Pfupiso yeCopper Electrorefining
Kuchenesa simbi nemagetsi (copper electrorefining) inzira inoshandiswa muindasitiri kugadzira ma cathode emhangura akachena kwazvo, kazhinji ane hutsanana hunodarika 99.99%. Maitiro aya akakosha pakuzadzisa mitemo yepasi rose, kusanganisira LME Grade A, inodiwa nemagetsi, kutaurirana, uye simba rinodzokororwa. Munguva yekutsvagisa simbi nemagetsi, ma anode emhangura asina kuchena anonyudzwa mu electrolyte inoumbwa ne copper sulfate ne sulfuric acid. Kuburikidza nemagetsi anodzorwa, copper inonyunguduka pa anode uye inoiswazve pama cathode sheets akachena kwazvo.
Basa guru rekuita uku kupatsanurwa kwemhangura kubva kune zvinosvibisa zvakaita se lead, arsenic, uye antimony. Pa anode, maatomu emhangura anorasikirwa nemaerekitironi, zvichiita maion emhangura (Cu²⁺) anofamba nemu electrolyte. Pa cathode, maion aya anowana maerekitironi neplate semhangura yakachena. Panguva imwe chete, simbi dzisingadiwe dzinoramba dzakanyungudutswa mu electrolyte kana kuti dzichipisa sema slimes asinganyunguduki e anode, zvichibvumira kudzivirira kusvibiswa kwekodhi yekodhi. Kugona kudzivirira kuiswa kwetsvina panguva yekuchenesa kwakakosha pakusimbisa uye kudzora mhando ye cathode yemhangura.
Kushanda kwe copper refining electrolyte kunoenderana zvakanyanya nekutonga kwakasimba kwe electrolyte. Kuumbwa kwakanyatsojeka kwe copper sulfate-sulfuric acid musanganiswa, pamwe chete ne density uye conductivity yayo, kunokanganisa zvakananga kushanda kwe current mu copper electrorefining. Kuchengetedza electrolyte flow yakakwana kunoita kuti homogeneous deposition ienderane, kudzivirira concentration gradients munzvimbo, uye kunoita kuti kusvibiswa kusarambe. Vashandi vanoshandisa maturusi akaita seLonnmeter liquid density meter kuti electrolyte iongorore uye igadzirise density ye liquid, izvo zvinokanganisa solution conductivity uye huremu hwekutakura.
Kuchenesa Magetsi eCopper
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Kugona kushanda zvakanaka kunoenderana nekudzikiswa kwesimba remagetsi mukugadzirisa magetsi uye kugadzirisa magetsi emasero. Ma voltage emasero asingadzoreki anowedzera marara esimba uye anogona kuderedza kunaka kwe cathode. Kugadzirisa copper refined yemagetsi emasero kunoderedza kurasikirwa kwesimba remagetsi uye kunoderedza mari yekugadzira. Kushandiswa kwesimba kunoderedzwa zvakanyanya nekuvandudza mwero wekutenderera kwe electrolyte uye kushandisa simba rekuchengetedza mumagetsi. Kuyerwa kwesimba re electrolyte kunobatsira zvinangwa izvi, sezvo hunhu hwemhinduro huchikanganisa simba rekupomba uye kushanda zvakanaka kwemagetsi.
Matambudziko makuru mukugadzirisa electrorefining yemhangura anosanganisira kuwana mhando yemhangura ye cathode yakafanana, kuwedzera kushanda zvakanaka, uye kuderedza kushandiswa kwesimba. Kuwanda kwemagetsi kunowedzera simba asi kune njodzi yekuumbwa kwe cathode isina kusimba kana kuti isina kuchena uye kusvibiswa kwayo kunze kwekunge yagadziriswa zvakanaka. Nzvimbo dzekare dzinoshandisa mapepa ekutanga dzinosangana nekutsiviwa kwe cathode kakawanda uye kuoma kwekushanda kwacho kwakawedzera. Magadzirirwo emasero emazuva ano anobatanidza otomatiki, ma cathode anogara aripo, kutarisa kwedhijitari, uye ma reactors ekuchenesa mhinduro kuti awedzere kuchengetedzeka kwekushanda uye mhando yechigadzirwa ukuwo achitsigira kuumbwa kwe copper electrolyte uye kugadzirisa electrolyte conductivity yekugadzirwa kweindasitiri.
Kutarisira ma electrolyte, kugadzirisa mashandiro, uye maturusi ekuyera epamusoro anotsigira nzira dziripo dzekuvandudza kudzora mhando ye cathode yemhangura, kuderedza mari yekushanda, uye kugadzirisa zvipingamupinyi zvekushanda zvakanaka mukugadzirisa mhangura nemagetsi. Kugadziriswa uku kunoramba kuchiitwa kwekugadzirisa mhangura nemagetsi kunotsigira basa guru reindasitiri mukupa mhangura yakachena kwazvo kuhupfumi hwemazuva ano.
