Kuyera huwandu hwezvinhu zvinogadzirwa panguva chaiyo inopa ruzivo rwepamusoro-soro pamusoro pehuwandu hwezvinhu zvinogadzirwa mumvura muindasitiri yekugadzira mahydrocarbon. Nzira iyi inokosha pakuchenesa mafuta epamusoro, uko kuyerwa kwakarongeka kunotungamira kunaka uye kushanda zvakanaka mumabasa akadai sekusanganisa, kuparadzanisa, uye kupwanya. Sezvo vagadziri vezvinhu vachivavarira kutsanangura zvigadzirwa zvakasimba uye kushanduka-shanduka kwemaitiro, kutevedza huwandu hwezvinhu kwave nzira inotsigira kutonga kwakaringana kwekushanda uye kuchengetedzeka.
Kuyera kwakavimbika kwehuwandu hwezvinhu zvinogadzirwa nemafuta kwakakosha pakushanda kwemuchina wekuchenesa. Mukuita kwekubatanidza, kunyanya avo vanobatanidzwa muhunyanzvi hwekugadzirisa huwandu hwemahydrocarbon, data rehuwandu hwezvinhu zvinogadzirwa nemafuta rinogonesa kugadzirwa kwezvigadzirwa zvekupedzisira zve-on-spec nekubvumira kugadziriswa kwezvikamu zvinogadzirwa nemafuta nguva dzose. Kuverengwa kwehuwandu hwezvinhu zvisina kururama kunogona kutungamira mukusanganiswa kunodhura, kudzikiswa kwezvigadzirwa, kana kutumirwa kunze kwe-spec. Kunyungudika kwemhepo mukushandiswa kwemafuta ekuchenesa uye vacuum distillation kunoenderana zvakanyanya nemaprofiles ehuwandu hwezvinhu panguva chaiyo kuti vaone nzvimbo dzekucheka zvigadzirwa uye kuwedzera goho. Semuenzaniso, matekinoroji epamusoro ekugadzira madhiri anoshandisa inline density metres kutarisa zvikamu zvakaparadzaniswa, zvichiita kuti zvive nechokwadi chekuti chiedza nemagumo anorema zvadzoka zvakanaka pasina kusvibiswa kwakanyanya pakati penzizi.
Kuchenesa peturu
*
Kuyera huwandu hwezvinhu muzvinhu kunovandudzawo maitiro ekuparadzanisa uye evaporation. Munzira yekubvisa mvura (FCC) uye nzira dzekubvisa mvura muzvinhu muzvinhu, ruzivo rwehuwandu hwezvinhu muzvinhu rwunogonesa vashandi kudzora mashandiro ezvinhu zvakaita sekupisa, kumanikidzwa, uye mwero wekudya. Kuyerera kwedata uku kunowedzera kugona kwekugadzirisa mashandiro ezvinhu muzvinhu nekuderedza kushandiswa kwesimba uye kudzivirira zvigadzirwa zvisiri pamutemo. Saizvozvowo, matekiniki e evaporation muzvinhu zveindasitiri mukuchenesa anovimba nehurongwa hwehuwandu hwezvinhu kuti abvise zvinhu zvinopisa, zvakakosha pakuchengetedza uye kushanda zvakanaka mumabasa akadai sekutarisa maitiro ekunonoka kwekubika.
Zvinodiwa chaizvo zvematekiniki ekuyera mvura ine hydrocarbon munzvimbo dzemazuva ano dzekuchenesa zvinhu zvakakosha. Mayuniti mazhinji anoshanda pasi pekumanikidzwa kwakanyanya uye tembiricha, zvichikonzera zvikanganiso zvekuyera nekuda kwekuumbwa kwemhepo, kuchinja kwechikamu, kana kusvibiswa. Pane kudiwa kwemagadzirirwo akasimba, akasimba emita yehuwandu hwezvinhu—akadai seaya akagadzirwa neLonnmeter—anogona kutsungirira mamiriro ekunze asina kugadziriswa kana kudzungaira kakawanda. Pamusoro pezvo, kutamiswa kwekuchengetedzwa kwezvinhu mukugadzirisa mahydrocarbon kunoisa huremu hwepamutemo uye hwekutengeserana pakuyerwa kwehuwandu hwezvinhu: kururama kwakakosha panguva yekutamiswa kwekuchengetedzwa kwezvinhu, sezvo kunyangwe kutsauka kudiki kunokanganisa kubhadhariswa kwemari, mitero, uye kutevedzera zvibvumirano. Nzira dzakarurama dzekuyerwa kwekuchengetedzwa kwezvinhu dzinofanira kugadzirisa magasi akavharirwa uye kuyerera kwezvikamu zvakawanda kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti kukosha kwekupa kwakavimbika.
Tekinoroji yekuona chitarisiko chemvura (liquid interface detection) inokoshawo pakuita hydrocarbon fractionation uye kugadzirisa mashandiro eyuniti. Masensa ekuona chitarisiko chemvura, anowanzo batanidzwa nema inline density metres, anoona miganhu yezvikamu uye anodzivirira kusanganiswa kwemvura inoyerera neinorema—chinhu chikuru chemhando yepamusoro uye nguva yekushanda. Masangano ekubatanidza musanganiswa mumatangi kana mapaipi anofanirwa kuonekwa nekukasika uye kudzorwa kudzivirira kusvibiswa kana kurasikirwa negoho.
Zvipingamupinyi zvemazuva ano zvekuchenesa zvinhu—kuoma kwezvigadzirwa, kuchinja-chinja kwemagiredhi kakawanda, uye kutarisirwa kwakanyanya kwezvakatipoteredza—zvinoratidza kudiwa kwekuyera huwandu hwemafuta negasi nguva dzose. Nzvimbo yetekinoroji iripo inoshandisa michina yepamusoro kuti ishande zvakanaka, nemamita ari mumutsara achiramba ari pakati pekugadzirisa zvinhu uye purofiti. Pasina kuverenga huwandu hwezvinhu panguva chaiyo, njodzi yekukanganiswa kwemaitiro, njodzi dzekuchengetedza, kana kutyorwa kwemitemo inowedzera zvakanyanya, zvichiratidza basa guru rekuyera kubva kuchikamu chekuchenesa zvinhu chisina kuchena kuburikidza nekusanganisa mahydrocarbon.
