Kuchengetedza huwandu hwakakwana hwe oleum kunounza matambudziko akasiyana muhunyanzvi hwekunyungudutsa mhangura mumaindasitiri. Hunhu hwe oleum hunoda simba rakawanda.kuwanda kwe oleummitasuye nzira dzekuyera, dzinokwanisa kupa kuverenga kwakarurama uye kwakavimbika munzvimbo dzine njodzi dzekugadzira. Matanho ekunyungudutsa mhangura—akadai sekugadzirwa kwematte, manejimendi yeslag, uye kuchenesa concentrate—anowanzoda kudzorwa kwakagadzirirwa kwehuwandu hweoleum kuti ienzanise kushanda zvakanaka kwemaitiro uye kuderedza mhedzisiro isingadiwe inogona kuburitsa magasi kana kuwedzera marara ane njodzi.
Kunzwisisa Oleum muKunyungudutsa Mhangura
Basa uye Kushandiswa kweOleum
Oleum imusanganiswa wesulfur trioxide (SO₃) wakanyungudutswa musulfuric acid (H₂SO₄), uye huwandu hwayo hunoonekwa nechikamu cheSO₃ yakasununguka. Mukunyungudutswa kwemhangura, oleum inoshanda sechinhu chakakosha chekusimudzira sulfuric acid. Matanho ekunyungudutswa kwemhangura anogadzira huwandu hwakawanda hwegasi resulfur dioxide (SO₂) sezvo sulfide ores dzichigochwa. SO₂ iyi inosanganiswa nechinhu chinogadzira SO₃, iyo inofanira kunyudzwa zvinobudirira kuti igadzire sulfuric acid yekutengeserana.
Oleum inoshandiswa mumidziyo yekunyudza kunyanya kubata SO₃. Kugona kwayo kunyudza kunopfuura kwesulfuric acid yakajairwa kana SO₃ iri mukati ikakwira pamusoro pe98%, zvichidzivirira kuumbwa kweacid mhute uye kuve nechokwadi chekuti inotorwa zvakanyanya. Nekugadzira oleum, maitiro aya anobvumira kudzoreredzwa kwesulfure zvinobudirira uye anoderedza kurasikirwa kuburikidza nekufamba kwemhute, izvo zvaizokanganisa kugadzirwa uye kutevedzera nharaunda. Mushure mekunyudzwa, oleum inogona kuderedzwa mumatanho akadzorwa kuti igadzire sulfuric acid pahuwandu hwainodiwa, kazhinji pa98%. Kuchinjika uku kunoita kuti kushanda kwekunyungudutsa kugadzikane nekuchinja kwemazinga eSO₂ kubva kumaore feed akasiyana uye shanduko dzekushanda.
Kusiyana ne standard sulfuric acid, simba re oleum riri mukukwanisa kwayo kudzivirira SO₃ yakakura uye kuita kuti acid idzoke pasina kusanganiswa kwakanyanya kana kurasikirwa negasi rinokosha. Standard sulfuric acid haishande zvakanaka pakubata huwandu hwakawanda hweSO₃ uye inogona kugadzira mhute inokuvadza inopukunyuka masisitimu ekudzoreredza. Mukushanda kwesimbi dzemhangura, mutsauko uyu unotsigira kushandiswa kwe oleum sechinhu chepakati pane kuvimba nekutorwa kwe sulfuric acid ne single-stage.
Maitiro Ekunyungudutsa Mhangura
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Maitiro Ekunyungudutsa Mhangura
Maitiro ekubvisa mhangura anosanganisira matanho akati wandei akakosha:
- Kugocha zvakanyanya: Masimbi emhangura anonzi sulfide anopiswa, zvichigadzira SO₂.
- Kuunganidza Gasi uye Kutonhodza: SO₂ isina gasi inounganidzwa, inotonhodzwa, uye inocheneswa kubva muzvimedu.
- Kuomesa Kwemagetsi: SO₂ inopfuudzwa nemumibhedha ye catalyst, ichiishandura kuita SO₃.
- Danho reKunyorova:
- Nhare yekutanga: Sulfuric acid yakakangwa inonwisa SO₃ kusvika pamuganho wayo wekunyungudika (≈98% H₂SO₄).
- Shongwe yeOleum: SO₃ yasara inotorwa ne preformed oleum, zvichiwedzera huwandu hweSO₃ uye kudzivirira acid mhute kuumbwa.
- Kusanganiswa kweOleum: Oleum inosanganiswa nemvura kana kuti inonyungudutsa acid kuti igadzirezve sulfuric acid yemhando yepamusoro.
- Kudzorerwa kweSulfuric Acid: Chigadzirwa chekupedzisira cheasidhi chinochengetwa kana kushandiswa mumabasa anotevera.
Dhayagiramu yemaitiro ekunyungudutsa mhangura ine mashoko anotsanangura inowanzo ratidza:
- Nzvimbo dzinoshandiswa kunze kwegasi kuti pave neSO₂ capture.
- Shongwe apo SO₃ inonyudzwa muoleum.
- Nzvimbo dzekudzikisa oleum uye kudzoreredza acid.
