Maitiro ekugadzirisa simbi nemagetsi anosanganisira matanho ekuchenesa, kugadzirisa, uye kugadzirira nzvimbo dzesimbi nemagetsi. Maitiro aya anobvisa tsvina pamusoro, anovandudza mashandiro emakemikari, uye anogadzira hwaro hwekunamatira kwakasimba, kwakafanana.
Pfupiso yeMaitiro Ekurapa Pamberi Pekushandisa Electroplating
Kugadzirira electroplating kunotanga nekuchenesa kwekutanga kubvisa mafuta, mafuta, kana tsvina kubva pamusoro pe substrate. Kuchenesa zvinonyungudutsa, zvakaita sekunyudza mu trichloroethylene kana kupukuta nezvinhu zvinonyungudutsa, kunotarisa zvakasara zve organic. Kuchenesa alkaline kunoshandisa mhinduro dzine ma surfactants nema detergents—akadai se sodium carbonate ne trisodium phosphate—kazhinji ne agitation kana electric current kuti iwedzere kupwanya zvinhu zvinosvibisa.
Zvidimbu zvinogona kugadzirwa nemaoko. Nzira dzakadai sekuputika kwejecha, kuputira mabhedhi, kana kukwesha dzinobvisa ngura, makwande, uye maoxide anogara aripo. Nzira idzi dzemaoko dzinonyanya kukodzera nzvimbo dzine oxidized yakawanda kana dzakaomarara.
Kuchenesa kwemakemikari kunotevera, kazhinji kuburikidza nemidziyo yekuchenesa acid (pickling), iyo inobvisa tsvina isina kugadzirwa inosanganisira scale, oxides, uye ngura. Hydrochloric acid inowanzo shandiswa pasimbi, nepo sulfuric acid ichisarudzwa pasimbi dzinorema. Misanganiswa yemhando ine zvinodzivirira inodzivirira simbi kubva pakurwiswa zvakanyanya panguva yekubika. Kune simbi dzisina ferrous, mhinduro dzakagadzirwa senge sodium hydroxide yealuminium kana diluted sulfuric acid yemhangura dzinoita kuti ienderane uye ive nemigumisiro yakanaka.
Kugadziriswa Kwemagetsi Pamusoro Pekushandisa Electroplating
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Kusukuta kunosanganisirwa panguva yematanho ekutanga ekurapa kubvisa masara emakemikari uye kudzivirira mhedzisiro isingadiwe mukurapa kunotevera. Kusukuta kaviri, kunyanya mushure mekusukuta acid, kunoderedza zvakanyanya kutakura maion uye kunowedzera kunaka kwemaitiro ekutevera, zvichideredza zvikanganiso zveplating.
Kushanda kwechinhu ndicho nhanho yekupedzisira yakakosha yemakemikari. Kunyudzwa kwenguva pfupi mumaacids akawandisa, akadai se10–20% hydrochloric kana sulfuric acid, kunobvisa maoxide asara uye kunochengeta substrate iri mumamiriro emakemikari anoshanda. Kune zvimwe zvinhu, zvinoitwa kuti zvive zvega kana kuti cathodic acid bath zvinoshandiswa.
Mune zvimwe zviitiko, jira rinopenya kana kuti "rinobaya" resimbi inoshanda secatalytically—senge mhangura kana nickel—rinowedzerwa pamberi pejira guru, kunyanya pasimbi dzisiri dzesimbi kana passive alloys. Danho iri repre-plating rinovandudza kufanana kwe electroplating process uye simba rekunamira.
Basa reMaitiro Ekurapa Pamberi Pekuumbwa Kweganda Mukukurudzira Hunhu hweElectroplating
Kugadziriswa kwepamberi pechinhu kwakakosha pamhando yese yekugadzirwa kwesimbi yemagetsi. Danho rega rega rinokanganisa zvakananga chisungo chinonamira chinoumbwa pakati pechinhu chacho nechikamu chinotevera chesimbi yemagetsi.
Kubviswa kwemafuta, maoxide, uye zvidimbu zvakanaka kunoita kuti electrolyte nesimbi ine electrodeposition zvigone kubata simbi yepakutanga zvakaenzana. Kurasikirwa nekunamatira, machira asina kusimba kana asina kuenzana, uye matumbu anowanzoonekwa sekusacheneswa kwakakwana kana matanho asina kunaka ekushanda. Kusvibiswa pamusoro kunoramba kuri chikonzero chikuru chekuramba kupurinda, zvichikonzera zvinopfuura hafu yematambudziko ese munzvimbo dzemaindasitiri.
Kuve nechokwadi chekuti kunamatwa kwakasimba pakati pe substrate ne coating kwakakodzera
Kubatana kwechikamu chakaputirwa kunoenderana ne substrate inoshanda nemakemikari, isina kusvibiswa. Kushandisa nzira dzekurapa usati watanga kushandisa electroplating kunogonesa kubatana kwakanyanya kwemechanical uye atomic bonding pane interface. Semuenzaniso, danho rekugadzirisa, nekubvisa kunyange ma oxide films akatetepa, rinowedzera electrochemical compatibility uye rinokurudzira simba rakawanda rekunamatira mu electroplating. Kana kushanda kusina kukwana kana pamusoro pacho pakaiswazve mhepo isati yaputirwa, kubatana kunogona kuora zvakanyanya.
