Kuyera huwandu hwezvinhu mumutsara ndiko kwakakosha pakudzora nekugadzirisa mashandiro ekugadzira butadiene. Matekiniki aya anogonesa kuenderera mberi nekutevera huwandu hwezvigadzirwa uye zvinonyungudutsa panguva dzematanho akakosha akadai sekuburitsa kwechipiri, kunyungudutsa, uye kuchenesa. Mumafekitori emazuva ano ekugadzira, data renguva chaiyo kubva kumidziyo iri mumutsara rinopinda zvakananga mumasisitimu ekudzora, zvichitsigira dynamic process simulation uye kugadzirisa shanduko dzekushanda dzakadai setembiricha, kumanikidzwa, kuwedzera zvinonyungudutsa, uye kuenzana kwemvura. Kubatanidzwa uku kwakasimba kunosimudzira kuvimbika kwekuburitsa uye kunoderedza kuumbwa kwe "popcorn polymers" isingadiwe kana zvimwe zvinosvibisa polymeric.
Nhanganyaya kuMaitiro Ekugadzira Butadiene
1,3-Butadiene chinhu chakakosha muindasitiri yerabha yekugadzira zvinhu pasi rose, kunyanya mukugadzirwa kwerabha yebutadiene (BR) uye rabha yestyrene-butadiene (SBR), iyo pamwe chete inoshandisirwa mamiriyoni ematani pagore. Mashandisirwo ayo anosvika kumatayi emotokari, zvinhu zvemaindasitiri, uye mapolymer ekuvaka, uye kudiwa kwacho kwakanyanya munzvimbo dzakadai seAsia-Pacific nekuda kwekukura kuri kuita zvikamu zvekugadzira uye kugadzirwa kwemotokari.
Kubviswa kweButadiene
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Maitiro ekugadzira anotanga nekusarudza zvekudya zvakakodzera. Kazhinji, zvinhu zve petrochemical zvakaita se naphtha ne butane ndizvo zvinonyanya kushandiswa. Mahydrocarbon aya anopa goho guru mumabasa echinyakare uye anobatsirwa nemidziyo yekudya yakatangwa. Zvisinei, kuwedzera kwekutarisa pakuchengetedza kwaita kuti vanhu vafarire zvimwe zvekudya, zvakaita se bioethanol inobva muzvinhu zvinogona kudzokororwa uye zvisiri zvekudya. Matekinoroji ekuchinja ethanol kuita butadiene ari kuwana simba rekuderedza simba recarbon uye kusiyanisa zvinhu zvinopinda, kunyangwe paine matambudziko makuru ehupfumi.
Nzira huru yeindasitiri yekugadzira butadiene ndeyekupwanya kwemhepo. Maitiro aya anoisa naphtha kana mamwe mahydrocarbon akareruka pakupisa kwakanyanya (inenge 750–900°C) kana paine mhepo. Mamiriro ekupisa anopwanya mamorekuru makuru kuita maolefin madiki nemadiolefin, nebutadiene inogadzirwa pamwe chete ne ethylene, propylene, nezvimwe zvinhu zvinokosha. Mushure mekupwanya, kudzima nekukurumidza kunodzivirira mhedzisiro isingadiwe, zvichiteverwa nekupatsanurwa kwegasi kwakaoma. Butadiene inowanzo bviswa uchishandisa extractive distillation, iyo inoshandisa polar solvents senge DMF kana NMP kuparadzanisa butadiene kubva kumahydrocarbon akafanana eC4. Makoramu ekuparadzanisa madziro kana vapor recompression zvinogona kushandiswa kuwedzera kushanda nesimba uye kuderedza mari yekushanda.
Nzira dziri kubuda "dziripo", dzakadai sekushandura ethanol mu multitubular kana fluidized bed reactors, dzinomiririra dzimwe nzira dzinogara kwenguva refu panzvimbo pekuputika kwemhepo. Maitiro aya anoshandisa multifunctional heterogeneous catalysts dzakagadzirirwa kusarudza kwakanyanya uye kugadzikana. Catalyst uye reactor configuration zvakakosha mukuvandudza mwero wekushandura uye kuderedza zvisingadiwe zvigadzirwa.
Kufamba kwese kwekugadzirwa kwebutadiene kunotanga nekugadzirira zvekudya, kunoenderera mberi nekupwanyika (kana kushandura zvinhu), uye kunoenderera mberi nekudzima chigadzirwa, kupatsanurwa kwegasi, uye kunyungudutswa kwekupedzisira kwekubvisa butadiene kuti ibudise butadiene yakacheneswa. Mukati mezvose, kutarisa kwakasimba—sekuyera huwandu hwebutadiene nguva dzose—uye masisitimu ekudzora epamusoro akakosha pakuwedzera kuchena kwechigadzirwa, goho, uye kuchengetedzeka kwebasa. Kusvibiswa kwemidziyo yekare, kuora kwe solvent, uye kugadziriswa kwemaitiro zvinotarisirwa kuburikidza nekupinda kweinjiniya uye kufambira mberi mukuchenesa solvent—kuona kuti butadiene yakagadzirwa zvakanaka uye inoshanda munzvimbo dzemazuva ano dze petrochemical.
