Mould flux chinhu chakagadzirwa nezvinhu zvakawanda chakakosha pakuumbwa kwesimbi nguva dzose. Kuiswa kwayo pamusoro pesimbi yakanyungudutswa kunosarudza zvakananga kunaka kwechigadzirwa, goho, uye kugara kwenguva refu mukugadzira simbi kwemazuva ano.
Kuwanda kwemvura inoyerera muforoma kwakakosha pakudzora kutamiswa kwekupisa uye kuona kuti kutonhora kwakafanana mukuumbwa kwayo nguva dzose. Kusiyana kwehuwandu hwemvura inoyerera kunokonzera kubviswa kwekupisa kusina kuenzana, zvichiwedzera njodzi yekushushikana kwekupisa, matambudziko ekuumbwa kwegoko, uye zvikanganiso pamusoro peslab. Masimulations uye zviyero zvemiti zvinosimbisa kuti ukobvu hwefirimu reslag rakasimba—chinhu chakabatana zvakanyanya nehuwandu hwemvura inoyerera—hunonyanya kutonga hunhu hwekutamiswa kwekupisa kwenzvimbo. Mafirimu eslag akakora, anowedzera kuramba kupisa uye anoderedza kupisa kwenzvimbo, nepo huwandu hwakawanda hwemvura inoyerera huchitsigira kutonhora nguva dzose, izvo zvakakosha kuti slab igadzikane uye idzore mhando..
Mabasa Makuru eMold Flux
Kudzora Kutamiswa Kwekupisa
Kuyerera kwechinhu ichi kunodzora kuyerera kwekupisa kubva musimbi yakanyungudutswa kuenda kuchinhu ichi chemhangura, zvichiita kuti chive chakasimba uye chakafanana. Kuumbwa kwefirimu rechinhu ichi chakasimba—ukobvu hwacho uye kristallinity zvinoshanduka panguva yekukanda—zvinoshanda sechinodzivirira kupisa. Iri jira rechinhu ichi, pamwe chete nemhepo inobuda zvishoma nezvishoma, zvinosimbisa kupenya kwekupisa kunotungamira kukura kwesimbi. Kudzora kupisa kwakanyanya kunodzivirira kupisa kwakanyanya kana kutonhora zvakanyanya, zvese izvi zvinokonzera zvikanganiso pamusoro kana kuoma kusina kukwana. Kuenzanisa kwemasvomhu uye kuyerwa kwemaindasitiri zvinoratidza kuti ukobvu hwefirimu rechinhu ichi uye kupenya kwemvura ndizvo zvinhu zvikuru zvinokanganisa kuramba kupisa uye, nokudaro, kushanda zvakanaka kwekutamisa kupisa mukati mechinhu ichi.
Maitiro Ekurasira Anoenderera Mberi
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Kupa Mafuta Ekuzora
Rutivi rwemvura inoyerera muchimiro chemuchina runoderedza kukweshana pakati peganda resimbi riri kukura nemadziro emuchina, zvichidzivirira kunamira uye kubvaruka kwemuchina. Kunyorovesa kwakafanana kunoderedza zvikanganiso zvakaita semavanga ekutenderera uye kuputika kwenguva refu pamusoro pebhiri kana slab. Kusviba, tembiricha inonyunguduka, uye kugadzikana kweslag yemvura panzvimbo yesimbi-mold zvinosarudza; nzvimbo dzisina mafuta akawanda dzinokonzera kuchinja kwekupisa uye kusagadzikana kwekusimba kwenzvimbo. Kuwedzera mafuta kuburikidza nekugadzirisa makemikari emuchina kunoenderana zvakananga nekutsvedzerera kwepamusoro uye kuvimbika kwekushanda.
Kudzivirira Oxidation Yechipiri
Kuyerera kwemould kunoshanda sechifukidziro chemuviri uye sechidziviriro, kuchidzivirira simbi yakanyungudutswa kubva kumagasi emhepo. Nekudzivirira kupinda kweokisijeni, kuumbwa kwema oxide asingadiwe pamusoro pesimbi kunodziviswa. Kuumbwa kweflux uye kugadzikana kwechinhu chaicho—kunyanya basicity (chiyero cheCaO kuSiO₂)—zvinoita kuti zvidziviriro zvirambe zvakasimba uye zvigadzirwe. Kuyerera kwemould kunofanirawo kuderedza kupinza kwekuchinja kunokuvadza kwakadai se perovskite precipitation, izvo zvinogona kukanganisa kuchena kwesimbi.
Zvinosanganisirwa neAdsorbing
Panguva yekusimba, zvinhu zvisina simbi zvinokwira pamusoro pesimbi. Zvinhu zvakagadzirwa zvakanaka zvinonyungudutsa uye zvinobata zvinhu izvi zvinonyungudutsa, zvichidzivirira kuti zvisapinde zvakare muchigadzirwa. Muumbirwo wezvinhu zvinonyungudutsa unofanira kubatsira basa iri pasina kutsigira maitiro echipiri kana kushandura viscosity. Basa iri rechipiri—kubvisa zvinhu zvinonyungudutsa uku uchichengetedza kuyerera kwemvura—rakakosha pakugadzirwa kwesimbi yepamusoro.
Mhedzisiro paHunhu hwePamusoro uye Kumhanya kweKushanda
Kushanda kweflux yemold kunosarudza zvakananga kupedzisa kwebillet, bloom, kana slab. Kudzora kwakafanana kwekupisa uye mafuta kunovimbisa kukura kwakaenzana kwegoko, zvichideredza mavanga ekutenderera uye kutsemuka. Zvidzidzo zvezviyero zvemiti zvinosimbisa kuti maparameter eflux akagadziriswa anopa nzvimbo dzakatsetseka uye zvikanganiso zvishoma, kunyanya pakumhanya kwekukanda pamusoro pe3 m/min.
Kuvandudzwa kwekumhanya kwekushanda mukuita kwekukanda nguva dzose kunoenderana nekufambira mberi mukutonga kwekuyerera kwemold. Pakumhanya kwakanyanya, kunyunguduka kusina kukwana kana kusina kurongeka, kusakwana kwekuzora mafuta, kana kupisa kwakanyanya kunogona kukonzera kutadza kushanda zvakanaka kwenzvimbo kana kuputika kweganda. Kumhanya kunowedzera kushushikana kwehukama huripo pakati pehuwandu hwekuyerera kwekupisa, kugadzikana kwekuzora mafuta, uye kudzora kukanganisa, zvichisimbisa kudiwa kwekudzora zvakanyanya hunhu hwekuyerera kwemold.
