Kuyerwa Kuenderera Mberi Kwekusvinura
I. Hunhu Husina Kujairika hweMadzimu uye Matambudziko ekuyera
Kubudirira kwekushandiswa kwekuyerwa kwe viscosity kunoenderera mberimasisitimu mumunda wekubviswa kwemafuta eshaleuyekuburitsa jecha remafutazvinoda kuzivikanwa zvakajeka kwezvinetso zvakanyanya zve rheological zvinowanikwa muzvinwiwa izvi zvisingawanzoitiki. Kusiyana nechiedza chekare.tsvina, mafuta anonhuhwirira,bhitumini, uye matope anobatanidzwa anowanzo ratidza hunhu husiri hweNewtonian, hune zvikamu zvakawanda pamwe chete nekunzwa kwakanyanya tembiricha, zvichigadzira matambudziko akasiyana ekugadzikana uye kururama kwezvishandiso.
1.1 Kutsanangura Mamiriro Ezvinhu Asina Kujairika Ekudzidza
1.1.1 Hunhu Hwakanyanya Kusviba: Dambudziko reBitumen neOiri Inorema
Mahydrocarbon asingawanzoitiki, kunyanya bitumen inobva kukuburitsa jecha remafuta, dzinoonekwa nekusimba kwakanyanya. Bitumen inobva mumadhaka makuru inowanzo ratidza kusimba kuri pakati pe mPa·s (cP) patembiricha yakajairika (25°C). Kukura uku kwekukweshana kwemukati ndicho chipingamupinyi chikuru chekuyerera uye kunoda nzira dzakaoma, dzakadai sematekiniki ekudzorera kupisa senge Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD), yekubvisa nekutakura zvinhu zvishoma.
Kuenderana kwehuremu nekupisa kwemafuta anorema hakusi kungoenderana nehuwandu chete; ndiyo nzira huru yekuongorora kufamba kwemvura uye kuongorora maitiro ekubatana kwekupisa-kuyerera-kwemaumbirwo mukati medura. Huremu hunoshanduka hunoderera zvakanyanya nekupisa kuri kuwedzera. Kuchinja uku kwakakura kunoreva kuti pane chikanganiso chidiki pakuyera kupisa panguva yekupisa.kuyerwa kwe viscosity kunoenderera mberiZvinoshandura zvakananga kuita chikanganiso chikuru chehuwandu hwe viscosity. Saka muripo wekupisa wakanyatsojeka uye wakabatanidzwa wakakosha kune chero sisitimu yakavimbika iri munzvimbo idzi dzine tembiricha yakawanda. Uyezve, kusiyana kwe viscosity kunokonzerwa netembiricha kunogadzira nzvimbo dzakasiyana dze geomechanical (dzakabviswa mvura, dzakabviswa mvura zvishoma, dzisina kudonhedzwa) dzinokanganisa zvakananga kuyerera kwemvura uye kushanduka kwe reservoir, zvichida data rakajeka re viscosity kuti ritungamirire dhizaini inoshanda yekudzoreredza.
1.1.2 Maitiro Asiri eNewtonian: Kuchekerera, Thixotropy, uye Mhedzisiro yeChekerera
Mvura zhinji dzinowanikwa mukutora zvinhu zvisina kujairika dzinoratidza hunhu husina kunaka hweNewtonian.kubviswa kwemafuta eshale, kazhinji inobva mujeli, imvura dzinoshandiswa kuderedza kuchekwa kwemafuta, uko kusimba kunoshanda kunoderera zvakanyanya sezvo mwero wekuchekwa kwemafuta unowedzera. Saizvozvowo, mhinduro dzepolymer dzinoshandiswa paEnhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) mumatura emafuta anorema dzinoratidzawo hunhu hwakasimba hwekuchekwa kwemafuta, hunowanzo verengerwa ne low flow behavior index (n), yakadai se n=0.3655 yemamwe ma polyacrylamide solutions.
Kuchinja kwe viscosity ne shear rate kunopa dambudziko guru pakushandisa inline instrumentation. Sezvo viscosity yemvura isiri yeNewtonian isiri chinhu chakasimba asi ichienderana ne shear field yainosangana nayo, inoenderera mberichiyereso chekuyeresa viscosity yemafutainofanira kushanda padanho rakatsanangurwa, rakaderera, uye rinodzokororwa zvakanyanya uye rinoenderana pasinei nemamiriro ekuyerera kwehuwandu hwemagetsi (laminar, transitional, kana turbulent). Kana kucheka kunoshandiswa nesensor kusiri kwenguva dzose, kuverenga kwe viscosity kunongoitika kwenguva pfupi uye hakugone kushandiswa nenzira yakavimbika pakuenzanisa maitiro, trending, kana kudzora. Chinodiwa ichi chikuru chinorayira kusarudzwa kwetekinoroji dzesensor, dzakadai semidziyo ine resonant ine frequency yakakwira, iyo yakabviswa nemaune kubva ku macro-fluid dynamics yepombi kana ngarava.
1.1.3 Mhedzisiro yeKushushikana Kwegoho uye Kuomarara Kwezvikamu Zvakasiyana-siyana
Kupfuura kuchekwa kwesimbi, mafuta anorema nebhitumini zvinogona kuratidza hunhu hwepurasitiki yeBingham, zvichireva kuti zvine Threshold Pressure Gradient (TPG) inofanira kudziviswa isati yatanga kuyerera mumhepo ine maburi. Mukufamba kwepayipi nereservoir, mhedzisiro yekucheka simbi uye kushushikana kwegoho zvinoderedza kufamba uye zvinokanganisa kugona kwekudzoreredza.