Kukanganisa Kupenya, Kugara Kwenguva refu, uye Kuderera Kwehurema Hwepamusoro
Kurongeka kwakaitwa zvakanaka usati wagadzirwa kunoita kuti pave nekupenya kwakanyanya, kugara kwenguva refu kwechimiro, uye zvikanganiso zvishoma pamusoro zvakaita semakomba, maronda, uye kuomarara. Nzvimbo dzakacheneswa uye dzakagadziriswa dzinoita kuti simbi irambe yakakora zvakafanana, zvichiita kuti ionekwe zvakanaka uye ionekwe zvakanaka.
Kudzora kuumbwa kwebhavhu rinoputira electroplating, kusanganisira kuwanda kwepotassium permanganate solution panguva yekurapwa, kunogona kuwedzera kushanda kwenzvimbo, kunyanya mapurasitiki nedzimwe simbi. Kuwanda kwepotassium permanganate solution kunoenderana nerudzi rwesubstrate uye kushanda kwaunoda. Potassium permanganate ye electroplating, kana yagadzirwa zvakanaka uye yakasukwa, inowedzera kuomarara kwenzvimbo ne microscopically, ichipa kupindirana kwakanyanya kwemuchina we coating layer uye inovandudza kunamira uye kugara kwenguva refu. Kusakwana kwehuwandu kana kusageza zvakakwana panguva yekugadzirira potassium permanganate solution yekurapa pamusoro, zvisinei, kunogona kutungamira mukukanganisa kana kushatisa, zvichikanganisa runako uye mashandiro emuchina.
Muchidimbu, matekiniki akasimba ekugadzirira pamusoro pechinhu chinoiswa nemagetsi anoona zvakananga mashandiro, kuvimbika, uye chitarisiko chezvikamu zvinoiswa nemagetsi. Danho rega rega mukugadzirisa kwepamberi pechinhu—kubva pakutanga kubvisa mafuta kusvika pakugadzirisa kwekupedzisira uye kubatanidzwa kwechinhu—rinotarisa mhando chaiyo yezvinosvibisa kana mamiriro epamusoro. Kugona kwekutevera uku kwakakosha pakugadzira electroplating yemhando yepamusoro ine simba guru rekunamira uye zvikanganiso zvishoma pamusoro.
Matanho Akakosha Ekugadzirira Pamusoro
Kuziva nekubvisa Zvinosvibisa Pamusoro
Kurapa nemagetsiinotanga nekuona zvinhu zvakasvibiswa zvakaita semafuta, mafuta, oxide layers, guruva, zvigadzirwa zvengura, uye machira ekare. Mafuta nemafuta zvinowanzo bva mukugadzirwa kana kugadziriswa. MaOxides anoumbwa zvega pasimbi dzakaburitswa mumhepo, zvichideredza kufambiswa kwemagetsi kuti aputirwe. Guruva nezvimedu zvinogona kuramba zviripo kubva pakugadzirwa kana kutakurwa.
Kusabvisa zvakakwana tsvina iyi kunoita kuti pave nekusabatana zvakanaka, matumbu, maburi, uye kusawirirana mukati me electroplated layer. Semuenzaniso, mafuta akasara anokonzera kusabatana munzvimbo, nepo ma oxide layer anogona kukonzera matumbu kana kusvuuka kana paine dambudziko.
Nzira dzeKurapa Nemichina
Nzira dzemichina dzakakosha mukugadzirisa pamusoro usati waisa electroplating. Kukuya kunobvisa kusvibiswa kwehuwandu uye kunoita kuti pave nekusarongeka. Kupukuta kunovandudza kutsvedzerera kwepamusoro, zvichideredza makomba madiki apo zvikanganiso zvinogona kukonzera nucleate. Kuputika kwejecha ("grit blasting") kunobvisa ma oxide akaomarara, masara, uye zvidimbu zvakaputirwa, uye kunowedzera kuomarara kwepamusoro kuti pave nekunamatira kwakanaka kwemichina. Kubvisa maburi kunobvisa mipendero yakapinza uye zvidimbu zvakasununguka zvinogona kukanganisa kufanana kwejira.
Maitiro ekusarudza anoenderana nerudzi rwesubstrate uye zvinodiwa pakushandisa. Semuenzaniso, grit blasting ndiyo yakanaka kune simbi isati yaiswa nanocomposite nickel-tungsten (Ni-W/SiC), zvichiita kuti kuomarara uye kunamira zvichienzaniswa nekukwesha. Alloys dzealuminium dzakagadzirwa neabrasive blasting dzinopindura zviri nani kune zvinodiwa zvekudzivirira ngura mukushandiswa kwemvura.
Kuomarara kwepamusoro kunokosha pakusimbisa kunamira pakugadzira electroplating. Kuomarara kwakanyanya—kunokonzerwa nekuputika kwejecha kana kukuya—kunokurudzira kubatana kwemuchina wekuisa dhipoziti, zvichibatanidza machira emagetsi. Nzvimbo dzakakwenenzverwa, kunyange dzakatsetseka, dzinogona kukanganisa simba rekubatanidza kuti dzisvike pakufanana. Ongororo dzinogara dzichiona kuti nzvimbo dzakaputika nejecha dzinopa mhedzisiro yakanaka maererano nekunamatira uye kugara kwenguva refu.