Kukanda Nekukurumidza: Matambudziko Mukusarudza Nekutarisira Flux
Kukanda zvinhu zvinokurumidza kuenderera mberi kunowedzera matambudziko ekudzora maitiro ekuyerera kwemukuyu:
- Kutamiswa kwekupisa kusina kugadzikana:Kuoma nekukurumidza kunowedzera kupisa, zvichikonzera njodzi yekuumbwa kwegoko risina kuenzana kana kutsemuka kwenzvimbo kana mafambiro emvura asina kusimba zvakakwana kana kuti asingashande zvakanaka.
- Kudzora Kuumbwa Kwemakristaro:Kukurumidza kukanda zvinhu kunogona kukanganisa kuenzana kwekristaro/girazi muchikamu cheslag chakasimba. Kukasira kupenya kunogona kubata zvidimbu zvemvura, zvichiwedzera kusimba kwekupisa zvakanyanya, zvichikonzera kutsemuka kwemukati. Kukasira kupenya kunokonzera kunyorovesa zvakanyanya uye kurasikirwa nekupisa zvakanyanya, zvichiwedzera zviratidzo zvekutenderera uye kudzikira.
- Kushanda Kwemafuta:Kana firimu reslag richimhanya zvakanyanya, nguva yekuumbwa kwayo inoderera. Ma "fluxes" anofanira kuchengetedza kusviba kwakaderera uye kunyunguduka kwakabatana, kana zvisina kudaro zvinogona kunamira uye kubvaruka pamusoro.
- Kudzivirira Oxidation:Kuwedzera kwekukurumidzira uye kushanduka-shanduka kwehuwandu hwesimbi zvinosimudzira kusangana kwemhepo, zvichida kuyerera kwemvura ine kugadzikana kwakanyanya kwezvikamu uye hunhu hwekunyunguduka nekukurumidza.
- Kunyudzwa kweKubatanidzwa:Kuwanda kwemarara anoda kuti mvura irambe ichiyerera nekukurumidza kuti irambe ichivharirwa uye ichibviswa pasina kubvumira zvinhu zvinosanganisirwa kuti zvibude.
Ruzivo rwemaindasitiri runoratidza kuti zvivakwa zvakaita seviscosity yekufamba, tembiricha yekristaro, uye kuramba kwemakemikari kuchinjwa kunofanira kugara kuchitarisirwa nekutariswa. Nzira dzekuita izvi dzinosanganisira kutsanangura zvinhu panguva chaiyo uchishandisa zvishandiso zvepamusoro zvekuyera huwandu hwemvura zvakaita seLonnmeter ultrasonic density meter kana Lonnmeter tuning fork density meter, zvichigonesa adaptive control ye flux layer dynamics.
Muchidimbu, kuwana kuvandudzwa kwemaitiro ekukanda nguva dzose—kunyanya maererano nekudzora mhando uye kumhanya kwekushanda—kunomira pahunhu hwakasimba hwekudonha kwechinhu uye kutonga: kuyera kutamiswa kwekupisa, mafuta, kudzivirira oxidation, uye kunyudzwa kwechinhu ichi munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzesimbi nemamiriro ekukanda.
Zvinhu Zvakakosha zveMold Flux Kuti Uite Zvakanaka
Kuyerera kwemould ndiko kwakakosha pakuvandudza maitiro ekukanda zvinhu nguva dzose uye kudzora mhando. Hunhu hwayo hwepanyama hunoratidza zvakananga kushanda kwenzira dzekudzora kupisa mukugadzira simbi, nzira dzekuzora mould, uye kudzivirira zvikanganiso.
Kusviba: Kuzora mafuta, Kutamisa Kupisa, uye Kudzivirira Kutsemuka
Iyoviscosity yekubuda kwemukumboinodzora kunyorovesa pakati peganda resimbi nemould yemhangura. Kunyorovesa kwakakodzera kunoita kuti firimu rekunyorovesa rive rakasimba, iro rinodiwa kuderedza kukweshana pakati pebillet nemould uye kudzivirira oxidation yechipiri musimbi yakanyungudutswa. Kunyorovesa kwakaderera kunowedzera kunyorovesa, izvo zvinoderedza njodzi yekutsemuka kwenguva refu nekudzivirira kusangana kwakananga kweganda nemould uye kukura kusina kuenzana kweganda. Zvisinei, kunyorovesa kunofanirwa kudzorwa nokungwarira: kana kwakaderera zvakanyanya, kutamiswa kwakanyanya kwekupisa kunogona kukonzera kutsemuka kwepamusoro; kana kwakakwira zvakanyanya, kunyorovesa kunoshaya kukwana, zvichikonzera kuti ganda rinamire kana kuti rive netsemuka.
Kuwedzera kwakadai seMgO kunoshanda se network breakers mukunyunguduka, zvichideredza simba re activation uye kugadzirisa chimiro chekunyunguduka. Izvi zvinoguma nekudzikira kwe viscosity, zvichiwedzera maitiro ekunyorovesa uye crystallization uye zvichigadzira kutonhora kwakafanana mukuumbwa kunogara kuripo. Semuenzaniso, kugadzirisa viscosity mukuumbwa kwe slab thin slab kwakonzera kudzikira kukuru kwezvikanganiso zvepanzvimbo, nekufambiswa kwakanaka kwe fluxes zvichikonzera kuvandudzika kwekukura kwe shell uye kuputika kwepanzvimbo kushoma.
Kunyunguduka Kwemvura Uye Kupisa: Kufukidzwa Kwemould Nekukurumidza Uye Kudzora Kupisa
Kunyunguduka kwemvura nekupisa zvinosarudza kuti chakuvhuvhu chinofukidzwa nekukurumidza sei nemvura inoyerera. Kufukidzwa kwefungus nekukurumidza uye kwakafanana kwakakosha kudzora kutorwa kwekupisa uye kupa mafuta muzvikamu zvekutanga zvekuumbwa kwegoko. Pamabasa ekukanda nekukasira (≥3 m/min), mafungus efungus anofanira kusvika pakupisa kuri pasi pe1000°C uye kunyunguduka kwakakwana mukati memasekonzi makumi mana nerimwe kuti arambe achigadzira zvakanaka uye kudzivirira zvikanganiso pamusoro.
