Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) inoita basa guru mukugadzira simbi dzinoshandiswa mukugadzira simbi dzinoshandisa okisijeni muchoto. Munzira idzi, NaOH inoshanda semushonga unonyungudutsa magasi eacid akadai sesulfur dioxide (SO₂), nitrogen oxides (NOx), uye carbon dioxide (CO₂). Kuchengetedza huwandu hwakakwana hweNaOH mumvura yekukweshaZvakakosha pakurapa gasi remvura uye inzira inokosha yekuchenesa gasi remvura inoshandiswa mumafekitori esimbi.
Kuyera nekudzora huwandu hweNaOH zvakanyatsonaka zvinokanganisa kushanda zvakanaka kwemaitiro uye kudzora kuburitsa mweya. Kana dosi ye caustic yakaderera zvakanyanya, mwero wekubvisa acid gas inodzikira, zvichikonzera kutevedzera mitemo uye kuwedzera huwandu hwemhepo inoburitsa mweya. NaOH yakawandisa haingoparadzi makemikari chete asi inogadzira zvimwe zvinhu zvisingadiwi, zvichiwedzera mutoro wemutengo uye wekutarisira zvakatipoteredza. Zvidzidzo zvekushanda zvakaratidza kuti, semuenzaniso, mhinduro ye5% NaOH mumatanho maviri e spray towers inosvika 92% SO₂ kubviswa, nepo kuwedzerwa kwemaitiro akadai sekuwedzera sodium hypochlorite kuchivandudza mwero wekubata kusvibiswa.
Maitiro Ekugadzira Simbi Yeokisijeni Yemoto Yeokisijeni: Matanho uye Mamiriro Ezvinhu
Pfupiso yeMaitiro Ekutanga eOxygen Furnace (BOF)
Maitiro ekutanga ekugadzira simbi yefuremu yeokisijeni anosanganisira kushandura nekukurumidza simbi yenguruve yakanyungudutswa nesimbi yakachekwa kuita simbi yemhando yepamusoro. Maitiro acho anotanga nekuchaja simbi yenguruve yakanyungudutswa mumudziyo weBOF—inogadzirwa mufuremu yakachekwa nekunyungudutsa simbi uchishandisa coke ne limestone—uye inosvika 30% yesimbi yakachekwa nehuremu. Zvimedu zvinobatsira mukutonga tembiricha uye kudzokorodza mukati mehurongwa.
Kugadzira Okisijeni Yekutanga Simbi
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Mutsipa unotonhodzwa nemvura unopinza okisijeni yakachena kwazvo musimbi inopisa. Okisijeni iyi inobatana zvakananga nekabhoni nezvimwe tsvina, ichizvioxida. Maitiro makuru anosanganisira C + O₂ inoumba CO₂ uye CO₂, Si + O₂ inoumba SiO₂, Mn + O₂ inobereka MnO, uye P + O₂ inobereka P₂O₅. Lime kana dolomite fluxes zvinowedzerwa kuti zvibate ma oxide aya, zvichigadzira slag yekutanga. Slag inoyangarara pamusoro pesimbi yakanyungudutswa, zvichiita kuti zvive nyore kuparadzanisa uye kubvisa tsvina.
Chikamu chekuputira chinopisa moto nekukurumidza; zvidimbu zvinonyunguduka uye zvinosanganiswa zvakanaka, zvichiita kuti zvive zvakafanana. Kazhinji, maitiro aya anotora maminetsi makumi matatu kusvika makumi mana nemashanu, zvichigadzira matani anosvika mazana matatu nemakumi mashanu esimbi pachikamu chimwe nechimwe muzvivakwa zvemazuva ano.
Mushure mekuputirwa, kugadziriswa kwemakemikari esimbi kunowanzoitika muzvikamu zvechipiri zvekuchenesa kuti zvienderane nezvinodiwa chaizvo. Simbi yacho inodururwa mumichina inogadzirwa nesimbi kuti igadzire slabs, billets, kana maruva. Kupfungaira kunotevera kunopisa uye kunotonhora kunoumba zvigadzirwa izvi kuti zvishandiswe muzvikamu zvakaita semotokari nekuvaka. Chimwe chigadzirwa chakakosha i slag, inoshandiswa mu simende nezvivakwa.
Migumisiro Yezvakatipoteredza uye Kuburitsa Hutsi
Kugadzira simbi kweBOF kunoda simba rakawanda uye kunogadzira huwandu hwakawanda hwemagasi anoyerera uye tunhu tudiki. Hutsi hukuru hunobva mukuoxidation yekabhoni (CO₂), kumutswa kwemakanika, uye kupwanyika kwezvinhu panguva yekufuridzwa kweokisijeni.
CO₂ndiyo gasi guru rinogadzirwa negreenhouse, rinokonzerwa ne decarburization reactions. Huwandu hweCO₂ hunoburitswa hunoenderana nehuwandu hwekabhoni iri musimbi inopisa, huwandu hwezvakaraswa zvakawedzerwa, uye tembiricha yekushanda. Kushandisa zvakaraswa zvakadzokororwa zvakawanda kunogona kuderedza kubuda kweCO₂ asi kungada kugadziriswa kuchengetedza mhando yesimbi uye process heat balance.
Utsi hwezvinhu zvinobuda mumaserozvinosanganisira maokisidhi esimbi akapfava, marara emvura inoyerera, uye guruva rinobva mukuchaja kana kugocha. Zvidimbu izvi zvinotongwa nemutemo wakasimba unoda kuti matekinoroji arambe achiongororwa uye kuderedzwa.