Uyezve, nzizi dzisingawanzoburitswa dzine zvikamu zvakawanda uye dzakasiyana zvakanyanya. Nzizi idzi dzinowanzova nezvinhu zvakasungirirwa, zvakaita sejecha nezvidimbu zvidiki, kunyanya kana dzichiburitsa mvura yakawanda.mafuta ekunakisakubva pamatombo ejecha asina kusimba. Kuwanda kwejecha injodzi huru yekushanda, zvichikonzera kukurwa kukuru kwemidziyo, kuvharika kwetsime, uye kudonha kwegomba repasi. Kusanganiswa kwemahydrocarbon ane simba rakanyanya kusimba, anonamira (asphaltenes, bitumen) uye zvinomera zvemineral zvinokuvadza zvinokonzeresa njodzi mbiri kuhupenyu hwesenzi: yakasimba.kusvibisa(kunamatira kwezvinhu) uye zvemakanikakukwenyaChero chipi zvachokuyerwa kwe viscosity yakabatanaSisitimu yacho inofanira kunge yakasimba uye yakagadzirwa nepamusoro-soro kuti ikwanise kutsungirira ngura uye kukwesha uku ichiramba kuunganidzwa kwesimba rakawanda.mafirimu.
1.2 Kukundikana kweMagadzirirwo Echinyakare Ekuyerwa
Nzira dzechinyakare dzemurabhoritari, dzakadai sema "rotational", "capillary", kana "falling ball viscometers", nepo dzakajairwa pakushandiswa kwadzo, hadzina kukodzera kudzora nguva nenguva kunodiwa nemabasa asina kujairika emazuva ano. Kuyerwa kwemurabhoritari hakuchinji, hakukwanise kubata mafambiro e "dynamic", anoenderana nekupisa, ayo anoratidza maitiro e "blending" uye "thermal recovery".
Tekinoroji dzekare dziri mukati dzinoshandisa zvinhu zvinotenderera zvechinyakare, zvakaita semamwe maviscometer anotenderera, ane hutera hwaakaberekwa nahwo kana akashandiswa pabasa remafuta anorema kana bitumen. Kuvimba nemabheringi nezvikamu zvinofamba zvine hunyoro kunoita kuti zvishandiso izvi zvive nyore kukundikana kwemuchina, kupera nekukurumidza kubva mujecha rinokwesha, uye kusvibiswa kwakanyanya nekuda kwekusimba kwakanyanya, kunamira kwechinhu chisina kusimba. Kusvibiswa kwakanyanya kunokurumidza kukanganisa kururama kwenzvimbo dzakamanikana kana nzvimbo dzinonzwa dzinodiwa kuti pave nekupenya kwakanyatsojeka, zvichikonzera kusashanda zvakanaka uye kukanganiswa kwekugadzirisa kunodhura. Nzvimbo yakaoma yeviscosity yemafuta eshaleuyekuburitsa jecha remafutazvinoda tekinoroji yakagadzirwa zvakanyanya kubvisa matambudziko aya emagetsi.
II. Matekinoroji Ekuyera Kwepamusoro: Nheyo dzeInline Viscometry
Nzvimbo yekushanda kwemafuta asina kujairika inoreva kuti tekinoroji yekuyera yakasarudzwa inofanira kunge yakasimba zvikuru, ichipa huwandu hwakakura hwesimba, uye ichipa kuverenga kusingaenderane nemamiriro ekuyerera kwehuwandu. Pabasa iri, tekinoroji ye viscometer inodedera kana kuti inonzwika yakaratidza kushanda kwepamusoro uye kuvimbika.
2.1 Nheyo dzeUnyanzvi dzeViscometers Dzinodedera (Resonant Sensors)
Viscometer dzinodedera dzinoshanda zvichibva papfungwa yekudzikisa oscillation. Chinhu chinodedera, chinowanzova torsional resonator kana tuning fork, chinofambiswa nemagetsi kuti chiite resonate pa constant natural frequency (ωn) uye fixed amplitude (x). Mvura iri pedyo ine damping effect, ichida simba rekuwedzera (F) kuti rirambe riine fixed oscillation parameters.
Hukama hunoshanduka hunotsanangurwa zvekuti, kana amplitude uye natural frequency zvikaramba zviripo, simba rinodiwa rekukurudzira rinoenderana zvakananga ne viscosity coefficient (C). Nzira iyi inoita kuti pave nekuyera viscosity kwakanyanya uku ichibvisa kudiwa kwezvikamu zvakaoma, zvinokurumidza kupera simba.
2.2 Kuyera Kusimba Kwesimba uye Kunzwa Panguva Imwe Chete
Musimboti wekuyera resonant unonyanya kuratidza kuramba kwemvura kuyerera kwayo uye kusagadzikana kwayo, zvichikonzera kuyerwa kunowanzo ratidzwa sechibereko che dynamic viscosity (μ) uye density (ρ), inomiririrwa se μ×ρ. Kuti uparadzanise uye utaure nezve dynamic viscosity chaiyo (ρ), fluid density (ρ) inofanira kuzivikanwa chaizvo.
