Munyu weNylon 66, unonzi hexamethylenediammonium adipate, ndiwo musanganiswa chaiwo wehexamethylenediamine (HMDA) neadipic acid. Ndiwo musanganiswa wepolymer yenylon 66, iyo inonyanya kushandisa mapurasitiki ekugadzira nekuda kwesimba rayo guru remakanika uye kugadzikana kwekupisa. Munyu uyu, unowanikwa semusanganiswa weionic mumvura, unoratidza hunhu hwakasiyana hunodiwa pakuita kwepolycondensation inoburitsa fibers neresins dzenylon 66. Maumbirwo emamorekuru ane zvikamu zveammonium zvine positive charged kubva kuHMDA uye mapoka ecarboxylate ane negative charged kubva kuadipic acid, zvichigadzira ionic lattices kana, kana yanyungudutswa, ions dzakagadzirira polymerization.
Kurongeka uye kuchena kwechigadzirwa chacho zvinopesvedzera zvakananga huremu hwemamorekuru epolymer, kristallinity, uye thermal profile. Zvidzidzo zverabhoritari neindasitiri zvinosimbisa chiyero chakasimba cheionic che1:1 uchishandisa matekiniki espectroscopic neX-ray diffraction, zvichiratidza kuti stoichiometry iyi inokosha pakushanda kwakasimba kwechigadzirwa. Kunyangwe kutsauka kudiki kunogona kukanganisa kufanana kwecheni, zvichikonzera kusakwana kwehunhu hwemakanika.
Kugadzirira Munyu weNylon 66
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Hexamethylenediamine, ine chimiro chayo cheH2N-(CH2)6-NH2, inoshanda sechikamu chediamine chinopa mapoka ekupedzisira eamine ekuumbwa kwemunyu. Adipic acid, HOOC-(CH2)4-COOH, inozadzisa izvi nemabasa e reactive carboxyl. Kushanda kwayo kwakasimba uye kuchena kwayo kwakanyanya ndizvo zvinonyanya kukosha: HMDA inowanzo distilled kana crystallized kubvisa oligomeric uye organic traces, nepo adipic acid ichigadziriswazve, kusefa, uye dzimwe nguva ion-exchange kuve nechokwadi chekubvisa colorants, organics, uye simbi zvinosvibisa. Kuchena kuri pamusoro pe99.5% kunotariswa nemaindasitiri; kunyangwe trace contaminants inogona kuderedza kunaka kwepolymer, kuchinja ruvara rwezvinhu zvakapedzwa, kana chepfu catalysts mune zvimwe zviitiko.
Chinhu chikuru chekugadzira munyu wenylon 66 inzira iri nyore asi inodzorwa zvakasimba. Mumvura, HMDA inogamuchira mapurotoni kubva kumapoka ecarboxyl eadipic acid, zvichigadzira maion eammonium ukuwo ichigadzira macarboxylates panguva imwe chete. Kudyidzana kweacid-base uku kunorongwa nokungwarira:
H2N-(CH2)6-NH2 + HOOC-(CH2)4-COOH → [H2N-(CH2)6-NH3+][OOC-(CH2)4-COO−] (munyu wenylon, wemvura)
Nemakemikari, kubata kwekutanga kunoita kuti diamine iite protonate zvishoma, zvichiita kuti ive zwitterionic intermediate. Kuzadzikiswa kunoenderana nekutamiswa kweproton yakazara uye neutralization. pH yakagadzirwa kuti isvike neutral - pedyo ne7 - sechiratidzo che equal acid-base equivalents. Tembiricha yakakwana inowedzera reaction kinetics uye salt crystallization inotevera; mukuita, tembiricha kubva pa25°C kusvika 100°C inoshandiswa. Zvisinei, pH yakanyanyisa kana tembiricha inogona kunonotsa reaction kana kubereka by-products: mamiriro e acidic zvakanyanya kana basic anokurudzira kuumbwa kwemunyu usina kukwana uye anogona kuchinja solubility uye crystal form. Kuvimbiswa kwemhando yemazuva ano kunoshandisa in-line pH uye conductivity measurements, zvinowanzo tariswa nguva dzose, kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti stoichiometry yakarurama uye kudzivirira processing offset.
Kuwanda kana kushomeka mune chero reactant kunokanganisa mapoka ekupedzisira anoshanda mumunyu uye, nekuwedzera, mu nylon polymer. Izvi zvinokanganisa kureba kwecheni, kupararira kwakawanda, uye hunhu hwekudhonza. Hukama huripo pakati pehuwandu hwemunyu uye kudzora maitiro hunosimbiswa mumabasa emazuva ano eindasitiri, ukokuyerwa kwehuwandu hwemvura panguva chaiyouye kuyera chiyero chemvura chakasimba chemushonga we nylon 66 kwakakosha pakugadzirira munyu we nylon 66. Kutarisa kwakakodzera kwehuwandu hwemvura hakungoiti kuti pave nekufanana kwemvura chete asiwo kunoita kuti pave nekudzora munyu wakazara kana wakawanda unodiwa kuti pave nekugadziriswa kana kuchengetwa kwemvura.
Muchidimbu, kubatana kwakaringana pakati pemakemikari ekudzikamisa, kudzora pH netembiricha, uye kuchena kunoshamisa kweHMDA neadipic acid zvinotsigira nzira yekubudirira yekugadzira munyu wenylon 66. Ndiko kunyatsojeka uku kunodzora mhando yenzira yese yekugadzira nylon 66 polymer uye, pakupedzisira, kushandiswa kwezvinhu mumaindasitiri mumitsetse yezvigadzirwa zvemotokari, machira, uye magetsi.