Sulfur dioxide (SO₂)Inobva zvakanyanya kubva ku sarufa iri musimbi yenguruve yakanyungudutswa. Mhinduro dzekudzora dzinofanira kugadzirisa kusashanda zvakanaka kwekubvisa muzvikamu zvekutanga uye mukana wekuumbwa kwemvura ine acid kana ikaburitswa isina kurapwa.
Mabasa emazuva ano eBOF anoshandisa mhinduro dzakabatanidzwa dzekudzora kusvibiswa:
- Masisitimu ekukwesha magasi emvura (semuenzaniso, kunyoroveswa kwe limestone, kuomesa lime spray semi-dry) anotarisa kubviswa kweSO₂ uye anogonesa kushandurwa kuita zvigadzirwa zvinobatsira zvakaita se gypsum.
- Tekinoroji yepamusoro yekuchenesa magasi emumvura, mafirita ejira, uye dry sorbent injection inoderedza kuburitswa kwezvimedu.
- Sarudzo dzekubata nekubvisa CO₂ dziri kuramba dzichifungwa, matekinoroji—akadai sekukwesha amine uye kupatsanura membrane—ari kuongororwa kuti aone kana zvichishanda zvakanaka here.
Nzira dzinoshanda dzekurapa gasi remvura dzinoshandisa nguva chaiyo uye kugadzirisa maitiro. Kushandiswa kwezvishandiso zvekutarisa huwandu hwealkali mumhepo, kusanganisiramita dzekuyera caustic sodauye mita dzemagetsi dzinoshandiswa paindaneti dzakadai seLonnmeter, zvinoita kuti gasi reflue rinyatsokweshwa uye kutevedzera mitemo yekubudisa utsi. Nekushandisa matekinoroji aya, mafekitori eBOF anogona kuderedza utsi hweSO₂ nezvikamu zvinobuda mumhepo neanopfuura 69%, zvichitsigira kutevedzera mitemo uye kuchengetedza nharaunda.
Kukwesha Gasi reFlue muNzira Yekutanga yeOxygen Furnace
Chinangwa uye Nheyo dzeFlue Gas Scrubbing
Kukwesha simbi nemagetsi zvinoreva masisitimu nematekiniki akagadzirirwa kubvisa sulfur dioxide (SO₂) nezvimwe zvikamu zvine acidic kubva mumagasi anobuda mumhepo anokonzerwa nesimbi inogadzirwa panguva yekugadzira simbi ye oxygen furnace (BOF). Chinangwa chikuru ndechekuderedza kusvibiswa kwemhepo uye kusangana nemiganhu yemutemo we sulfur nezvimwe zvinobuda mumhepo. Mukugadzirwa kwesimbi, maitiro aya ekukwesha anobatsira kuderedza kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza kwezvinosvibisa zviri mumhepo zvinoburitswa panguva yekuoxidation yesimbi yakanyungudutswa uye fluxes dzakasiyana-siyana.
Pfungwa yemakemikari iri shure kwekukwesha gasi reflue ndeyekushandura gasi reSO₂ kuita zvinhu zvisina njodzi kana zvinogoneka nekuita gasi iri nealkaline sorbents mumvura kana kuti solid phases. Maitiro makuru mukukwesha gasi reNaOH ndeekuti:
- SO₂ (gasi) inonyunguduka mumvura kuita sulphurous acid (H₂SO₃).
- Sulfurous acid inobva yasangana nesodium hydroxide (NaOH), zvichiburitsa sodium sulfite (Na₂SO₃) nemvura.
- SO₂ (g) + H₂O → H₂SO₃ (aq)
- H₂SO₃ (aq) + 2 NaOH (aq) → Na₂SO₃ (aq) + 2 H₂O
Kubvisa ganda nemafuta nekukurumidza uye zvakanyanya exothermic uku kunoita kuti NaOH systems dzishande zvakanaka. Mukukwesha matombo nematombo kana limestone, zvinotevera zvinonyanya kuitika:
- CaCO₃ kana Ca(OH)₂ inoita mubatanidzwa neSO₂, ichigadzira calcium sulfite uye, kana yapiswa, calcium sulfate (gypsum).
- CaCO₃ + SO₂ → CaSO₃
- CaSO₃ + ½O₂ + 2H₂O → CaSO₄·2H₂O
Kubudirira kwemaitiro aya ekukwesha kunoenderana nehuwandu hwesorbent, kusangana kwegasi-mvura, tembiricha, uye hunhu hweBOF flue gas stream.
Mhando dzeMaitiro Ekukwesha Flue Gas muKugadzira Simbi
Masisitimu ekukwesha achishandisa caustic soda (NaOH) uye limestone/lime slurry ndiwo mabhenefiti ekurapa BOF flue gas. NaOH inofarirwa nekuda kwe alkalinity yayo yakasimba uye kukurumidza kuita reaction kinetics, zvichiita kuti ibvise SO₂ zvachose mumamiriro ezvinhu akadzorwa. Zvisinei, inodhura kana tichienzanisa ne lime kana limestone. Aya masisitimu echinyakare ane calcium anoramba ari akajairwa, anowanzo svika pakushanda kwe90–98% kana ma process parameters akagadziridzwa.