Matanho Akakosha Mukugadzira Butadiene Extraction
Kugadzira Kutsemuka Kwekupisa Uye Kugadzirira Kudya
Kupwanya kwemafuta ndiko kunova hwaro hwekugadzirwa kwebutadiene. Zvikafu zvakaita se naphtha, butane, uye ethane zvinowanzo shandiswa; chimwe nechimwe chine mapurofiti akasiyana egoho. Naphtha, inowanikwa zvakanyanya, inogadzira zvikamu zvakakura zveC4 uye goho riri pakati nepakati rebutadiene, nepo butane ne ethane zvinowanzo sarudza zvakanyanya zvigadzirwa zvinodiwa.
Mamiriro ekushanda mumachoto anotsemuka akakosha. Tembiricha dzinofanira kudzorwa nokungwarira pakati pe750° ne900°C, nemhepo isina kusimba inochengetwa kudzivirira oxidation isingadiwe. Nguva yekugara inokosha: nguva pfupi yekugara uye kudzima nekukurumidza kunodzivirira mhedzisiro yechipiri inoderedza kusarudza kwebutadiene uye inokonzera kuumbwa kwechigadzirwa. Semuenzaniso, kuwedzera tembiricha mukati meiyi nzvimbo kunogona kuwedzera goho asi zvakare kunowedzera kushandiswa kwesimba uye mhedzisiro isingadiwe. Saka, kugadzirisa kwakakodzera kunofanira kuenzana tembiricha, mwero wekuyerera kwechikafu, uye kumhanya kwekudzima kuti butadiene ibudiswe zvakanyanya.
Kugadzirira kwezvikafu zvechikafu, kunyanya kune zvimwe zvinoshandiswa kana zvinogona kudzokororwa se bioethanol kana 1,3-butanediol, kunosanganisira nzira dze hydrolysis kana fermenting. Matekiniki akadai sekuputika kwemhepo kana mvura inopisa yemvura inoshandiswa pakugadzira biomass, kugadzira substrate inoviriswa uye kuvandudza kushanduka kwese. Kugadzira reactor kunokanganisa matanho aya: multitubular reactors inotsigira kupisa uye kutamiswa kwehuwandu, nepo multibed adiabatic systems inobatsira scalability yemaitiro uye kusarudza.
Kupatsanurwa kweGasi, Kubviswa Kwekutanga neKwechipiri
Kana gasi risina kuchekwa rapera, mvura inoyerera inopinda mumatanho ekuparadzanisa. Kuparadzanisa gasi kunotanga nekudzima uye kuparadzanisa kwekutanga kubvisa mahydrocarbon anorema, ipapo mayuniti ekudzvanya anoderedza vhoriyamu uye anokwidza kumanikidzwa kuti zvive nyore kubata. Kuomesa kunobvisa hunyoro, izvo zvinogona kukanganisa mashandiro e solvent pasi uye kunaka kwechigadzirwa.
Kubvisa kwekutanga kunoshandisa zvinonyungudutsa kana zvinonyungudutsa zvakasarudzwa mumidziyo ine simba rakawanda. Pano, butadiene inoparadzaniswa nemamwe makomponi eC4 zvichibva pakusiyana kwekunyunguduka. Zvinonyungudutsa zvakaita seN-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), dimethylformamide (DMF), kana dzimwe nzira itsva dzinogara kwenguva refu dzakadai se1,2-propylene carbonate (PC) zvinosarudzwa nekuda kwehukama hwavo hwebutadiene, kugadzikana, uye kuchengetedzeka. Zvinonyungudutsa zvine hungwaru zvinonyungudutsa butadiene, iyo inobva yabviswa kubva muzvinonyungudutsa nemhepo kana kumanikidzwa kwakaderera.
Kubvisa kwechipiri kunoitwa kuti kudzoreredze simba, kubata butadiene yasara kubva muchikamu chemvura kana che solvent chinorasika panguva yekutanga. Maitiro aya anogona kusanganisira kuwedzera kubata kwe solvent kana kushanda kwakasimba kwe column. Kuti butadiene idzorerwe zvakanaka (kusvika 98%) uye kuchena (kusvika 99.5%), ma parameter akadai se solvent-to-feed ratio (kazhinji 1.5:1) uye reflux ratio (kazhinji pedyo ne 4.2:1) akagadzirwa zvakanaka. Kuwedzera huwandu hwematanho edzidziso e column kunowedzera kushanda kwekuparadzanisa nesimba shoma rekuwedzera. Kubatanidzwa kwema network e heat recovery pakati pezvikamu zve column kunogona kuderedza kushandiswa kwesimba rese re process neinenge 12%.
Kubatanidzwa kwematanho ekuchenesa—kuomesa, kubvisa zvinhu zvakaita seacetylenes nema saturated—kwakakosha kuti pave nekushanda zvakanaka kwe solvent uye kutsanangurwa kwezvigadzirwa. Magadzirirwo emhando yepamusoro, akadai sekuparadzanisa madziro emadziro kana ma reboilers epakati nepakati nema heat pumps, akaratidza kuderedza kudiwa kwesimba (kusvika ku55%) uye kuderedza mari yekushandisa ukuwo zvichiwedzera kushanda zvakanaka kwe butadiene.