- Matangi ekudzoreredza zvinhu nenzvimbo dzekutarisa utsi hunobuda.
Pose panoshandiswa nzira dzekuongorora huwandu hwemafuta mumafuta, kuita, uye kupora, panofanira kunge paine danho rekutonga rakakosha apo nzira dzekuongorora huwandu hwemafuta mumafuta dzinoshandiswa. Vashandi vemafekitori vanoshandisa masensa ehuwandu hwemafuta mumafuta kuti vaongorore nguva chaiyo, vachiona kuti SO₃ yabatwa zvakanaka uye kushanda zvakanaka kwekushandura kunoramba kuripo. Nzira dzenguva dzose dzekuyera huwandu hwemafuta mumafuta mumafuta dzinochengetedza kuvandudzwa kwemaitiro uye dzinobatsira kusangana nezvinodiwa nezvakatipoteredza nekuderedza kuburitswa kwemafuta mumafuta mumafuta emuchadenga uye kurasikirwa neacid mhute.
Sainzi uye Kukosha kweOleum Concentration
Nheyo dzeMakemikoro uye Mhedzisiro
Oleum, musanganiswa une simba wesulfur trioxide (SO₃) musulfuric acid, une basa guru mukuita kwekunyungudutsa mhangura, kunyanya panguva yekupisa uye kuoxidation. Kudzora kwakarurama kuwanda kweoleum kunokanganisa zvakananga nzira dzemakemikari uye kinetics yemaitiro aya.
Muchikamu che sulfation, copper oxides nezvimwe zvicherwa zvinosangana ne oleum, zvichizvishandura kuita soluble copper sulfates. Kuchinja uku ndiko kwakakosha pamatanho anotevera ekubviswa kwe copper, sezvo zvichiita kuti copper inyungudike zvakanaka uye kunowedzera goho. Kuwedzera kwe oleum kunoenderana nekuwedzera kweSO₃ kuwanikwa, zvichikurumidzisa kushandurwa kwe copper-bearing minerals kuburikidza nekuwedzera simba re sulfonating. Sezvakatsigirwa ne experimental column leaching studies, kuwedzera ma oleum dosages kunotungamira ku 49.7% high sulfation efficiency, zvichisimbisa theoretical models dzakadai se shrinking core model ye leaching kinetics.
Kuvapo kweSO₃, kunodzorwa nehuwandu hweoleum, hakungowedzere sulfation chete asiwo kunokanganisa maitiro ekuwedzera oxidation anokonzera kushandura sulfides nezvimwe tsvina. Mazinga eSO₃ emunzvimbo yekunyungudutsa anodzorwa nekuwedzera oleum zvakananga uye catalytic oxidation yeSO₂ pamusoro peguruva rekunyungudutsa rine maoxides akadai seFe₂O₃ neCuO. Kuchinja-chinja kwehuwandu uhwu kunogona kuchinja mwero, kukwana, uye kusarudza oxidation ne sulfation, nokudaro zvichikanganisa kubviswa kwetsvina—zvakakosha pamhando yemhangura yakacheneswa—uye kuumbwa kwemarudzi epakati kana ezvinobva pachinhu chimwe chete.
Kuchinja-chinja kwehuwandu hwe oleum kunogona kutungamira mukushandurwa kusina kukwana kwemaminerari emhangura, kudzikira kwekunyungudika, kana kuumbwa kwechinhu chisingadiwe senge ma sulfates emhangura ekutanga, ayo anoomesa kupatsanurwa kwemvura. Kuwedzerwa kwemushonga, kune rumwe rutivi, kunokonzera acidity yakawandisa uye ngura yakawedzera, zvichikonzera matambudziko ekushanda uye kuchengetedzeka. Izvi zvinoda kuyera nekuchenjerera, uko zvishandiso zvakaita se inline density metres uye inline viscosity metres—senge izvo zvinogadzirwa neLonnmeter—Ipa ruzivo rwechokwadi panguva chaiyo pamusoro pekuwanda kwe oleum panguva yekunyungudutsa mhangura mumaindasitiri.
Migumisiro Yezvakatipoteredza uye Mashandiro
Kuwanda kwe oleum mumasero hakungogumiri pamigumisiro yesimbi chete asiwo pakuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza uye kugadzikana kwekushanda. Kusashandiswa kwe oleum mumasero kunotungamira mukukanganiswa kwemaitiro, izvo zvinogona kukonzera kuburitswa kwemhepo kusingadzoreki, sulfation isina kukwana, uye kuwedzera kugadzirwa kweacid mhute. Mazinga akakwira eSO₃ kubva ku oleum yakawandisa anogona kubuda semhepo inobuda, nepo kusingakwaniswi kwemushonga kunobvumira kuti makemikari esulfur asina kurapwa kana tsvina yesimbi ipfuure munzizi dzetsvina.