Kushandiswa kwenguva refu kwetekinoroji idzi kunoda mhinduro dzinopa kururama kwakafanana, dzinotsungirira mamiriro akaoma, uye dzinobatanidzwa zvakanaka muzvivakwa zvemiti zviripo. Kubatana uku kwezvinodiwa pakushanda, tekinoroji yekuyera, uye kudzora maitiro ndiko kunotsigira kushanda kwepamusoro kweindasitiri yemazuva ano yekugadzira mahydrocarbon.
Kubatanidzwa kweKuyerwa kweKuwanda Kunoenderera Mberi Muzvikamu Zvekuchenesa
Kunyungudutsa kwemhepo nemagetsi (Vacuum Distillation)
Kuyera huwandu hwemafuta nguva dzose ndiko kwakakosha mukuita kwemhepo uye vacuum distillation mukuchenesa peturu. Kutarisa huwandu hwemafuta panguva chaiyo kunoita kuti vashandi vakwanise kupatsanura mafuta asina kucheneswa kuita zvikamu zvakasiyana zvehydrocarbon nemazvo. Mita dzemafuta akaenzana, dzakadai sedzeLonnmeter, dzinopa mhinduro nekukurumidza pamusoro penzira dzekushanda, zvichibvumira kudzora kwakasimba kwezvinodiwa zvechigadzirwa uye mhando yemusanganiswa.
Zvidimbu zvisina kuchena mukugadzirwa kwemhepo—kusanganisira naphtha, parafini, uye dhiziri—zvine huwandu hwakasiyana hwehuwandu. Kuverengwa kwehuwandu hwezvinhu panguva chaiyo kunoita kuti zvikamu zvisvike pazvinodiwa zvakasimba zvekugadzirisa kugadzirwa kwehydrocarbon. Mukugadzirwa kwevacuum, kuyerwa kwehuwandu hwezvinhu nguva dzose kwakakosha pakugadzirisa zvikamu zvakaoma zvine mwero wekufashaira. Hunhu hwehuwandu hwezvinhu zvakasara muvacuum hunoita kuti kuyerwa kwakarurama kuve kwakaoma nenzira dzechinyakare dzisina kugadzirwa, idzo dzinowanzo tambura nekusawirirana kwesampuro uye nguva yekupindura inononoka.
Kushandiswa kwehunyanzvi hwepamusoro, hwakadai sekusanganiswa kwetoluene (solvent), kwakachinja kuongororwa kwehuwandu hwezvikamu zvinorema uye zvakakora. Nekusanganisa zvasara zvisati zvayerwa, vashandisi vanowana mukana wekudzokorora uye kuvimbika kwakanyanya, vachibvisa kukanganisa kunokonzerwa nekubata sampuro uye mhedzisiro yekutsvinda. Tsvagiridzo yekuyedza inoratidza kuvandudzwa kukuru mumhando yedata rehuwandu hwezvasara zvevacuum nezvikamu vachishandisa nzira iyi, zvichitsigira kupatsanurwa kwakawedzerwa uye kutevedzera nguva dzose zvinodiwa zvechigadzirwa.
Nemamita ekuwedzera e inline density, madhiri e distillation anobatsirwa nekuzivisa uye kugadzirisa panguva chaiyo. Izvi zvinotsigira kutevedzera mitemo yezvakatipoteredza, zvinoderedza kusashanda zvakanaka kwekushanda, uye zvinogutsa zvinodiwa netekinoroji yepamusoro ye distillation.
Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) uye Hydrocracking Fractionation
Munguva yekupwanya kwemvura inoyerera uye kupwanya kwemvura, kuyerwa kwakanyatsojeka kwehuwandu kunoshandiswa kugadzirisa mhando yezvikamu uye kuwana kushanda zvakanaka mukushandiswa kwe catalyst. Inline density metres inobvumira kuona nekukurumidza kuchinja kwehuwandu hwehydrocarbon, zvichiita kuti zvive nyore kudzora maitiro ekupwanya uye slate yechigadzirwa. Iyi data renguva chaiyo inoderedza kusiyana kwemaitiro uye inovandudza hydrocracking yakasarudzwa yemamorekuru anorema.
Kuyerwa kwehuwandu hunoramba huripo kunokanganisa zvakananga maitiro ekupatsanurwa kwemahydrocarbon, zvichiita kuti zvigadzirwa zvakareruka nezvine uremu zviparadzaniswe zvakanaka, izvo zvakakosha pakuwedzera huwandu hwezvinhu zvinobuda uye kukosha kwehupfumi. Vashandi vanoshandisa kuverenga kwehuwandu hwezvinhu kuti vagadzirise nzvimbo dzekucheka uye kuchengetedza mhando yemafuta egasi, mafuta emuchadenga, uye zvigadzirwa zvakapwanyika zvakareruka. Kutarisa nguva dzose kunowedzera kudzoka kwemari kuburikidza nekugadzirisa matekiniki ekuyera mahydrocarbon emvura uye kuchengetedza kutamiswa kwakasimba kwekugadzirisa mahydrocarbon.
Ruzivo rwehuwandu hwezvinhu runoratidzawo huwandu hwezvinhu zvinokonzeresa kusvibiswa kwemagetsi (catalyst deactivation rates) uye kusvibiswa kwemagetsi, zvichibatsira pakugadzirisa nekugadzirisa mashandiro emagetsi. Kuyera kwakadzika kunobvumira maitiro ekubatanidza zvinhu mukuchenesa mahydrocarbon kuti atarisirwe nemazvo, zvichideredza kugadzirwa kwechigadzirwa chisina kutsanangurwa uye kuderedza nguva yekusashanda.
Zvikamu zveCoking neReforming Zvakanonoka
Mumayuniti ekuchekerera anononoka, kuyerwa kwehuwandu kwakakosha pakushandura mafuta anorema akasara kuita zvigadzirwa zvakareruka uye coke. Ma sensors ari mumutsara anoramba achiisa muzvikamu zvezvigadzirwa, zvichivandudza kufanotaura kwegoho uye kupa vimbiso yakasimba yemhando yezvigadzirwa. Ruzivo rwakarurama runosiyanisa pakati pemafuta anorema egasi, mafuta egasi akareruka, uye zvigadzirwa zvepakati. Izvi zvinovandudza matekiniki eindasitiri ekuchenesa uye zvinotsigira kutonga kwemaitiro ekuchekerera.