Maitiro Ekurapa Nemakemikari
Kurapa kwemakemikari kunotarisa zvinhu zvinosvibisa zvisina kugadziriswa nenzira dzemakanika, zvakaita semafirimu emafuta matete uye zvikamu zve oxide zvinogara zviripo.Kubvisa mafutainoshandisa organic solvents kana alkaline solutions kubvisa mafuta nemafuta zvachose; zvinhu zvakajairika zvinosanganisira sodium hydroxide kana trichloroethylene, zvichienderana nekuenderana kwesubstrate.
Kunyungudutsa, kuisa mishonga ine acidic, kunonyungudutsa ma oxide nema scales kubva pamusoro pesimbi. Semuenzaniso, sulfuric kana hydrochloric acid inowanzo shandiswa pasimbi, nepo nitric acid yakakodzera alloys dzealuminium. Kucheka kweasidhi—kurwisa kwakadzorwa pa substrate—kunovandudza kugadzirira kwemakemikari, izvo zvakakosha kuti simbi ibudirire. Kucheka kweasidhi yehydrofluoric kunonyanya kushanda paceramics, kubvisa siliceous layers uye kuwedzera simba rekugadzirisa bond.
Mushure mekurapwa nemakemikari zvine simba, kusukurudzwa nemvura isina ion kunodzivirira kudzoserwa kwetsvina yakanyungudutswa. Kubviswa kwetsvina kunotevera, uchishandisa mabhesi asina simba (senge sodium bicarbonate) kudzikamisa pamusoro pe substrate inochinja uye kudzivirira kusawirirana kusingadiwe mumabhati ekuisa plating anotevera. Izvi zvinoita kuti pave nekugadzikana uye kuenderana nekugadzirwa kwebhati rekuisa plating.
Kushanda Kwepamusoro peElectrochemical
Kushandiswa kwemagetsi nemakemikari kunogadzirirawo pamusoro pevhu, uchishandisa ma "short current pulses" kana "anodic/cathodic treatments" mumabhati e electrolyte. Maitiro aya anogadzirisa simba repamusoro, anobvisa ma "residual oxides", uye anovandudza kunyorova kwemvura - zvakakosha pakubatana kwe electrolyte uye kuiswa kwemvura mushure mezvo.
Nheyo dzekushandiswa kwemagetsi dzinotemerwa ne substrate uye target coating. Semuenzaniso, cathodic treatment mu sodium hydroxide inodzosera surface charge uye inobvisa lingering oxide films. Danho iri rinowedzera huwandu hwe reactive surface sites, zvichikurudzira uniform nucleation ye electroplated layer.
Kazhinji, nzira yega yega yekugadzirira inosarudzwa uye inorongwa zvichienderana nehukuru hwechinhu chacho, mhando dzezvinosvibisa, mashandisirwo aunoda, uye mhando yekuisa simbi mumagetsi. Kuchenesa kwemuchina, kuchenesa makemikari, uye kushanda kwemagetsi pamwe chete zvinosimudzira simba rakakwana rekunamira uye kushanda kwepurasitiki mukuita kwekuisa simbi mumagetsi.
Basa rePotassium Permanganate muElectroplating Pretreatment
Kemikari yePotassium Permanganate Solutions
Potassium permanganate (KMnO₄) inozivikanwa nekukwanisa kwayo kuoxidizating mu electroplating process. Kana yanyungudutswa mumvura, KMnO₄ inopatsanurwa kuti ibudise permanganate ions (MnO₄⁻), iyo ine simba guru re redox. Izvi zvinogonesa oxidation yakasimba yemakemikari emuchadenga neemuchadenga, zvichiita kuti ive chishandiso chakakosha chekugadzirisa pamusoro pemvura mu electroplating pretreatment.
Simba remushonga uyu rinoita kuti pave nekuoxidation yakakosha pakubvisa tsvina yeorganic inoramba iripo. Izvi zvinosanganisira mafuta, ma surfactants, uye ma residual polymers anosara pasimbi. Kushanda kwe oxidation kunoitika kuburikidza ne direct electron transfer, zvichikonzera kuparara kwema organic molecules aya kuita organic-soluble species kana kuti complete mineralization. Semuenzaniso, advanced electrochemically active surfaces—senge Mo-doped MnO₂ paTiO₂ nanotube arrays—zvaratidza kuti zvinokurumidza kuparara kwe organic contaminants kuburikidza ne direct oxidation uye kuumbwa kwe powerful intermediate oxidants, senge Mn(III/IV) uye hydroxyl radicals, izvo zvinowedzera kushanda kwe process.
Pakubvisa tsvina isina makemikari, mhinduro yeKMnO₄ inobatsira kuoxidation uye kudzivirira kufamba kwesimbi dzinorema, dzakadai sePb(II), Cd(II), uye Cu(II), pamusoro kana mukati memamatrices. Izvi zvinonyanya kukonzerwa nekunaya kwemvura muMnO₂ microparticles panguva yeKMnO₄ reaction, iyo inopa nzvimbo dzakawanda dzinoshanda dzekunyungudutsa ion yesimbi. Uyezve, KMnO₄ inogona kugadzirisa adsorbents dzinobva kucarbon, dzakadai sehydrochar, nekuwedzera mapoka anoshanda eoxygen uye kuwedzera kugona kwavo kutora simbi inorema—zvakakosha pakugadzirira nzvimbo yakachena kwazvo vasati vagadzira ma electroplating baths.