Maitiro Ekugadzira Munyu weNylon 66 Danho Nedanho
Maitiro ekugadzira munyu wenylon 66 anotanga nekugadzira mhinduro dzakasiyana dzemvura dzeadipic acid nehexamethylenediamine, mamonomer maviri makuru akakosha pakugadzira munyu wenylon 66. Adipic acid inonyungudutswa mumvura yakabviswa maion, kazhinji pa30–60°C, kusvika mhinduro yakajeka yaumbwa. Hexamethylenediamine inoitwa nenzira imwecheteyo, ichiburitsa mhinduro ine amine yakawanda. Mhinduro dzese dziri mbiri dzinoseferwa zvakanyatsonaka kuti dzibvise tunhu tudiki tisati taenderera mberi nekuita, zvichitsigira kuyerwa kwehuwandu hwemunyu kuti pave nekudzora kwakarurama kwehuwandu uye kuyerera kwakanaka kwemaitiro.
Kusanganisa tembiricha kwakadzorwa kwakakosha kuti pave nechiyero che stoichiometric 1:1 molar, sezvo kunyangwe kutsauka kudiki kunokanganisa kushanda zvakanaka kwepolymerization uye hunhu hwe resin. Mhinduro mbiri idzi dzinoiswa zvishoma nezvishoma—kazhinji dzichidonhedzwa pasi—kune jekete rakashongedzerwa nekukurunga kwakanaka, zvichibvumira kudzora kwakanyatsonaka kwehuwandu hwekusanganisa. Tembiricha dzakanyatsotarisirwa dzinodzivirira kupisa kwakanyanya munzvimbo, crystallization isati yasvika, kana hydrolysis isingadiwe, zvichiita kuti pave nenzvimbo yakafanana ye nylon 66 salt reaction.
Mukati mekuita kwekusanganisa uye kudzikamisa kugadzirwa kwenylon 66, gumbeze regasi risina chinhu, rinowanzova nitrogen, rinochengetwa mumudziyo. Kudzivirira uku kusina chinhu kwakakosha pakubvisa okisijeni yemumhepo necarbon dioxide, izvo zvinogona kukonzera oxidation kana kuunza tsvina yecarbonate/bicarbonate, zvichideredza kunaka kwemunyu. Gasi risina chinhu rinowedzerawo kugadzikana kwechigadzirwa uye kugadzikana kwekuchengetwa, zvakakosha pakushandiswa kwepamusoro-soro.
Sezvo kusanganiswa kwakarongwa kuchienderera mberi, mhando dzepakati dzine carboxyl kana amine terms dzinogona kuumbwa, zvichienderana ne stoichiometry yemuno uye mwero wekusanganiswa. Kusagadzikana kwakazara kunoburitsa munyu wenylon 66 unodiwa (unozivikanwawo se AH salt), une stoichiometry yakanyatsotsanangurwa uye kufanana kwemamorekuru. Kusagadzikana kunotevera misimboti yeacid-base chemistry, uye kusvika pa pH chaiyo pedyo ne neutralite (pH 7–7.3) inosungirwa kuti pave ne polymerization inogara iripo, sezvo acid yakawandisa kana mapoka ebase anokanganisa kukura kwecheni uye anokanganisa huremu hwemamorekuru epolymer ekupedzisira uye kunaka.
Kutarisa pH uye titration chaiyo panguva chaiyo zvinobvumira mhinduro dzakasimba panguva yekuongororwa.kusadzora, kuve nechokwadi chekuti kusanganiswa kwezvikamu uye mwero zvakagadziridzwa kudzivirira kukanganiswa kwakanyanya kana kusakanganiswa zvakanyanya. Mamodheru emazuva ano e kinetic anotsigira kuti kunyangwe kusawirirana kudiki mu stoichiometry kunoderedza kushanda kwepolymerization.
Mushure mekuumbwa kwemunyu usina kusimba, maitiro acho anofambira mberi nematanho ekuchenesa kuti ave nechokwadi chekuti chigadzirwa chacho chakachena kwazvo. Maitiro ekusefa ane matanho akawanda—kubva pakugadzira zvinhu zvisina kusimba kusvika pakugadzira zvinhu zvisina kusimba—anobvisa maion esimbi, tunhu twakakora, uye zvakasara zve organic zvinounzwa nezvinhu zvisina kusimba kana mvura inogadziriswa. Kurapa kwekuchinjana maion kunotevera, kubvisa tsvina inonyungudika senge sulfate, calcium, kana sodium ions inokuvadza kunaka kwemunyu we nylon. Musanganiswa wacho unozoiswa pamwe chete uye unoiswa mu crystallization inodzorwa, uchigadzira makristaro emunyu akacheneswa ane kujeka kwemaziso uye mazinga eruvara kana hutsi husingaonekwe.
