Pfupiso yeKuderedzwa kweChrome muMarara eMaindasitiri eElectroplating
Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) chinhu chakakosha mukuputira kwemagetsi mumaindasitiri. Inonyanya kuunzwa kuburikidza nekugeza kwechromic acid uye matanho ekupedzisa pamusoro pe chromate. Mvura yakasviba inobuda inogona kunge iine huwandu hweCr(VI) hunotangira pamakumi kusvika kumazana emamirigiramu pa litre, inova yakakura kupfuura miganhu yekuburitsa mvura inorayirwa pasi rose.
Cr(VI) inonyungudika zvakanyanya, inogara kwenguva refu munzvimbo dzemumvura, uye inorongwa seBoka 1 rekenza. Njodzi dzehutano hwevanhu dzinosanganisira kunzwa kweganda, maronda emaronda, matambudziko ekufema, kushanduka kwemajini, uye mukana wekuwedzera wekenza. Panyaya dzezvakatipoteredza, Cr(VI) inokanganisa mashandiro ema enzyme mumiti uye ine chepfu kuzvisikwa zvemumvura pahuwandu hwakaderera se0.05 mg/L. Kufamba kwayo kunobvumira kufamba ichienda muvhu nemvura yepasi, zvichikonzera kusvibiswa kunogara kuripo uye kwakapararira.
Zvichienderana nehuturu hweCr(VI) uye kuoma kwekutonga, nzira yekuderedza chrome idanho rakakosha mukurapa mvura yakasviba nemagetsi. Maitiro aya anosanganisira kushandura Cr(VI) ine chepfu kuita trivalent chromium (Cr(III) nemakemikari, iyo isina njodzi yakawanda uye inogona kubviswa zvakachengeteka. Sodium bisulfite solution inoderedza mvura nguva dzose, uko huwandu hwayo hunoshandiswa hunotariswa kuti hushande zvakanaka. Kuyera kwakarurama kunowanikwa nekuyera huwandu hwe sodium bisulfite; kuyerwa kwe inline density, uchishandisa matekinoroji akadai se oscillating density metres, inoita kuti maitiro adzorwe nemazvo uye inoderedza marara emakemikari.
Kutevedzera mitemo yezvakatipoteredza pakushandisa electroplating facilities kunoda kuti chromium ine hexavalent irambe ichideredzwa kusvika pasi pemiganhu yepamutemo isati yaburitswa mvura yakasviba. Mitemo inobva kuUS EPA neEU inowanzo rambidza huwandu hweCr(VI) hunotenderwa kusvika pasi pe0.05 mg/L mutsvina. Kutevedzera mitemo iyi kunoda kutarisa chromium ion panguva chaiyo, kuyerwa kwehuwandu hwemagetsi, uye kushanda kwakasimba kwekurapa. Kuyerwa kwehuwandu hwemagetsi panguva imwe chete kwakakosha, sezvo huwandu hwebisulfite husina kunaka kana kudzikiswa kusina kukwana kunosiya huwandu hweCr(VI) huri pamusoro pemiganhu yekutevedzera mitemo, zvichikonzera mutoro wezvakatipoteredza uye zvirango zvinogona kupihwa nemutemo.
Maitiro ekugadzirisa marara nemagetsi ari kuwedzera kusanganisira michina yekutarisa kubva kuvagadziri vakaita saLonnmeter, avo vane hunyanzvi mukugadzira mita dzehuwandu hwema "inline density". Midziyo iyi inopa data rinongoerekana raitika, rinoitwa otomatiki rekutarisa huwandu hwe sodium bisulfite uye rinoita kuti pave nekudzora maitiro ekuderedza chrome.kusvibauyekuwandaKutarisa kunoderedza njodzi, kunosimudzira kuchengetedzeka kwekushanda, uye kunoita kuti pave nekutevedza mitemo yakasimba yekuburitsa mvura yakasviba. Izvi ndizvo zvakakosha pakudzora kusvibiswa kwechromium ine hexavalent uye kurapwa kwechromium mumvura yakasviba munzvimbo dzemaindasitiri.
Kurapa Mvura Yakasviba yeChrome Plating
*
Kushandurwa kweMakemikari: Hexavalent kuenda kuTrivalent Chromium
Maitiro uye Kemistri
Kushandura hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) kuita trivalent chromium (Cr(III)) idanho rakakosha mukuderedza chrome mukushandiswa kwemagetsi ekugadzira uye kurapa mvura yakasviba nemagetsi. Sodium bisulfite solution uye liquid sodium bisulfite zvinhu zvinoshandiswa kubvisa hexavalent chromium, ine chepfu yakawanda, inonyunguduka, uye inofambiswa, kubva mumvura yakasviba. Kuderedzwa uku kunoitika zvakanyanya mumamiriro ezvinhu ane acidic, nekushanda kwakanaka pa pH yakaderera (<4).
Sodium bisulfite inonyanya kufarirwa pane sulfur dioxide nekuti iri nyore kubata, haidi masisitimu ane pressure, uye yakakodzera kudzora dosing. Sulfur dioxide inoshanda semushonga wekuderedza; zvisinei, ine matambudziko ekubata nekuda kwemamiriro ayo egasi uye chepfu. Muzvidzidzo zverabhoritari neindasitiri, sodium bisulfite inobvisa Cr(VI) nguva dzose uye inoshanda, zvichipiwa pH chaiyo uye kudzora dosage, nepo sulfur dioxide inogona kupa mwero wekudzikisa wakafanana asi nekuwedzera kwezvinodiwa zvekushanda uye zvekuchengetedza.