Kuumbwa uye Basa reCopper Sulfate-Sulfuric Acid Electrolyte
Musanganiswa we copper sulfate-sulfuric acid ndiwo electrolyte yakajairika mu copper electrorefining, ichipa nzira yakakosha yekufambisa nekugadzika ma ion e copper. Une zvikamu zviviri zvikuru: copper sulfate (CuSO₄) senzvimbo huru ye copper ion uye sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) se conductivity enhancer uye chemical stabilizer.
Kemikari uye Zvimiro Zvikuru
Mukuita, electrolyte inowanzo kuve ne40–50 g/L copper sulfate uye inenge 100 g/L sulfuric acid mumaindasitiri. Musanganiswa uyu imvura yakajeka, inofambisa simba apo copper sulfate inopa Cu²⁺ ions ye electrode position process. Sulfuric acid inowedzera ionic conductivity ye solution, inovandudza electrolyte stability, uye inobatsira kudzora side reactions dzakadai se hydrogen evolution pa cathode.
Maitiro makuru e electrochemical ndeaya anotevera:
- Anode: Cu(s) → Cu²⁺(aq) + 2e⁻
- Cathode: Cu²⁺(aq) + 2e⁻ → Cu(s)
Kudzora kwakarurama huwandu hwechinhu chimwe nechimwe kunokanganisa zvakananga mwero wekuita, kupararira kwemagetsi, uye kunaka kwe cathode yemhangura inobuda.
Kukosha kweKuwanda Kwakakwana uye Kudzora Kuomerera
Kudzora huwandu hwe electrolyte nemazvo uye maumbirwo ahwo kwakakosha pakusimbisa mhando ye copper cathode uye kudzora mhando. Kusiyana kwehuwandu hwe electrolyte, hunoenderana nekuwanda, hunokanganisa kufamba kwema ion uye kufanana kwe copper deposition. Kutsauka kubva pahuwandu hwechinangwa kunogona kukonzera ukobvu husina kuenzana, kuwedzera kwekusachena kwekodhi, kana kukura kwe dendritic (yakafanana nemuti), izvo zvinokanganisa kuchena kwechigadzirwa uye kutsvedzerera.
Mafekitori emazuva ano ekugadzira mhangura anoshandisa mita dzemvura dzakaita seLonnmeter kuti arambe achiyera huwandu hwemvura mukugadzira mhangura. Izvi zvinotsigira kutarisa kwe electrolyte panguva chaiyo kuchengetedza copper sulfate ne sulfuric acid balance inodiwa uye kutsigira kudzora mhando ye copper cathode.
Mienzaniso kubva mubasa rekugadzirisa maitiro munguva pfupi yapfuura inoratidza kuti sulfuric acid inochengetwa inosvika 100 g/L inoita kuti magetsi ashande zvakanaka. Kuenzanisa uku kunowedzera goho remhangura uye kunotsigira mamiriro emasero akagadzikana, zvichideredza kuitika kwema short circuits kana kuumbwa kwetsvina kubva muhuwandu hweasidhi yakawandisa kana isina kukwana.
Kubatana Pakati Pekuumbwa KweElectrolyte, Kufambisa Kwemhepo, uye Kudzivirira Kusachena Kwekunyorwa Kwemitemo
Kufambiswa kwemagetsi neelectrolyte kwakabatana zvakanyanya nekuumbwa kwayo. Kuwanda kweasidhi yesulfuric kunotungamira kufambiswa kwemvura neelectrolyte yakawanda; asidhi shoma inotungamira kukusagadzikana kwemasero zvakanyanya uye kushandiswa kwesimba rakawanda, nepo asidhi yakawanda ichidzvinyirira kuiswa kwemhangura uye inogona kukurudzira kusvibiswa kwemakemikari.
Kuwanda kweCopper sulfate kunotarisa kufamba kwemaion emhangura kuenda kucathode uye kunokanganisa kushanda zvakanaka kwemagetsi mu copper electrorefining. Kana kuwanda kwayo kukaderera zvakanyanya, kupera kwayo kunoitika pa cathode, zvichiwedzera njodzi yekushanduka kwehydrogen uye kutadza kuisa hydrogen. Zvisinei, kuwanda kwakanyanya kunoda kudzorwa kwakaringana kudzivirira kushandiswa kwesimba zvakanyanya uye kusagadzikana kwe crystallographic mu copper yakachengetwa.
Kudzora kwakakodzera kwekuumbwa uye, nekudaro, conductivity kwakakosha kune:
- Kugadziriswa kwemagetsi emasero mukugadzirisa magetsi emhangura (kuchengetedza magetsi emasero akaderera kuderedza kushandiswa kwesimba uye kugadzirwa kwekupisa)
- Kugadzirisa kushanda zvakanaka kwemagetsi (kuona kuti magetsi ese anoshandiswa pakuiswa kwemhangura, kwete kuita zvisingadiwe)
- Kudzivirira nzvimbo yekusvibiswa kwekodhi mukucheneswa kwemhangura (kuderedza kuiswa pamwe chete kwezvinhu zvakaita se lead, arsenic, kana antimony zvinogona kuitika kana kuumbwa kwe electrolyte kusina kunaka)
Mugumisiro wacho unoratidza kushandiswa kwesimba shoma, kuchengetedza simba mukugadzirisa magetsi, kuvandudzwa kwechimiro chedhipoziti, uye kuvandudzwa kwehunhu hwe cathode copper. Kuongororwa kwehuwandu hwemvura uye kuumbwa kwayo, kusanganisira inline Lonnmeter systems, ndiko kwakakosha mukuderedza kurasikirwa, kuvandudza mashandiro ekushanda, uye kuchengetedza hunhu hwe copper cathode kubva pa batch imwe kuenda kune imwe.