Kune mayuniti ekugadzirisa, kuverenga kwehuwandu hwezvinhu kunotevera kuchinja kwemakemikari sezvo zvikafu zvinoshandurwa kugadzira mahydrocarbon ane octane yakawanda. Ruzivo runoramba ruchienderera mberi runotsigira maitiro ekupatsanurwa kwemahydrocarbon uye runovimbisa kuti zvinodiwa zvechigadzirwa zvenzizi dze reformate ne hydrogen-rich zvinosangana nguva dzose. Ruzivo rwehuwandu hwezvinhu munguva chaiyo runovandudza mashandiro eyuniti nekugonesa vashandisi kupindura nekukurumidza kune shanduko dzemaitiro.
Kubatanidzwa kwekuyera huwandu hwezvinhu mumhepo, kudiridza muchina wevacuum, FCC, hydrocracking, kunonoka kubika, uye kugadzira zvinhu zvinosimudzira kujeka kwezvirimwa, kudzora maitiro, uye mhando yezvigadzirwa. Izvi zvinopa kushanda zvakanaka uye kuvandudzwa kwenzira dzezvigadzirwa muindasitiri yekugadzira mahydrocarbon.
Mashandisirwo muKey Refinery Operations
Kugadzirisa Kusanganisa
Kuwana kutonga kwakarurama pamusoro pemaitiro ekusanganisa mukuchenesa mahydrocarbon kunoda kuyerwa kwakarurama uye kunoramba kuripo kwehuwandu hwezvinhu. Mamita ekudzikisa huwandu hwezvinhu, akadai seaya akagadzirwa neLonnmeter, anopa data renguva chaiyo rakakosha pakugadzirisa otomatiki kusanganiswa kwezvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvepetroleum. Sezvo huwandu hwezvinhu zvekudya chimwe nechimwe huchikanganisa kuenzanisa kwehuwandu hwezvinhu uye hunhu hwezvinangwa zvakaita seAPI gravity ne octane number, kunyangwe kuchinja kudiki kunogona kutungamira kuzvigadzirwa zvisiri zvespec.
Vashandi vanoshandisa kuverenga kwehuwandu hwezvinhu kuti vagadzirise nekukurumidza mwero wekuyerera kwezvinhu uye huwandu hwezvinhu pakati pezvikamu, vachiona kuti musanganiswa wacho unosangana nezvinodiwa nguva dzose. Izvi zvinoderedza huwandu hwekugadzirisazve kana kudzikiswa kwechigadzirwa uye zvinoderedza njodzi yekutsauka kubva pamitemo yemutemo. Semuenzaniso, muchikamu chekubatanidza peturu, data rehuwandu hwezvinhu rinoenderera mberi rinogonesa sisitimu kuti iite otomatiki kana imwe nzira yekupinda ikasiyana muhuwandu—kugadzirisa huwandu pasina kupindira nemaoko. Zvidzidzo zvinoratidza kuti nzira idzi dzinoderedza zviitiko zvekukundikana kwemusanganiswa uye dzinowedzera kuteverwa kwehuwandu hwezvigadzirwa zvehydrocarbon, zvichitsigira zvakananga zvisungo zveindasitiri nezvibvumirano.
Kuvimbiswa Kwekutumirwa Kwekuchengetedzwa Kwevana
Kutamiswa kwakarurama kwekuchengetedzwa kwemvura mumaindasitiri ekugadzirisa mahydrocarbon kunoenderana nenzira chaiyo uye inoteverwa yekuyera mvura ine hydrocarbon. Panguva yekufamba kwechigadzirwa pakati pemakambani, senge kubva kufekitori kuenda kuchiteshi kana pombi, zvikanganiso zvekuyera zvinogona kukonzera mhedzisiro yakakura yemari uye gakava. Mamita ehuwandu hwezvinhu anoenderera mberi kubva kuLonnmeter anoita kuti kushandurwa kwehuwandu kusvika kuhuwandu kuve kwakarurama panguva yekutamiswa uku, zvichitsigira kutevedzera mitemo uye kuderedza njodzi dzemari.
Mabasa ekugadzira zvinhu anoshandisa michina iyi yekuyera huwandu hwezvinhu kuti vaongorore huwandu hwezvinhu zvavanotengesa vachienzanisa nemitemo yechibvumirano. Kutevedzera mitemo, yakaita seyakaiswa neAPI neASTM, kunochengetedza kuvimbika kwezvinyorwa zvekutamiswa kwemari uye kunoderedza mukana wekukakavadzana kunodhura. Mumatekinoroji epamusoro ekugadzira zvinhu, kuvimbiswa kwehuwandu hwezvinhu kunokanganisa zvakananga kubhadharisa, kudzora zvinhu, uye kuongororwa kwemitemo.
Kuonekwa kweLiquid Interface
Kuziva nzvimbo dzinoshandiswa mvura kwakakosha panguva yekuchinja chigadzirwa, kuchengetwa, uye kutamiswa kwechinhu kudzivirira kusvibiswa uye kuchengetedza kunaka kwechigadzirwa. Mamita ekudzivirira huwandu hwemvura anoshandiswa semasensa ekuona nzvimbo dzinoshandiswa mvura anokurumidza kuona miganhu yezvikamu, zvakaita sekuchinja kubva papeturu kuenda kudhiziri kana kubva kuhydrocarbon kuenda kumvura, nekutarisa shanduko dzinongoerekana dzaitika muhuwandu hwemvura.
Vashandi vanovimba nekuverenga uku kuti vatange zviito zvemaitiro—sekutsausa kuyerera, kuchinja matangi, kana kutanga maflush—kuchengetedza mhando nekuchengetedzeka. Semuenzaniso, mukuchengetwa kwemafuta asina kucheneswa, matekinoroji ekuona interface akarurama anodzivirira kusanganiswa kwemagiredhi asingaenderane, izvo zvinotsigira maitiro ekugadzira mahydrocarbon anobudirira uye zvinodzivirira michina iri pasi pemvura. Kuyerwa kwehuwandu hwemafuta negasi kunowedzerawo mhinduro yevashandi panguva dzezviitiko zvisina kujairika, zvichideredza njodzi dzine chekuita nekufamba kwemvura inobvira kana ine njodzi.