Kuwanda kwakakwana kwe potassium permanganate solution kwakakosha pakubvisa tsvina zvakanaka uye kushanda zvakanaka pamusoro. Kuwanda kwakanyanya kunogona kukonzera kuchekwa kwakanyanya pamusoro kana kutowedzera oxidation, nepo kuderera kwakanyanya kunogona kukanganisa simba re namira mu electroplating uye kusiya zvasara zvichikanganisa kuumbwa kwebhavhu re electroplating.
Kuitwa muMaitiro Ekurapa Pamberi Pekurapwa
Kubatanidza potassium permanganate yekuisa mu electroplating munzira dziripo dzekurapa kunotanga nekugadzirira mushonga wakarongeka. Kurapa kusati kwaitwa kunowanzo tevera matanho aya:
- Kuchenesa Pamusoro:Kubvisa ivhu rakasviba, mafuta, kana tunhu tudiki uchishandisa kukwesha kana kushambidza zvine alkaline pakutanga.
- Kurapa kweKMnO₄:Kunyudza kana kupfapfaidza substrate ne potassium permanganate solution. Kuwanda kwe potassium permanganate solution mu electroplating kunofanirwa kuenderana nerudzi rwe substrate uye mutoro wetsvina kuti kubviswa kwacho kubudirire.
- Nguva Yekuita:Kubvumira nguva yakakwana yekubata oxidation, kazhinji pakati pemaminitsi akati wandei kusvika hafu yeawa, zvichienderana nekuumbwa kwechinhu pamusoro uye rudzi rwezvinhu zvinosvibisa.
- Kushambidza uye Kusapindirana:Sukurudza nemvura zvakanaka kubvisa zvasara zvakaora uye, kana zvichidikanwa, bvisa chero KMnO₄ yasara ne sodium bisulfite kana imwe reductant yakafanana kudzivirira kukanganiswa ne electroplating bath chemistry inotevera.
- Kuongorora kweMurevereri:Kushandisa inline density kana viscosity metres kubva kuLonnmeter kuona kuti masara uye makemikari ekugadzirisa abviswa zvakakwana uye mamiriro epamusoro agadzikana kuti pave nesimba rakakwana rekunamira mu electroplating.
Maitiro aya anogona kugadziriswa simbi dzakasiyana-siyana—mhangura, nickel, kana zinc—nekugadzirisa gadziriro ye potassium permanganate solution yekurapa pamusoro. Kutarisa magumo ekugadzirisa usati watanga kwakakosha kudzivirira overoxidation, izvo zvinogona kukanganisa kunaka kwekupedzisira kwe electroplating kana simba rekunamira.
Potassium permanganate ine zvakanakira zvakawanda kupfuura makemikari ekare ekurapa asati agadzirwa senge machromates kana maasidhi ari nyore. Hazvina njodzi zvakanyanya kubata kana kurasa kupfuura hexavalent chromium compounds. Kugona kweKMnO₄'s broad-spectrum oxidizing kugona kwayo kugadzirisa mhando dzakasiyana dzezvinhu zvinosvibisa zve organic ne inorganic muchikamu chimwe chete, zvichiita kuti huwandu hwematanho anodiwa ekurapa asati agadzirwa huve nyore. Pamusoro pezvo, kuumbwa kweMnO₂ microparticles kunogona kuwedzera matekiniki ekugadzirira pamusoro anotevera nekuvandudza adsorption yezvinosvibisa uye kuita kuti simbi iwanikwe zvakaenzana pazvigadziko zvakagadziriswa kare.
Muchidimbu, potassium permanganate ye electroplating inopa nzira inoshanda yekuvandudza matekiniki ekugadzira pamusoro pe electroplating, nekuvandudzwa kwakanyorwa mukushanda zvakanaka kwekubvisa uye simba rekupedzisira rekunamira. Kuitwa kwakakodzera kunoenderana nekudzora kwakaringana kwehuwandu hweKMnO₄ uye kubatanidzwa nekutarisa maitiro, senge kusimbiswa kwehuwandu uye viscosity nezvishandiso zvakaita seizvo zvinopihwa neLonnmeter.
Maitiro Ekugadzira Simbi
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Kuve nechokwadi chekuti kunamatwa kwakasimba uye kunaka kwekuputira
Kuoxidation kwepotassium permanganate ndiko kwakakosha pakugadzirisa electroplating, kunyanya kumapolymers akadai seABS. Danho iri rinogadzirisa dambudziko guru rekunamatira kwesimbi nekushandura pamusoro pe substrate nemakemikari uye nemuviri.
Maitiro: Maitiro Ekuwedzera Simba rePotassium Permanganate
Potassium permanganate, iyo ine simba rekugadzira oxidizer, inoshandura pamusoro panguva yekugadzira pamusoro pe electroplating. Pa polymer substrates, inonanga mapoka epamusoro e organic, kunyanya munzvimbo dze polybutadiene dzinowanikwa mu ABS plastics. Oxidation iyi inocheka ma bond maviri, ichiunza mapoka anoshanda ane oxygen yakawanda akadai se hydroxyl (–OH) uye carboxyl (–COOH). Mapoka aya e polar anowedzera simba repamusoro, zvichivandudza kunyorova uye kushandirana kwemakemikari nema ions esimbi mu electroplating bath compositions dzinotevera.
