Bayer Process for Alumina Production

Pfupiso yeBayerMaitiro ekugadzira Alumina

IyoBayerMaitiro ekugadzira alumina anoshandura bauxite ore kuita alumina yakachena kuburikidza nematanho makuru einjiniya. Danho rega rega rinoshandisa zvinhu zvakanyatsonaka uye mashandisirwo ekushandisa kuti riwedzere goho uye kuchena.

Bauxite inotanga yapwanywa yogayiwa kuti iwedzere nzvimbo yayo pamusoro pechinhu ichi kuti iite makemikari. Hukuru hwezvimedu zvakapfava hunowanikwa ne mineral crushers hunokosha kuti sodium hydroxide ipinde zvakanaka panguva yekugaya. Zvinhu zviri muvhu zvinozopihwa kune digester system.

Munguva yekugaya bauxite, bauxite yakapwanywa inosanganiswa ne sodium hydroxide solution inopisa, yakabatana pasi pekumanikidzwa kwakanyanya uye tembiricha dziri pakati pe140°C ne280°C. Munzvimbo iyi, sodium hydroxide inonyungudutsa zvicherwa zvine aruminiyamu (gibbsite, boehmite, diaspore) nekuda kwehunhu hwayo hwe amphoteric, ichishandura alumina kuita sodium aluminate solution. Maitiro akajairika anosanganisira:

Al(OH)₃(s) + NaOH(aq) → NaAlO₂(aq) + 2H₂O(l)

Kusachena kwakadai se iron oxides, silica, uye titanium dioxide hazvinyungudutswi zvakanyanya uye zvinoumba matope matsvuku. Kuwanda kwe sodium hydroxide mukugaya bauxite kwakakosha—kushoma kwazvo kunogumira pakubviswa kwealumina, nepo kuwanda kuchiwedzera mitengo uye zvinodiwa zve caustic cycling.

Mhinduro dzeKuchenesa Alumina

Kupatsanurwa kwemvura yakasimba muBayer mushure mekugaya. Zvikamu zvekujekesa—zvichishandisa matangi ekugadzirisa kana masisitimu ekusefa—zvinogonesa kupatsanurwa kwevhu dzvuku nekukurumidza (zvisaririra zvisinganyunguduki) kubva musodium aluminate liquor. Kuyerwa kwehuwandu hweslurry hunoshanda muBayer uchishandisa zvishandiso zvakaita seLonnmeter density metres kunoita kuti michina iwane huwandu hwakafanana hwepulp, izvo zvakakosha pakushanda zvakanaka kweseruration uye throughput.

Kugadzirwa kwevhu dzvuku chinhu chisingadzivisike panguva ino. Chinonyanya kuumbwa ne iron oxides, silica, trace alumina, uye sodium compounds. Kutarisirwa kwevhu dzvuku kunotarisa pakuchengetwa kwakachengeteka, kusaita kuti zvinhu zvisashande zvakanaka, uye zvakanyanya, pakuwedzera kukosha kwemarara kuburikidza nekudzoreredza simbi, kugadzira zvinhu zvekuvaka, uye kusefa kwepamusoro uchishandisa simbi nesimbi zvinobatsira kuderedza hunyoro nehukuru.

Mushure mekujekeswa, sodium aluminate liquor inopinda muchikamu chekunaya kwemvura. Aluminium hydroxide inogadzirwa kubva mumusanganiswa—inowanzo konzerwa nekudzvanywa nemakristaro akambogadzirwa, kutonhora, uye kusanganiswa. Danho iri rinoburitsa Al(OH)₃ precipitate ukuwo richigadzirazve sodium hydroxide kuti idzokororwe mukuita uku kuburikidza ne:

NaAlO₂(aq) + 2H₂O(l) → Al(OH)₃(s) + NaOH(aq)

Al(OH)₃ inounganidzwa inobva yagezwa uye yaiswa calcium. Makilni anoshanda pamusoro pe1000°C anoora hydroxide, zvichiita kuti alumina yakaoma, isina mvura (Al₂O₃) yakakodzera kunatswa kuita aluminium yesimbi.

Danho rega rega—kupwanya, kugaya, kujekesa, kunaya kwemvura, uye kukora—rinoda kugadziriswa kwakanyatsonaka. Semuenzaniso, kudzora kuwanda kweslurry mu bauxite digester feed system kunokanganisa zvakananga goho re alumina uye kupatsanurwa kwemabasa. Kutarisirwa kwakakodzera kwe sodium hydroxide solution kunoderedza kurasikirwa kwe caustic uye kunovandudza kudzokorodza. Midziyo yepamusoro yekuchenesa alumina ikozvino yawedzerwa nekuvandudzwa mukugaya kwe electroreductive uye oxidative, izvo zvinoita kuti alumina idzoke zvakanyanya, kunyanya kubva kuma bauxite emhando yepasi kana ane chlorite yakawanda.

Nzira dzinoshanda dzekurasa matope matsvuku uye matekinoroji ekushandisa hazvingodziviriri njodzi dzezvakatipoteredza chete asiwo zvinosimudzira kuchengetedzeka kwemaitiro eBayer ebauxite. Maindasitiri ikozvino anobatanidza kudzora kuwanda kwematope mukugadzirisa zvicherwa uye kuisa zvishandiso zvekuyera panguva chaiyo, pamwe chete neMita yekuwanda kweLonnmeterinowanzo shandiswa pakunyatsorurama kweBayer alumina process streams. Kuwana alumina yakachena uye kuderedza kukanganiswa kwezvakatipoteredza kunoenderana nekudzora kwakanyatsogadzirwa, kuyera makemikari, uye manejimendi akangwara ezvigadzirwa mukati mematanho ese ekubvisa alumina.

Kugaya Bauxite: Pfungwa Dzinokosha uye Maitiro Ekuita

Kugayiwa kweBauxite ndiyo danho rekutanga rakakosha muBayer rekugadzira alumina, rakagadzirirwa kubvisa alumina kubva mumatombo ebauxite uchishandisa mhinduro ye caustic sodium hydroxide. Chinangwa chikuru ndechekushandura zvicherwa zvine aruminiyamu—kunyanya gibbsite, boehmite, kana diaspore—kuita sodium aluminate inonyungudika, zvichisiya tsvina kuti ibviswe gare gare.