Tafura Yepfupiso: Mashandisirwo Akakosha Ekuyera Kuwanda Kwevanhu Kunoenderera Mberi
| Kushandiswa | Kudzora Kuchinja | Mhedzisiro Yekutanga | Tekinoroji Inokosha |
| Kugadzirisa Kusanganisa | Chiyero chemusanganiswa, kuwanda | Inoderedza chigadzirwa chisina kutsanangurwa | Mita yekuwanda kwemunhu ari mukati |
| Kuvimbiswa Kwekutumirwa Kwekuchengetedzwa Kwevana | Kuwanda, huremu | Kururama kwemitemo uye kwemari | Mita yekuwanda kwemunhu ari mukati |
| Kuonekwa kweLiquid Interface | Kuchinja kwehuwandu | Kuvimbika kwechigadzirwa uye kuchengetedzeka | Sensor yekuona interface |
Kutarisa nguva dzose uye kwakarurama huwandu hwezvinhu kuburikidza nemidziyo yeLonnmeter yakakosha pakugadzira matekiniki ekugadzirisa hydrocarbon blending, nzira dzakarurama dzekuyera kuchengetwa kwechinhu, uye tekinoroji yekuona chitarisiko chemvura, zvichitsigira mashandiro ekuchenesa akachengeteka, anoshanda, uye anoenderana nezvinodiwa pamatanho ese ekugadzira.
Kuomarara kweRefinery uye Kuvandudza Kudzora Maitiro
Kubatanidzwa kwekuyera huwandu hunoramba huripo uchishandisa masensa emukati senge ayo akagadzirwa neLonnmeter kwakachinja manejimendi ekuomarara mumabasa ekuchenesa. Muindasitiri yekugadzira mahydrocarbon, data renguva chaiyo kubva kumamita emukati memukati ikozvino rinoshanda sechinhu chakakosha mukuronga mashandiro akaomarara emhepo inonyungudutsa, kunyungudutsa kwevacuum, kusanganisa, kupwanya kwemvura inonyungudutsa (FCC), kupatsanura kwemvura, uye kunonoka kubika. Kuyera huwandu hunoramba huripo mumafuta negasi kunobvumira kukurumidza kuzivikanwa kwekutsauka mumhando ye feedstock uye nzira dzechigadzirwa. Izvi zvinotsigira kwete chete kugadziriswa kwemaitiro nekukurumidza asiwo zvinogonesa kudzora maitiro anochinjika uye akangwara mumayuniti ese ekuchenesa.
Ruzivo rwehuwandu hwezvinhu panguva chaiyo runopa zvakananga mukuverenga huwandu hwezvinhu zvakaoma zvekuchenesa nzvimbo. Izvi zvinosanganisira zvivakwa zvemuviri uye maparamita ekushanda kwenzvimbo, uye zvakakosha pakuenzanisa, kuita sarudzo dzehupfumi, uye kuronga zvine chekuita nehurongwa. Kugadziriswa kunogara kuripo kubva kumamita ehuwandu hwezvinhu zvinoonekwa kunoita kuti zviratidzo izvi zviratidze kushanda kwechokwadi, kwete kwemazita, kwemaitiro—kunyanya sezvo hunhu hwakachena, huwandu hwakagadziriswa, uye goho zvichigona kuchinja nekukurumidza nekuchinja kwega kwega kwekutumira kana kushanda.
Nzira dzemazuva ano dzekutevedzera maitiro dzinoshandisa data iri repamusoro-soro kuti dzivandudze kururama. Semuenzaniso, mukubatanidza maitiro ekuchenesa mahydrocarbon, kutevedza huwandu hwevanhu panzvimbo dzakakosha kunobvumira kugadziriswa kwakarurama kwehuwandu kuti zvizadzise zvinodiwa zvechigadzirwa. Mukusandurwa kwemhepo ne vacuum, kuyera huwandu hwevanhu nguva dzose kunozivisa vanoshanda nezvekuchinja kwekugadzirwa kwemakoramu, zvichitsigira kugadziriswa nekukurumidza uye kuchengetedza kuchekwa kwechigadzirwa. Aya matekiniki ekuyera mahydrocarbon emvura akawedzerwa anowedzerawo kuomarara panguva yekutumira hydrocarbon mukugadzirisa mahydrocarbon, kuvandudza kuteverwa uye kutevedzera mitemo kuburikidza nematanho edata akasimba, akasimbiswa.
Maitiro ekugadzirisa zvinhu akawedzera sezvo nzvimbo dzekuchenesa dzichiwedzera kuoma. Maitiro aya anoshandisa mamodheru ekugadzirisa zvinhu akagadzirwa muzvikamu—kubva pakushanda kweyuniti yega yega kusvika pakurongeka kwenzvimbo yese. Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP), kirasi yekuvandudza inotsigirwa nekuyera nguva chaiyo, iri kushandiswa zvakanyanya pakuronga zvinhu kubva pakupera kusvika pakupera uye kugovera zviwanikwa. Semuenzaniso, mamodheru eMILP anogara achibatanidza data rehuwandu hwezvinhu kuti anatsiridze kuronga zvinhu zvisina kurongeka, kugadzirisa zviitiko zve stochastic (senge kusvika kwenhumbi), uye kugadzirisa kugoverwa kwechigadzirwa pamwe chete neketani yekugovera. Kudzora uku kwehurongwa kunobvumira nzvimbo dzekuchenesa kugadzira zvinhu kuti dzigadzirise manejimendi yekudya, kudiridza, kusanganisa, uye kutumira zvigadzirwa munguva chaiyo, zvichideredza matambudziko uye zvichiwedzera throughput.
Kuyerwa kwehuwandu hunoramba huripo kunotsigira mapatya edhijitari uye maframework ekudzora zvinofanotaura nekupa ruzivo rwemamiriro ekushanda akagadziridzwa ekuenzanisa uye kuongorora mamiriro ezvinhu. Mumaitiro ekupatsanura mahydrocarbon, masensa ekudzikisa huwandu kubva kuLonnmeter anopa mhinduro dzakakosha, achichengetedza mamodheru ekushanda akarurama anotsigira matekinoroji epamusoro ekugadzira uye marobho ekudzora panguva chaiyo. Matekinoroji aya anovandudzawo kuvimbika kwetekinoroji yekuona chitarisiko chemvura, zvichibatsira kuona nzvimbo dzekuchinja pakati pezvigadzirwa kana mabhechi, uye zvinobatsira masensa ekuona chitarisiko chemvura panguva yekuchinjana kwegiredhi kana kuchinjana kwetangi.
Kushandiswa kwemasystem aya ekuyera kunotsigira nzira itsva yekugadzirisa mashandiro eprocess. Semuenzaniso, ma profiles ehuwandu hwemafuta anocheneswa anogonesa kugadzirisa mafambiro ekudzora panguva yehunyanzvi hwekupwanya maindasitiri, kana sedata rekuisa data rekugadzirisa chigadzirwa chekupedzisira mukugadzirisa mashandiro emayuniti. Kuyera huwandu hwemafuta kwakanyatsogadziriswa kunova hwaro hwenzira dzakarurama dzekuyera kutamiswa kwekuchengetedza - chinhu chakakosha mukutengeserana kwemahydrocarbon emuno nepasi rose.