Madhayagiramu emazuva ano ekunyungudutsa mhangura anoratidza kubatana kwakasimba pakati pekubata oleum, matangi ekunyudza gasi, uye masisitimu ekurapa tsvina. Kuchengetedza huwandu hwe oleum hwakakodzera kwakakosha kuti maitiro agare zvakanaka—zvichireva goho rakagadzikana uye nguva shoma yekuzorora—uye kuti isangane nemiganhu yekuburitsa mvura, kunyanya nezve acid mhute (SO₃) uye heavy metal yakawanda mutsvina yegasi kana yemvura.
Kutevedzera mitemo yezvakatipoteredza kunoda kuti pave nekutarisirwa kwakasimba uye kudzora huwandu hweoleum mumhepo kuti pasave nekurema kwezvakatipoteredza. Kusadzora kwakakwana kunogona kukonzera zviitiko zvisingatevedzerwe, zvakaita sekubuda kwesulfure yakawanda kana kuburitswa kweasidhi mumhepo zvisina mvumo. Izvi zvinoomeswa zvakanyanya nehunhu hwemuviri hweoleum: maitiro ayo ekuoma kana kugadzira mhute ine njodzi pasi pekupisa kusina kugadzikana kana huwandu, izvo zvinogona kuisa panjodzi kugadziriswa kwemvura nekuchengetedza.
Kudzora kwakasimba kwehuwandu hweoleum, kuchitsigirwa nenzira dzakavimbika dzekuongorora huwandu hweoleum uye masensa, saka inyaya yekuchengetedza. Midziyo yeLonnmeter, inoshanda munzvimbo ine makemikari akaomarara ekunyungudutsa, inobatsira kuona kuti kutsauka kwehuwandu hweoleum panguva chaiyo kunowanikwa nekukurumidza. Izvi zvinoita kuti chiito chekugadzirisa chigadziriswe nekukurumidza kuchengetedza mashandiro akagadzikana emiti ukuwo zvichichengetedza kuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza uye mitemo yekubvisa mhangura.
Nzira dzeKuyera Kuwanda kweOleum
Maitiro Echinyakare Ekuyera
Kare, kuwanda kweoleum munzizi dzemhangura dzinonyungudutsa mhangura kwaiongororwa nemaoko nematekiniki emurabhoritari, kunyanya titration uye gravimetric analysis. Nzira yekona inzira ye titration ine matanho maviri. Kutanga, vaongorori vanoongorora vanotarisa free sulfur trioxide (SO₃). Sampuro inonyungudutswa mumvura inotonhora-chando, zvichideredza SO₃ volatility. Sulfuric acid inogadzirwa inoiswa titration ichipesana nealkali yakajairika, uchishandisa zviratidzo zvakaita semethyl orange, iyo inoratidza zvakavimbika endpoint mu strong acid solutions. Tevere, aliquot yakasiyana inoiswa titration yakazara uye inoiswa titration ye total acid - ichiyera ese ari maviri H₂SO₄ yekutanga uye SO₃-derived acid.
Kururama kunoenderana nekubata sampuro nekukurumidza uye hunyanzvi hwemugadziri, kunyanya kudzivirira kurasikirwa kweSO₃, izvo zvingakonzera kusatarisirwa zvakanaka. Kusiyana kunogona kuitika kubva pakuona kwe endpoint, kunonoka kwekushandisa, uye kudzokorora matanho emaoko. Maitiro aya ekare achiri kutsigira kuongororwa kwemutemo uye certification yebatch, inokosheswa nekuda kwesimba rayo uye mutengo wakaderera wekushanda, asi isingakodzeri kudzora kwenguva chaiyo kana kugadzirisa nekukurumidza maitiro panguva yematanho ekunyungudutsa mhangura uye madhirama ekugadzira mhangura yeindasitiri.
Nzira dzemazuva ano dzekuongorora
Kufambira mberi munguva pfupi yapfuura kwakaita kuti kuongororwa kwehuwandu hwe oleum kuenderane nenzira dzinokurumidza, dzinozviitikira dzoga, uye dzisingaparadze. Matekiniki eSpectrophotometric, akadai seVis-SWNIR absorption spectroscopy, anobvumira kukurumidza kuona huwandu hwe oleum huri mukati menzvimbo nekuongorora zviratidzo zvekunyudzwa kwezvikamu zve oleum zvakasiyana. Nzira dzinotungamirirwa neChemometrics dzinoshandisa data respectral dzichishandisa mamodheru emasvomhu, zvichiwedzera zvikuru kurongeka kwekusarudza uye quantification munzizi dzakaoma dzemaitiro.
Tekinoroji dzekuongorora dzepamhepo dzinobatanidza masensa mumidziyo yekunyungudutsa mhangura, izvo zvinobvumira kutarisa kwe oleum concentration nguva dzose pasina kubvisa sampuro. Idzi nzira dzinopa mhinduro nekukurumidza, dzichitsigira kudzora kwesimba kwemaitiro ekunyungudutsa mhangura. Masisitimu e potentiometric titration, nepo achiri akavakirwa pakuita kwemakemikari, anorerutsa kuonekwa kwe endpoint uye anoganhurira kukanganisa kwemaoko, kunyangwe zvingasabvisa zvachose kudiwa kwekubata sampuro nemazvo.