Hukama uhwu hwakasimbiswa muzvidzidzo zvinoratidza kuti kuchengetedza sulfuric acid paanenge 100 g/L hakungogadzirisi kushanda zvakanaka kwemagetsi chete asiwo kunovimbisa njodzi yakaderera yekusvibiswa pamwe chete uye kudzora kwakasimba kwechimiro chedhipoziti, zvese izvi zvichitsigira kudzikiswa kwekushandiswa kwesimba mukugadzirwa kwemagetsi emhangura.
Kuyerwa kweHuremu muCopper Electrorefining
Kuwanda kweElectrolyte chiratidzo chakakosha mukuita kwe copper electrorefining, sezvo ichiratidza zvakananga kuumbwa kwe copper sulfate-sulfuric acid musanganiswa. Kuchengetedza huwandu hwemvura hwakakwana kwakakosha kuti pave nechokwadi chemhando ye cathode copper uye kudzora mhando ye copper cathode. Vashandi vanoshandisa huwandu hwemvura senzira yekukurumidza kuona huwandu hwe copper ion ne acid, zvichiita kuti pave nekugadzirisa kwakanyatsojeka kwe current efficiency mu copper electrorefining uye kuderedza kushandiswa kwesimba.
Basa reKuwanda kwevanhu muKudzora Maitiro
Kuwanda kwevanhu kunotungamira mhedzisiro yakakosha yemaitiro:
- Kushanda zvakanaka uye kufambisa simba pari zvino:Kuwanda kwemhangura neasidhi kunowedzera huwandu hwemagetsi, zvichiwedzera kufambisa kwemagetsi emagetsi uye kushanda kwemagetsi—kusvika padanho repamusoro. Kupfuura huwandu hwemagetsi, huwandu hwemagetsi anopararira hunononoka uye hunogona kuderedza kushanda zvakanaka, zvichikanganisa kugadzirwa kwemagetsi emasero uye kugona kugadzirisa magetsi emasero kuti agadziriswe mhangura.
- Kudzivirira kusvibiswa kwenzvimbo yekusachena:Kuwanda kwakasimba kunobatsira kudzivirira kusvibiswa panguva yekucheneswa kwemhangura nekuderedza kushanduka kwehuwandu hwesimbi dzinokurudzira kuiswa kwesimbi dzakadai searsenic, antimony, uye bismuth.
- Hunhu hweCathode:Kuwanda kwakasimba kunotsigira kuumbwa kwemakristaro kwakafanana, zvichibatsira mukugadzira macathode emhangura akapfava asina zvikanganiso zvakawanda. Kutsauka kunogona kutungamira mumaburi akaomarara, ane mafundo, kana kuti ane upfu, zvichideredza kunaka kwecathode uye zvichida matanho ekugadzirisa nguva nenguva.
Tekinoroji yeLiquid Density Meter yekuvandudza nguva chaiyo
Mamita ehuwandu hwemvura, kunyanya mhando dzezvinhu zvinodedera, zvishandiso zvakakosha pakutarisa huwandu hwe electrolyte mu copper electrorefining yemazuva ano. Midziyo iyi inobvumira kutarisa uye kudzora musanganiswa we copper sulfate-sulfuric acid panguva chaiyo, ichitsigira zvakananga cathode copper quality uye kugadzirisa mashandiro ekushanda zvakanaka.
Nheyo yeKushanda uye Kubatanidzwa kweMaitiro
Chiyero chemvura chinodzungunyika chinoshanda nekunyudza sensor—kazhinji chubhu, forogo, kana silinda yakaita seU—zvakananga mu electrolyte yemhangura. Mudziyo uyu unoyera frequency ye sensor, iyo inoderera sezvo density ye electrolyte ichiwedzera. Frequency iyi inoshandurwa kuita density value kuburikidza ne calibration ne standards (senge deionized water uye copper sulfate solutions), zvichiita kuti zvive nyore kuverenga mu g/cm³.
Mukati me electrorefining copper process, ma electrolyte circulation loop kana process tank anosangana zvakanaka. Zvinhu zvakanyoroveswa ne sensor, zvakaita se titanium kana Hastelloy, zvinoita kuti makemikari aenderane ne aggressive copper sulfate-sulfuric acid mixes. Integrated temperature sensors inotsiva tembiricha-induced density shifts, zvichiramba zvakanyatsonaka kunyangwe mamiriro ekushanda achichinja.