Panguva imwe chete, kuchekwa kwe permanganate kunokonzera micro-roughening, iyo inowedzera nzvimbo yepamusoro uye inopa nzvimbo dzekunamatira. Kugadzirwa uku kwe micro-ne nanoscale kunoita kuti interface igone kugamuchira nucleation uye kukura kwesimbi yakachengetwa, zvichizowedzera simba rekubatanidza uye kunamira kwemechanical.
Kubatana Pakati PePermanganate Pretreatment, Surface Activation, uye Kugara Kwekuputira
Nzira dzekushandisa electroplating dzisati dzashandiswa dzinofanira kugadzirisa mashandiro emakemikari uye magadzirirwo emuviri. Kana potassium permanganate ikashandiswa mumamiriro ezvinhu akanaka—kazhinji pahuwandu huri pakati pe0.5% ne2%, kwemaminitsi 3-10 pa60-80°C—inoita kuti pamusoro payo pave nekushanda kwakanaka pasina kukonzera kukuvara kwesubstrate.
Nzvimbo dzakasanganiswa zvakanaka dzine okisijeni yakawanda uye kuomarara pamusoro, sezvinoratidzwa neXPS neSEM. Hunhu uhwu hunoenderana zvakananga nekunamira kuri nani uye kugara kwenguva refu kwependi yekupedzisira. Simba rakawedzerwa re namatidziro rinoita kuti pave nekusagadzikana kwakanyanya pakupatsanurwa, kusviba, uye kupisa, zvakakosha mukushandiswa kwakasimba senge kugadzirwa kwemotokari kana zvemagetsi.
Uyezve, zvinhu zvinokonzeresa zvakatipoteredza zviri kukurumidzisa shanduko yekurapa uchishandisa permanganate-based pre-treatment. Sezvo mitemo ichirambidza kushandiswa kwechromic acid, permanganate oxidation inopa kunamira kwakafanana kana kwepamusoro uku ichideredza marara ane njodzi. Nzira iyi iri kushanda zvakanaka mumapurasitiki akasiyana-siyana, anosanganisira polypropylene nepolycarbonate, kana mamiriro emushonga akagadziriswa kune substrate iri kutaurwa nezvayo.
Zviratidzo Zvikuru zveKuongorora Simba reAdhesive mushure meKugadzirira Kurapa Pamusoro
Kuongorora kushanda kwedanho re potassium permanganate mukugadzirisa kwemvura pamusoro pemvura kunotarisa pane zviratidzo zvakawanda zvinoyerwa:
- Kuedza Simba reMakushe:Inoyera simba rinodiwa kubvisa jira rakapetwa kubva pasita. Kune ABS inorapwa ne permanganate, huwandu hunowanzo wedzera kubva pa ~8 N/cm (isina kurapwa) kusvika ku >25 N/cm, zvichiratidza kubatsira kukuru kwemaitiro acho.
- Miedzo yeKukwenya neKukwenya:Ongorora kuramba kukanganiswa nekugadzirwa kwesimbi, zvichiratidza kwete chete kunaka kwekunamatira asiwo kubatana kuripo pakati pekuomarara kwenzvimbo uye huwandu hwemapoka anoshanda.
- Kupisa Kwemhepo uye Kuramba Hunyoro:Inoisa mienzaniso yakaputirwa pakuchinja kwekupisa nemwando kunodzokororwa, zvichiyera kugadzikana kwechimiro chesimbi-polymer nekufamba kwenguva.
- Kuongorora kweMicroscopic uye Spectroscopic:SEM neXPS dzinopa ruzivo rwehuwandu hwemamiriro epamusoro uye kuumbwa kwezvinhu, zvichibvumira kuwirirana kwehuwandu hweokisijeni uye micro-topography nematanho ekunamatira akayerwa nenzira yekuongorora.
Pakutarisa zviyero zveindasitiri, kuve nechokwadi chekuti huwandu hwepotassium permanganate mu solution hunogona kudzokororwa uye hunogona kudzokororwa. Apa ndipo panowanikwa tekinoroji yekuyera density kana viscosity, senge idzo dzakapihwa neLonnmeter, inoita kuti batch yega yega iwane mamiriro akakodzera emhinduro, ichitsigira mhando yemhinduro dzakafanana mumhedzisiro yeplating iri pasi.
Kufunga Nezvekuchengetedza, Zvakatipoteredza, uye Mashandiro
Kubata mhinduro dze potassium permanganate mu electroplating process uye pamusoro pemvura kunoda nzira dzakasimba dzekuchengetedza hutano, kuchengetedzeka, uye kuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza. Nekuda kwesimba rayo re oxidizing uye reactivity, nhanho yega yega kubva pakuchengetera kusvika pakurasa inoda kutariswa kwemitemo nemabasa.
Kubata, Kuchengeta, uye Kurasa Potassium Permanganate Solutions Zvakakodzera
Midziyo yekudzivirira munhu (PPE) inokosha pese painobata potassium permanganate. Vashandi vanofanira kushandisa magirovhosi asingapindi makemikari, magogorosi ekudzivirira, zvidziviriro zvechiso, uye majasi ekurabhoritari kudzivirira kusangana kweganda nemaziso. Shanda nekemikari munzvimbo dzine mhepo inofema zvakanaka kana pasi pemagirazi emoto kudzivirira kufema guruva kana utsi. Dzivisa kusangana zvakananga uye kugadzira maaerosols—KMnO₄ guruva kana mhute zvine njodzi.