Mhedzisiro yacho inoonekwa zvakanaka nekutarisa mashandiro akajairika emuchina wekuchenesa. Pamberi pekubatanidzwa kwekuyera kwenguva chaiyo, manejimendi ekuomarara yainyanya kuvimba nefungidziro dzevanhu uye kuyerwa kwemurabhoritari kusingawanzoitiki, kazhinji zvichikonzera kunonoka kwekushanda uye kusashanda zvakanaka. Kuunzwa kwehuwandu hwenguva chaiyo kunogonesa kudzokororazve kwezviratidzo zvekuomarara uye mamodheru emaitiro. Chati iri pazasi inoratidza shanduko iyi:
Iyi nguva inoratidza zvirongwa zvekushanda zvakapfava uye kukurumidza kukuru mukupindura shanduko dzisina kunaka mushure mekushandiswa kwekuyera huwandu hwezvinhu. Chimwe nechimwe chisina kujairika kana kukwira kwemaitiro kunoratidzwa kwakabatana nekusiyana kwehuwandu hwezvinhu, kunotanga kugadziriswa kwemuenzaniso nekukurumidza, uye kunoita kuti sarudzo dzekugadzirisa dzishande kuburikidza nehurongwa hwechigadzirwa. Nekuda kweizvozvo, matekiniki ekugadzirisa mahydrocarbon anovandudzwa, marara ekugadzirisa anoderedzwa, uye hunhu hwechigadzirwa hunozadzikiswa nechivimbo chakakwirira.
Muchidimbu, kuyerwa kwehuwandu hwezvinhu zvinogadzirwa nguva dzose hakusi kungobatsira chete pakudzora mashandiro akarurama mukuchenesa kwemazuva ano, asi ikozvino kwave chivakwa chakakosha chekutarisira kuomarara kwezvinhu, kugadzirisa mashandiro eyuniti, uye kushanda kwehupfumi kwakasimba muindasitiri yekugadzira mahydrocarbon.
Nzira neMatekinoroji muKuyera Kuwanda Kwevanhu Nguva Dzose
Kuyerwa kwehuwandu hunoramba huripo ndiko musimboti wemabasa akakosha muindasitiri yekugadzira mahydrocarbon, kubva pakutamiswa kwemafuta negasi kusvika pakuita zvinhu zvinosanganisa mafuta muzvigadziko zvekuchenesa. Mhando dzezvishandiso zvikuru ndedzinotiMiyero yeCoriolis, machubhu anodedera, uye magauge enuclear density—imwe neimwe ine simba rakasiyana uye zvinodiwa zvekusarudza zvakakodzera mashandisirwo akasiyana-siyana kubva pakunyungudika kwemhepo kusvika pakupwanya kwemvura (fluid catalytic cracking) (FCC) uye hydrocracking.
MaCoriolis flowmeters anopa kuyera kwakananga, panguva chaiyo kwehuwandu hwemvura inoyerera uye huwandu hwayo nekutarisa frequency yekuzunguzika kwemachubhu azere nemvura. Sezvo frequency ye resonant ichigadziriswa ne density ye process stream, mamita aya anogona kuyera density nemazvo kusvika mukati me ±0.001 g/cm³, zvisingaenderane ne fluid composition. Izvi zvinoita kuti zvive nyore kwazvo pakubatanidza mashandiro, kuyerwa kwekuchengetedza, uye kudzora process munguva chaiyo muma distillation ne reforming units. Kusimba kwawo pakupisa kwakasiyana-siyana, kumanikidzwa, uye viscosity profiles kunoita kuti pave nekururama kwakasimba mumamiriro akasiyana-siyana ekuchenesa. Anonyanya kukosha mu liquid interface detection technology uye slop oil management, uko kusiyanisa kwakajeka kwechikamu kwakakosha pamhando yezvigadzirwa uye kuderedza kusvibiswa. Zvisinei, kushandiswa kwawo kunogona kuganhurirwa kumapaipi makuru kana kana paine gasi rakawanda rakaiswa, zvichida kutarisisa zvakanyanya ma parameter ekushanda uye, dzimwe nguva, kubatanidzwa kwemaitiro epamusoro e calibration.
Madhigirii echubhu anodedera, seaya anoshandiswa muzvikamu zvakawanda zve hydrocarbon fractionation process, anoshanda nepfungwa dzakafanana dze vibration frequency asi nechikamu chechubhu chakagadzika kana chinotenderera. Kuwanda kwemvura kunochinja hunhu hwe vibration, hunotariswa nemagetsi kuti huenderere mberi. Aya ma densitometers anopa kunzwa kwakanyanya uye kugadzikana, zvichiita kuti ave akakodzera kugadziridzwa kwelab uye pilot-plant uye kuyera mukati memvura uko kusiyana kwe compositional kuri kushoma kana kwakanyatsojeka. Dhizaini yavo diki inokodzera mashandisirwo ane zvipingamupinyi zvenzvimbo, senge pama skids kana ma small pipeline loops.
Mageji eNuclear density gauges anoshandisa gamma radiation attenuation mu process stream. Mwero wekunyudzwa kwesignali unoenderana ne flowing media's density, zvichiita kuti mageji aya abatsire kumashandisirwo ane viscous fluids zvakanyanya kana multiphase uko mechanical meter inogona kutadza kana kuda kugadziriswa zvakanyanya. Kunyangwe zvichipa mhedzisiro yakavimbika yemisanganiswa yakaoma, zvinodiwa nemutemo, protocol dzekuchengetedza, uye mitemo yekurasa ma radioisotopes inowedzera mari yekushanda uye kuoma.
Kusarudzwa pakati pematekinoroji aya kunoenderana nezvinodiwa pakushanda, kuenderana kwechigadzirwa, uye kushanda zvakanaka kwemari. MaCoriolis flowmeters anonyatsoenderana nekushandiswa kwakakura mukuyera density mumafuta negasi, kusanganisira nzira dzakarurama dzekuyera kuchengetedza uye matekiniki ekugadzirisa hydrocarbon blending. Kune ma hydrocracking processes ane pressure yakakwira kana ma vacuum distillation applications, vibrating tube densitometers anogona kusarudzwa nekuda kwekuoma kwawo uye kugona kupa kuverenga kwakagadzikana mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma. Nuclear density gauges akachengeterwa slurry ine high-solid, kunonoka coking process overview operations, kana dzimwe nzvimbo dzakaoma uko kuyerwa kusingasanganisike kuri kwemutemo.