Zvakanakira Nzira dzeKuyera dzechinyakare
Iyomita yechinhu chinodederainodarika maturusi ekare ekutarisa huwandu hwevanhu — semuenzaniso, mahydrometer emaoko uye kuongorora kwegravimetric periodic — nekupa data redhijitari rehuwandu hwevanhu rakazvigadzira, rinoitwa otomatiki uye rinoitwa kakawanda.
Kuvandudzwa kweKushanda Kwemagetsi uye Kudzora Kutarisira:
Kuburitswa kwedata remukati menguva chaiyo uye repamhepo kunogona kubatanidzwa kune system yePLC/SCADA yefekitori, zvichiita kuti zvigadziriswe otomatiki mu copper sulfate kana sulfuric acid dosing, uye kupa mhinduro dzakasimba dzekugadzirwa kwe copper electrolyte yakakwana. Kuzvigadzira uku kunosimbisa kutonga kwemhando ye cathode copper nekudzikamisa ma process parameters uye kutsigira kunyorwa kwedata kuti rionekwe zviri nyore.
Kunyatsonaka Kwepamusoro Kwekutarisira Electrolyte:
Mamita emvura anodzungunyika anopa kururamaupto ±0.001 g/cm³, zvakakosha pakugadzirisa chiyero che copper sulfate-sulfuric acid. Kutsauka kudiki muhuwandu hwe electrolyte kunogona kukonzera kuwedzera kwemagetsi emasero kana kushandiswa kwesimba, kuderedza kushanda zvakanaka kwemagetsi, kana kukurudzira kusvibiswa kwekodhi pama cathodes. Mamita akadaro anorerutsa manejimendi emagetsi emasero uye anoderedza kushandiswa kwesimba rese mu electrorefining pasina kupindira nemaoko nguva nenguva, zvichikanganisa zvakananga mari yekushanda uye kunaka kwechigadzirwa.
Simba Rinoderedzwa reKupomba uye Kuchengetedzwa Kwakawedzerwa:
Kutarisa kwakaitwa neinternet kunoderedza kudiwa kwekutorwa kwemasampuli, izvo zvinoderedza kusvibiswa kwe electrolyte mumhepo, zvichideredza njodzi dzekusvibiswa pamwe nekupomba simba rinodiwa pakufambiswa kwemasampuli kunze kweinternet.
Mienzaniso yeKushandiswa kweInline neOnline Monitoring
Zvigadziro zvakajairika zvine sensor yeLonnmeter inodedera inoiswa zvakananga mumutsara we electrolyte recirculation. Semuenzaniso, mutangi guru,Lonnmeterinopa kuverenga kwehuwandu hwezvinhu nguva dzose masekondi mashoma ega ega, zvichibvumira mainjiniya kuona mafambiro ehuwandu hwezvinhu uye kupindura nekukurumidza kune ma process drifts.
Mukushanda kwakakodzera, chirimwa chine 1.2 g/cm³ copper sulfate electrolyte chakawana kudzora kwakasimba kwehuwandu hwemaion emhangura chichishandisa inline density feedback. Kuvandudzika uku kwakasimudzira kushanda zvakanaka kwe copper electrorefining, kuderedza mari yesimba, uye kuderedza kuwanda kwenzvimbo yekusvibiswa. Zvirimwa zvine makemikari zvinogona kuita otomatiki acid kana copper dosing zvichibva pa density setpoints kuti zviwedzere electrolyte conductivity optimization.
Vagadziri vemabhatiri vanogadzira maelectrolyte e copper sulfate vanoshandisawo ma element metres anodedera kuti vadzore mhando; iyo Lonnmeter inoita kuti chinangwa chedu chive chakasimba uye huwandu hwezvinhu zvinosvikwa chigadzirwa chisati chaendeswa. Kuongororwa nguva dzose nemasamples ekuita kunoita kuti kuyerwa kurambe kwakavimbika munzvimbo dzakaoma.
Kazhinji, mamita ekudzikira kwezvinhu zvinodzungunyika anoshandura zvakanyanya nzira iyo mashandiro ekuchenesa mhangura anotarisisa uye anotonga ma electrolytes, achishanda seanoongorora zvinhu akavimbika, akanyatsojeka, uye anoshanda panguva chaiyo anowedzera kunaka uye kushanda zvakanaka muchikamu chega chega chekugadzira cathode yemhangura.
Mhedzisiro yeKudzora Kuwanda kweElectrolyte paZviratidzo Zvikuru zveKushanda
Kudzora kwakanyatsojeka kuwanda kwema electrolyte, kunyanya mumisanganiswa ye copper sulfate-sulfuric acid, ndiko kunonyanya kukosha pakugadzirwa kwe copper electrorefining. Kuwanda kwe copper kunokanganisa kunaka kwe cathode copper, kushandiswa kwesimba, kushanda zvakanaka kwe current, masero emagetsi, uye kugadzirwa kwese.