Zvikamu zvekunze (semuenzaniso, CaSi kana Si) uye kugoverwa kwehukuru hwezvimedu zvakagadzirwa zvinokurumidzisa mwero wekunyunguduka nekupa kupisa kwekuwedzera. Kana zvinhu izvi zvagadziriswa, zvikanganiso zvakaita sekumanikidzwa kweflux uye kunonoka kwekufukidza zvinoderedzwa. Mienzaniso inosanganisira mafungu emould anonyunguduka nekukurumidza achiwana ma layers asina zvikanganiso, anowirirana pakukanda kupfuura 3 m/min, nepo kinetics yekunyunguduka inodzorwa ichibatsira kuchengetedza kugoverwa kwekupisa kwakaenzana uye kudzvinyirira kuputika kwenguva refu.
Zvikamu zveBasicity neComponent: Kugadzirisa Rheology neCrystallization
Basicity (CaO/SiO2 ratio) inokanganisa zvakanyanya maitiro e rheological e mold flux uye maitiro ayo e crystallization. Basicity yepamusoro inowanzo deredza viscosity uye inokurumidza crystallization, zvichikanganisa kuti flux inogona sei kunyudza zvinhu zviri musimbi yakanyungudutswa uye kukurudzira kukura kwakafanana kweganda. Hunhu hwemamwe ma oxide akadai seMgO, Al2O3, uye alkali oxides (semuenzaniso, Na2O, Li2O) hunowedzera kugadzirisa chimiro che flux.
Zvikamu zvezvikamu zvinogadzirisa hunhu hwakakosha hwe rheological:
- Kuwedzera MgO kana Na2O kunokanganisa network ye silicate, zvichideredza kunyunguduka kwemvura uye zvinotsigira kugadzirwa kwechikamu chegirazi, chakanyoroveswa zvakanaka.
- Kudzora kudzikamisa maitiro ekugadzira kristaloti, ayo anodzora kuyerera kwekupisa pakati pesimbi nemould; crystallization yakaenzana inodiwa kuti bracket ibvise braoti uye kuti chigadzirwa chive chakasimba uye chive chemhando yepamusoro.
Kuchinja kwezvikamu izvi kunofanirwa kuenderana nematanho esimbi anotarisirwa uye kumhanya kwekukanda kuti kudzivirira kutsauka kunogona kukanganisa hunhu hwemold flux uye kutonga.
Kufunga Nezvezvakatipoteredza: Kugadzirwa Kwemvura Isina Fluorine
Kukura kwemitemo yezvakatipoteredza kuri kukonzera shanduko kune mold flux isina fluorine, sezvo mafomura echinyakare anoshandisa CaF2 kana NaF achiburitsa magasi anoburitsa fluorine anotyisidzira kunaka kwemhepo kubasa uye kugara kwenguva refu. Kutsiva fluoride nemaoxide akadai seB2O3, Na2O, uye TiO2 kunosangana nezvinodiwa zvehunyanzvi zvekuona kupenya uye kudzora kupisa uku uchideredza magasi anokuvadza.
Semuenzaniso, masisitimu eCaO–SiO2–Al2O3–Na2O–B2O3 anoratidza kunyunguduka uye rheology zvakafanana neanalogues dzine fluorinated. Kuwedzera kweLi2O kana Na2O iri pakati nepakati kunoita kuti chimiro chegirazi chive nyore, zvichideredza viscosity uye kunatsiridza mafuta. Kuedza kwebhenji kunosimbisa kuti aya maformula akasiyana anopa kushanda kwemakwikwi nemazinga akaderera ekubudisa emission. Zvisinei, kusarudzwa kwezvikamu uye basicity zvinofanirwa kuramba zvakadzorwa zvakasimba kudzivirira kutsauka kusingatarisirwi mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma ekukanda.
Kusanganisira zvishandiso zvekuyera huwandu hwemvura panguva chaiyo, zvakaita seLonnmeter ultrasonic density meter uyeMita yeLonnmeter yekutuning forogo density, inobatsira kuona hunhu hwe flux physical, ichitsigira continuous casting mold flux optimization uye continuous casting quality control. Zvishandiso izvi zvinopa data rakarurama rekuyera huwandu hwe liquid mold flux, zvichibatsira kugadzirisa maitiro ezuva nezuva ekushanda kwakasimba uye kwakanyatsochengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza.
Kugadzirisa zvinhu izvi zvakakosha kunoita kuti mold flux ibudirire pakubvisa zvinhu, kuisa mafuta mu continuous casting, uye kutonhora kwakafanana—chikamu chega chega mu continuous casting chinobatanidzwa nechiyero chakakodzera chehunhu uhwu.
Kuyerwa kweFluid Density muMold Flux Management
Kukosha kweKuwanda kweMvura muMold Flux Behavior
Kuwanda kwemvura musimbi kunokanganisawo kugona kwemvura musimbi kupinza zvinhu zvisiri zvesimbi, zvichidzivirira kuti zvisave nezvikanganiso musimbi. Denser flux layer inovandudza "kunyura" uye mwero wekunyungudika kwezvinonyungudika pa slag-steel interface. Kana mamiriro ezvinhu ekugadzira achikurudzira kuyerera kwepamusoro—senge kuburikidza ne electromagnetic braking—flux density inowedzerawo kubvisa zvinhu musimbi, ichitsigira chinangwa chekudzivirira oxidation yechipiri musimbi yakanyungudutswa uye kuwedzera kuchena. Zvisinei, high density inofanira kuenzaniswa ne viscosity yakakodzera kuchengetedza lubrication yakakodzera pakati pe billet ne mold. Kuwanda kwemvura musina maitiro ekuyerera anoenderana kunogona kutungamira mukusagadzikana pa slag/steel interface, zvichiwedzera njodzi yekubatwa kwemvura musimbi uye kusagadzikana kwekushanda.
Kudzora hunhu uhwu kunotsigira zvinhu zvakakosha pakugadzirisa mashandiro: kubva panzira dzekudzora kupisa musimbi kusvika pakuderedza kukweshana uye kuvandudza mhando yeslab nebillet. Kuramba uchitarisa nekugadzirisa huwandu hwemold flux kunoita kuti zvinangwa zvikuru zvive zvakanaka - kutonhora kwakafanana, kubvisa zvinhu, uye kunyorovesa zvinobudirira musimbi inoenderera mberi.