Kunyungudutsa uye Kuchenesa Chigadzirwa
Kubvisa tsvina kubva muzvinhu zvakasanganiswa ndiyo nzira huru yekuparadzanisa butadiene ine purity yakawanda kubva muzvikamu zveC4 hydrocarbon. Mudanho iri, chinhu chinonyungudutsa chakasarudzwa chinoita basa guru nekuwedzera musiyano wekushanduka-shanduka pakati pebutadiene netsvina yayo inofashaira, zvichiita kuti zvive nyore kupatsanurana kwayo.
Kusarudzwa kwezvinonyungudutsa kunotsamira pamatanho akati wandei: kusarudza kwebutadiene, kugadzikana kwemakemikari nekupisa, mwero wekudzoreredza, nyaya dzezvakatipoteredza nedzekuchengetedza, pamwe nemutengo. NMP neDMF zvakambotonga kare asi ikozvino zviri kutsiviwa nezvinyungudutsa zvegirini zvakaita se1,2-propylene carbonate, izvo zvinopa kushanda kwakafanana kwekuparadzanisa, kusakuvadza, uye kugamuchirwa kwemitemo. Zvinyungudutsa zvakadzika (DES) zvinoratidzawo vimbiso, zvichipa kugara kwenguva refu uye kugona kudzokorodza zvizere uku zvichiramba zvichiita basa rekubvisa zvakanyanya.
Zvinonyungudutsa zvinotorwa uye zvinodzokororwazve kuburikidza ne distillation uye membrane filtration systems, izvo zvinobvisa tar ne foulants uye zvinowedzera hupenyu hwe solvent. Kubatanidzwa kwema membrane modules ekubvisa tar kunoderedza nguva yekushanda uye kunotsigira kushanda kwe closed-loop.
Kuchenesa chigadzirwa kunoshandisa kutsvaira kwakawedzerwa uye dzimwe nguva kutsvaira kwakabatana nekutsvaira. Nzira dzepamusoro dzekuchenesa, dzakadai se multistage fractionation kana cascading distillation columns, dzinoita kuti kuchena kwechigadzirwa chebutadiene kusvike kana kupfuura 99.5%. Kutarisa nguva dzose—kazhinji nemidziyo yekuyera concentration inline, senge density uye viscosity metres kubva kuLonnmeter—kunobatsira kutevera huwandu hwebutadiene munzizi uye kugadzirisa maitiro ekudzora. Iyi inline concentration measurements inopa data renguva chaiyo rekugadzirisa butadiene production, zvichiita kuti vashandi varambe vakachena zvakanyanya muchigadzirwa uye vaderedze kuchena.
Kusanganiswa kwakanaka kwesarudzo yezvinyungudutsa, kubatanidzwa kwemaitiro, uye kuyerwa kwehuwandu hwebutadiene kunoenderera mberi kunoita kuti pave nemaitiro akasimba ekugadzira butadiene anokwanisa kusangana nezvinodiwa zvemhando yepamusoro uye kuchengetedzeka.
Kuyerwa kweInline Concentration: Nheyo uye Kukosha
Kuyera huwandu hwezvinhu mukugadzirwa kwebutadiene ndiko kuongorora nguva nenguva kwemakemikari ari muchikamu chekugadzira. Iyi nzira yakakosha pakudzora nekugadzirisa maitiro ese ekubvisa butadiene, kuve nechokwadi chekuti yakachengeteka uye kuwedzera kushanda zvakanaka muchikamu chimwe nechimwe chakakosha.
Chii Chinoyerwa?
Maitiro ekubvisa butadiene anoda kuyera kwakanyatsojeka kwezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana. Zvinangwa zvikuru zvinosanganisira butadiene pachayo, iyo huwandu hwayo hwekuchena hunofanira kusvika kana kupfuura 97%, pamwe chete nezvinhu zvinonyungudutsa zvakaita sefurfural neN-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, izvo zvakakosha pamatanho ekubvisa mvura-mvura uye echipiri. Pamusoro pezvo, zvishandiso zvekuyera huwandu hwe butadiene zvinoshandiswa kuona nekutevera zvinhu zvakasvibiswa zvakaita semamwe makemikari anoshanduka-shanduka uye zvigadzirwa zvine njodzi - kazhinji zvinosanganisira zvisaririra zvinowanikwa munzizi dzepropylene, kana mumhepo inobuda kubva muzvikamu zvekudzoreredza solvent. Kutarisa huwandu hwechigadzirwa nekusvibiswa kwakakosha kuti uve nechokwadi chekutevedzera zvinodiwa uye kuchengetedza kushanda kwakanaka.