Mukukwesha ne limestone kana limestone zvakanyorova, sisitimu iyi inowanzoshandisa gasi richikwira richipfuura nemumapurazi akafukidzwa kana kupfapfaidzwa ukuwo slurry ichitenderedzwa kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti gasi nemvura yakabatana zvakakwana. Sulfite kana sulfate inobuda inobviswa kubva mukuita uku, gypsum ichiva chinhu chikuru chinobuda mumasystem e lime/limestone.
Kukwesha uchishandisa spray-dry scrubbing kunoshandisa madonhwe e slurry kana dry sorbent injection (DSI) kurapa magasi zvakananga mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma zvishoma. Trona, hydrated lime, uye limestone ndidzo sorbents dzinowanzoshandiswa. Trona inowana mwero wepamusoro wekubvisa SO₂ pakati peizvi (kusvika 94%), asi lime ne limestone zvinopa dzimwe nzira dzakavimbika uye dzisingadhuri dzesimbi zhinji. Masisitimu e spray-dry anozivikanwa nekushandiswa kwemvura shoma, nyore kugadzirisa, uye kuchinjika kwekubvisa zvinhu zvinosvibisa zvakawanda zvinosanganisira zvidimbu ne mercury.
Nehunyanzvi, NaOH-based scrubbing inoshanda kuburikidza ne liquid-phase chemistry, ichidzivirira kugadzirwa kwe solid byproduct uye ichibatsira kurapwa kwetsvina zviri nyore. Kusiyana neizvi, lime/limestone systems dzinoshandisa slurry absorption, zvichiita kuti gypsum iwedzere kubatwa kana kuraswa. Spray-dry scrubbing inobatanidza gas-phase ne liquid-phase absorption, ne dry reaction products dzinounganidzwa se fine solids.
Zvichienzaniswa, NaOH inopa:
- Kugadzirisa zvinhu zvakanyanya uye kutonga maitiro.
- Hapana marara akaomarara, zvichiita kuti kutarisirwa kwezvakatipoteredza kuve nyore.
- Mari yakawanda ye reagent, zvichiita kuti isanyanya kukwezva kune mashandisirwo makuru, asi yakakodzera apo kubviswa kweSO₂ kwakanyanya kunodiwa kana kuraswa kwechinhu chakasimba kungave kwakaoma.
Nzira dzekushandisa limestone/lime:
- Mari shoma ye reagent.
- Kushanda kwakasimba, nyore kubatanidzwa ne gypsum valorization.
- Zvinoda masisitimu akasimba ekubata tsvina uye zvimwe zvigadzirwa.
Masisitimu ekupfapfaidza-kuomesa uye ekuomesa sorbent:
- Kuchinjika kwekushanda.
- Kushanda zvakanaka kunogona kunge kwakanyanya ne trona, kunyangwe mutengo nekuwanikwa kwezvinhu zvinogona kudzikamisa kushandiswa kwezvigadzirwa.
Kubatanidzwa kweNaOH Scrubbing muBOF Operations
Zvikamu zvekukwesha zveNaOH zvakabatanidzwa pasi penzvimbo dzekutanga dzeBOF dzinounganidzwa kunze kwegasi, kazhinji mushure mematanho ekutanga ekubvisa guruva akadai semagetsi anotonhorera kana mabhegi. Gasi remvura rinotonhodzwa risati rapinda mushongwe yekukwesha, kwarinosangana neNaOH solution inotenderera. Effluent inogara ichitariswa kuti ione kuwanda kwealkali, uchishandisa maturusi akadai se online concentration meter, caustic soda concentration meter, uye masisitimu akagadzirirwa online alkali concentration monitoring—semuenzaniso, Lonnmeter—kuona kuti reagent inoshandiswa zvakanaka uye SO₂ capture efficiency.
Kuiswa kweNaOH scrubbing kwakakosha; shongwe yekukwesha inofanira kuiswa panzvimbo yakakodzera kuti ikwanise kubata kuyerera kwegasi kwakanyanya uye kuchengetedza nguva yakakwana yekubata. Mvura inobva mu scrubber inowanzoendeswa kune neutralization kana recovery system, zvichideredza matambudziko ezvakatipoteredza uye zvichiita kuti mvura ishandiswezve.
Kubatanidza NaOH kukwesha muchoto cheokisijeni chepakutanga kunovandudza kushanda zvakanaka kwechoto ne:
- Kuderedza zvakanyanya kuburitswa kweSO₂.
- Kubvisa marara akaomarara kubva pakuchenesa gasi remupombi, kurerutsa kutevedzera matekinoroji ekuchenesa gasi remupombi pamwe nemitemo mitsva.
- Kubvumira kugadziriswa kwemaitiro panguva chaiyo kuburikidza nekuyera kwehuwandu hweNaOH online, kuve nechokwadi chekuti maitiro acho anochengetedza nzvimbo dzekubvisa SO₂.
Kubatanidzwa uku kunotsigira maitiro akazara ekubvisa flue gas. Kunogadzirisa matambudziko ekubudisa mweya ari mukugadzirwa kwesimbi ye oxygen furnace nekupa nzira dzakavimbika uye dzinochinjika dzekurapa flue gas dzinoenderana nezvinodiwa zvemazuva ano zvemitemo uye mashandiro. Kushandiswa kwekutarisa kwe alkali concentration online kunovandudza kushandiswa kweNaOH, kudzivirira kuwanda kwemakemikari, uye kunoita kuti sisitimu yekudzora mweya ishande mukati memiganhu yakatarwa.
