzora inoverenga kuyerera kwehuwandu hwezvinhu zvakasimba nekukurumidza. Kupinza kweFlocculant kunogadziriswa nenzira inochinja-chinja sechiyero chehuwandu hwezvinhu zvakasimba, zvichiita kuti flocculation iwanikwe pasinei nekusiyana kwehuwandu hwezvinhu zvinodyiwa kana giredhi reore. Izvi zvinodzivirira zvese dosage isina kukwana (zvichikonzera kusagadzikana kwakashata) uye over-dose (kutambisa makemikari anodhura). Kuitwa kwe stable density control kuburikidza neMPC kwakaburitsa mhedzisiro yemari inoyerwa, nekuchengetedza kwakanyorwa kunosanganisiraKuderedzwa kwe9.32% mukushandiswa kweflocculantuye zvinoenderanaKuderedzwa kwekushandiswa kwe lime ne6.55%(inoshandiswa kudzora pH). Zvichienderana nekuti leaching uye mari yekunyungudutsa/kubvisa zvinhu zvinogona kupa mari inosvika 6% kumari yese inoshandiswa pakushanda, kuchengetedza uku kunowedzera purofiti zvakananga uye zvakanyanya.
Tafura 2: Mapoinzi Ekutonga Maitiro Akakosha uye Mametriki Ekugadzirisa Density muHydrometallurgy yemhangura
| Chikamu Chekugadzirisa | Nzvimbo yekuyera huwandu hwevanhu | Chinodzorwa Chinochinja | Chinangwa Chekugadzirisa | Chiratidzo Chekushanda Kwakakosha (KPI) | Mari Yakachengetedzwa Yakaratidzwa |
| Maitiro Ekubvisa Mhangura | Zvigadziriso zveKuburitsa Mvura (Kuwanda kweMapundu) | Ratio Yakasimba/Yemvura (PD) | Gadzirisa reaction kinetics; wedzera kuburitsa | Mwero wekudzoreredza mhangura; Kushandiswa kwe reagent chaiyo (kg/t Cu) | Kusvika ku44% Leaching Rate inowedzera nekuchengetedza PD yakakwana |
| Kuparadzaniswa Kwemvura Yakasimba (Zvinokora) | Kubuda Kwemvura Mukati | Kuwanda kweUnderflow (UFD) & Kuyerera Kwemasa | Wedzera kudzoreredzwa kwemvura; gadzirisa mvura kusvika pasi pemvura SX/EW | UFD % Solids; Mwero weKudzokorodza Mvura; Kugadzikana kweTorque yeRake | Kushandiswa kweFlocculant kwakaderera ne9.32%; Kushandiswa kweUFD kwakaderera ne24% |
| Kugadzirira Reagent | Makeup eAcid/Solvent | Kuwanda kwehuwandu (%w kana g/L) | Kuyera dose nemazvo; kuderedza kushandiswa zvakanyanya kwemakemikari | Kuwedzerwa kweReagent %; Mhinduro Kugadzikana kweKemistri | Kuderedzwa kwemakemikari eOpEx kuburikidza nekudzora chiyero chesimba |
| Kubvisa mvura/Kusefa | Kuwanda kweSefa | Zvinhu Zvakaoma Zvinofanira Kusefa | Gadzirisa simba remagetsi; deredza kugadzirisa | Nguva Yekusefa; Kunyorova Kwekeke; Kushanda Nekusefa | Mari shoma inobatanidzwa nekugeza mafirita uye nguva yekuzorora |
Reaction Kinetics uye Endpoint Monitoring
Mhinduro yehuwandu hwesimbi inokosha pakuchengetedza mamiriro chaiwo e stoichiometric anodiwa kuti simbi inyunguduke zvakanaka uye ichinje simbi mukati mese.maitiro emhangura ehydrometallurgy.