Kuyera Pakati nepakati vs. Kunze kweIndaneti: Mhedzisiro Yekushanda
Kusarudza pakati pematekiniki ekuyera huwandu hwe butadiene mukati nekunze kwechinhu kune mhedzisiro yakakura pakushanda. Midziyo iri mukati mechinhu—yakadai se spectrometers, sensors, uye metres—inoiswa zvakananga muma process streams, zvichiramba zvichipa data rinogona kuitwa. Iyi mhinduro chaiyo inobvumira zviito zvekugadzirisa nekukurumidza, kudzora kwakasimba kwehuwandu hwe butadiene, uye kugadzirisa kuyerera kwe solvent uye parameters yekuburitsa. Kana tichienzanisa, kuyerwa kwechinhu kunze kwechinhu kunoda kutora sampuro nemaoko, kugadzirisa murabhoritari, uye mhedzisiro inononoka. Nguva dzakadaro dzekunonoka dzinogona kuwedzera njodzi dzechigadzirwa chisina kutsanangurwa, kusashanda zvakanaka kwechinhu, uye kurasika, sezvo kugadzirisa kuri reactive pane kuita proactive.
Kuyera mukati menguva chaiyo, uchishandisa zvishandiso zvakaita se inline density metres kana inline viscosity metres kubva kuLonnmeter, kunotsigira nzira dzakanakisisa dzekutarisa nguva dzose huwandu hwe butadiene. Nzira idzi dzinoderedza zvikuru njodzi yekukanganisa kwevanhu uye kusvibiswa kwemuenzaniso, uye zvakare dzinobatsira kudzora otomatiki maitiro akakosha kune nzvimbo dze petrochemical dzakawanda. Semuenzaniso, matekiniki ekuyera huwandu hwegasi mukati menguva chaiyo aratidza kukosha mukusarudza hydrogenation, uko mhinduro yekukurumidza inobatsira kugadzirisa maitiro ekuderedza zvigadzirwa uye kuchengetedza kuchena.
Vaongorori vekuongorora vari mukati memutsara vanopa data mumasekonzi mashoma, zvichiita kuti vadzore nekukurumidza. Kutora sampuli pasina kutevedza mutemo kune nguva inononoka, zvichikonzera kusashanda zvakanaka kwemaitiro acho.
Nheyo uye Basa muKutonga Maitiro
Semuenzaniso, mamodheru ekuenzanisa akasimba akasimbiswa ne inline density uye viscosity data anobvumira mainjiniya kugadzirisa kushanda zvakanaka kwekuparadzanisa uye kunaka kwechigadzirwa—kuwedzera goho rebutadiene ukuwo zvichideredza simba uye kushandiswa kwe solvent. Kuyera inline kunotsigirawo kutevedzera mitemo nekutarisa nguva dzose mhepo netsvina inobuda mumhepo kuti ione zvinhu zvinosvibisa, nzira yakasimbiswa ne spaceally resolved sensor networks uye zvakawanikwa munguva pfupi yapfuura.
Muchidimbu, zvishandiso zvekuyera huwandu hwemahydrocarbons—kusanganisira izvo zvakagadzirirwa butadiene zvakananga—zvinoita kuti pave nekukwanisa kushanda nekukurumidza kunodiwa kuti pave negoho guru, marara mashoma, uye kukuvara kushoma kwezvakatipoteredza. Kuyerera uku kwedata kwakananga, kusingadzoreki ikozvino kwaonekwa sekukosha mukugadzirwa kwebutadiene, zvichitsigira hurongwa hwese hwekugadzirisa nekudzora kubviswa kwemvura.
Zvishandiso zvekuyera kuenzana uye zvishandiso mukubvisa butadiene
Kuitwa kweIndustrial Butadiene Extraction
Munzira yekubvisa butadiene, zvishandiso zvinoiswa panzvimbo dzakakosha dzekutora sampuli kuti zviongorore kuyerera kwezvinhu uye kushanduka kwazvo. Nzvimbo dzakajairika dzekubatanidza dzinosanganisira nzvimbo dzekuburitsa zvinhu, nzvimbo dzekupinda nepasi pemakoramu ekudiridza, uye matangi ekuchengetera zvigadzirwa. Kuiswa kwacho kunoita kuti shanduko dzemaitiro, senge mukugadzirwa kwechikafu kana kushanda zvakanaka kwekuparadzanisa, dzionekwe nekukurumidza.
Manetwork ekuwana data anotumira mhedzisiro kune masystem ekudzora akagoverwa (DCS) kana ma programmable logic controllers (PLC), zvichibvumira mainjiniya ekugadzirisa mashandiro kuti vatarise zviratidzo zvekushanda zvakakosha uye miganhu yealamu. Lonnmeter inline density uye viscosity metres zvinosanganiswa muhurongwa uhu kuburikidza nemaitiro eindasitiri (Modbus, Ethernet/IP), zvichitsigira otomatiki data logging uye trending.
Zvishandiso zvekuyera huwandu hwezvinhu zvakagadziriswa uye zvakagadziriswa zvine basa guru mukutarisa maitiro. Kuenzanisa nguva dzose zvichienderana nezvinodiwa nemazano ekuongorora kana nzira dzerabhoritari dzakabatana, dzakadai se chromatography ye gel permeation, inosimbisa kururama kwekuyera, ichivimbisa kuvimbika musarudzo dzekudzora maitiro.