Kuyerwa kweNaOH Concentration: Kukosha uye Nzira
Basa Rakakosha reKutarisa Kuwanda kweNaOH
ZvakaruramaKuyerwa kwehuwandu hweNaOHZvakakosha mukushanda kwechoto cheokisijeni (BOF), kunyanya pakushanda kwekubvisa gasi reflue. Kudzora kushandiswa kweNaOH zvinobudirira kunokanganisa zvakananga kushanda kweSO₂. Kana mushonga we caustic soda usina simba, SO₂ capture inoderera, zvichikonzera kubudiswa kwakanyanya kwemasero uye zvinogona kukonzera kusatevedzera mitemo yezvakatipoteredza. Kune rumwe rutivi, kushandisa NaOH zvakanyanya kunowedzera mari yekushandisa uye kunokonzera marara ekushanda, zvichiwedzera mutoro wekurapa tsvina uye kubata zvinhu.
Kuwanda kweNaOH kusina kunaka kunokanganisa maitiro ese ekuchenesa gasi remuchina. Kuwanda kwemafuta muNaOH kunokonzera zviitiko zvekubudirira, uko SO₂ inopfuura nemuchina wekuchenesa usina kugadziriswa. Kuwanda kwemafuta muNaOH kunoparadza zviwanikwa uye kunogadzira zvigadzirwa zve sodium sulfate necarbonate zvinodzivirirwa, zvichiita kuti marara arambe achigadziriswa. Mamiriro ese ari maviri anogona kukanganisa kutevedzera mitemo yemhando yemhepo uye kuwedzera mari yekushanda kwefekitori yesimbi.
Tekinoroji yeKuyera Kutarisa Pamhepo
Miyero yekuyera huwandu hwemvura inoyerera paindaneti, kusanganisira iyo Lonnmeter caustic soda concentration meter, inoshandura nzira dzekurapa flue gas nekupa kutarisa nguva dzose, panguva chaiyo. Midziyo iyi inoshanda nekuyera pH, conductivity, kana zvese zviri zviviri; nzira imwe neimwe ine mabhenefiti akasiyana.
Masensa epamhepo anoiswa zvakananga mumitsetse yedoro inodzokororwa kana mumatangi. Zvinhu zvakakosha zvekubatanidza zvinosanganisira:
- maelectrode epH (girazi kana solid-state) ekutevera zvakananga alkalinity.
- Mapurobhu ekufambisa (simbi isina ngura kana maelectrode esimbi anodzivirira ngura) ekuyera huwandu hweionic hwakakura.
- Kubatanidza waya dzemagetsi kana network kuti zvibatanidzwe musystem yekudzora yakagoverwa yefekitori, zvichiita kuti ikwanise kuyera otomatiki.
Zvakanakira zvekuyerwa kwehuwandu hweNaOH online zvinosanganisira:
- Kuwana data nguva dzose, kusingamiri.
- Kuonekwa nekukasika kweNaOH kupera simba kana kuti kudhakwa zvakanyanya.
- Kuderedzwa kwehuwandu hwekutora sampuro nemaoko uye basa.
- Kudzora kwakawedzerwa maitiro, sezvo data renguva chaiyo richibvumira kugadziriswa kwakasimba mukuyera kwe caustic zvichienderana nezvinodiwa chaizvo.
Maitiro emaindasitiri anoratidza kuti kusanganisa marudzi ese emasensa mukati meLonnmeter kana mapuratifomu akafanana emasensa akawanda kunowedzera kusimba kwekutarisa kwe alkali concentration online. Iyi nzira yakabatana ikozvino ndiyo inonyanya kukosha kune matekinoroji emazuva ano ekuchenesa flue gas, kunyanya mumabasa makuru uye ane shanduko huru senge maitiro ekutanga ekugadzira simbi ye oxygen furnace.
Maitiro Akanakisisa Ekutarisa Nekuchengetedza Kuwanda kweNaOH
Kuongororwa kwakakodzera uye kugadziriswa kwakakosha kuti pave nekuyera kwakarurama online. Masensa anoda kuongororwa nguva dzose—pH metres inofanira kuongororwa panzvimbo mbiri kana kupfuura uchishandisa mhinduro dzakasimbiswa dzinoenderana nehuwandu hwepH hunotarisirwa. Mamita ekufambisa mvura anofanira kuongororwa zvichienderana nemhinduro dzakajairwa dzine simba reionic rinozivikanwa.
Purogiramu yekugadzirisa inoshanda inosanganisira:
- Kuongororwa nemaziso nguva dzose uye kuchenesa kudzivirira kusvibiswa kana kunaya kwemvura kubva ku sodium carbonate kana sulfate.
- Kusimbiswa kwemhinduro yemagetsi uye kugadziriswazve mushure mekukanganiswa kwemakemikari kana kwemuviri.
- Kutsiviwa kwezvinhu zve sensor panguva dzakatarwa nevakagadzira, zvichiratidza kusakara kwakajairika kubva munzvimbo ine njodzi huru.
Kugadzirisa matambudziko akajairika:
- Kufamba kwesensa kunowanzo kukonzerwa nekusvibiswa kwakawanda kana kudzikira kwehukuru; kugadziriswazve kunogona kudzorera kururama.
- Kusvibiswa kubva muzvinhu zvakagadzirwa senge sodium sulfate kunoda kucheneswa nemakemikari kana kubviswa nemaoko.
- Kukanganiswa kwemunyu wakanyungudutswa, uko kunogona kusimudzira kufambisa kwemhepo zvisiri izvo, kunodzorwa nekuongorora nguva nenguva murabhoritari uye kusarudza maalgorithms akakodzera ekugadzirisa mukati memita.