Kuongororwa Kwenguva Yechokwadi KwePulp Density (PD) uye Leach Kinetics
Chiyero chesolid-liquid (PD) chakabatana zvakanyanya nehuwandu hwesimbi yakanyungudutswa uye mwero wekushandiswa kwechinhu chinonyungudutsa. Kudzora kwakaringana kwechiyero ichi kunoita kuti pave nekubatana kwakakwana pakati pechinhu chinonyungudutsa nepamusoro pemineral. Ruzivo rwekushanda runoratidza zvakasimba kuti PD inyanzvi yekudzora, kwete kungotarisa chete. Kutsauka kubva pachiyero chakanaka kune mhedzisiro yakakura pakuburitsa goho. Semuenzaniso, munzvimbo dzerabhoritari, kutadza kuchengetedza chiyero chakanaka chesolid-liquid che0.05g/mL kwakakonzera kudzikira kukuru kwekudzoserwa kwemhangura kubva pa99.47% kusvika pa55.30%.
Kushandisa Matanho Ekutonga Akanyanya
Density inoshandiswa se primary state variable muModel Predictive Control (MPC) yema leaching uye separation circuits. MPC yakakodzera kwazvo maitiro e process dynamics ehydrometallurgy yemhangura, sezvo ichibata zvinobudirira kunonoka kwenguva refu uye kusawirirana kusiri kwemutsara kuri mu slurry system. Izvi zvinoita kuti mwero wekuyerera uye kuwedzerwa kwe reagent zvirambe zvichigadziriswa zvichibva pane real-time PD feedback. Kunyange zvazvo kuyerwa kwe density-derived concentration kuchiwanzoitika mumaitiro ese emakemikari, kushandiswa kwayo kunosvika kune matanho e hydrometallurgical, akadai sekutarisa kugadzirira kwe solvent extraction feeds kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti reactions inosvika padanho rekushandura rakakodzera, nokudaro zvichiwedzera goho resimbi uye kuchena.
Kudzivirirwa kweMidziyo uye Kutarisirwa kweMaronda
Ruzivo rwehuwandu hwevashandisi vepaindaneti runopa ruzivo rwakakosha kune masisitimu ekugadzirisa ekufanotaura, zvichishandura kutadza kwemidziyo kuita shanduko dzinogoneka dzemaitiro.
Kudzora Kutsvuka Kwemvura uye Kusviba Kwemvura
Kuwanda kwemvura mupombi (slurry density) ndicho chinhu chikuru chinokanganisa kukweshana kwemukati kwemvura mupombi (viscosity) uye kushushikana kwemubombi. Kuwanda kwemvura mupombi kusingadzoreki, kunyanya kuwedzera nekukurumidza, kunogona kushandura mvura mupombi kuita nzira isiri yeNewtonian flow. Nekutarisa nguva dzose kuwanda kwemvura mupombi, mainjiniya ekugadzira zvinhu vanogona kutarisira kusagadzikana kwe rheological (senge kusvika pamiganhu yekumanikidzwa kwemvura mupombi) uye kushandisa mvura yakasanganiswa kana kugadzirisa kumhanya kwepombi. Kudzora uku kunodzivirira zviitiko zvinodhura zvakaita sekukwesha kwepombi, kuvharika kwemvura mupombi, uye kuvharika kwemvura mupombi.
Kuderedza Kupfeka Kunoputika
Kubatsira kwechokwadi kwemari yekudzora density yakagadzikana kazhinji hakuzi mukuchengetedza marginal reagent, asi mukudzikira kukuru kwekushanda kwenguva isina kurongwa kunokonzerwa nekutadza kwezvikamu. Kugadziriswa kwepombi yeslurry uye kutsiva mapaipi, zvichikonzerwa nekuora kwakanyanya, zvinoumba chinhu chikuru cheOpEx. Kuora kunokurumidza zvikuru nekusagadzikana kwekufamba kwemhepo, izvo zvinowanzo kukonzerwa nekuchinja-chinja kwehuwandu. Nekugadzirisa density, system yekudzora inogona kunyatsogadzirisa kumhanya kwemhepo kusvika pakumhanya kwakakosha kwekutakura, zvichideredza zvinobudirira zvese sedimentation uye abrasion yakawandisa. Kuwedzerwa kweMean Time Between Failures (MTBF) yemidziyo yemakanika inodhura zvakanyanya, uye kudzivirira kutadza kwezvikamu zvega, kunopfuura zvakanyanya mari inoiswa mumamita edensity pachayo.