Kubudirira kwekudzikisa kunoenderana zvakanyanya ne pH. pH iri pakati pe 2-3 ndiyo yakanakisisa yekuwedzera mwero uye kukwana kwekushandurwa kweCr(VI) uye kuderedza kushandiswa kwakanyanya kwebisulfite uye kuumbwa kwe secondary sulfate. Sezvo pH ichiwedzera pamusoro pe 4, reaction rate uye efficiency inoderera zvakanyanya, zvichikonzera kudzikira kusina kukwana uye mitengo yakakwira yemakemikari. Nokudaro, inline density measurement uye oscillating density meter technology, yakadai seyakagadzirwa neLonnmeter, iri kushandiswa zvakanyanya pakutarisa density ye sodium bisulfite solutions panguva chaiyo, ichiva nechokwadi chekuti reagent concentration yakakwana inowedzerwa kuti isangane ne hexavalent chromium removal targets uku ichigadzirisa mutengo uye ichideredza marara.
Kuongororwa kwehuwandu hweSodium bisulfite kunobvumirawo kugadziriswa kwehuwandu hwekudya uye kunoderedza kushandiswa zvakanyanya, izvo zvakakosha pakuchengetedza kutevedzera mitemo yekubuda kwemvura yakasviba uye kuderedza mutoro wenzizi dzemvura dzakapfuma musulfate.
Kunaya kwemvura uye Kubviswa
Kana chromium ine hexavalent yaderedzwa nemakemikari kuita trivalent chromium, danho rinotevera imvura inonaya. Cr(III) inoumba chromium hydroxide isinganyungudike kana pH yemushonga yawedzerwa, kazhinji nekuwedzera alkali dzakadai sesodium hydroxide.
Mvura inonaya zvakanaka inoda kudzora pH nokungwarira. pH yakakwana yemvura inonaya chromium hydroxide inowanzova pakati pe7.5 kusvika 9.0. Kana pH yakaderera, hydroxide haizoumbike kana kuti ichanyunguduka zvakare; kana pH yakanyanya, amphoteric dissolve inogona kuitika, zvichikonzera kuwedzera kwechromium mumushonga. Kuwanda kwetrivalent chromium kunokanganisawo kuumbwa kwetimbu uye kugara zvakanaka; kuwanda kweCr(III) kwakakwira kunowedzera kukura kwetimbu, zvichivandudza hunhu hwetsvina uye nyore kwekuparadzaniswa.
Kuti pave nekubata tsvina zvakanaka mukugadzirisa marara nemagetsi, kupatsanura chromium hydroxide precipitate kwakakosha. Nzira dzakadai segravity sedimentation, clarification, uye filtration dzinoshandiswa. Nzira dzakanakisisa dzinosanganisira kuchengetedza pH yakafanana, kugadzirisa flocculant addition, uye kushandisa automated density measurement kutarisa sludge consistency, iyo inobatanidza kuenderana uye kugadzikana kwemaitiro mukurapa chromium mumvura yakasviba.
Kuyerwa kwehuwandu hwemagetsi, uchishandisa zvishandiso zvakaita semamita ehuwandu hwemamita(pfungwa ye density meter oscillation), inopa vanoishandisa mhinduro chaiyo pane zviri muzvinhu zvakasimba uye inobatsira mukugadzirisa maitiro kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti tsvina inobviswa zvakanaka pasina mvura yakawandisa kana chromium ions isina kuderedzwa. Kupatsanurwa uye kubata zvakanaka kwe precipitate kunoderedza kusvibiswa kwechipiri uye kunobatsira kuwana kutevedzera kwakasimba kwezvakatipoteredza kune electroplating facilities.
Muchidimbu, kusanganiswa kwekushandiswa kwakarurama kwe sodium bisulfite mu electroplating, kudzora pH kwakasimba, uye kutarisa maitiro panguva chaiyo—kunofambiswa nezvishandiso zvepamusoro zvakaita sezviri kubva kuLonnmeter—zvinoumba musimboti wenzira dzemazuva ano dzekuderedza chromium mu electroplating uye zvinovimbisa mashandiro ekurapa mvura yakasviba akachengeteka uye anotevedzera mitemo.
Kudzora Maitiro uye Kugadzira Zvishandiso
Zvikamu Zvakakosha zveKutarisa
Kuramba uchitarisa kuderedza hexavalent chromium kwakakosha pakutevedzera maitiro emagetsi emuindasitiri uye kuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza. Zvikamu zvakakosha zvekushanda zvinosanganisira pH, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), uye chromium ion concentration. Kuchengetedza pH mukati mehuwandu hwakakodzera hwe2.0–3.0 kunowedzera kushanda kwekudzikisa kwehexavalent chromium uye kunobvumira kudzora kwakanyatsojeka pamusoro pekuchinja kuenda kutrivalent chromium, kuderedza njodzi dzekusvibiswa uye kuona kuti mitemo inoenderana nekutevedzera mitemo yekuburitsa mvura yakasviba.