Kudzora kunaka kwakabatana zvakasimba nenzira dzekugadzirira munyu kuti ushandiswe mumaindasitiri, nekutarisa nguva dzose kwekunyudzwa kweUV uye kuchena kwemaziso padanho rega rega. Nhamba yakaderera yeUV yakakosha - nhamba yepamusoro inoratidza kuvapo kwetsvina yechromophoric, iyo inogona kuchinja ruvara rwezvigadzirwa zve nylon 66 polymer uye kutungamira kune zvikanganiso mumafaibha kana zvikamu zvakaumbwa. Kune maitiro e polymerization ane kukosha kukuru, kuongororwa kwekuona uye kwe spectroscopic kunovimbisa munyu usina ruvara, wakachena, kudzivirira kusawirirana kweyero uye kwemakemikari.
Kutarisa huwandu hwevanhu mumashandisirwo emakemikari, kunyanya uchishandisa matekiniki ekuyera huwandu hwevanhu mumaminerari uye mita dzemvura dzakagadzirwa neLonnmeter, zvinowedzera dziviriro. Zvishandiso izvi zvinosimbisa huwandu hwekupedzisira hwemunyu, zvichitsigira kudzokorora kwemaitiro acho. Kuongororwa kwakarurama kwemamita emvura kwakakosha pakuona kutsauka kudiki muhuwandu hwezvinhu zvakasimba, izvo zvinopesvedzera zvakananga kugadzirwa kwekristaro uye matanho anotevera epolymerization.
Kubatanidzwa kwekucheneswa kwakasimba uye kudzora mhando mukati megadziriro yemunyu wenylon 66 kunotsigira kugona kwekugadzira uye kushanda kwepolymer. Kuongororwa kwakazara kwekuongorora, kubva kuUV index kusvika kupH uye density, kunogonesa kugadzirwa kwakasimba kwemunyu wakachena, wakajeka, uye wakaganhurirwa wakakodzera kushandiswa kwepolymer mumaindasitiri.
Kugadzirwa kweMunyu weNylon 66 yeMaindasitiri: Kukura uye Kugadzirisa Maitiro
Kuumbwa kweMunyu Padanho reMaindasitiri
Maitiro ekugadzira munyu we nylon 66 anotarisa pakusashanda zvakanaka kwe adipic acid ne hexamethylenediamine. Kuwedzera kubva mukushanda kwerabhoritari kuenda kumabasa emiti kunosanganisira kushandura kusashanda zvakanaka kwe batchwise kuita maitiro anoenderera mberi, apo reactants dzinosangana pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu akarongwa zvakanaka kuti dzibudise hexamethylenediammonium adipate—inonziwo munyu we nylon.
Mukugadzirwa kwemunyu wenylon 66 muzhinji, kunaka kwezvinhu zvakabikwa kwakakosha. Kuchinja-chinja kweadipic acid kana hexamethylenediamine kunokanganisa zvakananga stoichiometry, zvichikonzera chigadzirwa chisina kutsanangurwa kana chikasatarisirwa. Masisitimu ekudyisa anofanirwa kugonesa kuyera kwakasimba, zvichitsiva kushanduka-shanduka kwekuwanikwa kwezvinhu zvakabikwa uye tembiricha.
Kusanganisa zvakafanana ndeimwe pfungwa huru. Ma "reactors" emaindasitiri anovimba ne "high-intensity agitation" kudzivirira "concentration gradients" dzinoita kuti "neutralization" isakwane. Kusanganisa zvisina kunaka kunokonzera "unreacted acid" kana "amine", zvichigadzira munyu une pH isina kugadzikana uye "variable melting points". Mafekitari emazuva ano anoshandisa "continuous stirving-tank reactors" (CSTRs) kuti asanganise zvakanaka uye abudise zvinhu zvakafanana, kunyanya kana achibata ne "raw material streams" dzinochinja-chinja kana kana "stoichiometry" chaiyo ichidiwa. Kune ma "chemicals" ari nyore uye uko "linear flow" inosarudzwa, "plug flow reactors" (PFRs) dzinopa "small residence time distribution" uye "low local temperature spikes", asi hadzina "full mixing ability" yeCSTRs.
Kudzora tembiricha kunotsigira kugadzikana kwemaitiro. Kudzikamisa kwekunze kwemvura kunoda midziyo ine jekete kana kuti zvinochinja-chinja kupisa kuti zvirambe zvichipisa zvakanaka—zvinowanzova pedyo ne210°C. Kuchinja-chinja kuri pamusoro kana pasi peiyi poindi kunoguma nehydrolysis kana kusaita zvakanaka kwemunyu, zvichikanganisa polymerization iri pasi.
Mitsetse yeZvigadzirwa zveMaindasitiri neMidziyo
Midziyo mikuru ye nylon 66 salt reaction inoratidzwa nekugadzirwa kwayo kwakasimba uye kubatanidzwa kwetekinoroji chaiyo yekudzora. Sarudzo dzema reactor dzinonyanya kuva pakati pe CSTRs, dzinofarirwa nekuda kwekukurunga kwavo kwakanaka uye kuenzana kwe composition, uye PFRs, dzinoita kuti kuyerera kuenderere mberi kwe high-throughput uko kusanganiswa kwakafanana kusiri kwakanyanya kukosha.
Masisitimu ekusanganisa maindasitiri akagadzirwa kuti akwanise kusanganisa acid nediamine streams nekukurumidza uye zvakakwana. Ma "high-shear impellers" uye "recirculation loops" zvinoparadzira reactants zvakaenzana pasinei nekuchinja kukuru kwehuwandu kana viscosity, zvichideredza njodzi yenzvimbo dzinopisa uye kusagadzikana kusina kukwana.