Nzira yeKuita Basa uye Maitiro Akanakisisa
Hurongwa hwekushandisa hunobudirira hunoda nzira dzakanyatsosarudzwa, dzekuisa, uye dzekuongorora dzinogadzirisa matambudziko akapararira emaindasitiri engura nekukwesha.
Nzira Yekusarudza: Kufananidza Tekinoroji yeDensitometer neHunhu hweSlurry
Nzira yekusarudza inofanira kusimbiswa zviri pamutemo nekunyora kuoma kwehunhu hweslurry (ngura, saizi yezvikamu, viscosity, tembiricha). Kune ma "high-solid", "high-abrasion streams", akadai se "tailings lines", sarudzo inofanira kukoshesa sarudzo dzisingapindi, dzisina makemikari, dzakadai se "radiometric devices". Kunyangwe ma "sensors" aya angave ne "error band" yakakura zvishoma pane zvishandiso zvinopinda zvakanyanya, kuvimbika kwavo kwenguva refu uye kuzvimiririra kubva pazvinhu zvemuviri zve "medium" ndiko kwakakosha. Kune zvikamu zvine acid yakawanda, kutsanangura zvinhu zvakakosha, zvakaita seNickel Alloys, pamusoro pe standard 316 SS yezvikamu zvakanyorova kunoita kuti pave nekusagadzikana pakukukurwa kwakanyanya uye kunowedzera hupenyu hwekushanda.
Maitiro Akanakisisa Ekugadzika: Kuve nechokwadi chekuti zvinhu zvinogara kwenguva refu munzvimbo dzine hukasha
Maitiro akakodzera ekuisa michina nemagetsi akakosha pakudzivirira kuora kwemasaini uye kuona kuti chishandiso chicharamba kwenguva refu. Masensa akanyorova anofanira kuiswa muzvikamu zvemapaipi zvinovimbisa kunyudzwa zvakakwana uye kubvisa kubatwa kwemhepo. Pamashandisirwo anosanganisira mvura inotsvedza kana inokasira kunyura, nhungamiro dzekuisa dzinokurudzira zvakajeka kuti matangi aenderane kana mapombi akatarisana nepamusoro kudzivirira kugadzika kana kuumbwa kwemaprofiles asina kuenzana akatenderedza chinhu chesensor. Pamagetsi, kupatsanurwa kwakakodzera kunodiwa: densitometer casing inofanira kunge yakagadzikwa zvakanaka, uye tambo dzemagetsi dzakadzivirirwa dzinofanira kushandiswa kuderedza kukanganiswa kwemagetsi kubva kumidziyo ine simba guru, senge mota hombe kana madhiraivha anochinja-chinja. Uyezve, chisimbiso chechikamu chemagetsi (O-ring) chinofanira kusimbiswa zvakasimba mushure mekugadzirisa chero kupi zvako kudzivirira kupinda kwehunyoro uye kutadza kwedunhu kunotevera.
Kuongorora Hupfumi uye Kururamisa Mari
Kuti pave nemvumo yekushandisa masisitimu ekudzora huwandu hwevanhu, hurongwa hwekuongorora hunodiwa hunonyatso shandura mabhenefiti ehunyanzvi kuita zviyero zvemari zvinoverengeka.
Nzira yekuongorora mabhenefiti ehupfumi eAdvanced Density Control
Ongororo yakazara yehupfumi inofanirwa kuongorora zvese kuchengetedza mari zvakananga uye zvinokonzeresa kukosha zvisina kunanga. Kuderedzwa kweOpEx kunosanganisira kuchengetedza kunoverengerwa kunobva mukudzora kwesimba remagetsi, senge kudzikiswa kwakanyorwa kwe9.32% mukushandiswa kweflocculant. Kuchengetedzeka mukushandiswa kwesimba kunobva mukudzora kumhanya kwepombi kwakagadziriswa uye kuderedzwa kwezvinodiwa zvekudzokororazve. Zvakakosha, kukosha kwehupfumi kwekuwedzera Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF) yezvinhu zvinopfekwa zvakanyanya (mapombi, mapaipi) kunofanirwa kuverengerwa, zvichipa kukosha kunobatika kwekutarisira kwakasimba kwerheological. Padivi remari, hurongwa hunofanira kuyera kudzoserwa kwemhangura kwakawedzerwa kunowanikwa nekuchengetedza PD yakakwana uye kushandiswa kwe reagent.