Zvishandiso zvemazuva ano zvekuyera huwandu hwemvura
Kuyera nekuchenjera huwandu hwechiumbwa chemuumbi kwakakosha pakuvandudza maitiro ekuumba uye pakugadzira simbi inoshanda zvakanyanya. Kune mhando dzakasiyana dzezvishandiso zviripo, inonyanya kuzivikanwa iri iyo liquid mold flux density meter, Lonnmeter tuning fork density meter, uye Lonnmeter ultrasonic density meter.
Iyomita yekuyera huwandu hwemvura yemuforomayakagadzirirwa zvakananga nzvimbo yakaoma yekuyera kuyerera kwemvura yakanyungudutswa. Mudziyo uyu unowanzo vimba nepfungwa yekudzika: sensor ine huremu hunozivikanwa uye vhoriyamu inonyudzwa mukufamba kwemvura yakanyungudutswa, uye simba rinokwira rinoitwa nekufamba kwemvura rinobvumira mudziyo kuona huwandu hwayo. Nekuda kwenzvimbo inoshanduka zvakanyanya uye inopisa zvakanyanya, mamita akadaro akagadzirwa nezvinhu zvakasimba, zvisingaite kutenderera uye dzimba dzinodzivirira, zvichiita kuti kuyerwa kudzokororwe pasina kusvibisa kufamba kwemvura.
IyoMita yeLonnmeter yekutuning forogo densityinopa kururama kwakawedzerwa uye kuvimbika nekuda kwenheyo yayo yekuyera panyama. Inoshanda pakuchinja kwema frequency e resonance yeforogo inodedera yakanyungudutswa kana kuti yemvura. Sezvo density yemvura ichichinja, ma frequency e resonance anochinja, zvichibvumira kuyerwa kwe inline density panguva chaiyo. Zvakanakira zvikuru zvinosanganisira:
- Kutsiva tembiricha yakavakirwa mukati—kwakakosha kuti maitiro agare zvakanaka pakati pekuchinja-chinja kwetembiricha.
- Kuburitswa kwedata redhijitari rekubatanidza zvakananga nemasisitimu ekudzora maitiro.
- Zvakaratidzwa kuti zvakakodzera kushandisa mhepo dzinoputika, dzinoparadza, kana kuti dzinopisa zvakanyanya, kusanganisira kutevedzera mitemo yekuchengetedza.
- Kugona kushanda zvakanaka kwekutarisa nguva dzose, nguva dzose, kusiyana nekuongororwa nemaoko nguva nenguva.
Semuenzaniso, muhurongwa hwekubata flux hwefekitori yesimbi, Lonnmeter tuning fork density meter yakaiswa mumutsara wekufambisa flux inopa mhinduro dzinogara dzichiitika, zvichiita kuti vashandisi vagone kugadzirisa nekukurumidza ma parameter ekugadzira kuti varambe vaine hunhu hwakanaka hwe flux yemold uye kuderedza mukana wekuti pave nezvikanganiso.
IyoMita yekuyera kuwanda kweultrasonic yeLonnmeterinopa kuongororwa kwekuwanda kwesimba nekukurumidza, kusingasanganisike. Inotumira ma ultrasonic pulses kuburikidza ne flux yakanyungudutswa kana yemvura, ichiyera nguva uye kuderedza ma acoustic signals. Kuwanda kwesimba kunobva mukumhanya kwekupararira uye kurasikirwa nesimba, zvinoenderana nekuwanda kwechinhu chacho. Mabhenefiti akakosha anosanganisira:
- Kuverenga nekukurumidza, kunodzokororwa, kunotsigira sarudzo dzekushanda dzinoitwa panguva chaiyo.
- Kubatanidzwa kwakasununguka nemaitiro otomatiki ekugadzirisa kuenderera mberi kwekukanda mold flux.
- Kuderedza njodzi yekuora kwesensa uye kuungana kwayo, sezvo sensa isingade kusangana zvakananga neflux.
Kusarudzwa kwezviridzwa zvemamiriro ekukanda anoenderera mberi ane simba guru kunoenderana nezvinodiwa zvakasiyana-siyana:
- Kugona kwekupisa: Masensa anofanirwa kutsungirira kupisa kwakanyanya kwemvura yakanyungudutswa.
- Kuenderana nekugadzirwa kweflux: Zvinhu zve sensor zvinofanira kuramba ngura uye kurwiswa nemakemikari.
- Kumhanya uye kuwanda kwekuyera: Ruzivo rwenguva chaiyo, runoramba ruchienderera mberi runosarudzwa pakudzora maitiro anochinja-chinja.
- Kubatanidzwa nemasisitimu aripo ekugadzirisa otomatiki.
- Kururama uye kugona kudzokorora: Zvishandiso zvakaita seLonnmeter zvinovimbisa kushivirira maitiro uye manejimendi yemhando yepamusoro inotungamirwa nedata.
Kuchengetedza Kururama Munguva Yekuchinja-chinja Kwemaitiro:
Kuchinja kwemamiriro ekupisa nekuyerera kwakajairika mukukanda nguva dzose. Maforogo eLonnmeter ekutuning uye ultrasonic density metres ese ane maitiro ekubhadharisa tembiricha, kugadzirisa kuenderana kwekupisa kwemhinduro yesensor uye frequency ye resonance. Maitiro ekushanda anosanganisira kutarisa kuchena uye kuvimbika kwesensor, kunyanya mushure mekuchinja kukuru kwemaitiro kana nguva nenguva.
Kuve nechokwadi chekuti data rinodzokororwa uye rakavimbika:
Kuyerwa kunodzokororwa kunoenderana nekugadzwa kwakasimba, kudzivirira mapoketi emhepo (izvo zvinogona kukanganisa kuverenga kweforogo inoyerera uye kudedera), uye kudzivirira marara kana zvidimbu zvakasimba zvinonamatira pamusoro pemasensa. Pakushandisa mukati, manejimendi yekuyerera kwesensa inoita kuti pave nemuenzaniso unogara uchimiririra wenzira yekushanda. Kuiswa kwemasensa kusingawanzoitiki—uchishandisa mayuniti ekutanga neekuchengetedza—kunowedzera kudzivirira kudonha kwedata uye kunoita kuti kudzora kwemhando yekukanda kurambe kuchikanganiswa nekukundikana kwemasensa.
Data rakabvakuyerwa kwehuwandu hwemvuraZvishandiso zvinofanirwa kuchengetwa zvakachengeteka, nezvinobuda panguva chaiyo zvakabatanidzwa mumadhibhodhi ekudzora mashandiro. Maalarm anongoerekana aitika anogona kuzivisa vashandisi nezvekutsauka kunopfuura zvakatarwa, zvichiita kuti zvigadziriswe nekukurumidza kuti varambe vachidzora zvinhu zvemold flux uye, nekuwedzera, zvese zvinodiwa pamhando yepamusoro mukukanda nguva dzose.