Masisitimu epamusoro-soro, akadai semhuri yeSRD yemidziyo, akasiyana nekuti ane kugona kuyera viscosity, tembiricha, uye density panguva imwe chete mukati meprobe imwe chete. Kugona uku kwakakosha munzizi dzisina kujairika dze multiphase uko density inochinja-chinja nekuda kwegasi rakaiswa, kusiyana kwehuwandu hwemvura, kana kuchinja blend ratios. Nekupa density repeatability yakaderera se g/cc, michina iyi inoita kuti dynamic viscosity count irambe yakarurama kunyangwe fluid composition ichichinja. Kubatanidzwa uku kunobvisa kuoma uye kukanganisa kunobatanidzwa nekubatanidza zvishandiso zvitatu zvakasiyana uye kunopa siginecha yakazara ye fluid panguva chaiyo.
2.3 Kusimba Kwemakanika uye Kuderedza Kusvibiswa
Ma sensor anodedera akakodzera mamiriro akaomarara eviscosity yemafuta eshalesevhisi nekuti ine zvikamu zvakasimba zvekuyera zvisingabatanidzi kubata, zvichivabvumira kushanda mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma, kusanganisira kumanikidzwa kusvika ku5000 psi uye tembiricha inosvika 200°C.
Chinhu chikuru ndechekuti sensor haipindi mumamiriro ekuyerera kwemvura mumasero. Chinhu chinonzwika chinotenderera pafrequency yakanyanya (kazhinji mamiriyoni ema cycles pasekondi). Kudengenyeka uku kwe frequency yepamusoro, low-amplitude kunoreva kuti kuyerwa kwe viscosity hakuenderane ne bulk flow rate, zvichibvisa zvikanganiso zvekuyera zvinokonzerwa ne turbulence ye pipeline, laminar flow changes, kana non-uniform flow profiles.
Uyezve, dhizaini yacho inobatsira zvikuru pakushanda kwenguva refu nekuderedza kusvibiswa. Kutenderera kwacho kwakanyanya kunoita kuti zvinhu zvine simba rakanyanya kusimba sebitumen kana asphaltenes zvisarambe zvichinamira, zvichiita senzira yekuzvichenesa yoga. Kana zvikasanganiswa nenzvimbo dzakasimba, dzisingakwenyi, uye dzisingakwenyi, masensa aya anokwanisa kutsungirira kukanganiswa kukuru kwejecha nematombo anowanikwa mujecha.kuburitsa jecha remafutamatope. Kugara kwenguva refu uku kwakakosha kuti sensor igare kwenguva refu munzvimbo dzinopisa.
2.4 Nhungamiro dzeKusarudza Nzvimbo Dzine Hukasha
Kusarudza zvakakodzerakuyerwa kwe viscosity yakabatanaTekinoroji yebasa risingawanzoitiki inoda kunyatsoongorora kugara kwenguva refu uye kugadzikana kwekushanda, ichiisa pamberi hunhu uhwu pane mutengo wekutanga wezvishandiso.
2.4.1 MaParameters Akakosha Ekushanda uye Kufukidza Kwenzvimbo
Kuti zvinhu zvidzorerwe nenzira yakavimbika, viscometer inofanira kuratidza kugona kudzokororwa kwakanyanya, uye zvirevo zvinowanzo fanirwa kuva zviri nani pane ±0.5% yekuverenga. Kunyatsorongeka uku hakugoneke pakushandiswa kwe closed-loop control, senge kuisirwa makemikari uko zvikanganiso zvidiki muhuwandu hwekuyerera kwemvura zvinogona kukonzera mari yakawanda uye zvirango zvekushanda. Huremu hwe viscosity hunofanirwa kunge hwakakura zvakakwana kuti hukwane huwandu hwese hwekushanda, kubva kumafuta akatetepa e diluent kusvika kune bitumen yakakora, isina kusanganiswa. Ma sensor e resonant epamusoro anopa huwandu kubva pa0.5 cP kusvika ku50,000 cP zvichikwira, zvichiita kuti sisitimu irambe ichishanda panguva yekuchinja kwe blending uye kukanganiswa.
2.4.2 Envelopu Yekushanda (HPHT) Nezvinhu
Zvichienderana nekumanikidzwa kwakanyanya uye tembiricha dzinoenderana nekudzoreredzwa uye kutakurwa kusingawanzoitiki, sensor inofanira kuverengerwa kuti ishande zvakanaka, kazhinji inoda zvirevo zvinosvika 5000 psi uyeviscometer yekushanda mumutsaraTembiricha dzinoenderana nekupisa (semuenzaniso, kusvika 200°C). Kunze kwekumanikidzwa uye kugadzikana kwekupisa, zvinhu zvekuvaka zvinonyanya kukosha. Kushandisa nzvimbo dzakasimba dzeganda chinhu chakakosha, chinopa dziviriro inodiwa kubva mukukukurwa kwematombo kunokonzerwa nejecha uye kurwiswa nemakemikari, zvichiita kuti ishande kwenguva refu.
Tafura 1 inopa pfupiso pfupi yezvakanakira zvekuenzanisa zvema sensor e resonant mukushandisa uku kwakaoma.