Kushandiswa kwezvishandiso izvi kuri kuwedzera kutsigira kuona maitiro ekushanda uye kuderedza njodzi yekushanda. Semuenzaniso, data real-time density kubva kuCoriolis flowmeter yakabatana ne process control inogonesa vashandi kuona shanduko dze compositional mu atmospheric distillation kana panguva ye evaporation techniques dzemaindasitiri. Izvi zvinobvumira mhinduro nekukurumidza kune zvisina kunaka, zvichivandudza kugadzirisa mashandiro eyuniti uye kuderedza kugadzirwa kunodhura kwe off-spec. Munguva yekuchinjisa kuchengetedza, continuous inline density measurement inoita kuti kutevedzera mitemo yekutengeserana kuteerwe uye kudzivirira kusawirirana, kunyanya panzvimbo dze fiscal metering.
Kuyera huwandu hwemvura hwakarurama uye hunogara huripo panguva chaiyo uchishandisa matekinoroji akadai seLonnmeter's inline density metres kunotsigira matekiniki ekuyera mvura yehydrocarbon akachengeteka, anoshanda, uye anoenderana nemutemo padanho rega rega refekitori yemazuva ano, zvichivandudza ruzivo rwemaitiro uye kuvimbika kwemari muindasitiri yekugadzirisa hydrocarbon.
Matambudziko neMhinduro muKushandisa Kuyera Kuwanda Kwevanhu Nguva Dzose
Kuisa chiyero chehuwandu hwemahydrocarbon muindasitiri yekugadzira mahydrocarbon kunounza matambudziko akasiyana nekuda kwehunhu hwakasiyana hwemayuniti ekugadzirisa uye kuoma kwemabasa ekuchenesa. Zvipingamupinyi zvekubatanidza zvinowanzo buda sezvo nzvimbo dzekuchenesa dzichiwanzoshandisa masisitimu ekudzora ekare asingashande nemamita emazuva ano ehupamhi hwepamusoro akadai seaya akagadzirwa neLonnmeter. Chiyuniti chega chega chekugadzirisa—kubva pakudiridza mumhepo uye kudiridza kwevacuum kwakakwidziridzwa kusvika kuFCC uye kunonoka kubikwa—chine zvinodiwa chaizvo pakushanda, nekusiyana kwemakemikari, tembiricha, uye kumanikidzwa izvo zvinoomesa kuiswa uye kubatanidzwa kwemasensa.
Kubatanidzwa kwehunyanzvi mumayuniti aya akasiyana kunoda kunyatso fungisisa nezvehurongwa hwehurongwa. Mamita ekudzikira kwehuwandu hwemagetsi anofanirwa kusangana zvakanaka nemapuratifomu ekudzora mashandiro kuti atsigire sarudzo dzekushanda dzenguva chaiyo. Izvi zvakakosha zvikuru pamabasa ane kukosha kwakadai sekuchinjisa kuchengetedza mukugadzirisa mahydrocarbon, kugadzirisa hydrocarbon blending, uye maitiro ekupatsanura, uko kurongeka kwekuyera kunokanganisa zvakananga purofiti. Kuwana kubatanidzwa kunobudirira kunowanzo sanganisira middleware inokwenenzverwa uye mhinduro dzekubatanidza dzinokwanisa kubatanidza data rinoenderera mberi pasina kukanganisa mashandiro aripo.
Kuchengetedza kuyera, kururama kwedata, uye kuvimbika idambudziko riripo. Mamita ehuremu anogona kusvibiswa, kudzungaira, uye kuchinja-chinja kwemamiriro ekunze. Semuenzaniso, kuunganidzwa kwezvisaririra panzvimbo dze sensor panguva yehunyanzvi hwekupwanya mvura mumaindasitiri kana kupatsanurwa kwe hydrocracking kunogona kukanganisa kunyatsojeka kwekuyera. Kuti izvi zviitike, maitiro ekugadzirisa nguva dzose - akadai sekuchenesa nekuyera sensor yakarongwa - akakosha. Mamodheru ekufanotaura anobva padata rekushanda anogona kushandiswa kufanotaura zvinodiwa zve calibration uye kugadzirisa zvirongwa zvekugadzirisa, kuderedza nguva yekushanda ukuwo achiwedzera kuvimbika kwekuyera. Kusimbisa kwe cross-validation, uchishandisa ma sensor akawanda mu critical streams, kunowedzera kusimba kwekuyera kwekuchengetedza uye kunotsigira fluid catalytic cracking process optimization.
Kururama kwekuyera huwandu hwemvura hunoenderera mberi kunoenderana nemaitiro akasimba ekuenzanisa. Mita dzeLonnmeter dze inline density, semuenzaniso, dzinoda kuongororwa nguva nenguva kuti dzidzivirire kusvetuka kwe sensor uye kuchinja kwezvakatipoteredza. Zvirongwa zvekuenzanisa zvinofanirwa kuchinjika, zvichitungamirirwa nedata rekare uye mafambiro emamiriro ezvinhu. Kusimbiswa kwakasimba panguva yekudistilla kwemhepo uye kupatsanurwa kwemahydrocarbon kunoita kuti matekiniki ekuyera mvura yehydrocarbon arambe akarurama, kunyangwe pasi pezvinodiwa zvekushanda zvine simba.
Kutarisira nekushandura data kunounza mamwe matambudziko. Kuwana data rekuyera density panguva chaiyo kunogadzira data rakakura, rakasiyana-siyana rinoda ongororo yepamusoro kuti rive neruzivo rwakakodzera. Kusefa zvisina kujairika—zvakadai sezvinokonzerwa nezviitiko zvenguva pfupi kana zvikanganiso zve sensor—kuda maalgorithms ekugadzirisa data akasimba. Izvi zvakakosha zvikuru panguva yekubatanidza maitiro mukuchenesa hydrocarbon, uko kuverenga kwedensity zvisiri izvo kunogona kukanganisa kuedza kwekugadzirisa uye kuvimbisa mhando yechigadzirwa.
Kutarisira data zvakanaka kunosvika kumasensa ekuona ma interface, kutarisa liquid interfaces panguva yekutumira ma custody uye mashandiro ekubatanidza. Kuona ma interface nemazvo kunotsigira nzira dzakarurama dzekuyera ma custody transfer. Kushandisa ma industrial-grade analytics kunobatsira ma process mainjiniya kududzira data rinouya, kuona kutsauka, uye kubatsira kupindira kwekugadzirisa, kuve nechokwadi chekugadzikana kwema process parameter uye kugadzirisa mashandiro eyuniti.