Kutarisa ORP kunopa mhinduro nekukurumidza pamusoro pemamiriro e redox, zvichishanda sechiratidzo chekutanga chekubvisa chromium isina kukwana. Ma electrode egoridhe, anodiwa nekuda kwekusashanda kwawo kwemakemikari uye kugadzikana, anopa kushanda kwepamusoro mukuyera mvura yakasviba inoda simba. Kusiyana nedzimwe simbi, goridhe rinodzivirira kusvibiswa uye rinochengetedza zviratidzo zveORP zvakarurama, kunyanya apo kuwanda kwakanyanya kwe chloride, simbi dzinorema, kana tsvina yeorganic kwaizokanganisa zvimwe zvinhu zve electrode. Semuenzaniso, panguva yekudzikisa chrome zvakanyanya, ma electrode egoridhe anochengetedza calibration panguva yekushanda kwenguva refu uye anopa mhedzisiro inodzokororwa kunyangwe pasi pemitoro yemakemikari inochinja-chinja.
Kutarisa ma ion e chromium, kunoitwa nevaongorori venguva chaiyo, kunotarisa kufambira mberi kwekudzikiswa uye kunovimbisa kushandurwa kwakazara. Danho iri rinokosha sezvo chromium ine hexavalent inoramba iripo ichikonzera njodzi huru dzehutano nekutevedzera mitemo mukurapa nekutarisira mvura yakasviba nemagetsi.
Zvishandiso zvekuyera zviri mukati uye zve otomatiki
Kutarisa huwandu hwe sodium bisulfite nenzira yakarurama kwakakosha pakudzora maitiro ekuderedza, sezvo sodium bisulfite ichiwanzo shandiswa senzira yekuderedza huwandu hwe chromium. Kuyera sodium bisulfite yemvura kunofanirwa kuenzaniswa nehukuru hwezvinhu zvakasvibiswa, zvichiita kuti kuyerwa kwe inline density kuve kwakakosha pakurapa tsvina yemumaindasitiri.
Chiyero cheoscillating density meter chinopa chiyero chega, chakabatana nepfungwa yekuona huwandu hwemhinduro kuburikidza nepfungwa yeoscillation yedensity meter. Sezvo huwandu hwesodium bisulfite solution huchienderana zvakananga nehuremu, zvishandiso izvi zvinopa chiyero chinoenderera mberi, chisingapindi. Semuenzaniso, Lonnmeter's oscillating density meters zvinobudirira.shanduko dzehuwandu hwe track, zvichiita kuti pave nekugadzirisa nekukurumidza kwedosi kuti pave nekushandiswa kwe sodium bisulfite mu electroplating scenarios.
Mamita emazuva ano ehuwandu hwemagetsi, kusanganisira anobva kuLonnmeter, anoburitsa chiratidzo che4–20 mA chakajairika, zvichigonesa kubatanidzwa zvakanaka nemasisitimu ekutonga mashandiro otomatiki. Kana akabatanidzwa nemidziyo yeinline pH neORP, anogadzira nzira yekupindura yakavharika. Sisitimu iyi inogadzirisa kuyerwa kwemakemikari uye maparamita ekushanda munguva chaiyo, ichidzivirira kushandiswa zvakanyanya, kusashandiswa zvakanaka, kana kutyorwa kwemitemo mumaitiro ekuderedza chrome. Data kubva muzvishandiso izvi rinoshandiswawo kunyora nguva dzose uye kuzivisa kune vane masimba ekutonga.
Maitiro ekugadzirisa nekugadzirisa akakosha pakuyera kwakavimbika. Zvishandiso zvekuyera huwandu hwemvura mumutsara zvinoda kuyera kwemazinga e zero ne span uchishandisa zviyero zvinozivikanwa zve sodium bisulfite solution kana mvura isina mineralized. Mamita eORP anofanirwa kusimbiswa nema redox buffers akasimbiswa, uye michina ye pH yakaongororwa ne NIST-traceable pH solutions nguva dzese dzekushanda, kunyanya mukurapa chromium kubva mumvura yakasviba.
Kuti zvinyatsoenderana nezvinodiwa nekuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza pakuiswa kwemagetsi uye kudzora kusvibiswa kwechromium ine hexavalent, zvishandiso izvi zvinoyera zvinotsigira:
- Kuyerwa kwehuwandu hwemakemikari otomatiki kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti makemikari anoongororwa nguva dzose
- Kutarisa huwandu hwevanhu panguva chaiyo yekugadzirisa maitiro akasimba
- Tumira mhinduro yako kune masisitimu ePLC kana SCADA uchishandisa 4–20 mA output
Maitiro ekushandisa anokurudzira kuongororwa kwemazuva ese, kucheneswa kwemasensa pamwedzi, uye kuongororwa nguva nenguva maererano nenzira dzekuyera mafambiro emvura murabhoritari kuti zvirambe zvakarurama uye kuderedza kudonha kwemvura. Maitiro aya akagadzirirwa kuchengetedza kugadzikana kwemaitiro, kuchengetedza kutevedzera mitemo, uye kugadzirisa matekiniki ekuderedza chromium munzvimbo dzakasvibiswa dzinoshandiswa nemagetsi.
Kuve nechokwadi chekubvisa Chromium ine Hexavalent Zvinobudirira uye Kutevedzera Mutemo Wezvakatipoteredza
Zvirongwa zvekuchenesa mvura yakasviba zvemagetsi zvakagadzirwa zvichienderana nekutevedzera mitemo yakasimba yekuburitsa mvura ye chromium (Cr(VI)) yakawanda. Kufamba kwemvura kunowanzo tanga nekupatsanurwa kwenzizi dzine chromium uye kunotevera maitiro ekuderedza nekutarisa ane matanho akawanda.