Maitiro Emakemikari Akakosha muBayerDanho rekugaya

Munguva yekugaya bauxite, sodium hydroxide solution inoshanda se reactant uye solvent. Kana iri bauxite ine gibbsite yakawanda, reaction inobudirira zvakanaka patembiricha iri pakati nepakati (140–150°C):

Kugayiwa kwenzvimbo yegibbs:
Al(OH)₃ (s) + NaOH (aq) → NaAlO₂ (aq) + 2H₂O

Kune zvicherwa zve boehmite ne diaspore, tembiricha yakakwira (220–280°C) inodiwa nekuda kwekufamba kwenguva zvishoma nezvishoma kwe dissolving kinetics:

Kugayiwa kweBoehmite:
AlO(OH) (s) + NaOH (aq) → NaAlO₂ (aq) + H₂O

Zvicherwa zvesilica zvakaita se quartz ne kaolinite zvinoshandawo ne caustic, dzimwe nguva zvichikonzera kuumbwa kwe sodium-silicate isingadiwe, izvo zvinoda kuderedzwa kuburikidza nekudzora maitiro uye pamwe nekuwedzera lime. Kutarisira huwandu hwe sodium hydroxide kwakakosha pakuvandudza goho re alumina uye kuderedza kurasikirwa kwe caustic nematope matsvuku.

Sisitimu Yekudya Kwemudumbu: Kuumbwa uye Kubatanidzwa Kwemuviri

Kugayiwa kweBauxite muBayer alumina kunotanga nekugadzira slurry yakafanana—musanganiswa wakagadzirwa zvakanaka webauxite yakakuyiwa zvakanaka nedoro rinopisa. Matanho akakosha pakugadzirira system yekudyisa ndeaya:

Kukuya kweBauxite kuwedzera nzvimbo yepamusoro uye kukurudzira kukurumidza kuita basa.
Kusanganisa ne sodium hydroxide liquor yakadzokororwa pachiyero chakatarwa kuti pave nehuwandu hwakanaka hwe reactant.
Wedzera mvura yekuzora kana lime kana zvichidikanwa kuti ugadzirise huwandu hwetsvina uye huwandu hwezvinhu zvinopisa.

Midziyo yemazuva ano yekuchenesa alumina inoshandisa masisitimu epamusoro ekusanganisa. Kushanda kwemakemikari emakombiyuta uye kuongorora nguva yekugara kwakaratidza kukosha kwekufanana kwekudya: dhizaini yeimpeller, nzvimbo yebaffle, uye magadzirirwo ekupinda/kubuda zvinotamba basa guru mukugaya uye kushanda zvakanaka kwekubvisa. Kuumbwa kweslurry yakafanana kunotsigira kubviswa kwealumina nguva dzose, kunoita kuti kupatsanurwa kwemvura yakasimba neyakasimba kuve nyore muBayer, uye kunoita kuti kugadzirisa madhaka matsvuku kuve nyore.

Kukanganiswa kwekushanduka kwekudya, kuumbwa kwetsvina, uye tembiricha pakushanda kwekugaya chikafu

Kuumbwa kwezvikafu zvine mineralology uye slurry ndizvo zvinonyanya kukosha pakugaya zvakanaka muBayer process. Kuchinja kwebauxite—kungave kubva mukuchera, kusanganisa zvinhu zvakachengetwa, kana kusiyana kwenzvimbo—kunokanganisa zvakananga huwandu hwegibbsite, boehmite, silica phases, uye iron oxides. Kusiyana uku kunokanganisa tembiricha inodiwa pakugaya, nguva yekugara, uye kushandiswa kwesodium hydroxide.

Kuwanda kwesimbi kana silica kunogona kuderedza goho realumina uye kuwedzera kurasikirwa nevhu dzvuku. Kuyera huwandu hwemvura inotsvedza panguva chaiyo yeBayer uchishandisa michina yakaita seLonnmeter density meter kwakakosha, zvichibvumira kugadziriswa nekukurumidza muhuwandu hwekudya uye mareti ereactant.

Kutarisira tembiricha chimwe chinhu chakakosha—zvigayiwa zvegibbsite zvinoshanda zvakanaka patembiricha yepakati, nepo boehmitic ne diasporic bauxite zvingada tembiricha yepamusoro uye nguva yakareba yekugara. Kugadzira CFD modelling uye kugadzirisa zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana mukugadzirira chikafu kunobatsira kuratidza kuti shanduko mukugadzirwa kweslurry, agitation, kana tembiricha inokanganisa sei kudzoreredzwa kwealumina uye kushandiswa kwesimba munzvimbo dzemaindasitiri.

Maitiro eBayer ekugadzira matope matsvuku nealumina

Kugadzirisa Maitiro Ekugaya Bauxite Kuti Ive Nemafuta Akasiyana-siyana

Kugadzirisa kusiyana kwematombo idambudziko rinoramba riripo muBayer alumina process. Mabauxite akapfuma muGibbsite akanaka, anoda simba shoma uye mamiriro ekunze akapfava, nepo mabauxite eboehmitic nediasporic achida kugadziriswa kwakasimba:

Kugaya zvakanakaInowanzo shandiswa pakugadzira matombo akaomarara, zvichiwedzera mashandiro awo uye zvichivandudza mwero wekudzoserwa kwealumina.
Kusanganisa simbi uye "kuita kuti iwedzere kunaka"—kuwedzera zvikamu zvinogayiwa zviri nyore—gadzirisa chaji yebauxite uye unotsigira kushandiswa zvakanaka kwe sodium hydroxide solution.
Kudzora kwakasimba kwehuwandu hweslurry uye huwandu hwesodium hydroxideinoderedza matambudziko anokonzerwa nekusiyana kwezvicherwa, zvakaita sekuvharika kwemafirita uye mvura isingadiwe.