Zvichienzaniswa nenzira dzekare, nzira dzemazuva ano dzinopa:
- Zviyero zvisingaparadzi uye zvinoramba zvichienderera mberi
- Ongororo yekukurumidza yakakodzera tekinoroji yekunyungudutsa mhangura mumaindasitiri
- Kuderedzwa kwekukanganisa kunoenderana nevanhu
- Kubatanidzwa kwedata kwakavandudzwa mukati mehurongwa hwekutarisa huwandu hwe oleum
Zvisinei, mitemo yekusimbisa mhando yeboka inowanzo simbisa nzira dze titrimetric senzira yekugadzirisa gakava uye kupihwa chitupa.
Zvishandiso Zvinokosha zveKutarisa Mukati Mebasa
Zvishandiso zvekutarisa huwandu hwe oleum mumhangura yemazuva ano zvinoita basa rakakoshamaitiro ekubvisa. Mamita ekuyera huwandu hwezvinhu uye mamita ekupenya kubva kuLonnmeter ndiwo anoumba hwaro hwemasensa ekuongorora huwandu hwemafuta e oleum asingakuvadzi. Dhizaini yavo yakasimba inobvumira kuiswa zvakananga mumapaipi ekugadzira, ichiramba ichitaura nezvehunhu hwemvura hunodiwa pakuverenga huwandu hwezvinhu. Midziyo iyi haidi kuwedzerwa kwe reagent uye inochengetedza kunaka kwemuenzaniso, zvichiita kuti ienderane zvakanyanya netekinoroji yekunyungudutsa mhangura yeindasitiri.
Zvishandiso zveotomatiki, zvakaita sezvinodzora kuyerera kwemvura uye mavharuvhu esampuli, zvinogonesa kudzora kwakarurama uye kutarisirwa kwakachengeteka kwenzizi dzeoleum. Data rekuyera kubva kumamita eLonnmeter rinogona kubatanidzwa zvakananga muhurongwa hwekudzora zvirimwa. Kuyerera kwedata uku kwakasununguka kunopa mhinduro dzinogara dzichigadziriswa panguva chaiyo, zvichivandudza kudzora kwekuwanda kweoleum pamatanho ese ekunyungudutsa mhangura.
Nekubatanidza zvishandiso zvemhando yepamusoro zvekunzwa nemidziyo inodzorwa otomatiki, vashandi vemaindasitiri vanoramba vachikwanisa kushivirira maitiro, vanovandudza kuchengetedzeka nekuda kwekusabatwa nemaoko, uye vanowana huwandu hwakakwana hweoleum kune zvinodiwa zvechigadzirwa. Kubatanidzwa kwemasensa eoleum concentration ikozvino chinhu chakakosha chekuvandudza huwandu hweoleum mumashandisirwo emaindasitiri, kuve nechokwadi chekuvimbika uye kutevedzera dhayagiramu yese yekushanda kwemhangura.
Maitiro Ekugadzirisa Kuwanda kweOleum
Nheyo dzeKudzora Maitiro
Midziyo yekunyungudutsa mhangura inochengetedza huwandu hwe oleum ichishandisa nzira dzekupindura uye dzekudzora feedforward. Kudzora feedback kunoshandisa kuyera huwandu hwe oleum panguva chaiyo. Kana kukosha kukabva panzvimbo yaro, sisitimu inogadzirisa zvinoshanduka pakushanda, zvakaita sehuwandu hwekuwedzera mvura, tembiricha yegesi, kana huwandu hwemvura inonyungudutsa, kugadzirisa kutsauka. Semuenzaniso, mudzori wePID anoverenga mutsauko uripo pakati pechinangwa nehukuru hwakayerwa, obva achinja zvinopinda zvakaenzana, achibatanidza nekufamba kwenguva kuderedza zvikanganiso zvinogara zviripo uye achienzanisa shanduko dzinokurumidza mumamiriro ezvinhu ekushanda.
Kudzora kwemafuta kunotarisira kukanganiswa kusati kwakanganisa huwandu hwemafuta mumhepo. Vatongi ava vanofanotaura mhinduro kukuchinja kwehuwandu hwemafuta mumhepo yeSO₂, mwero wekuyerera kwemafuta mumhepo, kana kuchinjika kwekubuda kwemafuta muchoto. Nekugadzirisa zvinoshanduka pakunyudzwa kwemafuta pachine nguva, kudzora kwemafuta kunodzivirira kuchinja kusingadiwe muhuwandu. Kubatanidza mhinduro uye nzira dzekutumira mvura kunoona kuti zvinokurumidza kurambwa uye kugadziriswa kwezvikanganiso zvemuenzaniso kana zvekushandisa. Miti inowanzo shandisa izvi muhurongwa hwekudzora hwakagoverwa (DCS) kuti pave nekuchinja kwakasununguka pakati pemamiriro ekudzora uye kugadziriswa kwesimba mumatanho ekunyungudutsa mhangura.