Kubata nekungwarira kunodzivirira kusangana kune njodzi. Potassium permanganate inopindirana zvine simba nezvinhu zve organic, zvinoderedza kupisa, uye acids, zvichikonzera moto kana kuputika. Chengeta kuti isaparadzwe nezvinhu zvinobvira uye makemikari asingaenderane nechinhu chero chipi zvacho padanho rega rega rekushandisa nzira dze electroplating usati watanga.
Chengeta potassium permanganate mumidziyo yakavharwa zvakasimba, inodzivirira ngura (zviri nani HDPE kana girazi) munzvimbo inotonhorera, yakaoma, uye ine mhepo inofema zvakanaka. Isa mazita mumidziyo yese nemazvo. Chengeta kure nezuva, manyuko ekupisa, uye zvimwe zvinosvibisa. Kuparadzanisa zvisikwa kwakakosha: usambochengeta neacids, zvinhu zvinobvira moto, kana zvinoderedza kupisa.
Dzivisa chero chinhu chinobuda mumvura, ivhu, kana madhireni. Zvimwe zvinhu zvinodzivirira, zvakaita sematireyi asingapindi makemikari ari pasi pemidziyo yekuchengetera, zvinobatsira kudzivirira kudonha kwemvura netsaona kuti kusasvike munzvimbo yakakomberedza. Kuti uraswe, mhinduro dze potassium permanganate dzinofanira kunyungudutswa—kazhinji mumamiriro ezvinhu akadzorwa nemushonga unoderedza mvura wakakodzera—dzisati dzashandiswa semarara ane njodzi. Rasa zvinhu zvese zvekuchenesa uye sukurudza zvinoenderana nemitemo yemuno kuchengetedza hunhu hwemvura nemagariro ezvisikwa.
Kana pakaita marara, bvisa nzvimbo yacho nekukasika wobvisa zvinobatidza moto. Shandisa zvinhu zvinonyungudutsa mvura zvisina simba, zvisingabatike chete pakuchenesa. Usatsvaira kana kuomesa makemikari ne vacuum cleaner—kuchenesa kwakanyorova nePPE ndiko kunosarudzwa. Zvese zvakasara zvakaraswa zvinotarisirwa semarara ane njodzi uye zvinoda magwaro akanyorwa maererano nemitemo yezvakatipoteredza.
Kukanganiswa Kwezvakatipoteredza Nezvinodiwa Nemutemo Pakushandiswa Kwenguva Dzose kweManganese
Potassium permanganate ine chepfu kuzvisikwa zvemumvura uye inogara iripo munharaunda. Kuumbwa kwebhavhu rekuisa mapurasitiki nemagetsi uye nzira dzekurapa pamusoro pemvura dzinofanira kusanganisira dziviriro dzinodzivirira kuburitswa kwemvura zvisina kurongeka. Nzvimbo dzekushanda dzinofanira kunge dzakashongedzerwa nzira dzekudzivirira mvura uye dzinoongororwa nguva nenguva kuti hadzibudi mvura here.
Kutevedzera mitemo yenyika neyedunhu zvinosungirwa. MuUnited States, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) inosimbisa mitemo yakasimba pakubuda kwe permanganate mumvura. Mitemo yepasi rose inobvumawo kuti potassium permanganate inyaya inotyisa, ichida kuti pave nemagwaro enguva dzose ezvinhu zviri mudura, mashandisirwo azvo, uye nzira dzekurasa marara. Chero kuburitswa kwemarara netsaona kunofanirwa kutaurwa zvichienderana nezvinodiwa nemutemo wemuno. Kuongorora kwemutemo kunowanzo tarisa mamiriro ekuchengetedza, hurongwa hwekupindura pakudururwa kwemarara, uye kutevedzera nzira dzekubvisa marara ane njodzi.
Nhungamiro dzeHutano neKuchengetedzeka kweVashandi
Vashandi vanofanirwa kudzidziswa zvine chekuita nenjodzi dzekushandisa potassium permanganate mukurapa nemagetsi uye kurapa pamusoro pemvura. Izvi zvinosanganisira kushandisa PPE nemazvo, kubata nezviitiko zvekudururwa kwemvura, uye kupindura kana painenge yasangana nechinhu.
Nzira dzekubatsira kwekutanga dzinosanganisira kusuka nemvura nekukasika kuti ganda rionekwe uye kuti rionekwe mumaziso. Kana munhu akafema, fambisai vanhu mumhepo yakachena mobva maenda kunoongororwa nachiremba. Kana akamedzwa, rubatsiro rwechiremba runodiwa—musaita kuti munhu arutse. Kusvika kunzvimbo dzekugezesa maziso nekugezera munzvimbo dzebasa hazvigoneke.
Kudzidzira kwekukurumidzira kunofanira kusanganisira kudzora kudonha kwemvura, kuzivisa vezvekuchengetedza, uye nzira dzekubuda. Zvinyorwa zvezviitiko nekudzidziswa kwevashandi zvinofanirwa kuchengetwa kuti zvienderane nemitemo yepamutemo neyemukati yekuchengetedza njodzi.
Muchidimbu, kuchengetedzeka kwakasimba, kudzora zvakatipoteredza, uye mashandiro ndizvo zvakakosha pakushandisa potassium permanganate pakuisa electroplating. Zvinotsigira kutevedzera mitemo uye zvinangwa zvekushanda zvakaita sekuvandudza simba rekunamira pakuisa electroplating ukuwo zvichichengetedza vashandi nenharaunda. Zvishandiso zvekutarisa zvakakodzera, zvakaita sezviri kupihwa neLonnmeter, zvinobatsirawo pakugadzirira mhinduro ye potassium permanganate yakachengeteka uye yakavimbika yekurapa pamusoro uye kudzora hunhu hwemaitiro ari kuenderera mberi.