Nzira yekurapa yakajairika inotanga nekugadzirisa pH yemvura yakasviba, wobva wawedzera chinhu chinodzikisa mvura senge sodium bisulfite solution. Danho rekudzikisa rinoshandura chromium ine chepfu ine hexavalent kuita trivalent chromium (Cr(III)), iyo isina chepfu yakawanda uye inogona kuunganidzwa sehydroxide. Kutarisa huwandu hwesodium bisulfite kwakakosha kuti uve nechokwadi chekudzikisa kwakakwana uye kudzivirira kushandiswa kwakawandisa, izvo zvinotungamira kumitengo isingakoshi ye reagent uye kusvibiswa kwechipiri.
Kudzora maitiro epamusoro kunoenderana nekuyera huwandu hwemagetsi mukati memutsara, kunopihwa nehunyanzvi hwakadai semamita ekuwedzera huwandu hwemagetsi kubva kuLonnmeter. Kuyerera kwemeta yekuwedzera huwandu hwemvura inoyerera inoyera huwandu hwe sodium bisulfite yemvura panguva chaiyo, zvichiita kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti inoyerwa zvakanaka panguva yekudzikisa chrome. Kuyera huwandu hwemagetsi mukati memutsetse we electroplating kunogonesa kuteverwa kwesimba re reagent otomatiki, zvichideredza kupindira kwemushandisi uye kukanganisa.
Mushure mekuderedzwa, kujekeswa kunotevera uye kusefa zvinobvisa chromium yetrivalent yakagayiwa. Kuti uone kuti mvura yakasviba inosangana nezvinodiwa zvakatarwa zvekuwanda kwemaion echromium, nzira dzekutevedzera kuburitswa kwemvura yakasviba dzinoda kuongororwa kwakanyatsojeka. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) inzira yegoridhe yekuona mazinga eCr(VI) netotal chromium; hunyanzvi hwayo hunotsigira mishumo yakavimbika yekutonga. Kuongororwa kwecolorimetric, kwakavakirwa pa diphenylcarbazide reaction, inopa chishandiso chekuongorora nekukurumidza chechromium yakasara ine hexavalent, ichigonesa kutarisa nguva nenguva, panzvimbo yacho nekunzwa kwakanyanya.
Kuchengetedza kutevedzera nharaunda pakushanda kwe electroplating kunoenderana nekukwanisa kutarisa nekudzora mhando dze chromium nguva dzose mukurapa kwemvura yakasviba ye chromium workflow. Kuyerwa kwe density otomatiki kunopa mhinduro nekukurumidza yekushandiswa kwe sodium bisulfite mu electroplating, zvichitsigira kudzora kwehuwandu hwe dosing. Kutarisa mhedzisiro kubva kuAAS uye colorimetric assays zvinotariswa pamwe chete nematanho ekutonga - kazhinji ≤0.1 mg/L yeCr(VI) - kusimbisa kushanda kwekudzora kusvibiswa uye kunyora kutevedzera kwezviremera.
Kana nzira yekurapa ikaona huwandu hwakakwira hwe chromium ine hexavalent yakasara, nzira dzekugadzirisa dzakadai sekuwedzera reagent, pH re-optimization, kana nguva refu yekuchengetedza dzinotanga. Kugadziriswa uku kwakasimba, pamwe chete nekutarisa kwakavimbika kwe inline density neLonnmeter metres, kunoita kuti chromium ine hexavalent ishande zvakanaka. Nekubatanidza zvinhu izvi, nzira yekuderedza chrome inoenderana nemazinga ekubvisa chromium ari kuchinja uye inoderedza njodzi dzehutano hwezvakatipoteredza uye hwebasa dzine chekuita nekusangana ne hexavalent chromium.
Maitiro Ekugadzirisa Mashandiro Emaindasitiri
Kutarisa huwandu hwe sodium bisulfite nemazvo kwakakosha pakuderedza kushandiswa kwemakemikari uye mutengo wekuderedza chrome panguva yekurapa mvura yakasviba nemagetsi. Sodium bisulfite solution inoshanda sechinhu chakakosha chekugadzirisa nekushandura maion ane chepfu ane hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) kuita trivalent chromium (Cr(III) yakachengeteka, zvichiita kuti zvikwanisike kutevedzera mitemo yekuburitsa mvura munzvimbo.
Kuyera huwandu hwemvura mumutsara—kushandisa zvishandiso zvakaita semamita ekudzikisa huwandu hwemvura—kunoita basa rakakosha mukutarisa nekudzora huwandu hwe sodium bisulfite. Lonnmeter inline density meter inoramba ichitevera huwandu hwemvura muropa, ichipa mhinduro chaiyo iyo vashandisi vanogona kushandisa kuti vaone huwandu chaihwo hwe sodium bisulfite mumvura mukufamba kwemvura. Ruzivo urwu rwakananga runogonesa kugadzirisa dosing panguva imwe chete, kuderedza marara e reagent uye kuderedza mari yemakemikari. Kuyera kwakagadziridzwa hakungodziviriri chete kushandiswa zvakanyanya kwe sodium bisulfite asiwo kunoderedza njodzi yekuderedzwa kwe chromium ion isina kukwana, izvo zvaizokonzera kutyorwa kwemitemo kana kudiwa kwekudzoserwa mari yakawanda.