Manetwork emagetsi asingashandisi waya ari kushandiswa zvakanyanya kuti awedzere kufukidza kwekuyera uye kuchinjika, kunyanya munzvimbo dzakaoma kusvika kana dzine njodzi dzekuchenesa. Izvi zvinogonesa kutumira data panguva chaiyo, zvichitsigira kutarisisa nguva dzose munzvimbo dzese dzemhepo dzinonyungudutsa mhepo uye mashandiro ekugadzirisa mayuniti. Zvisinei, kubatanidza manetwork asina waya nemasisitimu ekudzora aripo kunounza mamwe matambudziko, akadai sekuona kuti network yakavimbika uye kuchengetedza maprotocol akasimba ekuchengetedza cyber kuchengetedza kuvimbika kwedata remagadzirirwo akakosha.
Kushandiswa kwekuyerwa kwehuwandu hunoramba huripo neLonnmeter kunoda nzira yakarongeka yekukunda zvipingamupinyi izvi. Izvi zvinosanganisira kubatanidza masensa mumapuratifomu ekare, kushandisa nzira dzakasimba dzekugadzirisa nekugadzirisa, uye kushandisa data analytics yepamusoro yekududzira nekugadzirisa. Mhinduro idzi pamwe chete dzinotsigira kuyerwa kwakarurama kwemahydrocarbon emvura, dzinotsigira matekinoroji epamusoro ekunyungudutsa, uye dzinosimudzira mashandiro akanaka mumaitiro ese ekupatsanura mahydrocarbon, kuedza kubatanidza kugadzirisa, uye mashandiro ese ekuchenesa.
Kufambira Mberi muRefinery Optimization Frameworks: Scalability, Real-Time Control, uye Kugadzirisa Kuoma Kwezvinhu
Maitiro ekugadzirisa midziyo yekuchenesa zvino anosvika pakuronga kwemaoko nekushandisa mamodheru emasvomhu anogona kuverengeka, akadai seMixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) uye Mixed-Integer Nonlinear Programming (MINLP), kuti ape mhinduro dzinokurumidza uye dzinoshanda dzemabasa akaomarara. Maitiro aya anogona kugadzirisa matambudziko madiki ekuronga midziyo yekuchenesa—kusanganisira manejimendi ematangi, kusanganisa, uye logistics—munguva isingasviki miniti imwe chete, zvichivhura mukana wekugadzirisa zvinhu munguva chaiyo wakakosha kune indasitiri yekugadzira hydrocarbon nenzvimbo dzekugadzira dzinofamba nekukurumidza.
Kudzora nguva chaiyo ndiko kunokosha pakugadzirisa indasitiri yekuchenesa. Kana kuvandudzwa kwetekinoroji sekuyera density neLonnmeter kwabatanidzwa, ma framework aya anowana mhinduro dzakakosha, dzinoshanda, dzichitsigira matekiniki ekuyera hydrocarbon yemvura uye kugadzirisa mashandiro eyuniti. Nzira iyi inotungamirirwa nedata inokurumidza kubhadhara uye inowedzera kuvimbika kwekushanda, sezvo kusagadzikana kwemaitiro kana shanduko dzemusika zvinogona kuzivikanwa nekugadziriswa nekukurumidza. Semuenzaniso, kushandiswa kwe inline density metres kunovandudza kuchinjirwa kwekuchengetedzwa kwehydrocarbon mukugadzirisa, kugadzirisa accuracy mu hydrocarbon blending optimization techniques uye fluid catalytic cracking process control (FCC).
Kuyera kuomarara kwemuchina wekuchenesa kwave kusingakoshi. Mafuremu emazuva ano anowanzo tevedzera chimiro chehierarchical, achitora ruzivo rwakaoma rwemayuniti ekugadzira—akadai sekunyungudutsa mumhepo mukuchenesa mafuta, mashandisirwo ekunyungudutsa mu vacuum, uye nzira dzekupatsanura hydrocracking. Zviratidzo zvekuomarara zvinoverengerwa kuti zvive nechokwadi chekuti throughput yakanakisa uye kutakura mutoro wemidziyo. Nekunyatso ratidza marongero ezvekufambisa, kusanganisira network dzemapombi chaiwo, mafuremu anowedzera kumiririrwa, zvichiunza kuwirirana pakati pemuenzaniso nemamiriro chaiwo ekushanda.
Manetwork ekugadzirisa hurongwa anoshandisa nonconvex MINLP anobvumira kushanduka-shanduka kwesimba pese panoitika kutsauka, zvichiwedzera kushanduka-shanduka pamaitiro eindasitiri ekupwanya mvura mukuchenesa uye kunonoka kuongorora maitiro ekubika. Izvi hazvingobatsiri chete maitiro ekupatsanura mahydrocarbon uye mashandiro etekinoroji yepamusoro yekunyungudutsa asi zvinotsigirawo zvinangwa zvakabatana zvezvakatipoteredza. Mashandisirwo azvino emhando idzi anopfuura kugadzirisa hupfumi, kusanganisira kuburitsa utsi, kushandiswa kwesimba, uye kugara kwenguva refu - zvichiwedzera kukosha nekuda kwekusimba kwemitemo uye kusagadzikana kwemusika.
Mapuratifomu akabatanidzwa ikozvino anopfuura nzvimbo imwe chete yekuchenesa zvinhu kusvika kune enterprise wide, multi-chain optimization, ichifukidza mashandiro akafanana mumiti ye ethylene ne aromatics. Nekubatanidza nonlinear modeling yema process units nema sensors epamusoro-soro—akadai seLonnmeter's liquid interface detection technology uye interface detection sensors ye liquids—refineries haingogadzirisi nzira dzakarurama dzekuyerwa kwekuchengetedzwa kwezvinhu asiwo inoita kuti zvikwanise kukura nekukurumidza mu logistics uye blending processes.
Muchidimbu, marongero ekudzora anogona kukura, uye anoshanda panguva chaiyo pamwe chete nekuyera nguva dzose uye manejimendi akaomarara ndiwo musimboti wekugadzirisa midziyo yekuchenesa yemazuva ano. Nzira idzi dzakasimbiswa nekuongorora kuti dziwedzere kubuda kwemafuta, purofiti, uye kuchengetedzeka—zvinhu zvikuru zvinotungamira muindasitiri yemazuva ano yekugadzira mahydrocarbon.