Kugadzirisa Matambudziko uye Maitiro Akanakisisa
Kusabatana uye kutadza kwemhando yepamusoro mukushandiswa kwemagetsi kunowanzo konzerwa nematambudziko ekushandiswa kwemvura isati yagadzirwa pamusoro, kunyanya kana uchishandisa mhinduro dze potassium permanganate. Kuongorora kwakarongeka kwekuongorora kwakakosha kuti utarise kutadza kusvika pakushandiswa kwemvura isati yagadzirwa. Zvinhu zvikuru zvinosanganisira kuona huwandu hwe potassium permanganate solution mumabhati e electroplating uye kuona kuti mvura yagadzirwa zvakanaka kuti isaore. Kusashanda zvakanaka kwemvura kunowanzo konzerwa nekusakwana kwemvura, kusagona kudzora tembiricha, kana nguva isina kukwana yekubuda, izvo zvinogona kuderedza simba rekunamira mukushandiswa kwemvura uye kukonzera kusasimba kwezvisungo.
Zvinhu zvakasara zvinosvibisa, zvakaita semafuta ekugadzira kana zvasara zvemachira ekare, zvinofanira kubviswa nekuchenesa nekusuka. Chero munyu we permanganate wasara kana zvasara zve organic zvinogona kuderedza zvakanyanya mhedzisiro yehuwandu hwe potassium permanganate pamhando ye electroplating. Kucheka zvakanyanya nekuda kwe potassium permanganate yakawandisa kana kugara kwenguva refu kunogona kugadzira nzvimbo dzakapfava dzinogona kuparadzwa. Tembiricha yekugezera, pH, uye nguva yekuratidzwa zvinofanirwa kunyorwa uye kutariswa kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti huwandu hwakakwana hwe potassium permanganate solution padanho rega rega. Kusiyana kwe substrate kunofanirwawo kunyorwa, sezvo mutsauko we resin kana filler content unogona kuchinja mhinduro yekugadziriswa kwekutanga, zvichikanganisa simba rekunamatira mu electroplating.
Ongororo yekuongorora chirwere:
- Simbisa kuti musanganiswa webhavhu rekugadzira electroplating unosangana nezvinodiwa zve potassium permanganate nezvimwe zvinoshandiswa.
- Gara uchitarisa uye uchienzanisa mita yekudzikira kwemvura kubva kuLonnmeter kuti uone kuti imba yekugezera yakafanana sei.
- Tarisa tembiricha yekugeza uye pH panguva yese yekugadzirira pamusoro kuti urambe uine huwandu hwakakwana hwe potassium permanganate solution.
- Shandisa maturusi ekutarisa pamusoro pechinhu—akadai sekuyera kona yekubatana uye FTIR—kuti uongorore huwandu hweoxidation uye uve nechokwadi chekuti pamusoro pacho panoshanda zvakaenzana.
- Ita bvunzo dzemakanika dzekunamatira (semuenzaniso, bvunzo dzekuchekerera makumbo kana bvunzo dzekudhonza) kuti uone pakati pekukundikana kwekubatana, kunamira, kana kukanganiswa kwesubstrate.
- Nyora nhamba dzebatch substrate uye tevedzera nguva yakatarwa pakati pekugadzirisa usati watanga uye kushandisa namatidza.
Kugadzirisa ma process parameters kwakakosha kuti pave nekuenderana. Ma process parameters anofanirwa kunatswa uchishandisa data rekutarisa kubva kuma inline density metres, ayo anopa nguva chaiyo ye electroplating bath composition. Semuenzaniso, kana zviyero zve density zvichiratidza kupera kwe potassium permanganate, dosing rates dzinofanira kugadziriswa kuti dzidzorere concentration inotarisirwa. Kana density readings dzichiratidza kuti permanganate yakawandisa, deredza dosing kana kuwedzera dilution kudzivirira over-etching. Kudzora tembiricha yebhati kunobatsira kuchengetedza kushanda zvakanaka kwe surface, kuderedza njodzi yekukundikana kwe adhesion. Adjustments ye aggression panguva yekunyudzwa inofanira kunge yakaenzana kuti iwedzere surface contact uye kudzivirira kusawirirana kurapwa.
Maitiro ekugadzirisa akakosha kudzivirira kusvibiswa kwemvura yekugezera uye kuchengetedza mhedzisiro yemagetsi epamusoro. Gara uchiongorora uye kuchenesa michina yese inonyorova, kusanganisira matangi nemapaipi, kubvisa kuungana kwemarara kana mvura.Mamita ekuwanda kweLonnmeterkuti utevedzere kuchinja kwemvura panguva chaiyo; kuchinja kwehuwandu hwemvura kamwe kamwe kunowanzo ratidza kusvibiswa kana kuora kwemakemikari. Gadzirisa kurongeka kwezvishandiso zvekutarisa uye gadzirisa nguva dzekugadzirisa zvichibva padata remazuva ano kubva mukuita kwe electroplating. Tsiva mvura yekugezesa nguva nenguva zvichienderana nemirairo yekushandisa, kunyanya kana huwandu hwezvinhu zvakasara kana kuti zvasara zvisina kusefa zvichipfuura mwero wepakati. Kuchengeta zvinyorwa zvakanyatsonaka, kubva pakuchenesa kusvika pakugadzirisa mudziyo, kunobatsira kuchengetedza kugadzirira kwakakodzera kwe potassium permanganate solution yekurapa pamusoro uye kuderedza kutadza kunobatanidzwa nekuumbwa kwemvura yekugezesa uye kusvibiswa.