Kubatana neCathode Copper Quality Assurance
Kuwanda kweElectrolyte kunokanganisa zvakananga kuchena kwecathode yemhangura uye kunaka kwenzvimbo. Kana huwandu hwezvinhu huchikwira nekuda kwekuwedzera kwehuwandu hwemhangura kana acid, kufamba kweanode slimes kunochinja, zvichiwedzera njodzi dzekusachena kwekodhi - kunyanya kune nickel, lead, uye arsenic. Ma electrolyte ane density yakakura anogona kubata zvidimbu zvakawanda, kunyanya kana paine nzvimbo isina kunaka ye electrode kana kuti current density yakawanda. Izvi zvinosvibisa zvinokanganisa kutsvedzerera kwe cathode, mechanical integrity, uye kugamuchirwa kwemusika. Zvidzidzo zvakawanda zvinoratidza kuti huwandu hwakawanda hwe nickel mu dense electrolytes hunotungamira kuma cathodes akaomarara, asina kuchena, anosimbiswa ne scanning electron microscopy uye atomic absorption spectroscopy. Zvimwe zvinowedzera zvakaita se thiourea ne gelatine dzimwe nguva zvinoderedza kusachena kwenzvimbo asi zvinogona, pamatanho asina kukodzera, kuwedzera kuiswa kwekusachena kana electrolyte properties dzisina kudzorwa zvakanyanya.
Kubatsira Pakuderedza Kushandiswa Kwesimba uye Kuchengetedza Simba
Kuwanda kwemvura kunokanganisa viscosity—kuwanda kwemvura kunowedzera kuramba kufamba kwemvura yakasununguka. Saka kupomba electrolyte kunoda simba rakawanda pakuwanda kwemvura; kudzora kuwanda kwemvura kunogona kuchengetedza simba rakawanda pakupomba. Mhinduro dzekuderedza kuwanda kwemvura dzinoderedza kudhonzwa kwemvura yakasviba, zvichiita kuti kutenderera kwemvura yemagetsi kushande zvakanaka uye kubviswa kwekupisa, zvichibatsira zvakananga kuderedza kushandiswa kwesimba mu copper electrorefining. Kuyerwa kwemvura kwakakodzera kwakakosha kwete chete kune mhando yebatch asiwo pakudzora mari yekushanda; zvishandiso zvakaita seLonnmeter zvinogonesa kutarisa kwakarurama, kwakadzika kwehuwandu hwe electrolyte yemhangura, kugadzirisa hurongwa hwekupomba uye kushandiswa kwesimba.
Mhedzisiro Pakushanda Kwazvino, Kugadzirisa Kupisa Kwemasero, uye Kubudirira Kwazvo
Kuenzana kwehuwandu hwemhangura neasidhi (kunoratidzwa muhuwandu hweelectrolyte) kunodzora kufamba kwemaion, zvichikanganisa kushanda zvakanaka kwemagetsi emhangura. Kuwanda kwehuwandu kunotungamira mukutakurwa kwemaion kunononoka, kuwedzera voltage yemasero uye kuderedza kushanda zvakanaka. Pamazinga akakodzera ehuwandu, maion emhangura anofamba zvakanaka kuenda ku cathode, zvichideredza kutambisa mativi uye kudzikamisa voltage yemasero. Kugadzirisa voltage yemasero mukuchenesa mhangura kwakakosha—kukwira zvakanyanya kunowedzera mari yesimba uye kusvibiswa kwekodhi, kuderera zvakanyanya kunokanganisa mwero wekugadzirwa.Kudzora kuwanda kwe electrolyteinorodza mhedzisiro iyi, ichiwedzera kugona kwayo nekuchengetedza kutamiswa kwechaji kwakanyanya uye mwero wekuvaka kwecathode. Mamodheru emasvomhu anosimbisa hukama hwakananga pakati pehuwandu hwe electrolyte, kushanda zvakanaka kwemagetsi, uye voltage yemasero.
Basa rekuchengetedza Kufambisa Kwemagetsi Kwakanaka uye Kuderedza Kusachena kweCodeposition
Kugadziriswa kwe conductivity ye copper electrolyte kunoenderana nekuchengetedza huwandu hwechinangwa uye huwandu hwe copper sulfate. Kana huwandu hukakwira kubva pakukwira kwe solute loading kana tembiricha drift, conductivity inoderera, kuwedzera kwe cell voltage uye kuisa panjodzi kunaka kwechigadzirwa. High-density electrolytes inowedzerawo mukana wekuti pave ne code yekusvibiswa - solid particles uye dissolved species (nickel, lead) zvinogona kudzikamiswa kana kuderedzwa pamusoro pe cathode, kunyanya pasi pemitemo yekuwedzera isina kunaka kana mamiriro ekuyerera asina kunaka. Kudzivirira kuiswa kwe density mu copper refinery nekudaro kunoda density yakasimba uye composition control, kuyerwa kwakasimba kwe liquid density mu copper refinery, uye kugadziriswa kwakanyatsonaka kwe copper sulfate uye acid ratios. Iyi nzira yakabatanidzwa inoderedza nzira dzekubatanidza density (particle entrapment, electrolyte inclusion, uye co-electrodeposition) uye inotsigira zvinangwa zvakasimba zve copper cathode quality control.