Kubatanidzwa kweKuyera Density muKuvandudzwa kweKukanda Kunoenderera Mberi
Kuyerwa kwehuwandu hwemvura panguva chaiyo ndiko kwakakosha pakuvandudza maitiro emazuva ano ekukanda zvinhu. Kutarisa zvakananga huwandu hwemvura inoyerera kunoita kuti pave neruzivo rwekugadzirisa zvinhu, zvichivandudza hunhu hwesimbi nekuchinja kutamiswa kwekupisa, mafuta, uye kuoma.
Kutarisa Kuwanda Kwenguva Yechokwadi Kwekudzora Kukanda Kunochinjika
Kuyerwa kwehuwandu hwemvura inoyerera panguva imwe chete, inoenderera mberi, kunoita kuti vashandisi vakwanise kutevera shanduko dzehuwandu hwemvura mukati menguva yese yekukanda. Nezvishandiso zvepamusoro-soro—zvakadai semasensa e interferometric—zvinhu zvakakosha zvakaita se flux film thickness uye air gap evolution zvinotariswa munguva chaiyo. Izvi zvinobvumira kugadziriswa nekukurumidza kwe mold flux composition kana casting parameters, zvichideredza kunonoka pakati pekuona mamiriro ezvinhu uye kugadzirisa. Semuenzaniso, kana kudzikira kwehuwandu hwe mold flux kukaonekwa, vashandisi vanogona kuwedzera mold powder addition kana kugadzirisa tembiricha setpoints kuti vagadzikane maitiro e flux uye kudzivirira kukanganisa kwe shell.
Kunyange hazvo fiber optic uye masisitimu e interferometric achitungamira pakutarisa kwazvino kwe high-resolution, Lonnmeter ultrasonic uye tuning fork density metres zvinopa dzimwe nzira dzakasimba dzekudzora maitiro akafara. Zvishandiso izvi zvinopa mhinduro pakarepo pamusoro pe flux density, zvichipa yambiro dzekutanga dzemamiriro ezvinhu anochinja anogona kukanganisa kuoma kana kutungamira ku non-formal casting.
Maitiro Ekugadzirisa Mhinduro: Density Data ine Speed, Lubrication, uye Heat Management
Kubatanidza zvishandiso zvekuyera huwandu hwemvura muhurongwa hwekudzora hwakavharika kunoshandura maitiro ekupindura. Real-time density data feed programmable logic controllers (PLCs) uye advanced process control systems, zvichisimbisa kudyidzana pakati pezvinhu zvakakosha zvekukanda:
- Kumhanya Kwekukanda:Zvikanganiso zviri mukushandiswa kwechiratidzo che "mold flux density signal" mukubvisa kupisa kwakanyanya kana kuti zvinogona kukonzera njodzi yekubuda kwechinhu. Masisitimu anoshandisa kuverenga kwehuwandu hwechinhu kuti agadzirise kumhanya kwekukanda, zvichideredza zvikanganiso zvine chekuita nekukura kwegoko zvisina kukodzera.
- Kugadziriswa kwemafuta:Kutevedza kwakarurama kwehuwandu hwezvinhu kunoita kuti flux yakanyungudutswa igadzire firimu rekuzora rakakodzera, zvichideredza kukweshana pakati pebhillet nemould. Kuwanda kushoma pane zvaitarisirwa kunogona kukurudzira kugadziriswa kwemafuta otomatiki, kuchengetedza mamiriro ekunze ekukanda uye kudzivirira kunamira.
- Kutarisira Kupisa:Kuverengwa kwehuwandu hwezvinhu kunokanganisa zvakanyanya nzira dzekudzora kupisa mukugadzira simbi. Kuyerwa kwenguva chaiyo kunogonesa vashandisi kugadzirisa kuyerera kwemvura inotonhodza kana nzira dzekutonhodza dzechipiri, zvichiita kuti kutonhodza kwakafanana muhupamhi neukobvu hwechiumbwa.
Mienzaniso inosanganisira kushandiswa kwemutemo wemvura inopfapfaidzwa inochinjika yakabatana zvakananga nekuwanda kwemvura uye kuverenga kwesensa yekupisa, izvo zvinoita kuti ganda rirambe richikura kunyangwe paine zvinhu zvinoshanduka kana kuchinja kwezvakatipoteredza.
Mould Flux yeKukanda Kunoramba Kuchienderera
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Basa rekuderedza kutsemuka kwenzvimbo refu nekuvandudza kutamiswa kwekupisa uye kukura kwekusimba
Kutsemuka kwehurefu kunomiririra dambudziko rinogara riripo rekudzora kunaka kwemuchina unogadzirwa. Kukanganisa uku kunowanzobatanidzwa nekusachinja-chinja kwekupisa uye kuomarara kweganda. Kuyerwa kwehuwandu hwemuchina panguva chaiyo yekuchinja kwemuchina kunoshanda sechiratidzo chekutanga chekusagadzikana kwemuchina unogadzirwa kana kuchinja kwekupisa.
Kugadziriswa kwe continuous casting mold flux kunoshandisa data iri kugadzirisa chimiro che flux, zvichiita kuti pave nekufukidza kwakafanana uye mwero wekusimbisa unofungidzirwa. Maitiro ekuyera fluid density anobatsira kuchengetedza chiyero chakanaka pakati pe insulation ne lubrication, zvichiita kuti kupisa kurambe kwakadzikama kubva pamusoro pe billet. Kugadzirisa mamiriro ekukanda mukupindura kudonha kwe density kunotsigira kutonhora kwakafanana mukukanda kwakasimba, zvakakosha kuderedza kushushikana kwekupisa kunokonzera kutsemuka kwepamusoro.
Kushandiswa kwemamita emvura inoyerera muchimiro chemvura nguva dzose, akadai seLonnmeter ultrasonic density meter kana Lonnmeter tuning fork density meter, kunobatsirawo kudzivirira oxidation yechipiri musimbi yakanyungudutswa, sezvo kufukidzwa kwakakodzera kweflux kunoparadzanisa simbi kubva mumhepo inotonhorera. Panguva imwe chete, mhinduro idzi dzinovandudza kubviswa kweinclusion nekuona kuti flux inoramba iri mu viscosity yayo yakakodzera uye density kuti ikwanise kudhonza zvinhu zvisiri zvesimbi, zvichikanganisa zvakananga kuchena kwesimbi uye kunaka kwayo.