Muenzaniso: Munzira yekugadzirisa mvura yakasviba nemagetsi, kubatanidza density meter oscillation yekutarisa bisulfite panguva chaiyo kwakabvumira kudzikiswa kwe reagent kusvika ku15% ukuwo mazinga e chromium ari pasi pemiganhu yemutemo. Kutarisa density yenguva chaiyo kunotsigira kugadzikana kwekushanda nekuona kushanduka-shanduka kwemaitiro kusingatarisirwi pakutanga, senge kushanduka kamwe kamwe muhuwandu hwetsvina kana huwandu hwetsvina. Kupindura uku kunoderedza nguva inodhura yekushanda uye kunoderedza njodzi dzekutevedzera nharaunda.
Kutarisira hunhu hwetsvina uye hunhu hwetsvina kunokanganisawo mashandiro ekushanda uye mutengo. Kubviswa kwechromium ine hexavalent kubva muindasitiri yemagetsi inoburitsa tsvina, iyo kana ikasanganiswa zvakanyanya, inogona kukanganisa kusvibiswa kwechromium ine trivalent inotevera uye kusefa. Kutarisa zvinobudirira—kushandisa inline density measurement yema electroplating applications uye analytics yakatariswa—kunoita kuti hunhu hwetsvina hurambe hwakanaka pakubata nekurasa. Kudzora kwakakodzera mamiriro etsvina uye kuumbwa kwetsvina kunogona kubatsira kuderedza mitoro yemvura mushure mekushanda, kuderedza mari yekurasa, uye kuderedza njodzi yekupfuura mwero wekutevedzera kuburitswa kwetsvina.
Kuongororwa kwe chromium ion, pamwe chete nekuyerwa kwe inline density, kunopa ruzivo rwakakosha rwekuvandudza mashandiro. Semuenzaniso, kutara density values pamwe chete ne chromium reduction rates kunoita kuti mapoka akwanise kukurumidza kubatanidza shanduko dze dosing nemigumisiro chaiyo ye process. Kinetic removal curve inoratidza kuti kuchengetedza sodium bisulfite concentration pa optimal threshold kukurumidzisa Cr(VI) conversion ne35%, zvichienzaniswa ne batch processing pasina continuous feedback:
-- ...
| Nguva (min) | Kubviswa kweCr(VI) (%) | Kuwanda kwemasero (g/cm³) |
|------------|----------------------|-------------------|
| 0 | 0 | 1.02 |
| 15 | 60 | 1.06 |
| 30 | 90 | 1.10 |
| 45 | 98 | 1.13 |
-- ...
Data remashandiro nekuongorora zvinhu zvinowedzera kugadzirisa matekiniki ekuderedza chrome mu electroplating nekugonesa predictive dosing uye kugadzirisa nekukurumidza kutsauka. Kuramba uchitarisa hunhu hwemhinduro—senge density kuburikidza ne oscillating density metres—kunotsigira kukurumidza kuona kusawirirana kwemakemikari. Advanced process analytics inoshandisa zviyero izvi zvenguva chaiyo kutungamira kushandiswa kwe sodium bisulfite mu electroplating, zvichideredza mari ye reagent uye kugadzirwa kwe byproduct, izvo zvinoita kuti electroplating waste management ive nyore uye zvinowedzera kushanda zvakanaka kwesystem.
Kuyerwa kwehuwandu hwe inline density ye electroplating hakungotsigire chete kudzora kusvibiswa kwe chromium ine hexavalent, asiwo kunosimbisa kutevedzera nharaunda pakushanda kwe electroplating. Ne tekinoroji yeLonnmeter yakabatanidzwa panzvimbo dzakakosha mukufamba kwemaitiro, zvivakwa zvinogona kuchengetedza huwandu hwe chromium nechivimbo, kusangana nezvinodiwa nemutemo, uye kuchengetedza mashandiro eindasitiri akagadzikana pasina kushandiswa zvakanyanya kwemakemikari kana njodzi yenharaunda.
Kugadzirisa Matambudziko uye Kugadzirisa
Matambudziko Akajairika: Kuchetura muSensor, Kusashandisa Reagent Zvakanaka, Kuchinja-chinja kweInstrumentation
Mukurapa mvura yakasviba kuburikidza ne chrome reduction process, kutarisa panguva chaiyo kwehuwandu hwe sodium bisulfite uye kuderedza chromium ion kunoenderana nema sensors anowanikwa munzvimbo dzine hukasha. Chepfu ye sensor, inowanzo kukonzerwa nekuiswa kwe hexavalent chromium, trivalent chromium, nezvimwe zvinosvibisa, inokanganisa kuyerwa kwakarurama kwe inline density uye kutarisa sodium bisulfite solution. Ma deposits anoumbwa pama probes nema electrodes, zvichikonzera kudzikira kwekunzwa, kuverenga kusina kurongeka, kana kurasikirwa zvachose kwebasa. Heavy metal ions uye suspended solids zvinogona kuvhara nzvimbo dze sensor, nepo acidity kana oxidative conditions inogona kukanganisa zvikamu zve sensor, zvichikurumidzisa instrumentation drift uye kusagadzikana kwesignal.