Kunyatso tarisa huwandu hwevanhu mukati menzvimbo dzakatarwa uchishandisa mita dzemazuva ano dzemvura dzakaita seLonnmeter kunosimbisa kuchena kwema electrolyte, kunoderedza mari yesimba, kunowedzera kubereka, uye kunotsigira kugadzirwa kwemhangura yakachena kwazvo, zvichisimbisa basa rayo guru muzviratidzo zvese zvakakosha zvekushanda kwe copper electrorefining.
Kucheneswa kweMhangura - Kurapa Pamusoro peElectroplating
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Kubatanidzwa kweKuyera Density kuti Kugadziriswe Munguva Yechokwadi
Kukosha kwechokwadi kwekuyera huwandu hwezvinhu kuri mukubatanidzwa kwayo mumabasa ekudzora maitiro. Yakabatanidzwa neSCADA, kuverenga kwehuwandu hwezvinhu kubva kumidziyo yakaita seLonnmeter kunozivisa zvakananga marobho ekudzora akakosha:
- Kugadzirisa magetsi emasero: Kugadzirisa ma parameter emagetsi nemagetsi panguva chaiyo, zvichibva pakuyerwa kwehuwandu hwe electrolyte, kunodzivirira kurasikirwa kwakawandisa uye kuderedza kushandiswa kwesimba zvisina kufanira.
- Kudzora kushanda zvakanaka kwechinhu panguva ino: Kuchengetedza huwandu hwezvinhu zvinotarirwa kunoita kuti chibatiso chishande zvakanaka nekuchengetedza huwandu hwemaion hwakakwana pa cathode, kuwedzera kuiswa kwesimbi uye kuderedza zvipembenene.
- Kugadziriswa kweElectrolyte conductivity: Kudzora kwakakodzera density kunoita kuti electrolyte irambe ichifambisa zvakanaka, zvichitsigira kuiswa kwesimbi kwakafanana uye kunoshanda zvakanaka mumasero ese e electrorefining.
- Kudzivirira kusvibiswa kwekodhi: Nekugadzirisa hunhu hwe electrolyte, data renguva chaiyo rinobatsira kuchengetedza mamiriro ezvinhu anofarira kuiswa kwemhangura, zvichideredza njodzi yekuisa tsvina pamwe chete senge nickel kana iron.
Mabhenefiti eKuvimbika, Kugadzirisa Matambudziko, uye Kugara Uchienderana
Kubatanidza zvishandiso zvenguva chaiyo mukati mepuratifomu yakasimba yeSCADA kunovandudza kuvimbika kwekushanda. Vashandisi vanowana kuoneka kwemasaini ekushanda kwenguva pfupi, zvichikurumidzisa kuonekwa uye kupindura kune chero kutsauka kuri mukugadzirwa kwe electrolyte yemhangura.
Nzira iyi inopa:
- Kugadzirisa matambudziko kuri nani: Kuwana data nekukurumidza uye magwaro ekare anotsigira ongororo yezvikonzero kana mhando yechigadzirwa ichidzikira kana kuti vhoriyamu dzemasero dzichikwira zvisingatarisirwi.
- Kuvimbika kwekushanda: Kudzora kunotungamirwa nemuenzaniso kunoderedza kushanduka kwemaitikiro, kunoderedza nguva yekushanda, uye kudzivirira zviitiko zvinodhura zvakaita sekugadzirwa kwe cathode isina kuchena.
- Kuenderana kwezvikamu: Kudzora otomatiki maparamita akadai sehuwandu uye tembiricha kunovimbisa hunhu hwakafanana hwekuisa mhangura kubva pane chimwe kuenda kune chimwe kana panguva yekumhanya kusingapere.
- Kuderedzwa kwesimba remagetsi: Kugadzirisa magetsi emasero uye kuderedza kupisa kwema electrolyte kunoderedza zvakananga mari yekushanda.
- Kushanda zvakanaka kwemagetsi: Nekuchengetedza mamiriro emagetsi akakodzera, kuwanda kwemagetsi kunoshandura kudzoreredzwa kwemhangura yakachena panzvimbo pekuita kwemhedzisiro.
- Kuchengetedza simba rekupomba: Kutarisa huwandu hwema electrolyte kunoita kuti pombi idzorerwe zvakanaka, kudzivirira kutenderera kweropa zvakanyanya kana kuti cavitation, zvichiita kuti michina igare kwenguva refu.
Mabhenefiti aya anobatanidzwa kutsigira kudzora mhando ye cathode yemhangura inoshanda uye kuvimbisa kugadzirwa kwese uye kutevedzera mitemo yezvakatipoteredza mumabasa emazuva ano ekugadzirisa magetsi.
Maitiro Akanakisisa Ekushandisa Mamita Ekudzikisa Mvura MuCopper Electrorefining
Nhungamiro dzeKuisa neKugadzirisa Misanganiswa yeAcid Yakawanda
Kusarudza chiyereso chemvura chakakodzera chekugadzirisa electrode yemhangura kunotanga nezvinhu zvacho. Zvikamu zvakanyorova zvinofanira kuramba sulfuric acid yakawanda uye copper sulfate. PTFE, PFA, PVDF, uye girazi ndizvo zvinhu zvinofarirwa, zvichipa kudzivirira ngura kwakavimbika munzvimbo dzine electrolyte yakasimba. Simbi dzinofanira kudzivirirwa kunze kwekunge zvichidikanwa; shandisa chete magiredhi ane alloy akawanda seHastelloy C-276 kana titanium kana zvikamu zvesimbi zvisingakwanise kubviswa.