Tafura 1: Kuenzanisa Kuongorora kweInline Viscometer Technologies yeUnconventional Oil Service
| Tekinoroji | Nheyo yekuyera | Kushanda kuNon-Newtonian Fluids | Kuramba Kusvibiswa/Kukuvadzwa | Kugara Kwekugadzirisa Kwakajairika |
| Kudengenyeka kweTorsional (Resonant) | Kudonhedza kwechinhu chinozunguzika (μ×ρ) | Yakanaka kwazvo (Munda wakaderera wakatsanangurwa) | Yakakwirira (Hapana zvikamu zvinofamba, machira akaomarara) | Yakaderera (Kugona kuzvichenesa) |
| Kutenderera (Inline) | Torque inodiwa kuti chinhu chitenderedzwe | Yakakwirira (Inogona kupa data rekuyerera kwemvura) | Yakaderera kusvika Pakati Nepakati (Inoda mabheyaringi, anogona kuunganidzwa/kupfekwa) | Yakakwira (Inoda kucheneswa/kugadziriswa nguva nenguva) |
| Mafungu eUltrasonic/Acoustic | Kuderedza kupararira kwemafungu eacoustic | Pakati nepakati (Tsananguro yeShear ine mwero) | Yakakwira (Haibatanidzwi kana kuti haibatanidzwi zvakanyanya) | Zvakaderera |
Tafura 2 inotsanangura zvinodiwa pakuisa zvinhu mumabasa akaomarara, zvakaita sekugadzirisa bhitumini.
Tafura 2: Maitiro Akakosha Ekushanda KwemaViscometer Ekushanda Kwekubvunda
| Paramita | Zvinodiwa Kuti Ushandise Bitumen/Heavy Oil Service | Nzvimbo Yakajairika yeMasensa Epamusoro Ekugadzirisa Resonant | Kukosha |
| Nhamba yeViscosity | Inofanira kugara vanhu vanosvika 100,000+ cP | 0.5 cP kusvika 50,000+ cP | Inofanira kufukidza shanduko yenzira yekudyisa (yakasanganiswa kusvika isina kusanganiswa). |
| Kudzokorora kweViscosity | Zviri nani pane ±0.5% yekuverenga | Kazhinji ± 0.5% kana kupfuura | Zvakakosha pakudzora majekiseni emakemikari akavharwa. |
| Kuyera Kumanikidzwa (HP) | Zvishoma 1500 psi (kazhinji 5000 psi inodiwa) | Kusvika ku5000 psi | Zvinodiwa pamitsetse yemapaipi ane simba guru kana kuti mitsetse yekupwanyika. |
| Kuyerwa kwehuwandu hwevanhu | Zvinodiwa (panguva imwe chete μ na ρ) | kudzokorora kwe g/cc | Zvakakosha pakuona multiphase uye kuverenga dynamic viscosity.
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III. Kushandiswa Kwemunda, Kuiswa, uye Kugara Kwenguva Refu Kwebasa
Kubudirira kwekushanda kwekuyerwa kwe viscosity kunoenderera mberiMukugadzirisa zviwanikwa zvisina kujairika zvinoenderana nehunyanzvi hwepamusoro hwemasensa uye mainjiniya ehunyanzvi. Kuisa zvakanaka kunoderedza mhedzisiro yekuyerera kwekunze uye kudzivirira nzvimbo dzinogona kumira, nepo nzira dzakasimba dzekugadzirisa dzichigadzirisa matambudziko asingadzivisiki ekusvibiswa uye kukwesha.
3.1 Nzira Dzakanakisisa Dzekutumira Zvinhu
3.1.1 Kuiswa kweSensor uye Kuderedza Nzvimbo Yekusamira
Kuyerwa kunofanira kugara kuchiitwa muhurongwa hwekuyerera kwemvura uko mvura iri kufamba nguva dzose munzvimbo yese yekuona. Izvi zvakakosha pakufunga nezvemafuta ane mafuta akawanda nebhitumini, izvo zvinowanzoratidza maitiro ekumanikidzwa kwemafuta. Kana mvura ikabvumirwa kumira, kuverenga kwacho kuchachinja-chinja, kusingamiriri rwizi rwakawanda, uye kungangove kwakapetwa mazana akawanda kupfuura viscosity chaiyo yemvura iri kufamba.
Mainjiniya anofanira kubvisa nzvimbo dzese dzinogona kudzika, kunyangwe diki, kunyanya pedyo nepasi pechinhu chinonzwa. Kune kuiswa kweT-piece, uko kunowanzoitwa mumapaipi, probe pfupi kazhinji haikwani. Kuti uve nechokwadi chekuti chinhu chinonzwa chiri kuyerera zvakaenzana, zvakakosha kushandisa asensor refu yekuisaiyo inotambanukira kure muboora repombi, zvichida kupfuura panobuda rwizi rwemvura muchikamu cheT. Nzira iyi inoisa chinhu chinonzwa mukati memwoyo wekuyerera, ichinyanya kuratidzwa nemvura inomiririra. Mukushandiswa kunosanganisira mvura ine simba guru rekubudisa, nzira yakasarudzwa yekuisa inoenderana negwara rekuyerera kuderedza kuramba uye kukurudzira kuchekwa kwemvura nguva dzose pachiso che sensor.
3.1.2 Kubatanidzwa muKusanganisa uye Mashandiro eTank
Kunyange zvazvo kuvimbiswa kwekuyerera kwemvura mumapaipi kuri chinhu chikuru chinotungamira, kushandiswa kwekuyerwa kwe viscosity yakabatanamunzvimbo dzisina chinhu dzakakoshawo. MaViscometer anoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumatangi ekusanganisa uko mafuta akasiyana-siyana asina kucheneswa, bitumen, uye diluents zvinosanganiswa kuti zvienderane nezvinodiwa pasi pemvura. Mukushandiswa uku, sensor inogona kuiswa mutangi mune chero nzira, chero bedzi paine nzira yakakodzera yekubatanidza. Kuverenga kwenguva chaiyo kunopa mhinduro pakarepo pakuenderana kwemusanganiswa, zvichiita kuti chigadzirwa chekupedzisira chisvike pazvinangwa zvemhando yakatarwa, senge zvinodiwa.chiratidzo chekunakisa.