Kugadzira modhi yemaprosesa kunobatsira kunatsiridza mashandiro emhando dzematombo chaiwo, ukuwo kudzora huwandu hwemadota mukugadzirisa zvicherwa kunoita kuti chikafu chemugodhi chirambe chiri mukati memhando dzakakodzera dzekuburitsa nekuparadzanisa matombo.

Zvidzidzo zvinoratidza kuti maindasitiri anoshandisa nzira dzekugadzirisa chikafu—sekusanganisa nzira uye kusarudza matombo anoshandiswa—anoita basa rakanaka, kunyangwe paine zvinhu zvakaoma zvinopinda mubauxite. Kugadzirisa uku kwakakosha pakubvisa alumina kwenguva refu uye kunobatsira nzira dzinoshanda dzekubvisa madhaka matsvuku.

Kubata matombo akasiyana-siyana ebauxite muchikamu chekugaya saka kunoda nzira yakarongeka: hunhu hwemineral, kuyerwa kwehuwandu hweslurry panguva chaiyo, kugadzirisa michina, uye kudzora maitiro aripo kuti zviwedzere kushanda zvakanaka kwekugaya uye goho realumina ukuwo zvichideredza kurasikirwa necaustic, kudiwa kwesimba, uye kukanganisa nharaunda.

Basa Rakakosha reKuyera Kuwanda kweSlurry nePulp

Kuyera huwandu hwebauxite pulp density panguva chaiyo ndiko kwakakosha pakudzora mashandiro eBayer pakugadzirwa kwealumina. Kudzora kwakaringana pamusoro pehuwandu hweslurry pa digester feed system kunochengetedza chiyero chakakodzera pakati pezvakasimba ne sodium hydroxide solution yeBayer process, zvichivandudza dissolving kinetics uye goho panguva yekugaya bauxite. Mhinduro dzinobva pakarepo kubva kumamita ehuwandu hwevanhuSezvakaita Lonnmeter, zvinovimbisa kuti zvinogadziriswa nekukurumidza, zvichideredza kutsauka uye zvinochengetedza zvinangwa zvekugaya zvakanaka.

Kuwanda kwetsvina kunokanganisa zvakananga mwero uye kukwana kwematanho ekubvisa alumina. Kuwanda kwetsvina kunogona kukanganisa kusanganiswa uye kutamiswa kwekupisa, zvichideredza reactivity yebauxite necaustic soda uye kuderedza kupora kwealumina. Kuwanda kwetsvina kunogona kuderedza huwandu hwetsvina uye kunonotsa reaction, zvichikonzera kushandiswa kwemakemikari zvisina kunaka uye kuwedzera kugadzirwa kwematope matsvuku. Zvidzidzo zvinoratidza kuti kudzora huwandu mukati memazinga akakodzera kunotungamira kune caustic ratios dzakagadzikana, kupatsanurwa kwemvura yakasimba-yakasimba muBayer process, uye goho repamusoro realumina-kusanganisira kuvandudzwa kwekutonga kwekusvibiswa uye kuderedzwa kwekushandiswa kwe reagent.

Kuyera huwandu hwezvinhu uye kudzora zvinokanganisawo mashandiro emidziyo. Semuenzaniso, slurry yakakora zvakanyanya inoremedza mapombi, maagitator, uye zvivakwa zvepombi, zvichiwedzera kupfeka, zvichiwedzera nguva yekugadzirisa, uye kuwedzera kushandiswa kwesimba panguva yekusanganisa, kupisa, crystallization, uye calcination mukugadzirwa kwealumina. Kuwanda kwakarongeka nguva dzose kunoita kuti pave nekushushikana kwakaderera kwemuchina uye simba rinotarisirwa zviri nyore. Kuenderana kwemhando yechigadzirwa, senge kugoverwa kwehukuru hwezvidimbu uye hunyoro, zvinoenderana zvakananga nekudzora kusimba kwakasimba muzvikamu zvese zvemidziyo yekuchenesa alumina.

Kutarisa huwandu hwemapundu kunobatanidzwa mumabasa ese eAlumina Bayer, kwete chete panguva yekugaya. Nzvimbo huru dzekubatanidza dzinosanganisira kugaya, kugaya chikafu, mawasher circuits, uye kubata kwekupedzisira kwemarara ekugadziriswa uye kuraswa kwevhu dzvuku. Kubatanidzwa neSCADA systems kunogonesa kuona data pakati uye kudzora nguva chaiyo pamusoro pehuwandu hwekuyerera kwakakosha uye huwandu hwakasimba. Nekupa data rehuwandu kubva kumidziyo yakaita seLonnmeter density meter kuita otomatiki maitiro ekugadzira, nzvimbo dzekuchenesa dzinochengetedza zvinodiwa zvechigadzirwa, kugadzirisa zvinyorwa zvemakemikari, uye kuderedza kuburitswa kwemarara.

Pakupedzisira, kudzora huwandu hwemvura muBayer hakusi kwega—kunoumba mashandiro, hupfumi, uye zvakatipoteredza. Kuyera kwakarurama, mhinduro nekukurumidza, uye kubatanidzwa nguva dzose nezvivakwa zvekudzora zvinochengetedza kugadziriswa kwemaitiro kubva pakubata simbi isina kugadzirwa kuburikidza nekupedzisa chigadzirwa chealumina.

Maitiro ekuyera huwandu hwemvura muSlurry neBauxite Pulp Density

Kudzora kuwanda kwemvura inoyerera nebauxite pulp ndiko kwakakosha muBayer pakugadzira alumina. Nzira dzakasiyana siyana dzekuyera dzinoshandiswa, imwe neimwe ine simba uye zvisingakwanisike.

Matekiniki Ekuyera Kuwanda Kwevanhu Akajairwa

Nzira dzechinyakare dzinoshandisa kutora sampuro nemaoko uye kuongorora murabhoritari. Vashandi vemiti vanotora sampuro dzetsvina dzakatarwa nenguva kubva munzizi dzema process - kazhinji panzvimbo dzekudyira kana panobuda kugaya. Kuwanda kwemvura kunowanikwa uchishandisa gravimetric balances, pycnometers, kana hydrometer readings.
Nzira idzi dzinosangana nematambudziko akati wandei:

Mhinduro Dzakanonoka:Nguva iri pakati pekutorwa kwesampuro nemhedzisiro yerabhoritari inogona kukonzera kunonoka kwemaitiro uye kuderedza kupindura.
Kuvimba neMushandi:Kukanganisa kwevanhu mukutora sampuli kana kuyera kunogona kukonzera kusawirirana.
Kufukidzwa Kushoma:Zvinhu zvakasiyana chete zviri muBayer process zvinoyerwa, pasina kuchinja-chinja kwemaitiro.