Mibvunzo Inowanzo bvunzwa
Kuyerwa kwehuwandu hwezvinhu zvinogadzirwa nguva dzose kunowedzera sei kushanda zvakanaka muindasitiri yekugadzira mahydrocarbon?
Kuyera huwandu hwezvinhu zvinogadzirwa nemagetsi nguva dzose kunoita kuti nzvimbo dzinocheneswa dzive neruzivo rwezvimiro zvemvura, izvo zvakakosha pakugadzirisa maitiro akadai sekusanganisa, kuparadzanisa, uye kupwanya. Ruzivo rwenguva chaiyo runogonesa vanoshanda kugadzirisa mamiriro ekushanda nekukurumidza—zvinokosha panguva yekupatsanurwa kwemahydrocarbon uye matanho ekushandura makemikari anowanzoitwa mukushanda kwemagetsi emagetsi (FCC), hydrocracking, uye kugadzirisa mashandiro eyuniti. Kugadziriswa uku kunoenderera mberi kunoita kuti zvigadzirwa zvakanatswa zvisangane nezvinodiwa zvemhando yepamusoro, zvinoderedza kugadzirwa kwekunze kwechinhu, uye zvinoderedza marara ezvinhu. Zvinoitawo kuti nzvimbo dziwedzere kushandiswa kwesimba, kuvandudza throughput uye kuderedza mari yekushanda ukuwo zvichitsigira zvinodiwa zvemutemo uye zvezvakatipoteredza muindasitiri yekugadzira mahydrocarbon. Masensa emazuva ano ehuwandu hwezvinhu akadai seaya anobva kuLonnmeter anopa mashandiro aya sezviyero zve inline, otomatiki.
Basa rekuyerwa kwehuwandu hwevanhu mukutamiswa kwevana nderei?
Kutamiswa kwekuchengetedzwa kwemidziyo mukugadzirwa kwemahydrocarbon kunosanganisira shanduko mukuva muridzi wezvigadzirwa, kazhinji zvinosanganisira matambudziko makuru ehupfumi. Kuyerwa kwehuwandu hwakarurama kwakakosha panguva yekutamiswa uku nekuti kukosha kwemahydrocarbon hakungobvi pahuwandu chete, asiwo pahuwandu—kunyanya kana tichitarisa tembiricha nedzvinyiriro zvichichinja-chinja. Mamita ehuwandu hwezvinhu ari mukati anopa kururama kunodiwa kuti aone huwandu hwechokwadi hwehydrocarbon iri kutamiswa. Izvi zvinoderedza mukana wekukakavadzana kwemari uye zvinotsigira kutevedzera mitemo yekutengeserana, zvichiita kuti mapato ese avimbe nenhamba dzakataurwa dzehuwandu hwechigadzirwa uye mhando yacho. Ruzivo rwehuwandu hwezvinhu rwunochengetwawo sezvinyorwa zvinogoneka kuti zvitsigirwe pakutengeserana.
Kuonekwa kwemvura inoyerera kunowanikwa sei uchishandisa chiyero che density measurement?
Tekinoroji yekuona chitarisiko chemvura inoshandisa misiyano yakasiyana mukuwanda kwemvura kuti ione ma "transition layers" mumapaipi, matangi ekuchengetera, kana panguva yekushanda kwe "batch operations". Pakuchinja pakati pe "hydrocarbon grades" kana panguva yekufambisa mapaipi, "inline density meters" seaya anopiwa neLonnmeter anoona pakarepo shanduko mukugadzirwa. Mhinduro iyi inokurumidza inoita kuti shanduko dzechikamu dziitike nekusvibiswa kushoma kwechigadzirwa. Kuona chitarisiko chakarurama, chenguva chaiyo kunotsigira kuchengetedzeka kwekushanda nekudzivirira kusanganiswa kwemvura isingaenderane nezvinodiwa uye kunochengetedza kusimba kwechigadzirwa nekugonesa kurongeka kwe "valve sequencing" uye mafambiro ekuyerera panguva yekubatanidza, kuchengetedza, uye kufambisa mabasa mukati me "refinery".
Sei kuyerwa kwehuwandu hunoramba huchikosha mukunyungudika kwemhepo uye kwevacuum?
Zvese zvinoshandiswa mumhepo uye mu vacuum distillation zvinoenderana nekupatsanurwa kwakarurama kwemahydrocarbon ne boiling point uye molecular weight. Kuyerwa kwehuwandu hunoramba huripo mukushanda kwemafuta negasi kunopa mhinduro nekukurumidza kudzora maitiro acho: kunoita kuti zvigadziriswe nenguva zvinogadzirisa kudhonzwa kwezvikamu zvakati uye zvinobatsira kuchengetedza kutonga kwakasimba pamusoro penzira dzechigadzirwa. Nekupa chiratidzo chechikamu chipi chiri kutorwa padanho rega rega rekuita, nzvimbo dzekuchenesa dzinogona kuona kuti zvigadzirwa zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa, kuwedzera goho rese, uye kuderedza kugadziriswazve. Izvi zvinovandudzawo mashandiro uye zvinowedzera kugadzirisa mashandiro enzvimbo yekuchenesa, kunyanya panguva yekuchinja kwe feedstock kana process upset.
Ndeapi matekinoroji anowanzo shandiswa pakuyera mvura ine hydrocarbon?
Nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzekuyera mvura ine hydrocarbon dzinoshandiswa mufekitori dzemazuva ano. Izvi zvinosanganisira Coriolis flowmeters, iyo inoyera zvakananga kuyerera kwehuwandu uye huwandu; vibrating tube densitometers, iyo inonzwa huwandu hwemvura kuburikidza nekuchinja kwe resonance frequency; uye nuclear density gauges, iyo inofungidzira huwandu nekuona gamma ray absorption. Lonnmeter inonyanya kugadzira inline density metres uye viscosity metres inotsigira kutarisa kwakasimba, kuenderera mberi mumamiriro ezvinhu anoda kushanda akajairika muindasitiri yehydrocarbon. Aya matekinoroji anovimbisa kururama kwekuyera kutamiswa kwekuchengetedzwa, kugadzirisa kugadzirwa kwezvigadzirwa, kuona interface, uye manejimendi yekupatsanurwa kwemaitiro, zvese izvi zvichideredza kutora sampling nemaoko uye kukanganisa kwevanhu.
Nguva yekutumira: Zvita-15-2025