Kuiswa kwacho kunofanira kuitwa panzvimbo inoratidza huwandu hwe electrolyte yemhangura. Dzivisa nzvimbo dzisina kuyerera zvakanaka kana nzvimbo dzine electrolyte inopatsanuka. Mitsetse mikuru yekutenderera kana yekudzokorora kufamba kwayo yakanaka, zvichiita kuti musanganiswa we copper sulfate-sulfuric acid uenzane uye kuti huwandu hwese hwemvura huverengeke zvakaenzana. Chinotenderera chinokubvumira kuti uparadzanise mita panguva yekuenzanisa kana kugadzirisa, chichigadzirisa mamiriro ekushanda uye chichideredza nguva yekushanda.
Kuchinja kwetembiricha kunochinja huwandu hwe sulfuric acid uye, nekuwedzera, kuumbwa kwe copper electrolyte. Batanidza sensor yetembiricha pamwe chete ne density meter uye bvumira kubhadharwa kwetembiricha pachishandiso chako. Shandisa ma calibration samples anoratidza huwandu chaihwo hwe copper ne acid muchirimwa chako. Izvi zvinoita kuti liquid density meter yako ye electrolyte ipe data rakarurama, rinogona kushandiswa re cathode copper quality uye current efficiency optimization mu copper electrorefining.
Kuyerera kwesimba remagetsi kuburikidza ne density meter kusvika padanho riri pakati nepakati uye rakagadzikana. Kutenderera kwakanyanya kunokonzera ruzha rwekuyerwa uye kusakara kwemuchina, nepo kuyerera kushoma kunogona kubata mabubbles, kutsveyamisa kuverenga. Kupwanya waya dzese uye kuparadzanisa chishandiso nemagetsi. Kufambisa kwakanyanya kwe electrolyte kunoita kuti ma currents akarasika ave nenjodzi, zvichikanganisa kugadzirisa magetsi emasero uye kudzora mhando ye copper cathode.
Maitiro Ekuchengetedza uye Kuenderana NemaElectrolyte Akasimba
Isa zvidziviriro zve splash uye second containment zvakatenderedza density meter chero kupi zvako kunogona kuitika kuti vashandi vasangane nemusanganiswa we copper sulfate-sulfuric acid. Isa zviratidzo zvekunyevera uye zvirambidzo zvekupinda pedyo nekuisa mita dzese. Iva nechokwadi chekuti fittings, seals, uye junctions zvinoenderana ne aggressive electrolytes, kudzivirira elastomers nemapurasitiki asina kuverengerwa kuti ane acid yakawanda uye oxidative conditions.
Kupatsanurwa kwemagetsi uye kudzika kwakasimba kwakakosha. Njodzi yekurasa simba kwemagetsi inowedzera mukugadzirisa magetsi emhangura, kunyatsorurama kwesensa inotyisidzira uye kuchengetedzeka kwemunhu. Gara uchiongorora zvinhu zvinodzivirira uye zvinoparadzanisa kuti udzivise zvikanganiso zvine njodzi.
Mazano ekubatanidza pasina musono mumabasa aripo efekitori
Batanidza density meter musystem yekudzora iripo yefekitori yako, uchishandisa ma digital outputs ekutarisa composition ye copper electrolyte panguva chaiyo. Isa ma metres mumapaipi makuru kana ma recirculation loops kuti uwane data riri pakati. Shandisa bypass installations kuti ukurumidze kupatsanura kana kuyera kana kugadzirisa kuchidikanwa, kudzivirira kukanganisa kushanda kwesero uye kutsigira kushanda zvakanaka kwe copper electrorefining.
Batana nemainjiniya ekugadzirisa kuti vaone nzvimbo ye density meter uchishandisa flow modelling; zvidzidzo zveCFD zvinogona kuratidza stratification uye mixing zones. Shandisa output yemeter kuti ugadzirise otomatiki voltage yemasero uye electrolyte conductivity, kugadzirisa kushandiswa kwesimba uye kudzivirira kusvibiswa kwekodhi panguva yekuchenesa mhangura.
Gadzira maitiro ekugadzirisa sensor nguva dzose, shandisa mienzaniso yekutarisa inoenderana nemusanganiswa we copper sulfate-sulfuric acid wechirimwa. Purogiramu yekugadzirisa uye dhizaini yekukurumidza kusvika inobvumira kudzoserwa kwesimba nekukurumidza mushure mekuchenesa kana kugadzirisa, zvichideredza kurasikirwa kwekubudirira uye zvichitsigira kuchengetedza simba mukugadzira magetsi.
Mibvunzo Inowanzo bvunzwa
Chii chinonzi chiyereso chemvura chinoshandiswa pakuyera electrodensity yemhangura?