Nekubatanidza zvishandiso zvine resolution yepamusoro uye zvinopindura huwandu hwezvinhu mukugadzira zvinhu zvinoenderera mberi, vagadziri vesimbi vanoderedza njodzi yekukanganisa kwakabatana nekukanda zvinhu uye vanosimudzira kuvimbika kwekushanda, vachiwana kugadzikana kwepamusoro kwemaitiro uye mhando yechigadzirwa chapera kuburikidza nekushandisa data-based interventions uye nzira dzemhinduro.
Kuvandudza Kushanda kweMold Flux Kuburikidza neMatekiniki ekuongorora
Kushanda kweflux dzechimurenga mukuumbwa kwacho nguva dzose kunoenderana nehunyanzvi hwakagadzirwa zvakanaka hunovimbisa kutonhora kwakafanana, mafuta anozorwa zvakanaka, uye kubviswa kwacho nguva dzose. Matekiniki epamusoro ekuongorora ave akakosha mukuvandudza maflux aya kuti awedzere kunaka kwesimbi uye kuvimbika kwekuumbwa.
Kuenzanisa Kuyera Kuwanda Kwezvinhu Nemhedzisiro Yemhando Yepamusoro
Kusimbiswa kwenzira dzekugadzirisa flux kunosanganisira kubatanidza ruzivo rwemurabhoritari nemhedzisiro chaiyo yekuumbwa kwedata.Mita yekuyera kuwanda kweultrasonic yeLonnmeteruyeMita yeLonnmeter yekutuning forogo densityinopa kuyerwa kwehuwandu hwemvura panzvimbo iyoyo panguva yekukanda. Zvishandiso izvi, zvinomiririra zvishandiso zvemazuva ano zvekuyera huwandu hwemvura, zvinopa kuteererwa kwezvimiro zvemvura inoyerera panguva chaiyo. Nekutarisa huwandu hwemvura inoyerera nguva dzose, vashandisi vanogona kugadzirisa maparamita ekuita kuti varambe vachidzora kupisa kwakanyanya uye kuderedza kukweshana, zvichikanganisa zvakananga kunaka kwenzvimbo dzemabheti esimbi.
Kuzora mafuta, Kutamisirwa kwekupisa, uye Kudzora Hunhu: Mhedzisiro yekubatana
Mukuita kwekukanda nguva dzose, kuyerwa kwakanyatsojeka kwehuwandu hwemvura kwakakosha pakuvandudza mashandiro emukuyu. Kuwanda kwakayerwa kunokanganisa zvakananga mafuta, kutamiswa kwekupisa, uye kudzorwa kwemhando, zvichikonzera kuvandudzwa kwemaitiro ekukanda nguva dzose kuburikidza nehunyanzvi hwakasimba hwemukuyu uye nzira dzekudzora.
Kuwanda kwemafuta pakuderedza kukweshana kwemafuta uye kukweshana kwemafuta
Kuwanda kwakakwana kwehuwandu hwemvura inoyerera muchimiro chemusanganiswa wemvura ndiko kunonyanya kukosha pakudzora kukweshana pakati pebhillet kana slab inosimba nemadziro emusanganiswa. Kukweshana kwakanyanya kwemusanganiswa wemvura kunowanzoita firimu remvura inoyerera muchimiro chesimbi-mold, zvichiparadzanisa mold kubva kugoko rinokura. Iyi firimu inoderedza friction coefficient panzvimbo dzakakosha dzekubata—kana flux film yacho yakawedzera kukora uye yakafanana, kukweshana kunowedzera uye kugadzikana kwemaitiro. Semuenzaniso, kuyerwa kubva kuLonnmeter tuning fork density meter kunogona kubatsira kuchengetedza ukobvu hwefirimu, kuve nechokwadi chekufamba kwetambo kwakatsetseka uye kuderedza njodzi yekubuda.
Kudzora kwakanyatsojeka kwehuwandu hwezvinhu zvinogonesa kugadzirisa chimiro che mold flux uye casting parameters kuti igadzirise viscosity yefirimu uye kupinda kwayo. Viscosity yakaderera uye density inodzorwa inobvumira flux kuyerera zvakasununguka, zvichideredza kuramba sezvo tambo ichifamba. Zvisinei, ukobvu hwefirimu hwakawanda, nepo huchideredza kukweshana, hunogona kukanganisa kubviswa kwekupisa uye kuoma kweganda. Kuchengetedza chiyero chakakodzera—kutungamirirwa nezvishandiso zvekuyera huwandu hwemvura—ndiyo nzira huru yekuchenesa mold yekuderedza kukweshana pakati pe billet nemold pasina kukanganisa kutamiswa kwekupisa kana kukonzera kunamira kana kutsemuka.
Kudzora Kutamiswa Kwekupisa Kuti Kutonhodze Zvakafanana uye Kuderedza Matambudziko
Kuwanda kwemafuta hakungogumiri pakunyorovesa mafuta chete asiwo pakupfuudza kupisa mukupfuudza kunoenderera mberi. Kufambiswa kwemafuta uye ukobvu hwemafirimu eslag emould—ese ari emvura uye akasimba—zvakabatana nekuumbwa uye kuwanda kwemafuta. Kupfuudza kupisa kwakafanana kuburikidza nemould kwakakosha kuti kutonhora kugare kwakafanana, chinhu chinodiwa pakugadzirwa kwesimbi isina kukanganisa. Nekushandisa matekiniki ekuyera kuwanda kwemafuta, vashandisi vanogona kugadzirisa macompositions eslag kuti kupfuudza flux yemould kurambe kuchigadzirwa, vachitarisa kukosha kwehuwandu hwakakodzera hunokurudzira kuumbwa kwefirimu reslag rakafanana.
Hunhu hwehuwandu hwakayerwa hunopa mhinduro chaiyo panguva chaiyo yekugadzirisa mwero wekutonhodza kwemould. Semuenzaniso, Lonnmeter ultrasonic density meter inopa kuverenga nekukurumidza, ichitsigira kugadziriswa nekukurumidza munzira dzekudzora kupisa musimbi. Ukobvu hwemvura yemould hwakafanana, huchitungamirirwa nehuwandu hwakafanana, hunovimbisa kuenzana kwekushisa, kuderedza kuitika kwekutsemuka, kukura kweganda kusina kufanana, uye zviratidzo zvekutenderera kwepamusoro.