3.2 Maitiro ekugadzirisa uye ekusimbisa
Kururama kunogona kungoenderera mberi chete kana nzira dzekuongorora dzakaoma uye dzichinyatsoteverwa. Izvi zvinosanganisira kusarudza zvakanyatsonaka mitemo yekuongorora uye kudzora zvine hungwaru zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana.
Kusimba kweindasitirimafuta ekuzorainoyerwa mucentipoise kana millipascal-seconds (mPa⋅s) kana kinematic viscosity mu centistokes (cSt), uye kururama kunochengetwa nekuenzanisa zviyero zvakayerwa zvichienzaniswa nemiyero yekuyera yakasimbiswa. Mitemo iyi inofanirwa kuteverwa nemiyero yenyika kana yepasi rose yemetrological (semuenzaniso, NIST, ISO 17025) kuti ive nechokwadi chekuvimbika. Mitemo inofanirwa kusarudzwa kuti ifukidze zvakakwana nzvimbo yese yekushanda, kubva pa viscosity yakaderera inotarisirwa (chigadzirwa chakasanganiswa) kusvika pa viscosity yepamusoro inotarisirwa (chikafu chisina kubikwa).
Nekuda kwekunzwa kwakanyanya kwekupisa kwemafuta anorema, kuwana calibration chaiyo kunoenderana nekuchengetedza mamiriro chaiwo ekupisa. Kana tembiricha panguva ye calibration ikatsauka zvishoma, kukosha kwe reference viscosity yemafuta akajairwa kunokanganiswa, izvo zvinokanganisa kururamisa kwakatarwa kwe field sensor. Saka, kudzora tembiricha kwakasimba panguva ye calibration i co-dependent variable inosarudza kuvimbika kwekuyerwa kwe viscosity kunoenderera mberisisitimu iri kushanda. Vagadziri vemagadzirirwo emagetsi vanowanzo shandisa masensa maviri akagadziriswa patembiricha dzakati, dzakadai se40°C ne100°C, kuti vaverenge nguva chaiyo nemazvoIndex yeViscosity(VI) yemafuta ekuzora.
3.3 Kugadzirisa Matambudziko uye Kugadzirisa Nzvimbo Dzine Utsvina Hwakanyanya
Kunyangwe masensa e resonant akasimba zvikuru anoda kugadziriswa nguva dzose munzvimbo dzine tsvina yakawanda inobva mubhitumini, asphaltenes, uye tsvina yakawanda. Nzira yekuchenesa yakatsaurirwa uye inoshanda zvakanaka inokosha kuderedza nguva yekushanda uye kudzivirira kuyerera kwekuyerwa.
3.3.1 Mhinduro Dzekuchenesa Dzakakosha
Zvinonyungudutsa zvemaindasitiri zvinowanzo shanda zvakanaka pakurwisa zvinhu zvakaoma, zvinonamira zvakanyanya zvinogadzirwa nemafuta anorema nebhitumini. Kuchenesa zvinobudirira kunoda mishonga yakagadzirwa nehunyanzvi inoshandisa zvinonyungudutsa zvine simba uye zvinonyungudutsa zvine hunhu pamwe chete nesystem inonhuhwirira. Mishonga iyi, yakaita seHYDROSOL, yakagadzirirwa zvakanyanya kupinda kwemvura uye kunyorovesa pamusoro, nekukurumidza uye zvinobudirira kunyungudutsa mafuta anorema, mafuta asina kuchena, bitumen, asphaltenes, uye paraffin deposits, ukuwo ichidzivirirawo kudzoserwa kwezvinhu izvi kune dzimwe nzvimbo musystem panguva yekuchenesa.
3.3.2 Nzira Yekuchenesa
Maitiro ekuchenesa anowanzo sanganisira kutenderera chinhu chikuru chakagadziriswa, kazhinji pamwe chete nekuchifambisa uchishandisa chinhu chechipiri chinoshanduka, senge acetone. Acetone inodiwa nekuda kwekugona kwayo kunyungudutsa zvinonyungudutsa zvemafuta zvakasara uye zvisaririra zvemvura. Mushure mekutsvaira zvinonyungudutsa, sensor neimba zvinofanirwa kuomeswa zvakanaka. Izvi zvinoitwa zvakanaka uchishandisa mhepo yakachena, inodziya nekukurumidza. Kubuda kwezvinonyungudutsa zvinokurumidza kunogona kutonhodza pamusoro pesensor pasi penzvimbo yedova, zvichiita kuti mhepo ine hunyoro iunganidze mafirimu emvura, izvo zvinosvibisa mvura yekushanda panotangazve. Kupisa mhepo kana chishandiso pachacho kunoderedza njodzi iyi. Maitiro ekuchenesa anofanirwa kubatanidzwa mukuchinja kwepaipi kana ngarava kuti kuderedzwa kukanganiswa kwekushanda.