Maitiro Ekugadzirisa
Kugadzirisa kuwedzera kweoleum, kutendererazve kweropa, uye kudzoreredza kwakakosha kuti chigadzirwa chigadzikane. Zvirimwa zvinoshandisa kuverenga huwandu hwemasaizi, data renhoroondo yemaitiro, uye kutarisa nguva dzose kuti zvinyatso gadzirisa huwandu hwesulfur trioxide, mvura, uye acid mumatanho ekunyudza. Kutendererazve kweOleum—kudzoreredza chikamu chechigadzirwa kudzokera kuchinonyudza—kunobatsira kuchengetedza huwandu hwechinangwa panguva yekusiyana kwechikafu kana kugadziriswa kwekugadzirisa; nzira iyi inowedzerawo kushandiswa kweSO₃, ichideredza kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvisina kucheneswa.
Masensa epamusoro anoita basa rakakosha. Mamita ekudzikira kwehuwandu hwezvinhu uye mamita ekudzivirira kupenya—akadai seaya anobva kuLonnmeter—anopa kuverenga kwakarurama uye kwenguva chaiyo kwenzira yekushanda. Mamita aya anosimbisa mamodheru emakemikari kuti akwanise kubatanidza data remasensa nehuwandu hweoleum chaiyo. Vachishandisa ongororo ye multivariate, vashandisi vanogona kubatanidza zvinhu zvakaita sekupisa, kuyerera, kana simba reasidhi nehukuru hwekushanda uye kufanotaura zvinodiwa nekushanda. Nenzira iyi, zvirimwa zvinoshandisa simba rekushandisa oleum nekudzorera kuti zvienderane nezvinodiwa, kuderedza marara, uye kuchengetedza kutevedzera zvinodiwa nezvigadzirwa.
Kugadzirisa Matambudziko uye Kugadzirisa
Kudzora huwandu hweOleum mumuviri kunosangana nematambudziko akawanda akajairika:
- Kufamba Kwesensa:Zvikanganiso zvinokonzerwa nekukwegura kwesensa kana kusvibiswa kwechinhu zvinogona kukonzera kuverenga kunotsausa, zvichikonzera chigadzirwa chisina kunyatsotsanangurwa kana zviito zvakanyanya zvekugadzirisa.
- Maitiro Asina Kurongeka:Kuchinja kamwe kamwe muhuwandu hwegasi kana kuyerera kwaro kunogona kukurira zvidzoro zvekudzora, zvichikonzera kusagadzikana kana kutenderera.
- Kunonoka kwekushandisa zvishandiso:Kunonoka kwenguva pakuyera kana kudzora kunogona kuderedza mashandiro esystem, kunyanya mumatanho akawanda akaomarara ekunyudzwa kwesimba.
Mhinduro dzehunyanzvi dzinosanganisira kusarudza masensa nokungwarira, maalgorithms ekudzora akasimba, uye maitiro ekuongorora zvikanganiso nguva nenguva. Semuenzaniso, masensa maviri anogona kutarisa kuverenga kwemazinga eoleum kuti aone nekukurumidza kusagadzikana. Vatongi veSplit-range vanochinja-chinja zvakanaka muzvikamu zvekunyudzwa kana ma process parameters achichinja zvisingatarisirwi.
Kuongororwa nguva dzose, kusimbiswa, uye kugadziriswa kwakakosha kuti kuyerwa kurambe kwakarurama. Kuongororwa kunosanganisira kuenzanisa nguva dzose ma sensor outputs (Lonnmeter's density kana viscosity metres) kune zviyero zve lab-based zvinovimbwa, kugadzirisa kutsauka nekukurumidza. Kuongorora kwekusimbisa kunoedza cheni yese yekuyera kuti ione mhinduro chaiyo pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu akaedzwa. Maitiro ekugadzirisa—kuchenesa ma sensor probes, kutarisa mitsetse yekutumira, uye kuongorora nzvimbo dzekuisa—zvinobatsira kudzivirira kuungana uye kutadza kwemuchina, zvichiita kuti pave nekutarisa kwakavimbika nekufamba kwenguva.
Nekubatanidza nzira dzakasimba dzekudzora nekuyera kwepamusoro-soro, kugadzirisa nekukurumidza, uye kugadzirisa nekungwarira, zvivakwa zvekunyungudutsa mhangura zvinogara zvichiwana huwandu hwakakwana uye hwakagadzikana hwe oleum mumatanho ese ekutora mhangura.
Kutarisirwa Kwezvakatipoteredza uye Kuderedza Marara
Kugadzirisa Mvura Inobuda muAcidic neSaline
Kunyungudutsa mhangura kunogadzira tsvina ine acidic nesaline, kunyanya iyo ine chlorine-concompounds uye chloride yakawanda. Marara aya anokonzera matambudziko nekuda kwekuora, mitemo yekutonga, uye njodzi yekukuvadzwa kwezvakatipoteredza. Kubata zvakanaka kunosanganisira kugadzirisa zvine acidic nesaline zvakanyanya sezvinoitwa mumatanho ekutora mhangura.