Mienzaniso inosanganisira kuwedzera urefu hwechivhu kana kugadzirisa chivhu kuti chidzivise mipata yemhepo—zviito zvinoitwa kuti zvive zvakavimbika kana zvichitungamirirwa nedata kubva kumidziyo yekuyera huwandu hwemvura. Izvi zvinovimbisa kubviswa kwekupisa kwakasimba, zvakakosha pakudzora mhando uye kushanda kwakasimba kwemaitiro.
Kuwanda uye Kusanganiswa kweMafuta, Kudzivirira Kupisa KwemaOxidation Kwechipiri
Kuwanda kwesimbi kunodzorawo kugona kwemusanganiswa wesimbi yakanyungudutswa uye kudzivirira oxidation yechipiri. Kunyanya, mafungu emhando yepamusoro anopa mukana wakakura wekupinza zvinhu zvisiri zvesimbi (zvakadai seAl₂O₃ neSiO₂), zvichidhonza zvidimbu izvi kubva musimbi uye kuzvibata mukati metsvina. Izvi zvinoguma nesimbi yakachena uye zvinovandudza kunaka kwesimbi.
Kuwanda kwakagadziriswa kunotsigira kugadzirwa kwemafirimu eslag anoramba aripo, akafanana, anoshanda sezvipingamupinyi zvemuviri uye zvemakemikari kune okisijeni yemumhepo. Chidziviriro ichi chinoderedza kuoxidation, kana kuti oxidation yechipiri, iyo inogona kukonzera brittle phases kana ma oxide anokuvadza muchigadzirwa. Kuwanda kweflux kwakafanana, kwakagadziridzwa uchishandisa matekiniki epamusoro ekuyera huwandu hwemvura, kunosimbisa nzira dzekudzivirira—kunyanya panguva yekubuda kwemvura nekukurumidza kana dynamic mumold.
Zvishandiso zvepamusoro, zvakaita se liquid mold flux density metres, zvinopa chiyero panzvimbo yacho kutsigira kubviswa kwemhando yepamusoro kwesimbi yakanyungudutswa uye kudzivirira oxidation yechipiri musimbi yakanyungudutswa, kunyangwe mamiriro ekuumbwa achichinja.
Kudzora Hunhu Hwakabatana kuburikidza neDensity Management
Kugara uchidzora huwandu hwemafungu emuforoma kunogonesa nzira dzekudzora hunhu panguva chaiyo. Nekubatanidza data kubva kuLonnmeter fluid density measurements, vanogadzira macasting vanogona kugadzirisa lubrication, kunatsiridza kupisa, uye kuchengetedza zvinangwa zvehutsanana. Kubatanidza huwandu hwemafungu nemaitiro ekudzora maitiro kunoita kuti zvese zvinobatanidzwa — lubrication, controlled cooling, uye cleansing — zviwirirane kuti zvienderane nekushanda kwemaitiro ekukanda nguva dzose.
Mazano Anoshanda Ekushandisa Maindasitiri
Kubatanidza Liquid Mold Flux Density Meters muContinuous Casting Workflows
Kuti pave nekuvandudzwa kwakanaka kwemaitiro ekukanda zvinhu nguva dzose, kubatanidzwa kwakakodzera kwemamita emvura inoyerera muchimiro chemvura—akadai seLonnmeter ultrasonic density meter uye Lonnmeter tuning fork density meter—kunoda kurongeka kwakanyatsorongeka nemaitiro aripo ekuyera. Ongorora mashandiro ebasa kuti uone nzvimbo dzakakosha dzekutarisa uko kutarisa kwemvura inoyerera muchimiro chemvura panguva chaiyo kunotsigira kudzora kutamiswa kwekupisa mukukanda zvinhu nguva dzose, kuwana kutonhora kwakafanana, uye kusimudzira matekiniki ekuzora muchimiro chemvura. Isa mamita emvura panzvimbo dzakagadzikana dzesampuro pedyo nechimiro chemvura kuti ubate hunhu hwemvura inoyerera uku uchideredza kukanganiswa kwemvura inoyerera.
Dhata remuchina wekufambisa rinoyerera zvakananga kumasisitimu ekudzora mashandiro. Bvumira zviziviso zve otomatiki zvekuverengerwa kusingatarisirwi kuti mukurudzire kupindira kwemushandisi wezvinhu zvemold flux uye kutonga. Chengetedza waya dzakachengeteka uye dzisina kudiwa munzvimbo dzakaoma dzemuchina, uchidzivirira michina kubva mukuzununguka, kupisa, uye slag splash. Maitiro ekugadzira anofanirwa kusanganisira calibration yekutanga uchishandisa standardized reference fluids kuti usimbise kudzorwa kwemhando kuri kuramba kuchiitika.
SarudzoyeZvishandiso zvekuyera huwandu hwemvura
Sarudza zvishandiso zvekuyera huwandu hwemvura zvichienderana nezvinodiwa nemaitiro:
- ShandisaMamita ekuwanda kweultrasonic eLonnmeteruko tembiricha yekushanda, kumanikidzwa, kana flux zvinochinja-chinja. Tekinoroji yeUltrasonic inoita kuti kuverenga kwakavimbika, kunoramba kuripo uye kudzokororwa kwakaderera, ichienzanisa nharaunda dzinonzwa kudzora kwakasimba kwekushanda, dzakadai sedzinodzivirira oxidation yechipiri musimbi yakanyungudutswa uye dzinotsigira kugadziriswa kwe continuous casting mold flux.
- SarudzaKureba kweforogo yeLonnmeteryekuisa tembiricha, kuyerera, uye musanganiswa wayo zvakagadzikana, uko kudedera uye kuyerera kwakasimba kuri kushoma.
Nekunyatsoteerera mazano aya, zvirimwa zvinogara zvichiona kuti zvinhu zvinobuda mumota zvinotsigira kubviswa kwesimbi yakanyungudutswa, mafuta anoshanda zvakanaka, uye mhando yepamusoro yekukanda zvinhu mukati mebasa rese.
Mibvunzo Inowanzo bvunzwa (Mibvunzo Inowanzo bvunzwa)
Chii chinonzi mold flux uye nei huwandu hwayo hwakakosha mukuumbwa kwayo nguva dzose?