Kuva nechokwadi chekuti reagent yakanaka nguva dzose zvinoreva kutarisa NaOH inopinda kuti ionekwe kuti ionekwe sei uye kuti inochengetwa sei kudzivirira CO₂ inonyudzwa (iyo inoumba sodium carbonate uye inoderedza simba re caustic). Kuongororwa kwezviwanikwa nguva dzose uye magwaro zvinovimbisa kuti maitiro acho anogara achishandisa reagents mukati mezvinodiwa, zvichitsigira mashandiro emaitiro uye kutevedzera mitemo.
Maitiro aya anotsigira kuyerwa kwehuwandu hweNaOH hwakavimbika uye kushanda kwenguva refu mumabasa ekubvisa flue gas sulfurization ari pakati pematanho ekutanga ekugadzira simbi ye oxygen furnace.
Choto cheOkisijeni Chekutanga
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Kugadzirisa Kukwesha Kwemagetsi Anopisa NeNaOH Mukugadzira Simbi
Maitiro Ekudzora Maitiro
Maitiro ekukwesha gasi rinoyerera mumaindasitiri mukugadzira simbi yeokisijeni inotonhorera zvinoenderana nekuongororwa kwakarurama kweNaOH kuti ibvise sulfur dioxide (SO₂) uye nitrogen oxides (NOₓ). Masisitimu ekuongorora otomatiki anobatanidza data renguva chaiyo kubva kumamita ekuongorora epamhepo akadai seLonnmeter, zvichibvumira kutarisa kwehuwandu hwealkali nguva dzose. Masisitimu aya anogadzirisa mwero weNaOH injection ipapo ipapo, achichengetedza huwandu hwechinangwa kuti awedzere gasi uye kuderedza kutambisa makemikari.
Zvakanakira Zvakatipoteredza
Kukwesha neNaOH zvine mwero, kana zvichinge zvanyatsodzorwa, zvinoita kuti kubviswa kweSOx ne5% yeNaOH kusvike pa92%, sezvakaratidzwa muzvidzidzo zvekuenzanisa zvezvirimwa. Iyi tekinoroji inowanzobatanidzwa neNaOCl, zvichiwedzera mwero wekubvisa tsvina yakawanda, nemamwe masisitimu achisvika pa99.6% kushanda zvakanaka kweSOx uye kudzikira kukuru kweNOx. Kushanda kwakadaro kunoenderana nezvisungo zvechikamu chesimbi pasi pezvinangwa zveParis Agreement, zvichiita kuti vagadziri vesimbi vasimbi vasimbi vasimbi vasimbiswe uye vabvumidzwe kutevedzera mitemo yavo. Kutarisa kwenguva chaiyo uye kuyera otomatiki kunobatsirawo kuona nekukurumidza nekugadzirisa gasi risingashandiswe, kudzivirira kutyorwa kwemitemo uye faindi dzinodhura.
Mutengo uye Kushanda Zvakanaka
Kuyera kwakarurama kwehuwandu hweNaOH uchishandisa zvishandiso zvekutarisa huwandu hwealkali online, zvakaita seLonnmeter caustic soda concentration metres, zvinoshandisa mari yakawanda uye kushanda zvakanaka mukushanda kwechoto cheokisijeni. Masisitimu ekuisa madosi otomatiki anogadzirisa kushandiswa kwe reagent, achideredza zvakananga mitengo yemakemikari nekudzivirira kushandisa dosi yakawandisa kana yakaderera. Zvidzidzo zveindasitiri zvinogara zvichiratidza kuchengetedza kwemakemikari kunosvika 45% kana dosi ichigadziriswa kuburikidza nekuyera kwenguva chaiyo.
Maitiro aya ekushanda anoderedzawo kusakara kwemidziyo uye anoderedza nguva yekusashanda. Kuchengetedza mafambiro enguva dzose kunogoneswa nekutarisa nguva dzose kunopa yambiro yekutanga yekutsauka uye kusarongeka kwemaitiro, zvichibvumira mabasa ekugadzirisa kurongwa usati wakundikana michina. Matekiniki akadai sekuyedza thermographic uye kuongorora vibration anowedzera hupenyu hwemidziyo. Mafekitori anotaura kuti mari yekuchengetedza inoderedzwa ne8-12% pane nzira dzekudzivirira, uye kusvika ku40% pane kugadzirisa kwe reactive. Nekuda kweizvozvo, matanho ekutanga ekugadzira simbi ye oxygen furnace anova akasimba, nenjodzi shoma yekudzima kusina kurongwa, kuchengetedzeka kuri nani, uye kutevedzera mitemo yakavimbika. Kushandisa nzira idzi dzekudzora maitiro uye nzira dzekurapa flue gas kunoita kuti vagadziri vesimbi vakwanise kuyera zvinangwa zvezvakatipoteredza nehupfumi zvinobudirira.
Matambudziko Akajairika uye Mhinduro muNaOH Concentration Measurement
Kuyera kwakarurama huwandu hweNaOH mukushanda kwechoto cheokisijeni kwakakosha pakukwesha gasi reflue zvinobudirira, kudzora maitiro, uye kutevedzera mitemo yemhando yesimbi. Matambudziko matatu anoramba aripo ndeaya: kukanganiswa nemamwe makemikari, kusvibiswa kwemasensa, uye kudiwa kwekuderedza mabasa ekutora sampuli nemaoko.