Nzira dzekubvisa-kubvisa-munyu dzinopa kunatswa kwakanangana nemvura yakasviba inonyungudutsa mhangura. Padanho rekubvisa, maion echloride anoparadzaniswa nenzira yakasarudzwa uchishandisa quaternary ammonium salt-based extractants. Izvi zvinoratidza hukama hwakakura nechloride ukuwo zvichideredza kutorwa pamwe chete kwemamwe maion. Chinoburitsa-mvura chinozobviswa, chichiendesa chloride muchikamu chemvura chinodzorwa kuti zvive nyore kuitarisira kana kuti zvingangoitika kuti chiwanikwa chidzoke.
Kubvisa munyu kunobva kwashandiswa. Nekuisa zvinhu zvakaita se potassium nitrate kana sodium sulfate, kunyungudika kwe chloride mumvura kunodzikira, zvichiita kuti kupatsanurwa kuwedzere nekunaya kwemvura kana kupatsanurwa kwechikamu. Nzira iyi inoita kuti chloride ikwanise kubviswa ne90% uye inoderedza kusvibiswa kwechipiri zvichienzaniswa nehunyanzvi hwekare hwekunaya kwemvura kana hwe membrane.
Zvinhu zvakakosha zvekudzora maitiro aya zvinosanganisira tembiricha nepH—izvi zvinopesvedzera kusarudza chloride, njodzi dzekubvisa pamwe chete, uye mutengo wekushanda. Masensa emukati ehuwandu uye kusimba, akadai seaya akagadzirwa neLonnmeter, anovandudza kubatanidzwa kwemaitiro, zvichibvumira kutarisa panguva chaiyo yezvikamu zvekubvisa uye kuisa munyu mumatekinoroji ekunyungudutsa mhangura mumaindasitiri.
Maitiro ekunyungudutsa Copper Flash cc
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Mabhenefiti eKudzora Oleum Yakasimba
Kudzora huwandu hwe oleum nemazvo kunovandudza kuchena kwetsvina mumatanho ekunyungudutsa mhangura. Kuchengetedza simba reacid rakagadziriswa uye kusimba kunoderedza kuburitswa kwesulfur trioxide yakawandisa, kudzikamisa mamiriro ekutorwa kwemhangura uye kuderedza njodzi yekusvibiswa kusingadiwe. Kana huwandu hwe oleum huchitarisirwa zvakanaka nenzira dzakavimbika dzekuyera - dzakadai se inline viscosity metres kubva kuLonnmeter - kurapwa kwetsvina kunobva pasi kunova nyore uye kunogoneka.
Kudzora kwakawedzerwa maitiro ekugadzirisa oxidation uye slag kunobatsirawo kuti mhangura idzoke zvakanaka ukuwo ichideredza kusvibiswa mumarara ekupedzisira. Nehunyanzvi hwepamusoro hwekuongorora huwandu hweoleum, nzvimbo dzinosangana nekutevedzera nharaunda zviri nyore. Huwandu hwemvura yakasviba ine zvinhu zvine njodzi hunoderedzwa, uye tsvina inochengetwa pasi pemiganhu yekubuda. Kutarisa kwakabatana uchishandisa density uye viscosity sensors kunopa maonero akazara ehuwandu hweoleum mumashandisirwo emaindasitiri uye kunobatsira kugadzirisa maitiro ezvinangwa zvekugadzira uye kuchengetedzwa kwenharaunda.
Kubatanidzwa neMabasa eMidziyo
Kuwiriranisa Oleum Control neKufamba Kwese Kwekunhuhwirira Kwemhepo
Kudzora huwandu hweOleum ndiko kwakakosha mukugadzirisa maitiro ekunyungudutsa mhangura. Kubatanidza data rakarurama rehuwandu hweOleum mu automation yemiti yese kunoita kuti goho remhangura rigare rakafanana, kuchengetedzeka kwemaitiro, uye mhando yechigadzirwa. Ma sensor ekuwedzera huwandu hweOleum, akadai seaya akagadzirwa neLonnmeter, anopa kuverenga panguva chaiyo kwakakosha kudzora dosing ye reagent uye kuchengetedza kururama kwe setpoint.
Masisitimu ekugadzira otomatiki emaindasitiri anowanzo shandisa maprotocol eOPC UA neModbus TCP/IP. Mapuratifomu aya anorerutsa kutaurirana kwakachengeteka, kuri pakati pemasensa, ma programmable logic controllers (PLCs), uye masisitimu ekutonga nekuwana data (SCADA). OPC UA inogashira mafomati akasiyana-siyana edata remidziyo, ichitsigira kubatanidzwa kwemhedzisiro yekuyera kwemazinga eoleum kubva ku inline density uye viscosity metres pamwe chete nezvimwe zvinopinda mumasensa. Kuchinjana data renguva chaiyo kunogonesa kugadzirisa otomatiki muhuwandu hwedosing, nekugadzirisa pakarepo kutsauka kunowanikwa mukuverenga kwemazinga eoleum.