Kukanganiswa kweKuderedzwa kweKuwanda kweZvirimwa paKubudirira kweZvirimwa
Chiyero chikuru chezvemari chekuongorora APC mumhangura yehydrometallurgyndiko kuderedzwa kwekusiyana kwemaitiro (σ) mukuyera kwehuwandu hwakakosha. Kuwana purofiti kunonyanya kukanganiswa nekutsauka kubva panzvimbo inodiwa yekushanda (kuchinja). Semuenzaniso, kuwana kudzikiswa kwe24% mukusiyana kwehuwandu hwemagetsi kunoshandura zvakananga mumahwindo ekushanda akaomarara. Kugadzikana uku kunobvumira fekitori kushanda zvakavimbika pedyo nekumanikidzwa kwesimba pasina kukonzera kuvharwa kwekuchengetedza kana kutanga kusagadzikana kwerobhoti. Kusimba kwekushanda uku kwakawedzera kunomiririra kudzikiswa kwakananga kwenjodzi yemari uye kusagadzikana kwekushanda, izvo zvinofanirwa kukosheswa zvakajeka mukati mekuverenga kweNPV.
Tafura 3: Hurongwa hweKururamisa Hupfumi hweKudzora Kuwanda Kwevanhu
| Mutyairi weValue | Maitiro Ekubatsira | Kukanganisa Kwehupfumi hweMiti (Mari yeMari) | Zvinodiwa paKudzora Maitiro |
| Kushanda Nesimba kweReagent | Kuyerwa kweacid/flocculant panguva chaiyo. | OpEx yakaderedzwa (Kuchengetedza mari yezvinhu zvakananga, semuenzaniso, kuderedza flocculant ne9.32%). | Kugadzikana kwehuwandu hwezvinhu zvinofamba (Stable density feedback to flow ratio control loops) (MPC). |
| Goho reKugadzira | Kugadzikana kwenzvimbo yakakwana yePD muma reactors. | Mari Yakawedzerwa (Kupora kweCu Yakakwira, kutamiswa kwehuwandu hwakagadzikana). | Kuongorora kwakabatana kwehuwandu hwevanhu/kuongororwa kwehuwandu hwezvinhu kuti zvionekwe pamagumo ekupedzisira. |
| Kuwanikwa Kwemiti | Kuderedza njodzi ye rheological (kuvharika, torque yakakwira). | OpEx neCapEx zvakaderedzwa (Kugadziriswa kwakaderera, nguva yekuzorora isina kurongwa yakaderedzwa). | Kudzora kumhanya kwepombi kunofanirwa kufanotaurwa zvichibva pamamodeli ekusimba anobva kuUFD. |
| Kutarisira Mvura | Kuwedzera kwehuwandu hwemvura inoyerera mu thickener. | OpEx yakaderedzwa (Kudiwa kwemvura yakachena kwakaderera, mwero wepamusoro wekudzokorodza mvura). | Kusarudzwa kwetekinoroji yekuyera huwandu hwakasimba, husingapindiri. |
Kubudirira kwenguva refu uye mutoro wekuchengetedza nharaunda wemazuva anomhangura yehydrometallurgymashandiro akabatana nekuvimbika kwekuyera huwandu hwemhepo mu leach slurry.
Matekinoroji anopindira akadai seVibrational kana Coriolis meter anogona kuchengeterwa kushandiswa kwakasarudzika, kusingakuvadzi uko kunyatsoongorora kwakanyanya (semuenzaniso, reagent makeup) kunonyanya kukosha. Bata Lonnmeter uwane mazano ehunyanzvi pakusarudza density meter.
Nguva yekutumira: Gunyana-29-2025