Masisitimu ekutarisa mashandiro ari mumutsara akakosha kudzora nekunyora nhanho yega yega. Mapurobhu epH ari mumutsara, masensa ekupisa, uye mita dzepamusoro dzehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu (dzakadai sedzakagadzirwa neLonnmeter) zvakakosha mukuisa kwemazuva ano. Kuyerwa kwehuwandu hwe ...
Maitiro ekubata zvakachengeteka anosungirwa nekuda kwehunhu hwekuora uye hunyoro hwemunyu wenylon 66. Matangi ekuchengetera akavakwa nesimbi dzinodzivirira ngura, dzine masisitimu ekuvhara anodzivirira kutorwa kwehunyoro uye kusvibiswa. Mapaipi ekutakura akavharwa, masisitimu ekutakura otomatiki, uye zvinhu zvinodzora kudonha kwemvura zvese zvinobatsira mukuderedza njodzi dzezvakatipoteredza nedzevashandi mukuchengetedza nekutamisa munyu.
Kugadzirisa Maitiro Ekuita Kuti Zvigadzirwa Zvirambe Zvakafanana
Kuchengetedza kuenderana kwechigadzirwa mukugadzirwa kwemunyu wenylon 66 kunoda kugadziriswa kwakanyatsojeka kwematanho ekushanda. Kupenya kwakanangana—chinhu chakakosha pakugadzirwa kwemunyu wenylon 66—kunoenderana nekudzora kwakasimba kwemamiriro ekuita panguva yekuumbwa kwemunyu uye polymerization yawo inotevera.
Tembiricha inochengetwa pa210°C kana paine kushivirira kwakasimba, sezvo kutsauka kuchichinja mwero wekudzikamisa uye kunyungudika kwemunyu. Kudzora kudzvanywa, kunowanzoiswa padyo ne1.8 MPa mumatanho ekutanga kwepolycondensation, kunoita kuti pave nemaitiro akakodzera echikamu uye reaction kinetics. Nguva yekugara muma reactors inogadziriswa kuti ibvumire kushanduka kwakazara, ukuwo ichidzivirira kupisa kwakanyanya kunogona kukanganisa chigadzirwa. Ichi chiito chekuenzanisa chinowedzerwa kunatswa uchishandisa data kubva kuma inline viscosity uye density metres.
Kusarudzwa kweCatalyst uye muyero wechinhu chinobatsira zvikuru pachikamu chepolymerization chenylon 66, chinotevera kugadzirwa kwemunyu. Miyero yakajairika yecatalyst inosvika 0.1 wt% yekuwedzera huremu hwemamorekuru uye kukurudzira kukura kwecheni yepolymer inoshanda zvakanaka. Kuwedzerwa kwemuyero kunogona kukurumidzisa reaction asi kune njodzi yekukura kwemashizha kana kuumbwa kwemavara kusingadzoreki; kuderedzwa kwemuyero wechinhu kunokanganisa polymerization uye hunhu hwemakanika. Kuyera kwakakodzera uye kusanganiswa nekukurumidza kwecatalyst, kazhinji mumushonga nemunyu, kunowedzera kushanda zvakanaka.
Imwe neimwe yeiyi parameters inogadziriswa panguva chaiyo zvichienderana nedata remhando yepamusoro. Semuenzaniso, kana inline density monitoring ikaratidza kutsauka kunoratidza kuwanda kana kusakwana kwe neutralization, reactant feed rates inogadziriswa zvinoenderana. Iyi feedback loop yakakosha kudzivirira off-ratio salt, iyo inozoisa pangozi polymer viscosity uye end-use performance.
Kuwanda kweMunyu: Maitiro ekutarisa uye ekuyera
Kukosha kweKutarisa Kuwanda kweMunyu muKugadzirira Munyu
Munguva yekugadzira munyu wenylon 66, kutarisa huwandu hwemunyu hakudikanwi. Kuita kwe stoichiometric pakati pe hexamethylenediamine ne adipic acid kunoburitsa munyu une kuchena kwawo uye kukodzera kwawo kugadzirwa kwe nylon 66 polymer zvinoratidzwa zvakananga nehuremu hwemushonga. Kuyerwa kwehuwandu hwemunyu kunoratidza huwandu hwe reactant, kuratidza chiyero chiri pakati pe acid ne amine, uye kushanda senzira yekupedzisa kushandurwa uye huwandu hwemvura.
Kuchengetedza huwandu hwakakwana hwemunyu kwakakosha. Kutsauka kudiki kunogona kuratidza off-stoichiometry, senge acid yakawandisa kana amine, izvo zvinokanganisa kushanda zvakanaka kwepolymerization, zvinokanganisa kugoverwa kwehuremu hwemamorekuru, uye zvinotungamira kuhunhu hwakaderera hwekupedzisira. Semuenzaniso, mukudzokorodza makemikari, kuchinja kwehuwandu hwemhinduro panguva yehydrolysis inokonzereswa neacid inochinja hydrogen bonding mukati mepolymer, zvichikanganisa kuwanikwa kweenzyme uye mwero wekudzoreredza monomer. Kusakwana kwehuremu panguva ino kunotungamira mukushandurwa kusina kukwana kana kuraswa, zvichikanganisa zvakananga goho rezvirimwa uye kuchengetedzwa kwenzvimbo.