Nzira dzepamusoro dzekuyera huwandu hwemukati nedzepamhepo

Kuti vakunde zvipingamupinyi izvi, zvirimwa zvinoshandisa masisitimu ekuyera huwandu hwebauxite mudumbu uye online kuti zvigayiwe uye zviparadzaniswe mumvura yakasimba muBayer.
Masisitimu aya anopa:

Kuramba Uchitarisa:Kuverengwa kwehuwandu hwezvinhu kunoitwa panguva chaiyo, zvichipa vashandisi ruzivo rwechokwadi rwechigadzirwa chekudya chemuchina wekugaya chikafu uye kujekesa kudzora kwedunhu.
Mhinduro dzeMaitiro:Inogonesa kugadzirisa nekukurumidza uye otomatiki huwandu hwesodium hydroxide kuti igayiwe bauxite uye kuti ifambe zvakanaka.
Mienzaniso inosanganisira masensa anofambisa marobhoti, mita dzekuyerera kwecoriolis, uye mita dzekuwanda kwenyukireya. Mazhinji anoda kubatanidzwa nemapaneru ekudzora uye kuenzaniswa nguva dzose.

Lonnmeter Density Meter: Nheyo uye Zvakanakira

Chiyero cheLonnmeter density meter chakagadzirwa kuti chishandiswe zvakasimba mumichina yekuchenesa alumina.
Nheyo yekushanda:

Chiyero ichi chinoshandisa nzira dze high-frequency vibration kana transmission kuti chinzwe shanduko mu slurry mass pa unit volume.
Zviratidzo zvenguva chaiyo, zvakaita se4–20 mA kana RS485, zvinotumirwa kumasystem ekudzora, zvichipa data rinoenderera mberi rekuti maitiro aite otomatiki.

Zvakanakira kupfuura Nzira Dzakajairika:

Ruzivo Rwepakarepo, Rwepanguva Chaiyo:Hapana kumirira mhinduro dzemurabhoritari. Vashandi vanowana mhinduro dzemaitiro ipapo ipapo, zvakakosha pamatanho ekushanda akadai sekugaya uye kugadzira alumina.
Kururama Kwakawedzerwa uye Kuenderana Kwakawedzerwa:Kuzvigadzira otomatiki hakubvisi kusiyana kwevanhu, kuchengetedza kudzora kwakavimbika kwehuwandu mukugaya bauxite uye kudzora huwandu hweslurry mukugadziriswa kwezvicherwa.
Kushanda Pasina Kugadzirisa:Lonnmeter inoda kucheneswa kushoma uye inotsungirira mamiriro akaomarara eBayer alumina - kutora sampuli nguva nenguva uye kucheneswa hazvidiwi.
Kubatanidzwa Kwakatsetseka:Inobatanidza zviri nyore kune masisitimu eDCS/SCADA emiti kuti igadzirise maitiro otomatiki, zvichienderana nemaitiro ekudzora ari kuwedzera kuoma.

Pfungwa dzeKushandisa muBayerMaitiro:

Sisitimu Yekudya Kwemuchina:Mamita eLonnmeter anoongorora huwandu hwebauxite pulp inopinda muzvigayo. Anovimbisa kuti zvinhu zvakasimba zvinoiswa zvakanaka uye kuti sodium hydroxide inotorwa zvakanaka kuti abudise alumina zvakanaka.
Nzvimbo Yekugaya:Kutarisa huwandu hwezvinhu zvinogadzirwa nearumina kunoita kuti zvive nyore kudzora shanduko dzema "reaction", zvichiita kuti arumina iwedzere kugadzirwa uye kuderedza kuumbwa kwematope matsvuku.
Maseketi Ekujekesa:Mamita eLonnmeter anobatsira kuchengetedza huwandu hwezvinangwa kuti pave nekupatsanurwa kwemvura yakasimba pakati pemvura neyakaoma muBayer, zvichiwedzera simba rekushandisa uye zvichideredza mitengo yekurasa dhaka dzvuku.

Kubatanidzwa neSistimu dzekudzora Zvimiti uye Kukanganisa paKugadzira Zvishandiso

Mamita eLonnmeter density anobatanidzwa zvakananga nema network e automation emuchina wese.
Pfungwa huru dzekubatanidza:

Kuburitswa kweChiratidzo:Kuburitswa kweanalog yakajairika (4–20 mA) kana digital (RS485) kunotsigira kuchinjana kwedata panguva chaiyo.
Marobho Ekutonga Maitiro:Kuverengwa kwehuwandu hwemagetsi kunogadzirisa otomatiki reagent dosing, kumhanya kwepombi, uye michina yekuparadzanisa yakasimba kuburikidza neDistributed Control Systems (DCS).
Kuchinja-chinja kwakaderedzwa:Mhinduro dzinoitwa otomatiki dzinoderedza kupindira nemaoko, dzichidzikamisa mashandiro ekugaya uye maitiro ekuparadzanisa zvinhu.
Mabhenefiti Ekushanda:Kugadzikana kwemaitiro emugumisiro kunoderedza mari yekushandisa, kunovandudza mhando yekupedzisira yealumina, uye kunovimbisa kushanda zvakanaka kuburikidza nekuita crystallization uye calcination mukugadzirwa kwealumina.

Kuyera huwandu hwemvura yakasviba uchishandisa maturusi emazuva ano akadai seLonnmeter kunotsigira kudzora kwakavimbika uye otomatiki kuburikidza nechikamu chimwe nechimwe chakakosha cheBauxite Bayer process, kubva pakugaya kusvika pakujeka uye zvichipfuura.