Tafura 3: Gwaro Rekugadzirisa Matambudziko Ekusagadzikana Kwekuyera Kusviba Kunoenderera Mberi
| Kusanzwisisika Kwakaonekwa | Zvingangove Chikonzero Mubasa Risina Kujairika | Kururamisa/Kutungamirirwa Nebasa | Chinhu Chine Chekuona Chinoenderana |
| Kuverenga kwakapfava, kusina kutsanangurwa, kwakapfava | Kusvibisa kwesensa (asphaltenes, firimu remafuta anorema) kana kuti kuunganidza kwezvikamu | Tanga nzira yekuchenesa makemikari uchishandisa zvinonyungudutsa zvine hunhu. | Kudengenyeka kwakawanda kunowanzo deredza kusvibisa kweganda. |
| Kupenya kunosiyana zvakanyanya zvichienderana nekuyerera kwemvura | Sensor yakaiswa munzvimbo isina kugadzikana kana kuti kuyerera kwayo iri laminar/non-uniform (isiri yeNewtonian fluid) | Isa sensor refu yekuisa kuti isvike pakati penzira yekuyerera; isa panzvimbo imwe chete nekuyerera. | Sensor Yekuisa Yakareba (Chinhu Chekugadzira). |
| Kuverenga zvinhu zvinofamba mushure mekutanga | Mapombi emhepo/gasi akavharirwa (migumisiro yezvikamu zvakawanda) | Iva nechokwadi chekuti mhepo inobuda zvakanaka uye kumanikidzwa kwacho kwakaenzana; shandisa mvura inoyerera zvishoma nezvishoma. | Kuverenga kwehuwandu hwegasi panguva imwe chete (SRD) kunogona kuona gasi/chikamu chisina chinhu. |
| Kusviba kwakaderera nguva dzose kana tichienzanisa nemiedzo yekurabhoritari | Kuchekwa/kutetepa kwakanyanya kwepolymer/DRA additive | Simbisa mashandiro asina kuchekwa zvakanyanya mumapombi ejekiseni; gadzirisa maitiro ekugadzirira mhinduro yeDRA. | Kuyera rusununguko kubva pakuyerera kwemvura (Kugadzirwa kweSensor). |
IV. Data renguva chaiyo rekugadzirisa maitiro uye kugadzirisa zvinofanotaurwa
Kuyerera kwedata panguva chaiyo kubva kune yakavimbika zvikurukuyerwa kwe viscosity kunoenderera mberiSisitimu inoshandura kutonga kwekushanda kubva pakutarisa kwemaitiro kuenda pakutarisira kwemaitiro, kwakagadziriswa mumativi akawanda ekubvisa nekutakura kusingawanzoitiki.
4.1 Kudzora Majekiseni Emakemikari Nemazvo
4.1.1 Kugadzirisa Kuderedza Kudhonzwa (DRA)
Zvinoderedza Kudhonza (DRAs) zvinoshandiswa zvakanyanya muzvinhu zvisina kugadzirwakusimba kwemafutamapaipi ekuderedza kukweshana kunovhunduka uye kuderedza zvinodiwa pakushandisa simba rekupomba. Izvi, zvinowanzova mapolymer kana masurfactants, zvinoshanda nekuita kuti mvura itetepe. Kuvimba chete nekuyera kudonha kwesimba kudzora jekiseni reDRA hakushande zvakanaka nekuti kudonha kwesimba kunogona kukanganiswa nekupisa, kushanduka kwehuwandu hwemvura, uye kusakara kwemuchina.
Nzira yepamusoro yekudzora inoshandisa viscosity inoonekwa panguva chaiyo senzira huru yekupa mhinduro yemuyero wemakemikari. Nekutarisa zvakananga rheology yemvura inobuda, sisitimu inogona kugadzirisa zvakakwana mwero weDRA injection kuti ichengetedze mvura iri padanho repamusoro re rheological (kureva, kuwana kudzikira kwakananga mu viscosity inoonekwa uye kuwedzera shear-thinning index, ). Iyi nzira inoita kuti kuderedzwa kwakanyanya kwekudhonza kunowanikwa nekushandiswa kushoma kwemakemikari, zvichikonzera kuchengetedza mari yakawanda. Uyezve, kutarisa nguva dzose kunobvumira vashandisi kuona nekuderedza kuora kweDRA, izvo zvinogona kuitika nekuda kwehuwandu hwakawanda hwekuchekwa kwemvura. Kushandisa mapombi ejection ane shear yakaderera uye kutarisa viscosity pakarepo pasi pe injection point kunotsigira kupararira kwakakodzera pasina kukuvara kwepolymer chain scrassion iyo inoderedza kugona kwekuderedza kudhonza.
4.1.2 Kugadzirisa Kushandiswa Kwejekiseni reDiluent pakutakura Mafuta Anorema
Kusanganiswa kwemafuta nebhitumini kwakakosha pakutakura mafuta asina kusviba uye bitumen zvakanyanya, zvichireva kuti zvinosanganisa mvura (condensates kana crudes dzakareruka) kuti pave nerwizi rwakabatana runosangana nezvinodiwa nemapaipi.kuyerwa kwe viscosity yakabatanainopa mhinduro pakarepo pamusoro pe viscosity yemusanganiswa (μm).
Mhinduro iyi yenguva chaiyo inobvumira kudzora kwakasimba, kunoramba kuripo pamusoro pehuwandu hweinjection ye diluent (). Nekuti diluents dzinowanzo kuve zvigadzirwa zvine mutengo mukuru, kuderedza kushandiswa kwadzo uku uchinyatsotevedzera mitemo yekuyerera kwepombi uye kuchengetedzeka ndicho chinangwa chikuru chehupfumi mukuburitsa jecha remafutaKuongororwa kwekusimba uye huwandu hwezvinhu zvakakoshawo pakuona kusawirirana kwezvinhu zvisina kurongeka panguva yekusanganisa, izvo zvinogona kukurumidzisa kusvibiswa uye kuwedzera mitengo yesimba mumabasa epasi.