Gadzira maitiro e otomatiki kuti utsanangure mashandiro emudziyo zvakajeka. Padanho remudziyo, iva nechokwadi chekuti ma analyzers akarongeka uye akachengetedzwa zvakanaka. Padanho rekutonga, ma algorithms anogadzirisa dosing uye flow rates zvichibva pamhinduro yekuyera oleum, zvichideredza kupindira nemaoko uye zvichideredza kusiyana kwemaitiro. Danho rekutarisira rinounganidza data, rinotanga mishumo, uye rinoisa zviziviso zvekuchengetedza zvinofanotaurwa kana zvisina kunaka zvakaita sekudonha kwe sensor kana kusagadzikana kwe algorithm zvikaonekwa. Mishumo inotungamirirwa nezviitiko, inotsigirwa neOPC UA, inobvumira sisitimu kupindura nekukasika kune zviitiko zvekutsauka kana kusvibiswa, zvakaita sekukwira kwe reagent kusingawanzoitiki kana kukanganisa kwema sensor, nokudaro zvichitsigira kugadziriswa nekukurumidza uye kuvimbika kwemaitiro kuri nani.
Semuenzaniso, kana sensor iri mukati ikaona shanduko dzinokurumidza dzekuyera, masisitimu anotungamirwa neOPC UA anogona otomatiki kudzora reagent dosing uye kuzivisa vanoishandisa. Kana kusvibiswa kana process ikachinja, kugona uku kwemhinduro panguva chaiyo kunoderedza nguva yekushanda uye kudzivirira kugadzirwa kwe off-spec.
Mhedziso
Kudzora huwandu hwe oleum ndiko kuri pakati pekugadzirisa maitiro ekunyungudutsa mhangura. Kudzora kwakanaka kunoita kuti kunyungudutsa kwe sulfur dioxide kuwedzere, zvichiwedzera kushanda zvakanaka kwekunyungudutsa uye zvichideredza kuburitswa kweSO₂ kunokuvadza. Zvirimwa zvinosvika ±0.5% SO₃ yehuwandu hwazvo hwe oleum zvinoshuma kuvandudzwa kukuru kwekushanda zvakanaka uye mitongo mishoma yezvakatipoteredza, zvichisimbisa mabhenefiti ekushanda kwekutarisa nekugadziridza.
Hunhu hwechigadzirwa chemhangura hwakabatana zvakanyanya nekuenderana kwehuwandu hwe oleum. Kuumbwa kwe sulfuric acid yakagadzikana kunoderedza kusvibiswa kwesimbi shoma uye kunoita kuti kucheneswa kwemvura kuwedzere, zvichitsigira kuchena kwe cathode kwakanyanya. Zvidzidzo zvechangobva kuitwa zvinoratidza kuti kuwedzera kwe 3-4% mukudzoserwa kwemhangura panguva ye electrowinning kunokonzerwa nekusimba kwe acid kwakajairwa kunochengetwa nenzira dzakasimba dzekudzora huwandu hwemafuta.
Izvi zvinoenderana nezvishandiso zvakasanganiswa zvekuyera nekutarisa. Mamita ekudzikira kwehuwandu hwezvinhu uye mamita ekudzivirira kubva kuLonnmeter anoshanda sezvinhu zvakakosha—achipa data rekuita panguva chaiyo yekuongorora huwandu hweoleum mumashandisirwo emaindasitiri. Pamwe chete nekudzora mhinduro yepamusoro, kuiswa kwavo kunogonesa kuona nekukurumidza kutsauka uye kunowedzera kugona kudzokororwa kwebatch.
Kudiwa kwemutemo wekuderedza utsi hwemhepo uye kutevedza zvigadzirwa kwakawedzera kudiwa kwehurongwa hwekutarisa huwandu hwe oleum, zvichiita kuti huve hwakakosha mumabasa emazuva ano ekubvisa mhangura. Kushandisa mhinduro dzakakwana dzekuyera nekudzora zvinopa mabhenefiti makuru mukushanda, mhando yeasidhi, uye kugara kwenguva refu kwehunyanzvi hwekare uye hwemazuva ano hwekunyungudutsa mhangura.
Mibvunzo Inowanzo bvunzwa
Chii chinonzi oleum uye nei ichikosha mukunyungudutsa mhangura?
Oleum, inowanzonzi fuming sulfuric acid, musanganiswa wakasimba wesulfuric acid nesulfur trioxide. Basa rayo guru mukunyungudutsa mhangura mumaindasitiri nderekuti inowana sulfuric acid yakawanda kana kuti inopa sulfur trioxide, kunyanya mumabasa anoda simba rakawanda reacid. Kunyange zvazvo sulfuric acid iriyo reagent huru inoshanda mukubvisa mhangura, kunyungudutsa, uye kunatsa mhangura, oleum inonyanya kushandiswa kugadzirazve kana kupa sulfuric acid yakachena mumiti iyi, ichitamba basa rekutsigira, kwete rakananga, remakemikari mumatanho makuru ekubvisa mhangura. Inogonesa kuburitsa nekunatsa zvinobudirira pasi pezvinodiwa zvine acidity yakawanda uye inobatsira kutonga kwetsvina yemaitiro kuburikidza nekuita kwakasimba kwesulfonation kana zvichidikanwa zvakanyanya.