Kusashandisa reagent zvakanaka, kunyanya ne liquid sodium bisulfite, kunowedzera kuoma kudzora maitiro. Kusashandisa chromium zvakakwana kunogona kukonzera kudzikira kwakakwana kwe hexavalent chromium, zvichikonzera kusatevedzera mitemo yekubuda kwemvura yakasviba. Kushandisa chemicals zvakanyanya kunowedzera mitengo yemakemikari uye kunogona kukonzera kusvibiswa kusingakoshi. Kufamba kwezvishandiso—kuchinja kwemhinduro yekutanga nekuda kwezera re sensor, kusvibiswa, kana kuora kwezvinhu—kunokonzera kutarisa kwehuwandu hwe sodium bisulfite kusingavimbike uye kunoda kugadziriswa nguva nenguva kudzivirira zvikanganiso mu automated dosing kana feedback systems. Matambudziko aya anoita kuti kuyerwa kwakasimba, kunoramba kuripo kwe chromium conversion kuve kwakakosha pakutevedzera nharaunda munzvimbo dzemaindasitiri.
Mazano ekugadzirisa maProbes, Electrodes, uye Density Meters
Kugadzirisa nguva dzose kwakakosha kuderedza migumisiro yehupfu hwe sensor uye kufambisa kwemidziyo. Ma probe nema electrode anofanirwa kuongororwa nguva nenguva kuti aone kana paine kusvibiswa kunoonekwa, kuchinja kweruvara, kana kukuvara kwemuviri. Maitiro ekuchenesa anoenderana nerudzi rwe sensor nemamiriro ekushanda kwayo. Kuchenesa nemechanical (semuenzaniso, mabhurashi akapfava kana ma wipers) kunogona kubvisa tunhu tudiki nemafirimu epamusoro. Kuchenesa otomatiki kwe ultrasonic kwakabatanidzwa mu probe assembly kunobatsira kubvisa ma deposits munguva chaiyo pasina kuda process downtime.
Maitiro ekuchenesa nemakemikari—achishandisa maasidhi akasanganiswa, mabhesi, kana zvinonyungudutsa zvakanongedzerwa—anobvisa scale inogara iripo, metal oxide layers, uye organic fouling. Mushure mekuchenesa, masensa anofanirwa kusukurudzwa zvakanaka nemvura yakabviswa ion kuti adzivise kusvibiswa kwechipiri. Maprobes nemaelectrodes akagadzirwa nePTFE, platinum, kana zvimwe zvinhu zvinodzivirira ngura zvinowanzoratidza kusimba kwakawedzerwa pakusvibiswa uye zvinoda kucheneswa kushoma.
Mamita ekudzikisa huremu hwemvura, akadai seaya akagadzirwa neLonnmeter, anofanirwa kuenzaniswa uchishandisa zvinwiwa zvine certification reference panguva dzakatarwa nemaitiro ekugadzikana uye mazano emugadziri. Kuongororwa nguva nenguva kunoita kuti kudonha kana kusvibiswa kwemvura kusakanganise kurongeka kwekuyera huremu hwemvura, izvo zvakakosha pakudzora huwandu hwe sodium bisulfite panguva yekubvisa hexavalent chromium. Chero zviratidzo zveruzha kana kusagadzikana kwechiratidzo chekudzikisa huremu hwemvura zvinogona kuratidza kusvibiswa kana kuora kwemidziyo uye zvinofanirwa kukurudzira kuongororwa nekucheneswa nekukurumidza.
Tsiva magasket, zvisimbiso, nezvimwe zvikamu zvakanyoroveswa panguva dzakakurudzirwa kudzivirira kubuda kwemvura uye chengetedza nguva refu ye sensor munzizi dzemvura dzakasviba dzinoda makemikari. Chengetedza rondedzero yebasa yakadzama inoratidza zviito zvekugadzirisa, zviitiko zvekugadzirisa, zvikanganiso zvisingatarisirwi, uye nguva dzekupindura kuti ubatsire kuona matambudziko anowanzoitika uye kugadzirisa kugadzirisa mune ramangwana.
Magadzirirwo eararm uye zvikanganiso zvisina njodzi
Masisitimu ekuyambira neasingakuvadzi ndiwo akakosha pakuchengetedza kutevedzera mitemo uye kudzivirira kukanganiswa kwemaitiro ekugadzirisa mvura yakasviba nemagetsi. Zviyero zvakakosha—zvinosanganisira kuwanda kwe sodium bisulfite, kuwanda kwe inline, kugona kuderedza, uye mwero wekuyerera kwemvura—zvinofanirwa kunge zvine alarm thresholds dzakarongwa musystem dzekutonga maitiro echigadzirwa. Alarm dzinonyanya kukosha dzinofanira kutanga kana kuyerwa kwe inline density kuchiratidza kutsauka kubva pa setpoints ye sodium bisulfite solution kana kana zvinangwa zvekuderedza chromium ion zvisina kusvikwa.
Ma "alamu" anobva kuma "key sensors", akadai seLonnmeter inline density metres, anofanira kunge akabatana zvakananga nema "process interlocks" anomisa ma "dosing pombi" kana kutsausa mvura yakasviba isingaenderane nezvinodiwa nema "holding tanks". Nzira dzekudzivirira dambudziko dzinofanira kuve nechokwadi chekuti, kana sensor ikatadza kushanda (sekunge "resistant zero signal" kana kuti "out-of-range reading"), system inodzokera kune yakachengeteka zvikuru—semuenzaniso, kumisa "chromium reduction dosing" kana kuparadzanisa "infected treatment lines".