Kugadzirisa Kukanganiswa Kwemamwe Makemikari MuFlue Gas
Maitiro ekukwesha gasi rinoyerera anowanzo shandisa NaOH kuderedza kusvibiswa kweasidhi. Zvisinei, kuvapo kwemamwe maion—akadai sesulfates, chlorides, uye carbonates—kunogona kuchinja hunhu hwedoro rinokwesha uye kuita kuti kuyera kwehuwandu hwezvinhu kuome.
- Kupindira kwemuviri:Izvi zvinosvibisa ma ionic zvinogona kushandura density kana viscosity yemushonga, izvo zvinokanganisa zvakananga kuyerwa kubva kumamita ehuwandu hwema online akadai seLonnmeter. Semuenzaniso, huwandu hwakakwira hweSO₂ yakanyungudutswa hunogona kuita kuti pave nesodium sulfite, zvichikanganisa kuverenga kwehuwandu hweNaOH kunze kwekunge mamita akaongororwa kana kubhadharwa kune mhinduro dzezvikamu zvakawanda.
- Mhinduro:Midziyo yemazuva ano yeLonnmeter inosanganisira maalgorithms epamusoro ekusiyanisa density uye tembiricha, izvo zvinoderedza kukanganisa nekuda kwekuvapo kwezvinhu zvinopindirana. Kuongororwa nguva dzose zvichienderana nemazinga anozivikanwa ane ma profiles akafanana ekusvibiswa kunowedzera kuvandudza kurongeka kwekuyera kwematanho eBOF ekuita ane makemikari akaomarara eflue gas streams. Kubatanidzwa kwemasensa akawanda emakemikari kunobatsirawo kusiyanisa kuverenga kweNaOH kuti kudzorwe reagent chaiyo.
Kugadzirisa Kusvibiswa kweSensor uye Kuchengetedza Kuyera Kwakarurama
Kusvibiswa kunoitika kana tunhu tudiki, tunodonha, kana kuti zvinhu zvinobuda muzvinhu izvi zvikaungana panzvimbo dzinoona. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma ekuchenesa gasi reBOF, masensa anoonekwa kune tunhu tudiki, tunobuda mumunyu, uye zvakasara zvine viscous—chimwe nechimwe chichiita kuti pave nematambudziko ekuverenga zvinhu zvisirizvo uye kugadzirisa zvinhu.
- Nzvimbo dzinosvibisa zvinhu:Mvura yakaita secalcium carbonate uye iron oxides inogona kufukidza chinhu chinodedera che sensor, zvichideredza resolution yayo uye zvichikonzera kuderera kana kudonha kwesimba. Kuunganidzwa kwetsvina inonamira kunokanganisa kugadzikana kwechiratidzo.
- Mhinduro:Mamita ekuyera eLonnmeter akagadzirwa nepamusoro pakanaka, panodzivirira ngura uye nzira dzekuchenesa dzinoshandiswa dzakadai sekusuka mukati menzvimbo uye kuvhundutsa kwe ultrasonic kudzivirira kuungana. Kucheneswa kwese kwese kwakarongwa kunogona kurongwa uchishandisa control system logic, zvichivandudza zvakanyanya hupenyu hwe sensor uye kuve nechokwadi chekuti kwakarurama. Kuongororwa kwakavakirwa mukati kunozivisa vashandisi kuti vaone kudonha kwe calibration kana kusvibiswa, zvichikonzera kugadziriswa nekukurumidza pasina kuda kuongororwa nemaoko nguva nenguva.
Kuderedza Kutora Samples Nemaoko uye Kuongorora Basa
Kuyerwa kweNaOH yechinyakare kunowanzoenderana nekutorwa kwemasampuli nemaoko uye kugoverwa kwema "laboratory titration". Maitiro aya anotora nguva, anogona kukanganisa, uye anounza kunonoka kwemishumo kunotadzisa kugadziriswa kwemaitiro panguva chaiyo inodiwa panguva yematanho ekugadzira simbi akakosha.
- Zvakaipira kutora sampuro nemaoko:Kutora mienzaniso kunokanganisa mashandiro ebasa, kuisa njodzi kumakemikari ane njodzi, uye kupa data nguva yakareba, zvichikanganisa kudzora kwakasimba kwenzira dzekurapa magasi emvura.
- Mhinduro:Kubatanidzwa kweLonnmeter online alkali concentration monitoring zvakananga muPLCs kana distributed control systems (DCS) kunoita kuti mhinduro ibude panguva chaiyo ye automatic reagent dosing uye endpoint detection. Aya caustic soda concentration metres anoramba achitumira data logs ku control room, zvichibvisa basa renguva dzose uye zvichiita kuti vashandi vatarise pakutarisira hurongwa. Magwaro ehurongwa anosimbisa kuti ma online concentration meter system akadaro anoderedza basa re sampling neanopfuura 80%, ukuwo achitsigira matekinoroji ekuchenesa flue gas kuti arambe achitevedzera mitemo uye akafanana muchigadzirwa.
Zvigayo zvesimbi zvepasi rose zvinoshandisa mashandiro emazuva ano eBOF ikozvino zvinoenderana nemhinduro dzepamusoro dzekuyera dzinosanganisira zvishandiso zveLonnmeter kugadzirisa matambudziko aya, kutsigira simba rekubvisa flue gas uye kugadzirisa kushandiswa kwealkali.