Bayer Process Inogadzira Alumina Kubva kuBauxite

Maitiro Ekugadzirisa Maitiro Anoshandiswa Nekuyera Kuwanda Kwevanhu

Kuyera kwakarurama kwehuwandu hwebauxite pulp kunotsigira nzira dzakawanda dzekugadzirisa maitiro muBayer process yekugadzirwa kwealumina. Kutarisa panguva chaiyo, kunyanya nemidziyo yakaita seLonnmeter density meter, kunopa mhinduro nekukurumidza iyo inobvumira kudzora kwakarurama muchikamu chega chega cheprocess.

Kugadziriswa kweMaparamita Ekugaya Zvichibva paReal-Time Slurry Density Values

Mukugaya bauxite, kushanda zvakanaka uye kusarudzwa kwe sodium hydroxide solution yeBayer process zvinoenderana zvakanyanya nehuwandu hweslurry. Nekuramba uchiyera huwandu hwechikafu, vanoshanda vanogona kugadzirisa huwandu hwe sodium hydroxide, tembiricha, uye nguva yekugara mumidziyo yekugaya. Semuenzaniso, kuwedzera kamwe kamwe kwehuwandu hwepulp kunogona kuratidza kuwanda kwe bauxite, zvichiita kuti kuve nekuchinja kwehuwandu hwe caustic kana kuti dilution rate kuti arambe achibudirira pakuburitsa alumina uye kudzivirira kuwanda kwechinhu chinogaya chikafu.

Kuyerwa kwehuwandu hweslurry panguva chaiyo mu digester feed system kunodzikamisa chiyero chemvura kune zvinhu zvakasimba uye kunotsigira kunyungudika kwealumina minerals nguva dzose, zvichideredza mukana wekuti zvinhu zvisashande uye kutsauka kwemaitiro ekudzika.

Kuvandudzwa kweKushanda zvakanaka kweKupatsanurana kweMarara Akasimba uye Kuderedza Kutakura Madhaka Matsvuku

Kupatsanurwa kwezvinhu zvakaoma idambudziko guru mukuita kwealumina Bayer, kunyanya muzvikamu zvinotevera kugaya. Kudzora kwakaringana kwehuwandu hweslurry kunokanganisa zvakananga kuumbwa kwesedimentation uye kushanda zvakanaka kwekusefa. Nekutarisa nekugadzirisa huwandu, vashandi vanogona kuderedza kutakurwa kwezvidimbu zvitsvuku zvematope, kuderedza kurasikirwa kwe sodium hydroxide inokosha uye kuona kuti doro rakachena rinodzoserwa zvakanaka.

Munguva yekukora nekusuka, kuyerwa kwehuwandu hwebauxite pulp kunogonesa mamiriro ekugadzirisa akakodzera, zvichibatsira kudzora huwandu hwevhu rinoyerera, kudzivirira kunyungudika kwakanyanya, uye kugadzirisa nzira dzekurasa vhu dzvuku. Kuwanda kwakaringana kunokurudzira kuumbwa kukuru kwehuwandu, kukurumidzisa huwandu hwevhu rinoyerera uye kuderedza mutoro pamidziyo yekusefa iri pasi, kusimbisa kutonga kwevhu dzvuku rose uye kupatsanurwa kwemvura yakasimba muBayer.

Kukanganiswa kweCriststallization Stage—Kudzora Supersaturation uye Mbeu Kudonha

Kuyerwa kwehuwandu hwemadota eBayer kunonyanya kukosha mumidziyo yekuchenesa alumina panguva yekugadzika kwekristalo. Kudzora kuzara kwemvura kunotungamira kukura kwemasero ealuminium hydrate crystals. Zvishandiso zvakaita seLonnmeter, kana kuti quartz crystal sensors, zvinoona kuchinja kwehuwandu hwemadota zvinoratidza kutanga kwemvura. Iyi mhinduro inogonesa kugadziriswa nekukurumidza kune tembiricha, kuwedzera kwembeu, uye kuyerera kwemvura, zvichideredza kuunganidzwa kwemasero ecrystal kusingadiwe kana kuwanda kwemasero ecrystal.

Mukuita, mapuratifomu ekudzora edhijitari anoshandisa nzira chaiyo yekubata huwandu hwembeu kuti agadzirise kuenzana kwakanaka kwekunaya kwembeu. Semuenzaniso, kana kuyerwa kwembeu panzvimbo yacho kuchiratidza kuwedzera kwehuwandu kupfuura miganhu yakakodzera, chiyero chembeu chinogona kuwedzerwa kana mwero wekubuda kwemvura mumhepo unogona kuderedzwa kuti pave nekugadzikana kwemvura yakawanda uye crystallization mukugadzirwa kwealumina.

Mupiro weKugadzika Kwemafuta muCalcination uye Hunhu Hwakanaka hwekupedzisira hweAlumina

Kuwanda kwezvikafu zvakafanana zvinopinda mumidziyo ye calcium kwakakosha kuti chigadzirwa chive chemhando yepamusoro panguva yekutorwa kwealumina. Kuoma kwakawanda kunogona kukonzera kupisa kusina kuenzana, kupera mvura mumuviri, kana kusachena kwasara mualumina ine calcium. Kusiyana neizvi, kudya kusina kuenzana kunogona kukanganisa kutambisa simba uye kushanduka kwesimba kwakanyanya.

Nekushandisa kudzora kwakarurama kwehuwandu hweslurry mukugadzirisa zvicherwa kusvika pakugadzirwa kwealumina, vashandisi vanowana kugoverwa kwakafanana kwezvidimbu uye hunyoro, zvichigadzira alumina ine chimiro chechikamu chinofanotaurwa uye hunhu hwepanyama. Kuvimbika kwemaitiro aya kunoita kuti pave nemapoka mashoma asina kutsanangurwa uye mashandiro akapfava emidziyo.