Kunonoka kwemaaramu uye ma "deadbands" kunoderedza ma "alarms" anokonzeresa kushanduka kudiki kwema "process", asi ma "alarms" anofanirwa kuratidza miganhu yekuburitsa chromium nezvimwe zvinhu zvine njodzi. Munzvimbo dzakasimbiswa, "redundancy" - uchishandisa ma "parallel sensors" kana "backup density meters" - inogona kudzivirira kurasikirwa nedata kubva pakukuvadzwa kwemasensa kana kutadza kwemidziyo. Kuongororwa kwema "alarms" nguva dzose uye "interlocks", kwakasimbiswa nekufamba chaiko kwema "process", kunodiwa kuti kuve nechokwadi chekuti mushandi anogamuchira mhinduro uye kudzivirira kutyorwa kwemitemo mukuburitswa kwemvura yakasviba mumaindasitiri.
Kugadziriswa kwakarongeka, kugadziriswa kwealamu nenguva, uye mhinduro yakasimba isina njodzi zvinoumba hwaro hwekutarisa huwandu hwesodium bisulfite hwakavimbika, kudzora kusvibiswa kwechromium ine hexavalent, uye manejimendi ekuchengetedza marara emagetsi anotenderera nguva dzose.
Kuderedza chrome zvakanaka mukushandiswa kwemagetsi mumaindasitiri kunoenderana nenzira yakarongeka yekudzora makemikari, kutarisa, uye kutevedzera nharaunda. Chinhu chikuru chekubvisa hexavalent chromium kuchengetedza mamiriro eacid akakodzera—kazhinji pa pH 3—kuti sodium bisulfite ishandiswe zvakanaka, kuve nechokwadi chekuti chromium ine njodzi (Cr(VI)) inoshanduka kuita trivalent chromium (Cr(III)) yakachengeteka sezvinokurudzirwa nemasangano anotonga uye inotsigirwa nemakambani eindasitiri. Kuchengeta sodium bisulfite solution yakayerwa ka3-5 kupfuura molar Cr(VI) kunobatsira kuvimbisa kudzikira nekukurumidza, kwakakwana uye mvura inofungidzirwa yechromium panguva yekurapa kunotevera.
Kutarisa huwandu hwe sodium bisulfite panguva chaiyo kwakakosha kuti pave nekunyatsoshanda zvakanaka. Matekinoroji ekuyera huwandu hwe sodium bisulfite, akadai seaya akavakirwa pamitemo ye oscillating density meter, anopa vashandisi nzira dzekugara vachitevera simba uye kugadzikana kwe liquid sodium bisulfite feeds. Kubatanidza automated density metres mukuita uku kunogonesa kugadziriswa kwakanyatsojeka kwedosi, kunoderedza kushandiswa zvakanyanya kwemakemikari, uye nekukurumidza kuona chero kusiyana kubva mumamiriro ezvinhu akakodzera ekudyisa. Iyi level yepamusoro yekudzora inotsigira kinetics yekuderedza chromium nguva dzose uye kutevedzera mitemo yekuburitsa mukati uye zvisungo zvepamutemo zvekutevedzera kuburitswa kwemvura yakasviba.
Kutarisa chromium ion nemazvo kunotsigirawo kutevedzera kwakasimba kwezvakatipoteredza kune electroplating facilities. Kuyera inline density ye electroplating hakungoteveri kuderedza agent feeds chete asiwo kunozivisa dzimwe nzvimbo dzakakosha dzekudzora mukurapa chromium mumvura yakasviba, zvichibatsira vashandi kuwana mwero wakavimbika wekubvisa kusvibiswa uye kuderedza njodzi dzekudzora kusvibiswa kwechromium. Kushandisa automated, real-time density monitoring mukati me chrome reduction process kunoderedza kukanganisa kwevashandi uye kunoderedza kuvimba nekushandisa manual sampling inotora nguva, zvichitsigira kushanda zvakanaka uye kutevedzera mitemo yezvakatipoteredza.
Kubatanidzwa kwetekinoroji, kunosanganisira zvishandiso zvepamusoro zvakaita sekuwanda kwemukatiuyemita dzekuyeresa viscositykubva kumakambani akadai seLonnmeter, inoita kuti maitiro ekuderedza chrome arambe akavimbika uye anoshanda panguva dzakasiyana-siyana dzemashavha uye huwandu hwakasiyana hwemvura yakasviba. Kuyera kwakavimbika kunogonesa mainjiniya ekugadzirisa kuti vapindure nekukurumidza kune shanduko, kusangana nematekiniki ekuderedza chromium mukushandisa electroplating, uye kugadzirisa nzira dzekuyera sezvinodiwa kuti zvienderane nenharaunda. Maitiro aya anotsigira manejimendi ekuchengetedza marara eelectroplating uye anobvumira kusangana nekudzokororwa kwezvirambidzo zvekuburitsa pasina kushandiswa kwemakemikari zvisina kufanira kana njodzi yenharaunda.