Kubatana kwakananga kwemaitiro ekuyera huwandu hwe butadiene mumutsara nemapuratifomu e otomatiki kunopa mabhenefiti anooneka. Kuenderana kwekugadzirwa kunovandudzwa sezvo kutsauka kunowanikwa ipapo ipapo, marara uye kugadzirwa kwechigadzirwa chisina kutsanangurwa kunoderedzwa, uye goho remaitiro rinogadziriswa nekugonesa zviito zvekugadzirisa panguva yakakodzera. Maitiro aya anotsigira mashandiro enguva dzose uye epamusoro ekugadzirisa maitiro, kuisa nzvimbo dzekuburitsa butadiene kuti dzishande zvakanaka uye dzive dzakachengeteka.
Kugadzirisa Maitiro Ekushandisa Kuenzanisa Kuyera Kuyera Mutsetse
Kuyerwa kwehuwandu hwezvinhu mukati menguva chaiyo kunoumba musimboti wekugadzirisa mashandiro mukugadzirwa kwebutadiene. Nekubata nekutumira data rinoenderera mberi pamazinga ebutadiene uye solvent, zvishandiso zvakaita seLonnmeter inline density uye viscosity metres zvinopa ruzivo rwakakosha pakugadzirisa kwakavakirwa pamuenzaniso uye nzira dzepamusoro dzekudzora. Kubatanidzwa kwedata iri mumapuratifomu ekufananidzira kunogonesa kuita sarudzo dzakananga uye kugadzirisa maparamita ekubvisa, zvichideredza kukanganiswa kwemaitiro uye kusiyana.
Kana ma profiles ekuyera zvinhu panguva chaiyo akabatanidzwa muzvidzoro zvekudzora—kunyanya mukubvisa butadiene uye nzira yekubvisa yechipiri—ma models anochinja anogona kugadzirisa zviyero zve solvent-to-feed, reflux rates, uye mashandiro e column nemazvo. Semuenzaniso, zvidzidzo zve simulation zvinosimbisa kuti goho re butadiene rinowedzera nekugonesa kugadzirisa mhinduro yekuyerera kwe solvent uye tembiricha yekubvisa nekukurumidza kana kutsauka kwaonekwa, pane mushure menguva pfupi, batch sampling intervals. Izvi zvinobvumira makoramu ekubvisa kuti ashande pedyo ne optimal phase equilibria, zvichiva nechokwadi chekuti kuchena kwechigadzirwa chakatarwa kunopfuura 99% - kuvandudzika kukuru pane nzira dzemaoko kana dzekunze.
Kudzora uku kwakanyanya kunoderedza kushandiswa kwesimba. Kugona kubata nhanho yega yega yekudiridza kana yekuburitsa zvinhu panzvimbo yayo "inonaka" - ichitungamirirwa nekuwanda kwakayerwa uye hunhu hwemuviri - kunodzivirira kushanda zvakanyanya (izvo zvinotambisa simba remhepo nemagetsi) uye kusashanda zvakanaka (izvo zvinotungamira mukuparadzaniswa kushoma, kudzokororwa kwekugadzirisa, uye kushandiswa kwakanyanya kwe solvent). Nyaya dzakaburitswa dzinoratidza kuchengetedza simba kubva pa12% kusvika 30% kana kudzora kwe inline concentration kuchibatanidzwa ne heat pump integration kana intermediate heating strategies. Semuenzaniso, duty yakaderera ye reboiler yakaratidzwa muma distillation columns anoburitsa butadiene, zvichikonzera kuchengetedza mari yakawanda uye kudzikiswa kweCO₂ emissions.
Kugadzirisa kudzoreredzwa kwezvinyungudutswa ndeimwe bhenefiti huru. Zvishandiso zvekuyera huwandu hwezvinyungudutswa zviri mukati memutsara zvinobvumira kugara uchitarisa mutoro wezvinyungudutswa pasi nepamusoro pemvura. Nekuona huwandu hwezvinyungudutswa, vashandisi vanogona kugadzirisa kudzoka uye kuchenesa kuyerera, vachiwana huwandu hwakawanda hwezvinyungudutswa zvisati zvarasika kuita marara kana kuburitswa kwemhepo. Nzira dzakasanganiswa dzinoshandisa madziro ekuparadzanisa uye kupatsanurwa kwesimbi, dzinoteverwa munguva chaiyo nemidziyo yekuyera huwandu hwegasi iri mukati memutsara, dzakakonzera kudzikira kwezvinodiwa zvekupisa kwekunze kusvika 80% uye kuwedzera kushanda zvakanaka kwezvekudzoreredzwa.