Kuderedza Marara uye Kudzoreredza Sodium Hydroxide Solution kuburikidza neInformed Density Management

Kuyera huwandu hwebauxite pulp density kunobatsira zvakananga kuderedza marara uye kudzoreredza sodium hydroxide solution. Kutarisa nguva chaiyo kunoita kuti pave nekugadzirisa nekukurumidza maparamita ekusuka nekusefa, zvichiwedzera kupatsanurwa kwedoro re caustic kubva kudhaka dzvuku uye kuderedza kurasikirwa kwecaustic. Izvi zvinoderedza kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvakabikwa uye zvinoderedza huwandu hwedhaka dzvuku rekurasa.

Semuenzaniso, kuramba uchitevera kusiyana kwehuwandu hwemvura muzvikamu zvekugezesa kunobatsira vashandi kuchengetedza nzira dzakakwana dzekunyungudutsa mvura, nokudaro zvichiwedzera kudzoreredza sodium hydroxide uye zvichivandudza kushanda zvakanaka kwekurasa madhaka matsvuku. Maitiro aya anotsigirawo manejimendi esimba nekuderedza kunyungudutsa kusina kufanira uye kupomba, zvichideredza kukanganisa kwese kweBayer bauxite munzvimbo.

Muchidimbu, kubatanidza kushandiswa kweLonnmeter density meter mukuyera slurry kunoratidza ruzivo runoshanda rwedanho rega rega—kubva pakugaya nekupatsanurana kusvika pakuita crystallization ne calcination—zvichitungamira mashandiro akasimba, anoshanda, uye anogara kwenguva refu muBayer alumina process.

Matambudziko Anoshanda uye Mhinduro muKushandiswa kweKuyera Density

Kuyerwa kwakarurama kwehuwandu hwebauxite pulp mukati meBayer process yekugadzirwa kwealumina kunosangana nematambudziko akati wandei anoshanda. Kuve nechokwadi chekuti kuverenga kwakavimbika kwakakosha kwete chete pakudzora maitiro, asiwo pakuenzanisa huwandu, kugadzirisa kudya kwedigester, uye kupatsanurwa kwemvura yakasimba.

Manyuko Akajairika Echikanganiso Chekuyerwa

Mhepo Yakadzidziswa:
Mafuro emhepo akavharirwa mukati memvura inoyerera mubauxite anogona kukanganisa kuverenga kwehuwandu hwemhepo uye huwandu hwemhepo. Izvi zvinoguma nekuwanda kwemvura inoyerera uye mwero wekuyerera wakakwidzwa, zvichikanganisa zvakananga kuenzana kwezvinhu uye kuverenga kwezvibereko. Kukanganiswa kwemhepo kwakagadziriswa kwakanyorwa kuti kunobva pakuvharwa kwepombi, kuchinja kwekuyerera kwemhepo, uye kubuda kwemvura, zvichikonzera kukanganisa kwekuyera mumasensa enguva dzose. Masensa epamusoro e sonar, anokwanisa kusiyanisa zvikamu zvemvura negasi, anogadzirisa kusarongeka uku uye anogona kuona mhepo inoyerera ichidzika kusvika ±0.1% nevhoriyamu.

Kusiyana kweSaizi yeParticle:
Kuwanda uye kupararira kwehukuru hwezvimedu mu bauxite slurries zvinoshandura slurry rheology uye impact density meter calibration curves. Zvimedu zvakakura zve bauxite zvinogona kugara zvakanaka, zvichikurudzira stratification uye partial sensor coverage, nepo zvimedu zvidiki zvichiramba zvakamira zvakaenzana. Kuchinja uku kunogona kuunza bias mukuyera inline density uye kukanganisa Lonnmeter readings, zvichida calibration nekunyatsoisa sensor.

Kusvibisa Midziyo:
Maitiro eBayer alumina anoisa masensa munzvimbo dzinopisa, dzinokwesha, uye dzinokwesha zvakanyanya nekuda kwe sodium hydroxide solution uye zvinhu zvakanyungudutswa. Kusvibiswa kunoitika panzvimbo dzesensa—kunyanya panzvimbo dzinobuda mvura uye pamvura dzinogadzika madhaka—kunokanganisa mhinduro yesensa uye kururama kwayo. Kupfeka kwekudzivirira, nguva dzekuchenesa nguva dzose, uye maitiro ekuzviongorora mumamita akaita seLonnmeter zvakakosha pakuderedza kudonha kunokonzerwa nekusvibiswa.

Kuenzanisa Pfupiso dzeMapoinzi Ekuisa

Chikafu cheDigester:
Kuisa mayuniti eLonnmeter panzvimbo yekugaya chikafu kunoita kuti pave nekudzora kwakanyanya kwe sodium hydroxide uye bauxite pulp density, zvichikanganisa kushanda zvakanaka kwekugaya bauxite. Ma sensors pano anowanikwa asina kuchena zvakanyanya, asi mhepo inotorwa kubva kumatangi ekusanganisa mvura inogona kukanganisa kuverenga kwemvura.

Mushure mekugaya:
Kuyerwa mushure mekugaya kunopa ruzivo rwehuwandu chaihwo hwetsvina hunoendeswa kumayuniti ekuparadzanisa mvura neanogara mumvura yakasimba. Matambudziko pano anosanganisira kusangana nekupisa kwakanyanya, kuwanda kwemvura inouraya, uye huwandu hwezvinhu zvinorema, kuwedzera njodzi yekusvibiswa uye kuyerera kwemvura.

Nzizi dzekuparadzanisa Madhaka:
Mumitsetse iyi, kuverenga kwakarurama kwe bauxite pulp density kunotsigira manejimendi yevhu dzvuku uye kushanda zvakanaka kwekuparadzanisa. Kusvibiswa uye kuchinja kwehuwandu hwemvura nekukurumidza nekuda kwemvura kunoda maficha akasimba ekuzvichenesa e sensor uye kuongororwa kwedata nguva nenguva. Kuiswa kwe sensor kunofanirwa kuenderana nekutenderera kwekamuri uye hunhu hwekuyerera kwakasiyana-siyana.