Kuwanda kwe oleum kunowanzo kuyerwa sei mukugadzirwa kwekunyungudutsa mhangura?
Nzira dzechinyakare dzekuona huwandu hweoleum dzinosanganisira titration yemaoko, iyo inoyera huwandu hwesulfur trioxide muasidhi. Zvisinei, nzvimbo dzemazuva ano dzekunyungudutsa mhangura dzinowedzera kushandisa matekiniki ari mukati memutsara, asingaparadze akadai sekuongorora kwespectrophotometric uye spectroscopy yepamusoro yemakemikari. Idzi nzira dzinoshanda panguva chaiyo, dzinoenderera mberi kana masensa ari mukati memutsara—senge idzo dzakagadzirwa neLonnmeter—dzinopa data rakarurama, nekukurumidza pasina kukanganisa kufamba kwemaitiro, zvichibvumira kugadziriswa nekukurumidza kwekugadzirisa maitiro uye kuchengetedzwa kwakawedzerwa. Aya ma analyzer otomatiki anoderedza zvikuru njodzi dzine chekuita nekubata masampuli anoparadza zvakanyanya uye anovandudza kurongeka kwekudzora huwandu hweoleum.
Dhayagiramu yekunyungudutsa mhangura yakaita sei uye oleum inowedzerwa kupi?
Dhayagiramu yemaitiro ekunyungudutsa mhangura inowanzo sanganisira matanho makuru anotevera: kugocha simbi, kunyungudutsa (kugadzirwa kwemhangura isina kusimba uye slag), kushandura (kuoxidation yemhangura kuti ibudise mhangura ine blister), uye kunatswa (moto uye electrolytic). Oleum pachayo haisi iyo nzira yakajairika yekupinda zvakananga mumadhayagiramu mazhinji ekunyungudutsa mhangura. Kana ikashandiswa, inonyanya kuonekwa panzvimbo dzinoda kushanda kwakawanda kwesulfuric acid, senge mumacircuits ekugadzirisa sulfuric acid kana mumatanho ekuchenesa anoda simba rakawanda reacid kuti abvise tsvina. Aya mapoinzi anowanzo kuve pedyo, asi kwete akakosha, nematanho ekunyungudutsa mhangura anotsanangurwa mukuyerera kwemaitiro echinyakare.
Kudzora huwandu hwe oleum zvakanaka kunobatsira sei pakunyungudutsa kwesimbi?
Kuchengetedza huwandu hwakakwana hwe oleum kwakakosha. Izvi zvinoita kuti pave nemakemikari akawandisa uye kudzoreredzwa kwemhangura kwakanyanya, uye zvinoderedza kugadzirwa kwezvinobuda, zvakaita semweya usingadiwe une acid kana kuderedza tsvina zvakakwana. Kuwanda kwe oleum kwakagadzikana kunodzivirirawo michina yemiti nekuderedza njodzi yekuora kusingadzoreki uye kunowedzera hupenyu hwema reactor nemapombi. Kubva pamaonero emari, kudzora simba re acid zvinobudirira kunoderedza kushandiswa kusingakoshi, zvichideredza mari yekushanda ukuwo zvichiona kutevedzera mitemo uye zvichideredza mutoro wezvakatipoteredza.
Ndezvipi zvinetso zvezvakatipoteredza zvinogona kumuka nekuda kwekusagona kutarisira huwandu hwe oleum?
Kusadzora zvakanaka huwandu hwe oleum kunotungamira mumvura ine acid yakawanda kana sulfate ne chloride. Izvi zvinoomesa kurapwa kwetsvina, zvinowedzera mari yekushandisa nekugadzirisa, uye zvinowedzera njodzi yekudururwa kweacid uye kuburitswa kwemhepo zvinotyisidzira kuchengetedzeka kwevashandi nenharaunda. Kusatevedzera mitemo yezvakatipoteredza kunogona kukonzera, zvichiita kuti vashandi vabhadharwe faindi, zvirango, uye kukuvadzwa kwezita.
Ndezvipi zvinetso zvikuru pakuyera huwandu hwe oleum mumuviri?
Kuyera kwakarurama kwehuwandu hwe oleum muhunyanzvi hwekunyungudutsa mhangura mumaindasitiri kunokanganiswa nezvinhu zvakati wandei:
- Nzvimbo inokuvadza zvakanyanya inoshatisa masensa echinyakare.
- Kutora sampuro nemaoko kune njodzi uye kunogona kupa mhedzisiro isingaenderane.
- Kuchinja kwemafambiro kana kuumbwa kwemaitiro kunoitika nekukurumidza, zvichida ongororo yepamusoro-soro, uye inongoitika panguva chaiyo.
Magadzirirwo emazuva ano e inline analyzer nemasensa, akadai seaya anopiwa neLonnmeter, anotarisa zvakananga matambudziko aya. Masisitimu ekuyera otomatiki, asingapindi muropa, anovimbisa kutorwa kwedata kwakarurama mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma, nepo kuongororwa kwakajairika kuchibatsira kuchengetedza kuvimbika kwekuyera.
Nguva yekutumira: Zvita-05-2025