Kuwedzerwa kwegoho uye kuderedza kusvibiswa kunoenderana nemhinduro dzakasimba dzinogoneswa nekuyera huwandu hwe butadiene mumutsara. Kuti pave nekugadzirisa kugadzirwa kwe butadiene, danho rega rega kubva pakugadzirira chikafu kusvika pakupatsanurwa kwechigadzirwa chekupedzisira rinokanganiswa. Ruzivo rwakayerwa runobvumira kutarisa huwandu hwe butadiene nguva dzose, saka kugadziriswa kunogona kuitwa kuti pave nema parameter ekugadzirisa kuti pave nemamiriro ekusarudza akanyanya kunaka kana mamiriro ekuparadzanisa. Semuenzaniso, kugadzirisa kunyungudika kwekubvisa uchishandisa data kubva kumidziyo yekuyera huwandu hwe butadiene mumutsara kwakatsigira nyaya yakaburitswa apo 98% butadiene inodzoserwa uye 99.5% kuchena kwakawanikwa pasi pemamiriro ekushanda anochinjika.
Uyezve, kuyerwa kwehuwandu hwezvinhu zvakagadzirwa nemaoko (inline concentration) kune simba guru pamutengo wekushanda uye mhando yezvigadzirwa. Nekuderedza kuwanda kwekutora sampuro nemaoko uye zviitiko zvekugadzira zvisiri zvehunyanzvi, nzvimbo dzinochengetedza vashandi, zvinhu zvakagadziriswa, uye marara. Kudzora kwakasimba kwemhinduro kunoderedza huwandu hwekuchinja kwemaitiro uye zviitiko zvenguva yekushanda. Hunhu hwezvigadzirwa hunobatsira kubva pakuumbwa kwacho nguva dzose uye kuderedzwa kwemazinga ekusvibiswa, izvo zvinovandudza chivimbo chevatengi uye kutevedzera mitemo. Kutevera kwakarurama huwandu hwezvinhu zvakagadzirwa nehydrocarbon kunoderedza zvakananga kusiyana kwegiredhi, zvichikonzera kurambwa kushoma kwebatch uye kuwedzera kutengeswa.
Mumaitiro anoshandisa simba rakawanda sekugadzira butadiene, kuvandudzwa kwese kwekutonga kunowedzera kufambira mberi. Maitiro ekuyera huwandu hwe butadiene anoramba ari akakosha pakuwana chiyero chakanaka pakati pegoho, simba, uye mutengo. Zvishandiso zveLonnmeter, zvakanangana nekuona density uye viscosity, zvinoita basa rakakosha muhurongwa uhwu hwekuvandudza hunoramba huchienderera mberi hwekuwedzera goho re butadiene, kudzoreredza solvent, uye mhando yechigadzirwa, ukuwo zvichideredza kushandiswa kwesimba uye kusvibiswa.
Kufunga Nezvekuvimbisa Hunhu Hwezvinhu uye Kuchengetedza Nguva Yazvo
Kuongororwa kwehuwandu hwebutadiene mumutsara nguva dzose kunotsigira kuvimbiswa kwemhando yepamusoro mukubviswa kwebutadiene. Zvishandiso zvekuyera huwandu hwegasi mumutsara zvakabatanidzwa zvakananga muhurongwa hwekuita—zvakadai sezvinoenderana neASTM D2593-23—zvinopa ruzivo rwenguva chaiyo rwakakosha kuchengetedza kuchena kwechigadzirwa chakanangwa uye kutevedzera mitemo. Nekupa kuyerwa kusingadzoreki, masisitimu aya anochengetedza kutevedzera mitemo yakasimba yekuchena uye kusachena kwakatsanangurwa kwe polymerization-grade 1,3-butadiene.
Semuenzaniso, kutarisa nguva dzose kunopa huwandu hwezvinhu zvakasvibiswa nebutadiene nehydrocarbon, zvichiratidza kuchinja-chinja kwemaitiro nekukurumidza uko ongororo yekare isingashande. Izvi zvinogonesa kugadzirisa nekukurumidza, zvichideredza zviitiko zvisiri zvechigadzirwa uye kutyorwa kwemitemo. Kubatanidzwa nematanho ekudzora maitiro ekuverenga (SPC) kunoshandura kuyerwa kwenguva chaiyo kuita huchenjeri hunogona kuitwa, zvichideredza kusiyana uye kuchengetedza kuenderana kwebatch-to-batch mumaitiro ekutanga neechipiri ekubvisa butadiene.
Kubva pakuona kwekuchengetedza nguva, zvishandiso zvekuyera huwandu hwe butadiene mumutsara zvine basa guru mukuderedza kusvibiswa kwemhepo uye kurasikirwa kwe solvent. Mukugadzirwa kwe butadiene, mayuniti ekuburitsa solvent anowanzo rasikirwa kuburikidza nekubuda kwemhepo uye kubuda kwemhepo, akarongwa se VOCs. Kuyera mumutsara kunobvumira kugadziriswa nekukurumidza kune ma parameter ekushanda, zvichiita kuti pave nekubvisa zvakanyanya kana kutambisa solvent. Semuenzaniso, kuyerwa kwehuwandu hunoramba huripo nemidziyo yakaita seyakagadzirwa neLonnmeter kunogonesa kuona kwakanyatsojeka huwandu hwe solvent uye miganhu ye process phase. Data re density rinokurumidzira uye rakarurama rinoita kuti kugadzirisa kudzokororwa kwe solvent kuve nyore munguva chaiyo, richideredza zvakananga kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza uye richienzanisa mashandiro ne VOC emission standards inoshanduka.