Zvinyorwa zvinobva kumakambani ekugadzira makemikari zvinoshuma kuti kuongorora huwandu hwezvinhu muindasitiri kwakakosha pakugadzira munyu wakachena uye unogara uchishandiswa, ukuwo uchideredza marara, uchivandudza mashandiro emuchina, uye uchive nechokwadi chekuti zvinoitwa zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa. Izvi zvave zvakakosha sezvo mitemo nekuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza zvichiwedzera, zvichida kudzorwa kwakasimba kwemaitiro uye kushanda zvakanaka.
Maitiro Ekuyera Kuwanda Kwemvura
Kare, nzira dzakadai sepycnometry kana hydrometers dzaiyera huwandu hwemunyu asi dzaive dzisina kunyatsojeka uye kupindira nemaoko, zvichiita kuti dzisakodzere kutariswa nguva dzose mumaindasitiri. Maitiro emazuva ano emaindasitiri anosarudza zvishandiso zvemukati zvinongoshanda zvega uye zvakarurama kwazvo.
Mamita eU-tube anotenderera anonyanya kuoneka senzira yekuyera huwandu hwemunyu. Nheyo yacho iri nyore: chubhu yakaita seU, yakazadzwa nemunyu, inotenderera pafrequency inochinja nekuchinja kwehuwandu hwemvura. Nekuti mvura ine densive fluids inoita kuti chubhu itenderere zvishoma nezvishoma, electronics dzinoona kuchinja kwefrequency iyi dzoishandura kuita direct density readout.
Kusarudzwa kwezvinhu zvechubhu, zvakaita sesimbi isingatsvi kana alloys dzakakosha, kunotungamirirwa nekushanda kwemakemikari nemunyu. Mamita aya anoshanda zvakavimbika pamutsetse wekugadzira uye anopa mhedzisiro inokurumidza, inodzokororwa, zvichiita kuti akwanise kugadziriswa zvakanaka nemamiriro ekugadzira munyu wenylon 66.
Lonnmeter inonyanya kugadzira mamita ekudzikisa munyu akasimba akagadzirwa kuti ashandiswe munzvimbo dzakaoma dzemaindasitiri, ichiva nechokwadi chekuti mashandiro akasimba uye kuyerwa kunodzokororwa kunyangwe munzvimbo dzine makemikari akasimba. Mamita ekudzikisa munyu anoshandiswa zvakananga pamapombi ekushanda, zvichibvumira kutarisa huwandu hwemunyu panguva chaiyo panguva yekugadzirira munyu wenylon 66 uye nguva dzose.
Kuenzanisa mamita aya kwakakosha kuti zviverengwe nemazvo. Kuenzanisa kunosanganisira mhinduro dzakajairwa pahuwandu hwakatarwa kuti uise mareferensi usati washandisa mudziyo ne process fluids. Izvi zvinoita kuti zviyero zvakayerwa zviratidze huwandu hwemunyu chaiwo—zvakakosha kuti mamiriro ekuita arambe ari mukati mekutsungirira kwakasimba.
Kubatanidza Density Data yeKudzora Maitiro
Kubatanidza kuyerwa kwehuwandu hwezvinhu panguva chaiyo mukutonga kwemaitiro otomatiki kunowedzera zvakanyanya mashandiro ekushanda mukugadzirwa kwemunyu wenylon 66. Nekuisa mita dzehuwandu hwezvinhu zvakananga mukugadzirwa, data rehuwandu hwezvinhu rinoramba richitorwa uye richiendeswa kune system yekudzora.
Masisitimu ega anoenzanisa kuverenga kwehuwandu hwemvura (live density readings) ne preset optimal values ye salt solution. Kana zvikachinja zvikaonekwa, sisitimu inogona kugadzirisa panguva chaiyo—sekuchinja kuyerera kwe reactant, kugadzirisa huwandu hwemvura, kana kugadzirisa tembiricha—kuti idzorere maitiro mukati mezvinodiwa pasina kupindira kwemushandi.
Maitiro aya anodzivirira kusiyana kwehuwandu hwezvinhu, zvichipa mukana wekuti zvinhu zvisashande zvakanaka, zvichipa mukana wekuti zvinhu zvisashande zvakanaka, mvura inopinda muchinhu chisingatarisirwi, kana kuti mvura isasashande zvakanaka panguva chaiyo. Zvakakosha pakugadzirisa mamiriro ekugadzira munyu mushure mekugadzirwa kwemunyu. Semuenzaniso, huwandu hwemunyu hunoenderana nehuremu hwemamorekuru epolymer hunofanotaurwa uye hunyoro, zvichisimbisa kugadzikana kwemuchina nekupisa kunodiwa kune zvigadzirwa zve nylon 66 zvakagadzirwa neinjiniya.
Mienzaniso kubva kumabasa makuru emaindasitiri inoratidza kuti kubatanidzakuverenga kwevanhu vakawanda paindanetinematanho enguva dzose—senge tembiricha nepH—zvinogonesa kugadzirisa maitiro e multi-factor. Mugumisiro wacho unowedzera kufanana kwe throughput, kuderedzwa kwe off-spec chigadzirwa, uye kuderedzwa kwesimba nezvinhu zvinoshandiswa panguva ye nylon 66 salt reaction. Kubatanidzwa kwakadaro ikozvino kunoonekwa senzira yakanakisisa yeindasitiri yemakemikari, ichishandira zvinangwa zvekusimbisa mhando uye kuchengetedza zvakatipoteredza mumitsetse yemazuva ano yekugadzira polymer.