Mazano Ekubatanidza Maitiro Asina Kugadzikana uye Kutarisira Data
Kuyerwa kweNaOH online kunobudirira kunoenderana nekubatanidzwa kwakasimba nemaitiro ekudzora. Batanidza mita dzekuyera kuDCS, PLC, kana SCADA systems kuti dzitariswe uye dzitongwe zviri pakati nepakati. Iva nechokwadi chekuti masaini e sensor aongororwa zvakanaka uye asimbiswa usati washandisa mukuita otomatiki kana manejimendi yealarm. Gadzirisa maalarm ekuyera akakwira/akaderera kuti akurudzire mushandi kuita panguva yekutsauka mu caustic soda dosing ye flue gas cleaning technologies.
Kuti uve nechokwadi chekuti data rakavimbika:
- Shandisa maitiro ekugadzirisa nguva nenguva uchishandisa mhinduro dzakasimbiswa.
- Shandisa otomatiki data rekuongorora mafambiro enyaya uye kuongorora mitemo.
- Shandisa redundancy kana zvichikosha pakugadzirisa; isa masensa ekuchengetedza kana nzira mbiri dzemasaini.
- Data re network kubva pa online concentration meter zvakananga mu process historical systems kuti zvikwanisike kuongorora zvakadzama panguva yekugadzirisa matambudziko kana kuongororwa kwe process.
Kuti zvinyatsoshanda zvakanaka, nzira dzekubatanidza machisi dzinoenderana nehukuru hwezvirimwa—dzichivimba neDCS kuti pave nekushanda kweBOF kwakawanda uye kunoramba kuripo; kana kuti PLC/SCADA yemasystem e modular kana e pilot anoda kugadziriswa nekukurumidza. Panguva yekuronga kubatanidzwa, batanidzai mapoka einjiniya mukuyedza interface uye kusimbisa kudzivirira zvikanganiso zvekutaurirana uye kurasikirwa nedata.
Mhedziso
Kuyera huwandu hweNaOH hunoshanda kwakakosha pakushanda uye kuvimbika kwemaitiro ekukwesha gasi reflue mukugadzira simbi ye oxygen furnace. Kutarisa NaOH nemazvo uye panguva chaiyo kunoita kuti SO₂ neNOx zvibviswe zvinobudirira, izvo zvinotsigira zvakananga kushanda zvakanaka uye zvinodiwa zvekutevedzera mitemo. Kuchengetedza huwandu hweNaOH hwakakodzera kunobvumira kushanda zvakanaka kwekukwesha, kuderedza kugadzirwa kwechigadzirwa uye kushandiswa kwe reagent zvisina kufanira, ukuwo kuchidzivirirawo matambudziko ekushanda akadai sekukwesha uye ngura musystem.
Kushandiswa kwemasystem epamusoro ekutarisa huwandu hwealkali online—akadai seaya anoshandisa multi-parameter conductivity, salinity, uye alkali detection—kwave chiratidzo cheindasitiri. Nekushandisa matekinoroji akasimba akadai se online concentration metres uye caustic soda concentration metres yakatsaurirwa, vashandi vanowana ruzivo rwakawanda rwemamiriro ekushanda. Masisitimu aya anobatsira kudzora maitiro uye anogonesa kugadzirisa kugadzirisa mukupindura kuchinja kwemutoro kana gasi, zvichibvumira nzvimbo kugadzirisa matanho avo ekugadzira simbi yeoxygen furnace nemazvo.
Kugadzirisa mashandiro kunosimbiswa nekubatanidza maturusi ekuyera akarurama nemazano ekudzora mhinduro, zvichibvumira kugadziriswa kweNaOH dosing. Izvi hazvingogumiri pakuchengetedza kushanda zvakanaka kwekubvisa gasi remvura asi zvinoderedzawo mari yezvakatipoteredza nemari inokonzerwa nekushandisa zvakanyanya kana zvishoma. Kutarisa kwakavimbika kweNaOH kunoita kuti maitiro ekutanga echoto cheokisijeni asvike nguva dzose pazvinangwa zvekupisa zvakaderera zvakanyanya izvo zviri kutaurwa mumitemo yeindasitiri uye zvinoenderana nenzira dzakanakisisa dzekurapa gasi remvura uye matekinoroji ekuchenesa.
Munzvimbo ine mitemo inoda kudzora kwakasimba kweutsi hunobuda, zvivakwa zvakasimba zvekuyera hazvisi zvehunyanzvi chete asi zvakakosha mubhizinesi. Kushandiswa kwemamita ekuyera huwandu hwezvinhu—akadai seaya anopiwa neLonnmeter—kunopa simba kumafekitori esimbi kuti asvike pazvinangwa zvekusvibisa zvinorayirwa nevanodzora nechivimbo, zvichitsigira zvirongwa zvinoramba zvichienderera mberi zvekuvandudza maitiro uye zvinodiwa pakunyora gwaro rekutevedzera mitemo. Izvi zvinoisa kuyerwa kwakarurama kwehuwandu hweNaOH pakati pekushanda kwakanaka kweinjiniya yemaitiro uye mashandiro anogara kwenguva refu mukugadzira simbi.
Mibvunzo Inowanzo bvunzwa
Chii chinonzi flue gas scrubbing uye nei ichikosha mukushanda kwe okisijeni muchoto?