Kubatanidzwa kwekutarisa kwakanyatsojeka kwehuwandu hwe sodium bisulfite, kuyerwa kwe inline density, uye kudzora kwakazara kwemaitiro kunoumba hwaro hwemaitiro emazuva ano, anotevedzera pamutemo, uye anoshanda ekubvisa chromium. Kutarisa kwakasimba uye kubatanidzwa kwetekinoroji hazvisi kungovandudza chete - ikozvino ndizvo zvinodiwa zvikuru mukuita mashandiro anoshanda zvakanaka, akajeka, uye ane hanya nezvakatipoteredza.
Mibvunzo Inowanzo bvunzwa
Mushonga we sodium bisulfite unobatsira sei kubvisa chromium ine hexavalent kubva mumvura yakasviba inoputirwa nemagetsi?
Sodium bisulfite solution chinhu chinodzikisa chinoshandiswa mukuderedza chrome kushandura hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)), chinhu chinokonzera kenza uye chine chepfu yakawanda, kuita chromium yakachengeteka yetrivalent (Cr(III)).
Maitiro aya anoitika zvakanaka mumamiriro ezvinhu ane acidic (pH 2–5), nekudzikira kwechromium kuchiita kuti chromium hydroxide iwedzere kana pH yagadziriswa kusvika pamazinga ealkaline, zvichiita kuti ibviswe mumvura yakasviba. Maitiro aya anogonesa nzvimbo kuti dzikwanise kutevedzera mitemo yekubuda kwemvura yakasviba nekudzikisa huwandu hweCr(VI) pasi pemiganhu yekuona, zvichideredza njodzi dzezvakatipoteredza nedzehutano.
Chii chinorehwa nekuyera inline density mukuita kwekuderedza chrome?
Kuyera huwandu hwemvura mumagetsi kwakakosha pakudzora huwandu hwemvura mu sodium bisulfite panguva yekudzikiswa kwe hexavalent chromium mumaindasitiri. Mamita ekuwedzera huwandu hwemvura mumagetsi, akadai seaya anogadzirwa neLonnmeter, anopa kuongororwa kwehuwandu hwe sodium bisulfite panguva chaiyo. Izvi zvinoita kuti chiyero chakanaka che reductant chiwedzerwe, zvichiwedzera kushanda kweCr(VI) kuderedza ukuwo zvichideredza marara e reagent. Mafambiro ekufamba kwemvura mumagetsi aya anoenderana zvakananga nehuwandu hwemvura mumagetsi, zvichipa mhinduro nekukurumidza inochengetedza kudzora kwemaitiro nguva dzose, inoderedza mari yekushanda, uye inodzivirira kutadza kutevedzera mitemo.
Sei kutarisa chromium ion nguva dzose kwakakosha pakutevedzera nharaunda mu electroplating?
Kuramba uchitarisa huwandu hwe chromium ion—kazhinji uchishandisa spectrophotometry kana colorimetry—kunodiwa kuti uve nechokwadi chekuti mvura yakasviba inoputirwa nemagetsi inoramba iri mukati memiganhu yemutemo yekuburitsa chromium ine hexavalent. Kudzora kwakasimba pa 0.1 mg/L kana pasi payo kunowanzodiwa nevakuru vezvekuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza kudzivirira kusvibiswa kwe chromium ine hexavalent. Kuyera kwenguva chaiyo kunobvumira kugadziriswa kwemaitiro nekukurumidza, kuderedza njodzi yekutyorwa kwemitemo, faindi, uye kukuvara kwezvakatipoteredza kubva mukuderedza kusina kukwana kana kushanduka kwemaitiro.
pH inoita basa rei panguva yekushandurwa kubva ku hexavalent kuenda ku trivalent chromium?
Kudzora pH kwakakosha pakuderedza makemikari uye matanho anotevera ekunaya kwe chromium. Mamiriro eacidic (kazhinji pH 2–5) anodiwa panguva yekuderedza reaction, sezvo achichengetedza hexavalent chromium mumafomu ayo e ionic anonyanya kushanda. Mushure mekuderedza, pH yemhinduro inokwidzwa (kazhinji >8.5) kuti Cr(III) ive chromium hydroxide. Kugadziriswa kwepH kwakakodzera kunoita kuti reaction ikurumidze, kunowedzera kushanda zvakanaka kwekubvisa, kunoderedza kushandiswa kwemakemikari, uye kunoita kuti kuparadzaniswa kwetsvina uye kuraswa kwayo kuve nyore.
Mita dze oscillating density dzinogona sei kuvandudza kuongororwa kwe sodium bisulfite concentration?
Miyero ye oscillating density inoshandiswa pakutarisa huwandu hwe sodium bisulfite nekuti inobvumira kunyatsoongorora,chiyero chemukatipasina chikonzero chekutora sampuro nemaoko. Musimboti wechubhu inodedera unobatanidza zvakananga kuchinja kwema frequency e oscillation kune shanduko muhuwandu hwe solution, zvichibvumira mhinduro otomatiki kune masisitimu e chemical dosing. Kutarisa kwakarurama kwehuwandu hwe real-time kunodzivirira zvese overdosing, izvo zvinowedzera mari yekushanda uye sulfate byproducts, uye low dosing, izvo zvinogona kukonzera kudzikira kwe chromium isina kukwana uye kusatevedzera mitemo. Nekubatanidza Lonnmeter devices, process stability uye dosing control ye sodium bisulfite application mu electroplating zvinovandudzika zvakanyanya, zvichiita kuti chromate irambe ichishanda zvakanaka uye yakavimbika.
Nguva yekutumira: Zvita-10-2025