4.2 Kuvimbisa Kuyerera Kwemvura uye Kugadzirisa Kutakurwa Kwemapaipi
Kuchengetedza kufamba kwemafuta asina kujairika kwakasimba uye kwakanaka kwakaoma nekuda kwekuda kwavo kuchinja kwechikamu uye kurasikirwa kwakanyanya kwekukweshana. Ruzivo rwekupenya panguva chaiyo ndiyo hwaro hwemaitiro emazuva ano ekuchengetedza kuyerera kwemvura.
4.2.1 Kuverenga Kwakarurama Kweprofayili Yekudzvanywa
Kusviba chinhu chakakosha pakushandisa ma hydraulic models anoverenga kurasikirwa kwekukweshana uye ma pressure profiles. Kune mafuta asina kucheneswa, uko hunhu hunogona kusiyana zvakanyanya kubva kune imwe nzvimbo kuenda kune inotevera, data rinoenderera mberi uye rakarurama rinovimbisa kuti ma hydraulic models epaipi anoramba achifanotaura uye akavimbika.
4.2.2 Kuvandudza Maitiro Ekuona Kubuda Kwemvura
Masisitimu emazuva ano ekuona kudonha kwemvura anonyanya kushandisa ongororo yeReal Time Transient Model (RTTM), iyo inoshandisa data rekumanikidzwa nekuyerera kwemvura kuona zvisina kunaka zvinoratidza kudonha kwemvura. Sezvo viscosity ichikanganisa zvakananga kudonha kwesimba nekuyerera kwemvura, shanduko dzinoitika zvega muhunhu hwemafuta asina kucheneswa dzinogona kukonzera shanduko muchimiro chekumanikidzwa kunotevedzera kudonha kwemvura, zvichikonzera kuwanda kwezviratidzo zvenhema. Nekubatanidza real-time.kuyerwa kwe viscosity kunoenderera mberidata, RTTM inogona kugadzirisa modhi yayo nenzira inochinja kuti ienderane nekuchinja uku kwezvivakwa. Kuvandudzwa uku kunovandudza zvakanyanya kunzwisisika uye kuvimbika kwehurongwa hwekuona kudonha kwemvura, zvichiita kuti zvive nyore kuverenga huwandu hwekudonha kwemvura nenzvimbo uye kuderedza njodzi yekushanda.
4.3 Kupomba uye Kugadzirisa Zvinofanotaurwa
Mamiriro emvura mumuviri (rheological condition) anokanganisa zvakanyanya mutoro wemuchina uye kushanda zvakanaka kwemidziyo yekupomba. Ruzivo rwekusimba kwemvura panguva chaiyo runogonesa kugadzirisa uye kutarisa mamiriro ezvinhu.
4.3.1 Kushanda Nesimba Uye Kudzora Kubata Kwemitsipa
Sezvo kusimba kwemvura kuchiwedzera, kurasikirwa kwesimba mukati mepombi kunowedzera, zvichikonzera kudzikira kwakanyanya kwekushanda kwe hydraulic uye kuwedzera kwakafanana kwekushandiswa kwesimba kunodiwa kuti kurambe kuchifamba. Kutarisa nguva dzose kusimba kwemhepo kunobvumira vashandi kuti vatevedzere kushanda kwepombi uye kugadzirisa madhiraivha anochinja-chinja kuti vave nechokwadi chekuti magetsi anoshanda zvakanaka uye vatarisire kushandiswa kwemagetsi.
Uyezve, kusviba kwakanyanya kunowedzera njodzi yekuvhuvhuta kwepombi. Mvura inosviba zvakanyanya inowedzera kudonha kwekumanikidzwa pakusvuta pombi, zvichichinja curve yepombi uye zvichiwedzera Net Positive Suction Head Required (NPSHr). Kana NPSHr inodiwa ikasatarisirwa—chiitiko chinowanzoitika pakushandisa data re static kana kuti rakanonoka rekusviba—pombi inoshanda zvine njodzi pedyo nenzvimbo yekusviba, zvichikonzera kukuvara kwemuchina Real-timekuyerwa kwe viscosity yakabatanainopa data rinodiwa kuti iverenge zvine simba chinhu chakakodzera chekugadzirisa NPSHr, ichiva nechokwadi chekuti pombi inochengetedza mukana wekushanda wakachengeteka uye ichidzivirira kusakara nekukundikana kwemidziyo.
4.3.2 Kuonekwa Kwezvinhu Zvisina Kunaka
Data reViscosity rinopa mukana wakasimba wekugadzirisa zvinhu. Kuchinja kusingawanzoitiki kweviscosity (semuenzaniso, kuwedzera kamwe kamwe nekuda kwekumedzwa kwezvimedu, kana kudzikira nekuda kwekukwira kwemvura kusingatarisirwi kana kubuda kwegasi) kunogona kuratidza shanduko mumatambudziko ekutakura pombi kana kusangana kwemvura. Kubatanidza data reviscosity nematanho ekutarisa echinyakare, akadai semasaini ekumanikidza uye kudedera, kunobvumira kuona kusanzwisisika kwekutanga uye kwakarurama uye kuongororwa kwezvikanganiso, kudzivirira kutadza mumidziyo yakakosha senge mapombi ejekiseni.