Kubva paMunyu kuenda kuNylon 66 Polymer: Polycondensation uye Post-processing
Kudzora chimiro chemamorekuru uye hunhu hwenylon 66 kunoda kutarisirwa kwakanyatsojeka kwematanho akawanda ekuita panguva yekugadzirwa kwepolycondensation, polycondensation inonyunguduka, uye mushure mekugadzirwa. Chikamu chimwe nechimwe—kubva pakugadzirwa kwekutanga kwemunyu kusvika pakuedzwa kwemhando yepamusoro pellet—chinoita basa rakakosha mukugadzira nylon 66 resin yemhando yepamusoro.
MaParameters ePre-Polycondensation
Danho repolycondensation, apo nylon 66 inoumbwa kuburikidza nekuita kweadipic acid nehexamethylenediamine, inonyanya kugadzikana nezvinhu zvinoshanduka pakushanda. Tembiricha, kumanikidzwa, uye nguva yekuita ndizvo zvinonyanya kukanganisa huremu hwemamorekuru uye viscosity yemukati. Industrial polycondensation inoshanda pakati pe280°C ne300°C. Tembiricha dziri kumusoro kwerudzi urwu, pamwe chete nenguva refu dzekuita, dzinowedzera njodzi yekuora kwekupisa, zvichiunza zvigadzirwa zvinobva muzvinhu uye kuderedza kugadzikana kwenguva refu kwepolymer. Kuti huremu hwemamorekuru huwedzere uye kuchengetedza kugoverwa kwakamanikana kwehuremu hwemamorekuru, kuderedzwa kwekumanikidzwa kwenguva pfupi kunounzwa kuti kukurumidze kubviswa kwemvura inodziya, nepo nguva yekuita ichitarisirwa zvakasimba kudzivirira kudziya kwakanyanya kana kupwanyika kwecheni.
Kumanikidzwa kunodzora zvakananga kushanduka kwezvinobva mumhepo zvinoshanduka. Kutanga nekumanikidzwa kwakanyanya kunobatsira mukutanga kwekuita kwemhinduro, mushure mezvo kumanikidzwa kunoderedzwa zvishoma nezvishoma kuti zvive nyore kubvisa mvura zvakanaka; kutarisirwa kusina kunaka padanho iri kunokwidza maresidues emonomer uye kunogona kukonzera mabhenji ezvigadzirwa asina kufanana. Semuenzaniso, kugadzirisa ma profiles ekumanikidzwa kwereactor ne 0.1 MPa kwakaratidzwa kuti kunowedzera kufanana kwecheni yemamorekuru uye simba rekudhonza neanopfuura 8% zvichienzaniswa nemaitiro asingadzoreki.
pH yemusanganiswa wekutanga wemunyu, kunyangwe isiri iyo shanduko huru panguva yekunyunguduka kwekupisa kwakanyanya, ine simba mumatanho ekutanga akavakirwa pamhinduro kana mushure mepolycondensation. Kuchengetedza pH iri pedyo ne neutral (kazhinji pakati pe7 ne7.5) kwakakosha kuti pave ne stoichiometry yakaringana pakati pehexamethylenediamine neadipic acid, zvichikanganisa kuenzana kwekugoverwa kwehurefu hwecheni uye kukura kwe crystalline domains mukati me polymer. Kusiyana kwepH kunogona kutungamira kune misanganiswa isiri-stoichiometric, zvichikonzera kubatana kwakawandisa kwe branching kana hydrolyzable, izvo zvinoonekwa sekudzikira kwesimba remakanika uye kuchinja kwekristaro mu resin yakapedzwa. Matekiniki ekuongorora - akadai se differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) uye X-ray diffraction (XRD) - anoratidza kuwedzera kwe crystalline uniformity uye kuvandudzwa kwehunhu hwemakanika hwe pH-optimized nylon 66 samples.
Kunyungudutsa Polymerization uye Kuvandudza Hunhu
Kunyungudika kwenylon 66 muindasitiri kunoita kuti isanganisirwe zvakananga pasina zvinonyungudutsa, zvichitsigira kutenderera kwefiber nguva dzose uye kugadzirwa kweresin yakawanda. Kuwana huwandu hwemorekuru hunodiwa kunoenderana nekudzora kwakaringana nguva yekuita, tembiricha, uye kuchena kwemonomer. Kutsauka kubva kumaprofiles eprojekiti anotarisirwa kunowanzo kukonzera kuwedzera kwekunyungudika kwekunyungudika, njodzi yakakura yekupisa zvakanyanya munzvimbo, uye kunyange kubatanidzwa nekukurumidza kana kuora.
Maitiro aya anofambira mberi nematanho, achitanga nekunyunguduka kwemunyu, kuita kwehuwandu husingachinji pasi pekumanikidzwa kwakadzorwa, uye wozoderedza kumanikidzwa zvishoma nezvishoma kuti mvura ibude. Maitiro ekuyera huwandu hwemvura mumutsara anoshanda senzira huru dzemhinduro panguva idzi, achipa kutarisa panguva chaiyo kuti ave nechokwadi chekuti homogeneity uye kugonesa kugadzirisa nzvimbo dzekushanda kuti cheni ikure zvakanaka. Zvishandiso zvakaita se inline density meter kubva kuLonnmeter, kana zvikagadziriswa nemazvo ne gravimetrically calibration fluids, zvinobvumira kuongororwa kwakanyatsojeka kwe salt solution uye polymer melt densities. Izvi zvinoita kuti pave nekuenderana kwe batch-to-batch uye kuonekwa panguva yakakodzera kwe process drifts.