Chiyero chemushonga wehuwandu hwemvura, chakadai seLonnmeter, chinopa nguva dzose, kutarisa musanganiswa we copper sulfate-sulfuric acid mu copper electrorefining cells. Izvi zvinogonesa vashandisi kuongorora huwandu hwe electrolyte sechiratidzo chakananga chehuwandu hwe copper ne sulfuric acid—zvikamu zviviri zvakakosha zve copper cathode quality control inoshanda. Data rehuwandu hwehuwandu hwenguva dzose rinobatanidzwa nema process control systems, zvichibvumira kugadziriswa kwakarurama, otomatiki ku tembiricha, mwero wekudya, uye huwandu hwe acid, zvichideredza zvakanyanya kuvimba nekushandisa sampling nemaoko. Iyi nzira inowedzera kuenderana kwe copper electrolyte composition, ichitsigira mamiriro akatarwa ekuwedzera mhando ye cathode copper uye kuderedza kusiyana kwekushanda.
Kuwanda kwe electrolyte kunokanganisa sei kuvimbiswa kwemhando ye cathode copper?
Kuwanda kwe electrolyte kunoratidza kuenzana kwemhangura ne sulfuric acid mumushonga. Kutsauka muhuwandu hwechiratidzo kunochinja muhuwandu, izvo, kana zvikasagadziriswa, zvinogona kutungamira mukuisa ma code asina kufanira etsvina senge nickel, tin, kana antimony pa cathode. Kuchengetedza huwandu hwe density hwakatarwa kunodzivirira kusvibiswa kwe code, zvichitsigira cathode copper quality uye kuve nechokwadi chekuti chigadzirwa chekupedzisira chemhangura chinosangana nezvinodiwa zvakasimba zvekuchena. Advanced density control inobatsirawo mukuongorora matambudziko e electrolyte integration, zvichiwedzera kusimbisa kuedza kwe copper cathode quality control.
Kuyera huwandu hwesimba nemazvo kunogona kubatsira here mukuderedza kushandiswa kwesimba?
Ehe. Kuyera huwandu hwemagetsi nemagetsi kunogonesa kudzora kwakasimba pamusoro pemusanganiswa we copper sulfate-sulfuric acid, zvichikanganisa zvakananga electrolyte conductivity. Sezvo conductivity ichitarisa voltage yemasero inodiwa kuti copper deposition iendeswe, kuchengetedza huwandu hwemagetsi nekushandisa real time measurement kunoita kuti simba risanyanya kurasikirwa—kutsigira kuvandudza voltage yemasero nekuderedza kushandiswa kwesimba mu copper electrorefining. Kutarisira huwandu hwemagetsi nemagetsi nemagetsi nemagetsi nemagetsi nemagetsi kunoderedzawo kupomba nekusanganisa zvisina kufanira, zvichideredza zvakanyanya kudiwa kwesimba nemitengo yekushanda.
Sei kushanda zvakanaka pakugadzira mhangura nemagetsi kuchienderana nehuwandu hwe electrolyte?
Kushanda zvakanaka kwemagetsi kunotarisa chikamu chemagetsi anowanikwa anoshandiswa kuisa mhangura yakachena. Kuwanda kwakakwana kwemagetsi kunovimbisa kuti electrolyte inopa chiyero chakakodzera chemaion emhangura neasidhi, izvo zvakakosha pakufambisa maion zvinobudirira. Kana kuwanda kwayo kukadarika huwandu hunokurudzirwa, zvinogona kuitika kuti magetsi arege kufambiswa kubva mumhangura uye kuderedza kushanda zvakanaka kwemagetsi. Kuchengetedza kuwanda mukati mezvinodiwa inzira huru yekuvandudza kushanda zvakanaka kwemagetsi mukuchenesa mhangura.
Kuyerwa kwehuwandu hwemvura kunobatsira sei mukuchengetedza simba rekupomba?
Kutenderera kwemagetsi emagetsi uye mwero wekuyerera kwemvura zvinofanirwa kuenderana nekusimba kwemvura uye huwandu hwemvura kuti ive nechokwadi chekupararira kwakafanana kwemvura uye kuiswa kwemhangura. Kuyerwa kwehuwandu hwemvura panguva chaiyo kunopa mhinduro chaiyo pakuchinja kwehunhu hwemagetsi emagetsi, zvichigonesa kugadzirisa otomatiki kumhanya kwepombi uye masisitimu ekusanganisa. Nekuchengetedza huwandu hwakakodzera, zvirimwa zvinodzivirira kupomba zvakanyanya, nokudaro zvichikwanisa kuchengetedza simba mukupomba mukugadzirisa magetsi uye kuwedzera hupenyu hwemidziyo kuburikidza nekuderedzwa kwekusakara kwemuchina. Izvi zvinoderedzawo mukana wekusvibiswa munzvimbo uye kukura kwemhangura isina kuenzana nekuda kwenzvimbo dzisingamire mubhavhu remagetsi emagetsi.
Nguva yekutumira: Zvita-05-2025