Zvinhu Zvikuru Zvekufunga Nezvekusarudza Density Meter

Pakusarudza mita yehuwandu hwenzvimbo dzeBayer dze bauxite, funga nezve:

Kusakwanisa Kurapwa Nemakemikari:Inofanira kugara ichibata sodium hydroxide solution yeBayer process uye zvinhu zvinorema.
Kuderedza Kusvibiswa:Sarudza masensa ane machira ekudzivirira kukura kana kuchenesa otomatiki (semuenzaniso, kuchenesa kweLonnmeter ne ultrasonic).
Kugona Kugadzirisa Mhepo:Zvishandiso zvinokwanisa kutsiva mhepo yakadzidziswa, zvakaita semasensa epamusoro e sonar kana array-based, zvinopa mabhenefiti akasiyana ekuyera kugadzikana.
Kukura kwezvikamu Kusimba:Midziyo inofanira kugamuchira huwandu hwakasiyana hwemasaizi ebauxite slurry, ichichengetedza kururama kunyangwe mukuyerera kwakapatsanurwa.
Kuchinjika kwekuisa:Chiyero chemuchina chinofanira kushanda zvakanaka pamatanho akasiyana-siyana ekuburitsa alumina—kubva pakudyisa kusvika pakubviswa kwemvura mumatope uye kubuda kwecalcium.
Kugona kushanda uye Kugadzirisa Kushanda:Dhizaini iri nyore kushandisa uye nzira dzakanyorwa dzekuongorora dzinobatsira kushanda kwenguva refu uye kubatanidzwa mumichina iripo yekuchenesa alumina.

Kusarudzwa kwakakwana kwemidziyo uye kusimbiswa kuri kuitwa nguva dzose ndizvo zvinodiwa pakuyera huwandu hwebauxite pulp density. Kushandisa mita yepamusoro seLonnmeter, nekunyatsoongorora uye kugadzirisa kwakasimba, kunogadzirisa kutonga kwemaitiro, kuverenga zvinhu, uye goho rezvigadzirwa mumatanho ese makuru eBayer process.

Kubatana Pakati Pekudzora Kuwanda Kwevanhu uye Kushanda Kwezvakatipoteredza

Kuyera huwandu hwebauxite pulp density kwakanyatsojeka ndiko kwakakosha pakushanda kwezvakatipoteredza muBayer process yekugadzirwa kwealumina. Kana vatengesi vemafekitori vakashandisa inline density metres dzakadai seLonnmeter, vanowana slurry density yakagadzikana uye yakarurama mukati me digester feed system. Kudzora uku kwakasimba kunokanganisa zvakananga kuti solids nezvinwiwa zvinoparadzaniswa sei mukugadzirisa alumina, zvichikonzera kugadzirwa kwemarara uye kudzoreredzwa kwezviwanikwa.

Madhaka matsvuku ndiwo marara makuru anobva mukugaya bauxite. Kusagadziriswa kwehuwandu hwakakwana kunogona kukonzera kupatsanurwa kwemvura isina kuzara, zvichiwedzera huwandu hwemvura inofanira kuchengetwa kana kuraswa. Nekushandisa kuyera huwandu hwemvura inotsvedza panguva yeBayer, vashandi vanochengetedza mamiriro akakodzera ekugadzika nekusefa. Izvi zvinoita kuti alumina yakawanda iwanikwe muchikamu chemvura uye shoma inorasika nemafuta akaomeswa, zvichideredza kubuda kwemvura inotsvedza uye kudzikisa mutoro pamasisitimu ekurasa marara. Semuenzaniso, kudzikamisa huwandu hwemvura mukati me ±0.001 g/cm³ kunoderedza kutakurwa kwezvinhu zvinokosha, zvichivandudza kutonga kwemvura inotsvedza padanho rega rega rekujekesa nekukora.

Mhinduro yesodium hydroxide yeBayer inokosha pakunyungudutsa alumina kubva kubauxite. Nekudzora kwakawedzerwa kweslurry density, sodium hydroxide shoma inoramba yakavharirwa mumatope matsvuku akasimba uye yakawanda inodzokororwa zvakanaka mukati medunhu. Izvi zvinowedzera mwero wekudzoreredza sodium hydroxide, zvinoderedza kushandiswa kwemakemikari, uye zvinoderedza kuburitswa kwezvakatipoteredza. Sezvo maclarifiers nemafirita zvichishanda panzvimbo dzakanyanya kuwanda, kupatsanurwa kwemhinduro kunova kwakachena—izvi zvinowedzera kudzoreredza sodium hydroxide pasina kusanganiswa zvakanyanya kana kusvibiswa, zvichitsigira kushanda kwakanaka uye mwero wakasimba wehunhu hwetsvina.

Kudzora huwandu hwemapundu kunosimbisawo misimboti yehupfumi hwakatenderera mumatanho ese ekutora alumina. Nekuwedzera kupatsanurwa kwezvinhu, kuderedza kurasikirwa kwemaitiro, uye kukurudzira kudzokororwa kwe sodium hydroxide, maitiro eBayer alumina anoswedera pedyo nezvinangwa zve zero marara. Kuderedza huwandu hwevhu dzvuku uye kuwedzera kudzoreredzwa kuburikidza nemutemo chaiwo wehuwandu zvinoreva kuti huwandu hwakawanda hwezvikafu hunoshandurwa kuita alumina inokosha, uye reagent shoma inoshandiswa patani yezvinobuda. Kutarisa huwandu hwemapundu panguva chaiyo, kunoratidzwa nekushandiswa kweLonnmeter density meter mukuyera slurry, kunotsigira izvi, zvichigonesa maitiro eBayer bauxite kugadzirisa kushanda zvakanaka kwezvinhu uye kugara kwenguva refu.

Kufambira mberi uku mukudzora huwandu hwemvura inonaya kunoshanda pamwe chete nedzimwe nzira dzekugadzirisa zvinhu—dzakadai sekuvandudza kugadzirwa kwealumina nekugadzirwa kwealumina—kugadzira mashandiro ane hunyanzvi uye ane mutoro kune nharaunda. Pakupedzisira, kuyerwa kwehuwandu hunoramba huripo uye otomatiki maitiro anoita kuti maitiro eBayer ekugadzirwa kwealumina ave akachena, akachengeteka, uye anoshanda zvakanyanya ukuwo achitsigira zvinangwa zveindasitiri yese zvekutarisira nharaunda uye kushandiswa kwezviwanikwa zvakatenderera.