Mushure mekunyungudika kwemvura, nylon yakanyungudutswa 66 inoburitswa yobva yangoiswa pellet ipapo ipapo. Kutonhodza nekukurumidza—kazhinji nemvura kana mhepo inomanikidzwa—kunodiwa kudzivirira kuungana kwepellet uye kuchengetedza mativi akasimba. Kukura kwepellet uye kusiyana kwechimiro zvinogona kuitika kana mwero wekutonhodza uchinonoka zvakanyanya kana kuti usingaenderane, zvichikanganisa kubata nekugadzirisa zvinhu zviri pasi.
Danho rinotevera rakakosha nderekuomesa. Nylon 66 resin inongoerekana yaoma; mvura inosara pamusoro kana inonyungudutswa inotungamira mukuora kwehydrolytic panguva yekunyunguduka kunotevera, zvichikonzera kudzikira kwehuremu hwemamorekuru, hunhu husina kunaka hwekuyerera, uye zvikanganiso zvekuona muzvikamu zvakaumbwa. Kuomesa kunofanirwa kuitwa pasi pemhepo ine dova shoma, tembiricha inodzorwa isingapfuure kutsungirira kwepolymer kudzivirira kupfava nguva isati yakwana kana kuti yero. Zvidzidzo zvinoratidza kuti hunyoro huri pamusoro pe0.2% hunowedzera zvakanyanya kurasikirwa kwe viscosity uye hunoderedza simba rekupedzisira rechigadzirwa.
Kutarisa hunhu hwechinyakare nguva nenguva, kusanganisira kuyerwa kwehunyoro ne viscosity kwaKarl Fischer, chikamu chetsika yakanaka yekuona kuti ma parameter ekuomesa anoburitsa ma pellets akagadzikana, asina kuremara. Kugadzirisa nhanho yega yega yekugadzirisa mushure me pellet kusvika pakuchengetwa kwakaratidzwa kuti kunotungamira pakusimba kwakanyanya kwekudhonza uye kusimba kwemhedzisiro zvichienzaniswa nema protocols asina kudzorwa zvakakwana.
Kuve nechokwadi chekuti chigadzirwa chakavimbika muindasitiri yese
Kuchinjika pakugadzirwa kwakakosha, sezvo polymer yenylon 66 yeindasitiri ichiendeswa mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzezvigadzirwa—fibers, technical parts, mafirimu—chimwe nechimwe chine zvinodiwa pakushanda kwacho. Izvi zvinoda kugadziriswa kwakagadzirirwa maitiro ekugadzira giredhi rega rega:
- Nyoni yemhando yefiber 66 inobatsira nehuremu hwakawanda hwemamorekuru kuti isimbise michina, zvichida nguva yakareba yepolycondensation uye kunyatsogadzirisa tembiricha.
- Magiredhi ekuumba jekiseni anogona kushivirira huremu hwakaderera hwemamorekuru asi anoda kuoma kwakanyanya kwepellet uye kurongeka kwejometri kudzivirira zvikanganiso pakugadzirisa.
Kuongorora kwehunhu hwekupedzisira kunoenderana nezvinodiwa nezvigadzirwa. Izvi zvinosanganisira zviyero zvakajairwa zvekusimba kwemukati, modulus, kuramba kukanganiswa, uye, zvakanyanya, hunyoro. Kuongororwa kwechitarisiko chemuviri kwehunhu hwepellet uye kusava neruvara kunotsigirwa nekuongorora murabhoritari hunhu hwemakanika nekupisa. Mabheti anosangana nematanho ese akakosha chete ndiwo anoburitswa kumashandisirwo emaindasitiri - ruzivo rwakapfupikiswa mumagwaro ehunyanzvi anotsanangura ASTM neISO protocols.
Kutarisa huwandu hwemvura muchinhu chimwe chete kunoitawo basa rekudzivirira; kushandisa nzira dzekuyera huwandu hwemvura muchinhu chimwe nechimwe panguva yekugadzirira munyu uye polymer melt phases kunoita kuti pave nemhando yakafanana uye kunoita kuti pave nekukasika kuona zvinhu zvisina kunaka zvinogona kukanganisa kuvimbika kwekushandisa. Kuenzanisa kwemeta dzehuwandu hwemvura, dzakadai sedzakagadzirwa neLonnmeter, kunoitwa nematanho akasimbiswa kuti pave nekudzora kwakasimba kwemaitiro uye kuberekana, zvakakosha pakuwedzera kugadzirwa kwezvinhu muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvezvigadzirwa zvemaindasitiri.
Kuburikidza nekudzora kwakasimba panguva yekugadzirwa kwepurasitiki, kunyunguduka kwakanyatsogadzirwa, uye kugadziriswa kwakasimba mushure mekugadziriswa, vagadziri venylon 66 vanogara vachipa maresini akavimbika, anoenderana nezvinodiwa nemusika wezvigadzirwa zvemaindasitiri.
Mibvunzo Inowanzo bvunzwa (Mibvunzo Inowanzo bvunzwa)
Chii chinonzi munyu wenylon 66, uye nei uchikosha mukugadzirwa kwepolymer?