Mould flux chinhu chakagadzirwa neinjiniya chinoshandiswa pamusoro pesimbi yakanyungudutswa mukukanda nguva dzose. Mabasa ayo makuru nderekukwiza—kunyanya, kuderedza kukweshana pakati pebhillet nemadziro emould—uye kudzora kutamiswa kwekupisa kuti kuome zvakaenzana. Mould flux inoshandawo sechidziviriro chinodzivirira, ichidzivirira oxidation yechipiri uye inokweva zvinhu zvisiri zvesimbi kubva musimbi. Kuwanda kwemould flux kunokanganisa zvakananga mashandiro ayo; density chaiyo inovimbisa layer yakafanana yekufambisa kupisa uye kukwiza, ukuwo ichichengetedzawo physical fitness pasi pemhando dzakasiyana dze casting speeds nemamiriro ezvinhu. Kusakwana kwe flux density kunogona kukanganisa insulation, zvichikonzera zvikanganiso pamusoro uye kuwedzera mukana we oxidation, kunyanya mu alloy steels yepamusoro kana high-speed casting applications. Kuramba uchitarisa uye kudzora adaptive flux density zvinodiwa kuti uwane mhando yepamusoro yekukanda uye kugadzikana kwemaitiro.
Chiyero chemvura chinoyerera cheflux density meter chinovandudza sei kudzora maitiro ekukanda nguva dzose?
Chiyero chemvura chinoyerera muchimiro chemvura chinoita kuti chitariswe panguva chaiyo uye nemazvo pamusoro pehuwandu hwemvura inoyerera muchimiro chekugadzira. Nekubatanidza maturusi ekuyera akadaro, vashandisi vanowana mhinduro nekukurumidza pamusoro pemamiriro emvura inoyerera, zvichibvumira kugadziriswa nekukurumidza kwemazinga ekushandisa, chemistry, uye tembiricha. Kudzora uku kwakanyatsojeka kunoita kuti kupisa kupfuure uye kunyorovesa, zvichideredza kutsemuka kwenzvimbo, kuputika kweganda, uye kuoxidation zvakare. Kujeka kwemaitiro kwakawedzerwa kunoitawo kuti kutonga kwemhando yepamusoro kuve nani, nekunyudzwa kwakasimba kwezvinosanganisirwa uye zvikanganiso zvishoma. Kuvandudzwa kwemaitiro ekugadzira kunoenderera mberi kunowanikwa nekubatanidza data rehuwandu nematanho ekuita, zvichitungamira mukutonhorera kwakafanana, kunyorovesa kwakagadziridzwa, uye kugadzikana kwese kwekugadzira.
Ndeupi musiyano uripo pakati peLonnmeter tuning fork neultrasonic density metres pakuyera fluid density?
Chiyero cheLonnmeter chekugadzirisa fork density chinoshandisa zvinhu zvinodedera zvinonzwa kuchinja kwehuwandu hwemvura, zvichipa kuverenga kwakanyatsojeka uye kwakasimba. Chinobudirira munzvimbo dzine fluxes dzakasimba kana kuti dzine mabubbly, chichienderana nekuchinja kwenzvimbo nekukurumidza uye chichibvumira nguva yekupindura nekukurumidza. Dhizaini yeforogo yekugadzirisa yakasimba, isina zvikamu zvinofamba uye inoda kugadziriswa kushoma.
Iyo Lonnmeter ultrasonic density meter inopa nzira yakasiyana, ichishandisa mafungu eruzha kuyera density isingapindi muropa. Inopa zviyero zvinokurumidza uye inogona kubatanidzwa zviri nyore mumasisitimu ekutarisa otomatiki. Mamita eUltrasonic haanyanyi kunetseka nekuchinja-chinja kwetembiricha uye viscosity, uye anoshanda zvakavimbika munzvimbo dzakaoma, dzinopisa zvakanyanya. Anowanzo bhadhara mari shoma yekushanda kwenguva refu uye anochengetedza kururama kwakagadzikana uye kwenguva refu. Sarudzo pakati pezvishandiso izvi inofanira kufunga nezve flux viscosity, zvinodiwa pakuiswa, uye mwero unodiwa we automation.
Kudzora huwandu hwezvinhu zvinobuda muvhu kunobatsira sei kudzivirira oxidation yechipiri?
Kuwanda kwakasimba uye kwakakwana muflux yemold kunoita kuti pave nerukoko rwekudzivirira runoramba rwuchienderera mberi pamusoro pesimbi yakanyungudutswa. Chidziviriro ichi chinoparadzanisa simbi yakanyungudutswa kubva mumhepo, zvichideredza njodzi yekuoxidation yechipiri. Kudzora density kunobudirira kunoita kuti flux irambe yakapararira zvakaenzana, pasinei nekuchinja-chinja kwekumhanya kwekukanda kana kuumbwa kwesimbi, zvichichengetedza zvipingamupinyi zvinoenderana. Pasina density yakakodzera, mipata kana kutetepa kunogona kuitika, zvichiisa simbi muoxidation uye zvichikonzera kusanganiswa uye kuora kwemhando yepamusoro. Kutarisa kwenguva chaiyo kuburikidza nezvishandiso zvekuyera density yemvura kunoita kuti vashandisi varambe vachiita basa iri rekudzivirira mukati menguva yese yekukanda.
Zvishandiso zvekuyera huwandu hwemvura zvinotsigira sei kuvandudzwa kwemaitiro ekuumbwa kwesimbi inoenderera mberi?
Zvishandiso zvekuyera huwandu hwemvura zvinopa simba kune vanoishandisa kuti vagare vachigadzirisa maparamita ekukanda zvichienderana nemhinduro chaiyo. Izvi zvinotsigira kutonhora kwakafanana nekudzora kutamiswa kwekupisa, izvo zvakakosha kudzivirira kuputika kwemukati uye kuona kuti goko rinodiwa. Kuyera huwandu hwakakodzera kunokurudzirawo mafuta anoshanda, kuderedza kukweshana pakati pebhillet nemold, kuderedza njodzi dzekubuda, uye kugonesa kumhanya kwakanyanya kwekukanda. Uyezve, zvishandiso izvi zvinobatsira kuchengetedza hunhu hweflux hwakakodzera kuti simbi yakanyungudutswa ipinde, zvichikonzera kubuda kwesimbi yakachena. Maitiro anotungamirirwa nedata anobatsira nemidziyo yakadaro anotungamira kudzora kwakasimba kwekukanda uye kugadzirisa mold flux, zvichiita kuti chigadzirwa chive chakasimba uye zvikanganiso zvishoma.
Nguva yekutumira: Zvita-01-2025