Tafura 4: Matrix yeKushandiswa kweData reViscosity Munguva Yechokwadi muMashandiro eOiri Asina Kujairika
| Nzvimbo Yekushanda | Dudziro yedata reViscosity | Mhedzisiro Yekugadzirisa | Chiratidzo Chekushanda Kwakakosha (KPI) |
| Kuderedza Kudhonzwa (Paipi) | Kuderera kwekusimba kweganda mushure mekubaiwa jekiseni kunoenderana nekushanda kwekucheka bvudzi. | Kuderedza huwandu hwemakemikari akawandisa ukuwo uchichengetedza kuyerera kwakanaka. | Simba Rokupomba Rakadzikira (kWh/bbl); Kudzikira Kwekudzvanywa Kwakadzikira. |
| Kusanganisa Diluent (Chishandiso chekuyera viscosity yemafuta) | Kukurumidza kupindura kunovimbisa kuti viscosity yekusanganisa chinangwa inowanikwa. | Kutevedzwa kwezvinodiwa zvepaipi kwakavimbiswa uye mitengo yakaderera yekudiridza. | Kuenderana kweChiratidzo cheViscosity yeChigadzirwa Chinobuda (VI); Diluent/Oiri Ratio. |
| Kutarisa Hutano hwePombi | Kusanzwisisika kwekutsaudzira kana kutenderera kwe viscosity. | Nyevero yekutanga yekusawirirana kwemvura, kupinda, kana kuvhurika kwemukati; NPSHr margin yakagadziriswa. | Kuderedzwa kwenguva yekushanda isina kurongwa; Kushandiswa Kwemagetsi Kwakagadziriswa. |
| Kuvimbisa Kuyerera (Kuyerwa Kuenderera Mberi Kwekusvinura) | Yakarurama pakuverenga kurasikirwa kwekukweshana uye kunyatsorongeka kwemuenzaniso wenguva pfupi. | Njodzi shoma yekuvharika kwepombi; kunzwisiswa kwekubuda kwemvura kwakawedzerwa. | Kururama kweModhi yeKuvimbisa Kuyerera; Kuderedza MaAlarm Enhema Anoburitsa Mvura. |
Mhedziso uye Mazano
Yakavimbika uye yakaruramakuyerwa kwe viscosity kunoenderera mberiyemahydrocarbons asina kujairika—kunyanyaviscosity yemafuta eshaleuye mvura kubvakuburitsa jecha remafuta—haisi chinhu chinodiwa pakuongorora chete asi chinhu chikuru chinodiwa pakushanda zvakanaka uye hupfumi. Matambudziko aripo anokonzerwa nekusimba kwakanyanya, maitiro akaomarara asiri eNewtonian, hunhu hwekumanikidzwa, uye njodzi mbiri dzekusvibiswa uye kukweshwa zvinoita kuti matekinoroji echinyakare ekuyera mukati mechinhu asashande.
Advanced resonant kanama viscometer anodederaInomiririra tekinoroji yakakodzera kwazvo yebasa iri nekuda kwezvakanaka zvayo zvekugadzira: hapana zvikamu zvinofamba, kuyerwa kusina kubata, kuramba kwakanyanya kukweshwa (kuburikidza nekuputira kwakasimba), uye kusadzivirira kwemukati mekushanduka kwemvura. Kugona kwezvishandiso zvemazuva ano kuyera viscosity, tembiricha, uye density panguva imwe chete (SRD) kwakakosha pakuwana viscosity chaiyo mumitsetse yakawanda uye kugonesa manejimendi yakazara yemvura.
Kuisa zvinhu nenzira yekuchenjera kunoda kunyatsotarisisa maitiro ekuisa, zvichisarudza masensa ekupinza marefu muzvikamu zveT nemagokora kudzivirira nzvimbo dzisina kumira dzinowanikwa muzvinwiwa zvine simba. Kugara kwenguva refu kwekushanda kunochengetedzwa kuburikidza nekuchengetedza kwakanyorwa uchishandisa zvinonyungudutsa zvine hunhu zvakagadzirirwa kupinda nekuparadzira tsvina yehydrocarbon inorema.
Kushandiswa kwedata re viscosity panguva chaiyo kunodarika kutarisa kuri nyore, zvichigonesa kudzora kwakasimba kwemaitiro akakosha. Mhedzisiro yakakosha yekugadzirisa inosanganisira kuderedza kushandiswa kwemakemikari mukuderedza kudhonzwa nekudzora kusvika kune chinangwa che rheological state, kugadzirisa kushandiswa kwakanyatsonaka kwe diluent mukushanda kwekusanganisa, kurodza kuvimbika kwemasisitimu ekuona leak akavakirwa paRTTM, uye kudzivirira kutadza kwemakanika nekuona kuti mapombi anoshanda mukati memiganhu yakachengeteka yeNPSHr yakagadziriswa nenzira inochinja kuti viscosity yemvura iwedzere. Kuisa mari musimba, rinoenderera mberi.kuyerwa kwe viscosity yakabatanainzira yakakosha yekuwedzera huwandu hwemafuta anoshandiswa, kuderedza mari inoshandiswa pakushanda, uye kuona kuti kuyerera kwemafuta kwakachengeteka mukugadzirwa kwemafuta nekutakura zvinhu zvisina kujairika.
Nguva yekutumira: Gumiguru-11-2025