Mamita eKuwanda/Kukosha kweMutsetse

Meter yeKuisa Mvura Mutsetse

Brix Density Meter

Meter yeKuwedzera Kwemvura Isina Kushandiswa muNyukireya

Kugadzira Fork Density Meter

MaViscometers ari mumutsara

Inline Pharma Viscometer

Viscometer yeIndasitiri Yakanamira

Viscometer yependi iri mukati

Viscometer yemafuta ari mukati

Mibvunzo Inowanzo bvunzwa (Mibvunzo Inowanzo bvunzwa)

Chinangwa chikuru chekugaya bauxite mudumbu ndechei?Bayermaitiro?
Kugayiwa kweBauxite ndiyo danho rekutanga muBayer rekugadzira alumina. Chinangwa chayo chikuru ndechekunyungudutsa alumina kubva mubauxite ore uchishandisa sodium hydroxide solution inopisa. Munguva yekugaya, maminerari ealumina anoita zvakafanana nesodium hydroxide, zvichigadzira sodium aluminate inonyungudika. Izvi zvinoita kuti alumina iparadzaniswe kubva mutsvina, senge silica, iron oxides, uye titanium minerals, izvo zvinoramba zvisina kunyungudika sematope matsvuku. Kunyungudika kunobudirira kwealumina kunoisa danho rekudzoreredza kwayo sealumina hydrate mumatanho anotevera ekuita.

Kuyerwa kwakarurama kwehuwandu hwebauxite pulp kunobatsira seiBayermaitiro ealuminium?
Kuchengetedza huwandu hwebauxite pulp hwakanyatsojeka muBayer alumina kunoita kuti mamiriro ekugaya arambe akanaka. Kana huwandu hwepulp huchidzorwa nemazvo:

Kubudirira kwekunyungudika kweAlumina kunowedzera, zvichiita kuti huwandu hwekubviswa kwayo huwedzere kunaka.
Goho rekupatsanurwa kwemvura yakasimba rakawanda, nekuderedza kutakura kwevhu dzvuku.
Kurasikirwa kwemaitiro kunoderedzwa, sezvo kushandiswa kwe reagent kuchitarisirwa zviri nani.
Hunhu hwechigadzirwa chekupedzisira hunoramba hwakafanana, huchitsigira kuumbwa kwekristaro uye calcination zvinobudirira.
Kuchinja kana kutsauka muhuwandu hwemapundu kunogona kutungamira mukugaya kusina kukwana, kuwedzera kugadzirwa kwevhu dzvuku, uye kusashanda zvakanaka kwemaitiro ekupedzisira. Kudzora huwandu hwakasimba kunotsigira mashandiro akagadzikana uye kubuda kwealumina kwakavimbika.

Ndedzipi nzira dzakajairika dzekuyera huwandu hweslurry mualuminaBayermaitiro?
Kuyera huwandu hwetsvina kwakakosha pakutonga maitiro uye kudzivirira michina. Nzira dzakajairika dzinosanganisira:

Kuongorora kweGravimetric:Kutora sampuli yemuviri uye kuyerwa kwetsvina, zvichiteverwa nekuverenga huwandu hwemvura, zvakakodzera kuongororwa nguva nenguva kana kuti kuongororwa kwenzvimbo.
Gamma-ray kana nuclear density gauges:Shandisa tekinoroji ye radiometry kuyera huwandu hwe slurry panguva chaiyo, uchipa kuyerwa kwakasimba kusingabatanidzwi munzvimbo dzakaoma. Masisitimu emazuva ano anoshandisa masosi ane radioactivity shoma (semuenzaniso, Na-22) anowedzera kuchengetedzeka uye kutevedzera mitemo.
Mamita ari mumutsetse akadai seLonnmeter density meter:Izvi zvinopa kuverenga kunoenderera mberi, kwenguva chaiyo zvakananga kune vanobata nehurongwa hwekutonga, zvichipa mhinduro nekukurumidza yekugadzirisa maitiro uye kuvandudza otomatiki.

Sei mhinduro ye sodium hydroxide ichikosha mukugaya bauxite?
Mhinduro yeSodium hydroxide inokosha pakugaya bauxite nekuti inosarudza kuita zvicherwa zvine alumina, zvichizvishandura kuita sodium aluminate inonyungudika. Maitiro aya akakosha pakuburitsa alumina kubva muore kuitira kuti ikwanise kuparadzaniswa netsvina isinganyungudike. Kuwanda kwe sodium hydroxide kunodzorawo kumhanya kwekuita, kushanda zvakanaka, uye kushandiswa kwe reagent, uye kunofanirwa kuenzaniswa zvakanaka kuti goho riwedzere pasina kugadzira zvinhu zvisingadiwe, zvakaita se desilication products.

Ndezvipi zvikamu zvemaitiro zvinobatsirwa zvakananga nekuyera huwandu hwebauxite pulp?
Matanho akati wandei akakosha eBayer anoenderana nekudzora huwandu hwebauxite pulp:

Kugayiwa kweBauxite:Kuwanda kwakakwana kunoita kuti alumina inyungudike zvakakwana uye kunodzora reaction kinetics.
Kupatsanurwa kwemvura yakasimba (kujekeswa):Kuwanda kwakakwana kunotsigira kugadzikana, kusefa, uye kunoderedza kutakurwa kwevhu dzvuku.
Kugadzirwa kwealumina nekristaro:Mamiriro ekudya akagadzikana anobatsira kudzora kuwanda kwemafuta uye huwandu hwemakristaro.
Kuumbwa kwecalcium mukugadzirwa kwealumina:Kuwanda kwepulp nguva dzose kunoita kuti mvura irambe ichiyerera zvakanaka uye ikwanise kunyungudika, zvichiita kuti chigadzirwa chive chakachena uye chinobereka zvakawanda.
Muzvikamu izvi, kudzora huwandu hwevhu zvisina kunaka kunogona kukanganisa mashandiro ebasa, kuderedza kunaka kwezvinobuda, uye kuomesa manejimendi uye kuraswa kwevhu dzvuku.