Kukwesha gasi reflue inzira yekudzora utsi hunoshandiswa kubvisa magasi ane njodzi akadai se sulfur dioxide (SO₂) kubva muutsi hunobuda panguva yekugadzira simbi ye oxygen furnace (BOF). Kurapa uku kunodzivirira nharaunda nekuderedza kuburitswa kwegasi rine acid uye kuburitswa kwezvikamu, zvichiita kuti simbi dzikwanise kutevedzera mwero wemhepo uye hutsi hunobva mumhepo. Maitiro eBOF anoburitsa huwandu hwakawanda hwe carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, uye magasi ane sulfur, zvichida kugadziriswa kwakasimba kwegasi kuderedza kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza nemutemo.
Maitiro ekukwesha flue gas anoshanda sei pakugadzira simbi?
Mumafekitori esimbi eBOF, kukwesha gasi remvura kunoshandisa makemikari anonyudza kuti abvise magasi ane acid kubva muzvinhu zvinoburitswa. Kazhinji, izvi zvinosanganisira kupfuudza magasi emvura kuburikidza ne contactor uko chinonyudza—kazhinji sodium hydroxide (NaOH, inozivikanwawo se caustic soda) kana limestone slurry—chinosangana ne sulfur dioxide nedzimwe mhando dzine acidic. Semuenzaniso, kana NaOH ikashandiswa, SO₂ inoita active kuti igadzire sodium sulfite kana sulfate inonyungudika, zvichiita kuti gasi rive ne soluble. Mushonga wekukwesha unonwisa tsvina, uye gasi rakacheneswa rinoburitswa. Kukwesha kwakanaka kunoenderana nekudzora kwakarurama uye kutarisa makemikari ekukwesha mukati meiyi nzira.
Ndeapi matanho ekutanga ekugadzira simbi ye oxygen furnace?
Maitiro ekugadzira simbi eBOF ane matanho akasiyana, anotariswa zvakanyanya:
- Kuchaja choto cheokisijeni nesimbi inopisa, yakanyungudutswa (inowanzo bva muzvitofu zvinoputika), simbi dzakasara, uye mafungu akaita sedombo relimestone.
- Kufuridza okisijeni yakachena kwazvo kuburikidza nesimbi yakanyungudutswa, zvichiita kuti tsvina (kunyanya kabhoni, silicon, uye phosphorus) ikurumidze kuoxida semagasi akaita seCO₂ neCO₂.
- Kupatsanurwa kwetsvina (ine tsvina yakasanganiswa) kubva kusimbi yakanyungudutswa inodiwa.
- Kuvandudza zvakanyanya nekugadzirisa huwandu hwesimbi uye kuumba chigadzirwa chesimbi.
Munguva yematanho aya, kubudiswa kwemhepo yakawanda kunoda kukweshwa kwemhepo inoyerera kunogadzirwa, kunyanya panguva yekufefeterwa kweokisijeni nekucheneswa kwayo.
Sei chiyereso chekutarisa chepamhepo chakakosha pakuyera huwandu hweNaOH?
Mamita ekuyera huwandu hweNaOH anoenderera mberi, panguva chaiyo mumhinduro dzekukwesha. Izvi zvakakosha kuti kubviswa kwesulfur dioxide kubudirire, kuderedza marara emakemikari, uye kuchengetedza kugadzikana kwemaitiro—pasina kusashanda kwekutora sampuro nemaoko kana kuongororwa murabhoritari. Kutarisa otomatiki kunogonesa kupindura nekukurumidza kukuchinja-chinja kwemaitiro, kudzivirira kushandisa mari yakawanda pamakemikari, uye kuderedza njodzi dzezvakatipoteredza dzine chekuita nekushandiswa kweNaOH zvishoma kana zvakanyanya. Zvishandiso zvakaita seLonnmeter zvinopa mhinduro nguva dzose, zvichibvumira vashandisi kugadzirisa mashandiro avo uye kuona kuti zvinangwa zvekuburitsa zvinosangana nazvo, zvichikanganisa zvakananga mitengo nekutevedzera mitemo.
Ndedzipi nzira dzinoshandiswa pakuyera huwandu hweNaOH mumasisitimu ekukwesha gasi reflue?
Kuwanda kweNaOH kunogona kuyerwa ne:
- Kuverengwa kwenhamba:Kutora sampuli nemaoko uye kupatsanurwa kwemurabhoritari nehydrochloric acid. Kunyange zvazvo nzira iyi iri nyore, inoda basa rakawanda, inononoka, uye inowanzononoka pakugadzirisa maitiro.
- Mita yekuyera huwandu hwezvinhu paindaneti:Zvishandiso zvakaita seLonnmeter zvinoshandisa hunhu hwemuviri (semuenzaniso, conductivity, sonic velocity), kana matekiniki epamusoro ekuona (senge near-infrared photometry), kuti zviyereswe nekukurumidza, mumutsara.
Ma sensor ekufambisa mhepo anoshandiswa zvakanyanya asi anogona kukanganiswa nemunyu unopindira. NIR multiwave photometry inogona kunanga caustic zvakananga, kunyangwe paine zvimwe zvigadzirwa zve reaction by-products. Zvishandiso zvitsva zvinosanganisa misimboti yakasiyana-siyana yekuyera kuti pave nekutarisa kwakasimba, kwenguva chaiyo mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma anowanikwa mumasystem ekukwesha simbi.
Nzira idzi dzinoita kuti huwandu hwesoda inouraya hurambe huri mukati memiganhu yakakodzera, zvichitsigira matekinoroji ekuchenesa magasi emvura anoshanda uye anoshanda.
Nguva yekutumira: Mbudzi-27-2025