Munyu weNylon 66, unozivikanwa nemakemikari sehexamethylenediammonium adipate, unoshanda sehwaro hwekugadzirwa kwepolymer yeNylon 66. Unogadzirwa kuburikidza nekuita kwe1:1 neutralization pakati pehexamethylenediamine neadipic acid. Iyi intermediate inodzora huwandu hwekupedzisira kweboka uye kureba kwecheni yepolyamide yekupedzisira. Munyu weNylon 66 wakachena zvakanyanya unodiwa kuti uwane simba remakanika rinowirirana, kugadzikana kwekupisa, uye kuramba kupfeka mumapurasitiki einjiniya. Kunze kwestoichiometry kana kusvibiswa padanho iri kunokanganisa kushanda kwepolymerization inotevera uye kuderedza mhando yechigadzirwa chekupedzisira, zvichiita kuti kugadzirira munyu kuve chinhu chakakosha mukugadzirwa kwepolymer yeNylon 66.
Maitiro ekugadzira munyu wenylon 66 anogadziriswa sei kuti uve wakachena?
Maitiro ekugadzira munyu wenylon 66 anoenderana nekuwedzera zvinogadziriswa, zvishoma nezvishoma kwezvinoitwa nemakemikari. Kuwedzerwa kwehexamethylenediamine muzvikamu kana kudonhedzwa muadipic acid pasi pemutemo wakasimba wekupisa, kazhinji pa210°C uye 1.8 MPa, kunoderedza kuwanda kwemvura munzvimbo, kudzivirira zvinogadzirwa zvisina kudiwa, uye kunoita kuti pave nechiyero chestoichiometric. Gasi risina simba, senge nitrogen, rinodzivirira mhinduro kubva mukuoxidation isingadiwe. Kuongororwa kwepH neUV index nguva dzose kunosimbisa mamiriro ezvinhu asina kusimba uye kusavapo kwezvinogadzirwa zvine mavara, izvo zviratidzo zvemunyu wakachena kwazvo. Maitiro aya anodzorwa anobvumira kugadzirwa kwemhinduro dzisina ruvara, dzakagadzikana, uye dzinoshanda dzakakodzera polymerization yakananga.
Chii chinorehwa nekutarisa huwandu hwemunyu mukugadzirira munyu?
Kutarisa huwandu hwemunyu kwakakosha pakudzora maitiro uye kuvimbisa mhando panguva yekugadzirira munyu wenylon 66. Huwandu hwemushonga, hunoyerwa munguva chaiyo, hunoratidza zvakananga huwandu uye kukwana kwemaitiro ekusagadzikana. Hunhu hwakagadzikana, hwehuwandu hwechinangwa hunosimbisa kuti chiyero che reactant chinochengetwa uye shanduko yasvika pakupera. Izvi zvinobatsira kuderedza kutsauka mu polymerization yekudzika, zvinodzivirira kuumbwa kwezvikamu zve low-molecular-weight, uye zvinotsigira mhando yekugadzira yakafanana. Kushandisa mita yehuwandu hwemvura kunoita kuti ma parameter aya arambe ari mukati memiganhu yakasimba yekushanda, zvichisimbisa kuvimbika mumitsetse yezvigadzirwa zvemakemikari zveindasitiri.
Kugadzirisa kusashanda zvakanaka kunoshanda sei mukugadzirira munyu wenylon 66?
Mukuita kwemunyu wenylon 66, hexamethylenediamine (diamine base) inopindirana neadipic acid (dicarboxylic acid) muhuwandu hwestoichiometric. Kuita uku kunobva pakusashanda zvakanaka: NH2-(CH2)6-NH2 + HOOC-(CH2)4-COOH → (NH3+)-(CH2)6-(NH3+)(-OOC-(CH2)4-COO-) + H2O. Kuti munyu uumbwe zvakanaka, maitiro aya anoda kudzorwa kwakanyatsojeka kwekuwedzera kwe reactant, tembiricha, uye pH, sezvo kunyangwe kutsauka kudiki kunogona kukonzera kushanduka kusina kukwana kana kuti side reactions dzisingadiwe. Kushanda zvakanaka kwekuita uku kunosarudza chimiro chemamorekuru uye mashandiro epolymer yenylon 66 inobuda.
Ndeipi michina inoshandiswa pakuyera huwandu hwemvura mukugadzirwa kwemunyu wenylon 66 mumaindasitiri?
Kuyera kwakarurama kwehuwandu hwemunyu ndiko kunoita kuti pave nekusimbisa mashandiro ekugadzira nylon 66 yakakura. Mamita emvura emukati medhijitari, akadai seU-tube densitometers dzinotenderera, anowanzo shandiswa mumaindasitiri. Zvishandiso izvi zvinopa kuverenga kwehuwandu hwemvura panguva chaiyo, izvo zvinobatsira vashandi kugadzirisa huwandu hwemvura, reactant ratios, uye mamiriro ekupisa kuti zvienderane nezvinodiwa. Lonnmeter inogadzira mamita emvura akasimba emukati medhijitari uye mamita emvura emukati medhijitari akakodzera kushandiswa kwemaindasitiri. Kuongororwa kwezvishandiso izvi nguva dzose kunoita kuti pave nekushanda kwakavimbika uye kunodzokororwa, izvo zvakakosha pakuchengetedza kuvimbika kwemutsetse wechigadzirwa chemakemikari uye kutsigira manejimendi yemhando yepamusoro.
Nguva yekutumira: Zvita-18-2025