Kuchengetedza kudzora kwakakodzera kwemaitiro kuburikidza nedata renguva chaiyo kunotsigirawo zvinangwa zvakakura zvekutevedzera nharaunda. Maitiro ekuyera huwandu hwegasi mumhepo haangoderedzi njodzi yekuburitswa kweVOC netsaona chete asiwo anovimbisa kutevedzera miganhu yekusvibiswa pabasa uye zvinodiwa nemvumo yezvakatipoteredza.
Kuchengetedzeka kwemaitiro kunosimbiswa zvakanyanya kuburikidza nekuona mamiriro asina kunaka nekukurumidza. Semuenzaniso, kuwedzera kamwe kamwe kwehuwandu hwebutadiene—kunokonzerwa nekusashanda zvakanaka kwevharuvhu kana kubuda kwe solvent—kunogona kuonekwa mukati memasekonzi nema inline analyzers, zvichibvumira mhinduro yemushandi nekukurumidza. Izvi zvinopesana zvakanyanya nekuzivisa kunonoka kubva ku batch sampling uye kutendeuka kwerabhoritari. Uyezve, kuyera otomatiki inline kunoderedza kuwanda uye kudiwa kwekutora sampuro nemaoko panzvimbo dzine njodzi, zvichideredza kusvibiswa zvakananga ne hydrocarbons dzine chepfu mukutora butadiene.
Midziyo yekuyera huwandu hwezvinhu mu "line" ye "butadiene" haingogadzirisi kugadzirwa chete uye inovimbisa giredhi rezvigadzirwa chete asiwo inoshanda zvakananga sezvishandiso zvakanakisa zvekuyera huwandu hwezvinhu mu "butadiene" nekutsigira zvinangwa zvekuchengetedza, kuchengetedzeka kwemaitiro, uye kudzikiswa kwemhosva yezvakatipoteredza. Sezvo zvinodiwa nemutemo nevatengi zvichiramba zvichiwedzera kuomarara, kugona uku ndiko kunokosha pakufambira mberi kuri kuitika mukugadzirwa kwe "butadiene".
Mibvunzo Inowanzo bvunzwa
Chii chinonzi nzira yekubvisa butadiene?
Maitiro ekubvisa butadiene anotarisa pakuparadzanisa nekuchenesa butadiene kubva mumisanganiswa yehydrocarbon, inowanzo wanikwa kubva mukupwanyika kwe naphtha kana zvimwe zvekudya. Kubvisa nekuburitsa solvent ndiyo nzira huru dzinoshandiswa. Nzira idzi dzinoshandisa solvents dzakadai se dimethylformamide (DMF), N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), kana kuti solvents dzinonyanya kufarirwa nezvakatipoteredza dzakadai se1,2-propylene carbonate (PC), iyo inoita kuti pave nekupatsanurwa kwakanyanya uku ichitsigira zvinangwa zvekuchengetedza. Kutevedzera maitiro eThermodynamic kunotungamira kusarudzwa kwemamiriro ezvinhu akakodzera, kuderedza kushandiswa kwesimba uye kuwedzera kuchena kwebutadiene uye goho. Matanho ekuchenesa echipiri, anosanganisira kudzokorodza solvent yakavakirwa pamembrane, anotsigira kuvimbika kwenguva refu kwekushanda uye kuwedzera hupenyu hwesolvent nekubvisa tsvina inoungana mu loop yekubvisa. Kushandiswa kwekugadzirisa maitiro akavakirwa pamuenzaniso kunogona kukonzera goho rinosvika 98% uye kuchena kwechigadzirwa pamusoro pe99.5%, nekushandiswa kwesimba kunoderedzwa kuburikidza nekubatanidzwa kwekupisa kwakarongeka uye manejimendi yesolvent.
Kuyerwa kwehuwandu hwezvinhu mukati memutsetse kunobatsira sei maitiro ekugadzira butadiene?
Kuyerwa kwehuwandu hwezvinhu mukati memuchina kunowedzera simba rekutonga maitiro ekugadzira butadiene. Masensa akaiswa zvakananga muhurongwa anopa data rinogara riripo panguva chaiyo pamazinga e butadiene. Izvi zvinokurumidzisa mhinduro kukuchinja kwemaitiro, kuderedza kurasikirwa kwezvinhu uye kuvandudza goho. Kutenderera kwemhinduro nekukurumidza kunogoneswa nemidziyo iri mukati memuchina kunobvumira vashandisi kugadzirisa mamiriro ezvinhu - akadai sekupisa, zviyero zve solvent, uye ma parameter e distillation - nekukurumidza, kuchengetedza mhando yechigadzirwa uye kuderedza kushandiswa kwesimba. Kutarisa mukati memuchina kunoderedza kudiwa kwekutora sampuro nemaoko uye kuongorora kwakadhura murabhoritari, zvichitsigira kutevedzera mitemo yekuisa butadiene pachena uku zvichikurudzira nzvimbo dzebasa dzakachengeteka. Iyi nzira inokosha apo kusagadzikana kwe butadiene uye hunhu hune njodzi zvinoda manejimendi chaiyo, nekukurumidza kuderedza njodzi uye kusangana nezvinodiwa zveindasitiri zvekuchena nekuchengetedzeka.