Kutevedzera mitemo iyi yekuongorora nekugadzirisa nguva dzose kunotsigira matekiniki ekugadzira pamusoro pechinhu uchishandisa electroplating akavimbika uye akavimbika uye kunovandudza nzira yekuvandudza simba rekunamira mu electroplating. Kubatanidza data remaitiro kubva kuLonnmeter's inline density metres kunoita kuti zvigadziriswe zvinoitwa nekukurumidza, zvichideredza kutadza kwekunamira uye kuve nechokwadi chekuti mhedzisiro yakafanana muzvikamu zvekugadzira.
Mibvunzo Inowanzo bvunzwa (Mibvunzo Inowanzo bvunzwa)
Chinangwa chekurapa ne electroplating pretreatment ndechei?
Kugadzirisa simbi nemagetsi kwakakosha pakugadzirisa simbi nemagetsi, nechinangwa chekubvisa tsvina uye kugadzirisa simbi isati yaiswa. Izvi zvinosanganisira kubvisa mafuta, mafuta, maokisi, uye zvidimbu, izvo zvinogona kukanganisa kunamira uye kufukidza simbi. Kugadzirisa simbi nemagetsi kunogadzirisa kuomarara kwenzvimbo uye makemikari, zvichiita kuti simbi irambe yakasungirirwa pachinhu chimwe chete. Zvinhu zvakaita sealuminium alloys uye 3D-printed plastics zvinoda nzira dzakagadzirwa dzekugadzirisa simbi kuti dzive dzakanaka uye kuderedza zvikanganiso zvakaita semapits kana mablisters.
Potassium permanganate inowedzera sei maitiro e electroplating?
Potassium permanganate inoshandiswa semushonga une simba mukuchenesa. Inoshanda zvakanaka ne organic nezvimwe zvinhu zvisingasanganisike, zvichiita kuti ibviswe pamusoro pe substrate. Izvi zvinoita kuti nzvimbo yacho ive yakachena uye ine makemikari akawanda, zvichiita kuti pave nesimba guru rekunamira mu electroplating uye kuti pave nekushanda kwakanaka kwe coating. Kune zvinhu zvakaoma, zvakaita sezviya zvinogona kuita kuti pave ne passive oxide formation, kugadzirira potassium permanganate solution yekurapa pamusoro kunowedzera kushanda kwenzvimbo yacho.
Sei kuongorora huwandu hwe potassium permanganate mu solution kuchikosha?
Kuwanda kwe potassium permanganate solution mu electroplating kunofanira kudzorwa nokungwarira. Kana kuwanda kwayo kukaderera padanho rakanaka, kucheneswa kusina kukwana kunoitika, zvichikonzera simba risina simba rekunamira uye kutadza kunamira kwayo. Kana mhinduro yacho yakanyanya kuwanda, kuchekwa kwakanyanya kunogona kukuvadza kana kupwanya substrate, zvichikonzera zvikanganiso. Kuwanda kwe potassium permanganate solution kwakanaka kunoita kuti tsvina ibviswe zvakanaka uye kunochengetedza kusimba kwe substrate, zvichikanganisa zvakananga kuumbwa kwebhati re electroplating uye kunaka kwekupedzisira kwekuputira.
Ndingayera sei kuenzana kwe potassium permanganate solution nemazvo?
Marabhoritari anowanzo vimba nekuongorora titrimetric kuti aone huwandu hwepotassium permanganate. Iyi nzira yemakemikari inosarudza huwandu hwayo nemazvo, asi inotora nguva. Kuti urambe uchidzora maitiro, masensa emukati akadai se density kana viscosity metres kubva kuLonnmeter anogona kuiswa zvakananga mu electroplating bath. Izvi zvinopa kutarisa panguva chaiyo kwe physical parameters dzine chekuita nehuwandu hwemhinduro, zvichitsigira kugadzirisa kwakanyatsojeka kwemaitiro uye kuvandudza kugona.
Ko potassium permanganate inogona kushandiswa nesimbi dzese here pakugadzira electroplating?
Kunyange zvazvo potassium permanganate ichishandiswa kusimbi dzakasiyana-siyana, kukodzera kwayo kunoenderana nekushanda kwemakemikari kwesubstrate. Semuenzaniso, aruminiyamu, nekuumbwa kwayo nekukurumidza kweoxide, inoda matanho akagadzirirwa usati wagadzira; kushandiswa zvisina kunaka kunogona kukonzera kusawirirana kana kukuvara kwenzvimbo. Ongorora kuenderana kwechinhu chimwe nechimwe uye kushandiswa kwacho. Nzira dzekugadzirisa usati wagadzira electroplating dzinofanira kugara dzichigadziriswa kuti dzigadzirise matekiniki ekugadzirira pamusoro uye kudzivirira migumisiro yakaipa yesubstrate.
Nguva yekutumira: Zvita-08-2025