Ndezvipi zvishandiso zvekuyera huwandu hwezvinhu zvinoshandiswa mukubvisa butadiene?
Zvishandiso zvinojairika zvekuyera huwandu hwezvinhu zvinoshandiswa pakuburitsa butadiene zvinosanganisira near-infrared (NIR) analyzers, mass spectrometers (MS), uye gas chromatographs (GC). NIR analyzers inobvumira kuyerwa nekukurumidza, kusingaparadze muma complex hydrocarbon matrices, vachishandisa ma chemometric models uye kugadzirira sample shoma. Gas chromatographs—kazhinji pamwe chete ne mass spectrometry—zvinogonesa kupatsanurwa kwakadzama uye kuzivikanwa kwebutadiene mu volatile organic mixtures. Izvi zvinopa sarudzo yepamusoro uye kunzwa, zvakakosha pakutevedzera mitemo uye kugadzirisa maitiro. Pamusoro pezvo, VOC analyzers dzakatsaurirwa dzinoshandisa tekinoroji yekutsvaga, senge ultraviolet (UV) rambi dzakasanganiswa nemachubhu ekusefa, kuti dzipe kutarisa kwehuwandu kunoramba kuripo uye kusingapindiki. Izvi zvinoshandiswa zvinosarudzwa nekuda kwekushanda kwadzo kwakasimba pasi pemamiriro akasiyana-siyana uye kubuda kwadzo kwakasimba, zvichitsigira mashandiro enguva dzose emiti uye zvinodiwa zvemitemo.
Sei kubvisa kwechipiri kuchikosha mukugadzirwa kwebutadiene?
Kubvisa zvinhu zvechipiri kwakakosha mukugadzirwa kwebutadiene kuti zviwedzere kudzoreredzwa kwezvinhu uye kuderedza kurasikirwa kwechigadzirwa. Mushure mekubviswa kwekutanga, marwizi asara achiri nehuwandu hwebutadiene hunogona kudzoreredzwa. Kugadzira izvi nematanho ekuwedzera ekunyungudutsa kana kunyungudutsa zvinhu zvinowedzera goho uye kushandiswa kwezviwanikwa. Kufungidzira kwakarurama kwekufanotaura—kushandisa nzira dzakadai seNRTL-RK kana COSMO-RS—kunobatsira kuona musanganiswa wakakodzera we solvent, tembiricha, uye reflux ratio yekubvisa zvinhu zvechipiri, zvichizadzisa zvinangwa zvinodiwa pakushandiswa kwemaindasitiri. Kuisa secondary extraction zvese zvinoderedza marara uye zvinobatsira muhupfumi hwemaitiro akanaka, zvichitsigira kutevedzera mitemo uye zvinangwa zvekuchengetedza nekuvandudza kushandiswa kwezvikafu nezvikafu uku zvichideredza simba nezvinodiwa zvemagetsi.
Ndezvipi zvinetso zviripo pakuyera huwandu hwezvinhu mumaitiro e-butadiene?
Kuyerwa kwehuwandu hwezvinhu mumabasa e-butadiene kunosangana nematambudziko akati wandei ehunyanzvi uye ekushanda. Musanganiswa wakaoma wehydrocarbons, pamwe chete nekushanduka-shanduka kwebutadiene uye kenza, unoda zvishandiso zvine hunhu hwakanyanya uye kunzwa - kazhinji pamazinga e-sub-ppm. Kururama kwekugadzirisa kunofanirwa kuchengetedzwa sezvo mamiriro ekushanda achichinja; tembiricha, kumanikidzwa, uye hunyoro zvinogona kukanganisa kuverenga kwemasensa uye kugadzikana. Nzvimbo yemaindasitiri inoisa michina yekuyera kune zvinodzvinyirira zvemakemikari nemuviri, zvinoda dhizaini yakasimba uye kuongororwa kwehunhu nguva nenguva. Kugadzirisa kukanganiswa kubva kumakomponi aripo muhutsi hwemvura - senge benzene nedzimwe mhando dzeC4 - kwakakosha pakuyera kwakavimbika. Maitiro akanakisa anosanganisira maitiro ekugadzirisa nguva dzose, kusarudzwa kwezvioni zvinodzivirira kusvibiswa, uye kubatanidzwa kwezvishandiso zvekuyera zviri mukati zvinogona kumira kuoma kwekushanda pasina kurasikirwa nekunyatsojeka kana kuvimbika kwekuyera. Mhinduro idzi pamwe chete dzinogonesa kutarisa kuzara kwebutadiene uye kugadzirisa kugadzirwa uku uchivimbisa kuchengetedzeka kwevashandi uye kutevedzera maitiro.
Nguva yekutumira: Zvita-16-2025
